Baixe o app para aproveitar ainda mais
Prévia do material em texto
Revista Biotemas, 27 (3), setembro de 2014 1Biotemas, 27 (3): 1-11, setembro de 2014 ISSNe 2175-7925 http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2014v27n3p1 Revisão $ERUGDJHP�HFR¿VLROyJLFD�GRV�PDQJXH]DLV��XPD�UHYLVmR Sávia Soares Pascoalini 1 Dielle Meire de Santana Lopes 2 Antelmo Ralph Falqueto 2 Mônica Maria Pereira Tognella 2* 1 Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória – ES, Brasil 2 Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo Rodovia BR 101 Norte, Km 60, CEP 29932-540, São Mateus – ES, Brasil * Autor para correspondência monica.tognella@gmail.com Submetido em 30/11/2013 Aceito para publicação em 26/05/2014 5HVXPR O manguezal apresenta elevada produtividade primária que é, em parte, resultado dos mecanismos ¿VLROyJLFRV�DSOLFDGRV�SHODV�HVSpFLHV�YHJHWDLV�jV�UHVWULo}HV�DPELHQWDLV��2�REMHWLYR�GHVWD�VtQWHVH�p�DYDOLDU�R�HVWDGR�GD� DUWH�GRV�HVWXGRV�HFR¿VLROyJLFRV�VREUH�RV�PDQJXH]DLV�H�LGHQWL¿FDU�ODFXQDV�TXH�SRVVLELOLWHP�DPSOLDU�R�FRQKHFLPHQWR� FLHQWt¿FR� VREUH� RV�PDQJXH]DLV� EUDVLOHLURV� H� VXDV� SRWHQFLDLV� FRQWULEXLo}HV� SDUD� DV�PXGDQoDV� FOLPiWLFDV��2� DJUDYDPHQWR�GDV�UHVWULo}HV�DPELHQWDLV��FRPR�R�DXPHQWR�GD�VDOLQLGDGH��PDLRU�WHPSR�GH�DODJDPHQWR�H�GH¿FLrQFLD� GH�QXWULHQWHV��LQGX]�D�GLPLQXLomR�GD�DVVLPLODomR�IRWRVVLQWpWLFD��UHVXOWDQGR�QD�UHGXomR�GR�GHVHQYROYLPHQWR�GDV� espécies. A resposta de determinada espécie ao estresse depende de sua tolerância. Conclui-se que os estudos HFR¿VLROyJLFRV�GD�YHJHWDomR�GH�PDQJXH�VmR�SRQWXDLV��H�VHXV�UHVXOWDGRV�GLYHUJHP�HQWUH�RV�HVWXGRV�GH�FDPSR� H�ODERUDWyULR��1R�%UDVLO��HVVH�FRQKHFLPHQWR�DLQGD�p�LQFLSLHQWH��GL¿FXOWDQGR�D�SUHYLVmR�GR�FRPSRUWDPHQWR�GDV� HVSpFLHV�GLDQWH�GDV�PXGDQoDV�FOLPiWLFDV� Palavras-chave: )RWRVVtQWHVH��,QXQGDomR��1XWULHQWHV��6DOLQLGDGH $EVWUDFW Ecophysiological approach to mangroves: a review.�0DQJURYH�KDV�D�KLJK�SULPDU\�SURGXFWLYLW\�WKDW� SDUWO\� UHVXOWV� IURP�SK\VLRORJLFDO�PHFKDQLVPV� DSSOLHG� E\� SODQW� VSHFLHV� WR� HQYLURQPHQWDO� UHVWULFWLRQV��7KLV� V\QWKHVLV�DLPV�WR�DVVHVV�WKH�VWDWH�RI�WKH�DUW�RI�HFRSK\VLRORJLFDO�VWXGLHV�RQ�PDQJURYHV�DQG�LGHQWLI\�JDSV�WKDW�DOORZ� LQFUHDVLQJ�VFLHQWL¿F�NQRZOHGJH�RQ�%UD]LOLDQ�PDQJURYHV�DQG�WKHLU�SRWHQWLDO�FRQWULEXWLRQV�WR�FOLPDWH�FKDQJHV�� 