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TORTORA. Principios de anatomia e fisiologia cap 12

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Prévia do material em texto

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TIPO DE CANAL IÔNICO DESCRIÇÃO LOCALIZAÇÃO
Canais de vazamento
Canais que se abrem e se fecham
aleatoriamente
Encontrados em quase todas as células,
incluindo dendritos, corpos celulares e axônios
de todos os tipos de neurônios
Canais ativados por ligante Canais que se abrem em resposta à ligação
de um estímulo ligante (químico)
Dendritos de alguns neurônios sensitivos,
como os receptores para dor, e dendritos e
corpos celulares de interneurônios e
neurônios motores
Canais mecanoativados
Canais que se abrem em resposta a um
estímulo mecânico (como toque, pressão,
vibração ou estiramento tecidual)
Dendritos de alguns neurônios sensitivos,
como os receptores táteis, para pressão ou
para dor
Canais dependentes de voltagem
Canais que se abrem em resposta a um
estímulo elétrico (mudança no potencial de
membrana)
Axônios de todos os tipos de neurônios
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CORRELAÇÃO CLÍNICA | Neurotoxinas e anestésicos locais
Alguns moluscos e outros organismos contêm neurotoxinas, substâncias que produzem seus efeitos tóxicos por meio de sua
atuação no sistema nervoso. Uma neurotoxina particularmente letal é a tetrodotoxina (TTX), presente nas vísceras do baiacu
japonês. A tetrodotoxina bloqueia os potenciais de ação por meio da sua entrada em canais de Na+ dependentes de voltagem,
de modo que estes não conseguem se abrir.
Os anestésicos locais são fármacos que bloqueiam a dor e outras sensações somáticas. Entre os exemplos estão a
procaína e a lidocaína, que podem ser utilizadas para anestesiar a pele durante a sutura de um ferimento, a boca durante um
procedimento odontológico, ou a parte inferior do corpo durante o trabalho de parto. Assim como a tetrodotoxina, estes
fármacos atuam por meio do bloqueio da abertura de canais de Na+ dependentes de voltagem; desse modo, os sinais álgicos
não alcançam o SNC.
O resfriamento localizado de um nervo também pode produzir um efeito anestésico porque, nesta condição, os axônios
propagam seus potenciais de ação em menores velocidades. A aplicação de gelo a um tecido lesado pode reduzir a dor, pois a
propagação dos estímulos álgicos ao longo dos axônios é parcialmente bloqueada.
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