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Neurotoxinas e anestésicos locais Alguns moluscos e outros organismos contêm neurotoxinas, substâncias que produzem seus efeitos tóxicos por meio de sua atuação no sistema nervoso. Uma neurotoxina particularmente letal é a tetrodotoxina (TTX), presente nas vísceras do baiacu japonês. A tetrodotoxina bloqueia os potenciais de ação por meio da sua entrada em canais de Na+ dependentes de voltagem, de modo que estes não conseguem se abrir. Os anestésicos locais são fármacos que bloqueiam a dor e outras sensações somáticas. Entre os exemplos estão a procaína e a lidocaína, que podem ser utilizadas para anestesiar a pele durante a sutura de um ferimento, a boca durante um procedimento odontológico, ou a parte inferior do corpo durante o trabalho de parto. Assim como a tetrodotoxina, estes fármacos atuam por meio do bloqueio da abertura de canais de Na+ dependentes de voltagem; desse modo, os sinais álgicos não alcançam o SNC. O resfriamento localizado de um nervo também pode produzir um efeito anestésico porque, nesta condição, os axônios propagam seus potenciais de ação em menores velocidades. 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