7KH�ZRUVHQLQJ�RI�HQYLURQPHQWDO�UHVWULFWLRQV��VXFK�DV�LQFUHDVHG�VDOLQLW\��ORQJHU�ÀRRGLQJ��DQG�QXWULHQW�GH¿FLHQF\�� LQGXFHV�D�GHFUHDVH�RI�SKRWRV\QWKHWLF�DVVLPLODWLRQ��UHVXOWLQJ�LQ�D�UHGXFWLRQ�LQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�VSHFLHV��7KH� UHVSRQVH�RI�D�JLYHQ�VSHFLHV�WR�VWUHVV�GHSHQGV�RQ�LWV�WROHUDQFH��:H�FRQFOXGH�WKDW�HFRSK\VLRORJLFDO�VWXGLHV�RQ� PDQJURYH�YHJHWDWLRQ�DUH�RFFDVLRQDO��DQG�WKHLU�UHVXOWV�GLIIHU�EHWZHHQ�¿HOG�DQG�ODERUDWRU\�VWXGLHV��,Q�%UD]LO�� WKLV�NQRZOHGJH�LV�VWLOO�LQFLSLHQW��PDNLQJ�LW�GLI¿FXOW�WR�SUHGLFW�WKH�EHKDYLRU�RI�VSHFLHV�LQ�IDFH�RI�FOLPDWH�FKDQJH� Key words:�)ORRGLQJ��1XWULHQWV��3KRWRV\QWKHVLV��6DOLQLW\ Revista Biotemas, 27 (3), setembro de 2014 2 S. S. Pascoalini et al. ,QWURGXomR $�SUHVHQWH�UHYLVmR�IRL�UHDOL]DGD�FRP�R�LQWXLWR�GH� DYDOLDU� R� HVWDGR� GD� DUWH� GRV� HVWXGRV� HFR¿VLROyJLFRV� para os manguezais mundiais. Para isto, realizamos OHYDQWDPHQWR� ELEOLRJUi¿FR� QRV� SULQFLSDLV� SHULyGLFRV� RQGH�VmR�SXEOLFDGRV�WHPDV�UHODFLRQDGRV�j�HFRORJLD�GHVWH� HFRVVLVWHPD��EHP�FRPR�HP�UHYLVWDV�HVSHFLDOL]DGDV�QD� ¿VLRORJLD�YHJHWDO��$OpP�GLVVR��OLWHUDWXUD�FOiVVLFD�VREUH� R� WHPD� H� SXEOLFDGD� HP� OLYURV� HVSHFLDOL]DGRV� VREUH� R� PDQJXH]DO�WDPEpP�VXEVLGLDP�QRVVD�VtQWHVH� Os manguezais despertam interesse de especialistas QD� iUHD� GH� HFR¿VLRORJLD� YHJHWDO� SHOD� SDUWLFXODULGDGH� GH� VXD� YHJHWDomR�� (VWDV�� GH� DFRUGR� FRP�7RPOLQVRQ� �������� HQIUHQWDP�FRQGLo}HV� GH� HOHYDGD� VDOLQLGDGH� H� WHPSHUDWXUD�� DPSOD� YDULDomR� GD�PDUp� �VXEPHWHQGR� DV� j� LQXQGDomR��� GH¿FLrQFLD� GH� QXWULHQWHV�� VHGLPHQWR� LQFRQVROLGDGR��HQWUH�RXWURV�IDWRUHV�ItVLFR�TXtPLFRV��(VWH� DPELHQWH��FRP�FRQGLo}HV�DGYHUVDV�GDTXHODV�HQIUHQWDGDV� SHODV� GHPDLV� SODQWDV� WHUUHVWUHV� �)$516:257+�� ������� Vy� IRL� SRVVtYHO� GH� VHU� FRORQL]DGR� GHYLGR� DRV� GLIHUHQWHV�PHFDQLVPRV�PRUIROyJLFRV�� DQDW{PLFRV�� ¿VLROyJLFRV�H�ELRTXtPLFRV�DSUHVHQWDGRV�SHODV�HVSpFLHV� YHJHWDLV�� RV� TXDLV�� LQWHJUDGRV�� FRQWULEXHP� SDUD� VXD� elevada produtividade (POOP et al., 1985; BALL, 1988; NAIDOO et al., 2002; 2011; PARIDA et al., 2004; BARR et al., 2009). $OWHUDo}HV�QD�WHPSHUDWXUD�HP�IXQomR�GDV�PXGDQoDV� FOLPiWLFDV�SRGHP�RFDVLRQDU�PRGL¿FDo}HV�QDV�iUHDV�GH� GLVWULEXLomR� H� QD� GLYHUVLGDGH� DWXDO� GRV�PDQJXH]DLV�� (VWXGRV� UHODFLRQDGRV� j� REWHQomR�GH� GDGRV� in situ de IRWRVVtQWHVH�GLiULD�H�VD]RQDO�VmR�HVFDVVRV�H�UHVWULWRV�D� SRXFDV�HVSpFLHV��R�TXH�GL¿FXOWD�SUHYLV}HV�IXWXUDV�VREUH� R�FRPSRUWDPHQWR�GDV�HVSpFLHV�SHUDQWH�DV�PRGL¿FDo}HV� climáticas. 3RUWDQWR��HVWHV�PHFDQLVPRV�¿VLROyJLFRV�HPSUHJDGRV� SRU�HVVDV�HVSpFLHV�YHJHWDLV�VmR�R�IRFR�GHVWD�UHYLVmR��QD� TXDO�DERUGDUHPRV�DQiOLVHV�GRV�SURFHVVRV�GH�IRWRVVtQWHVH� HP�FRQGLo}HV�GH�EDL[D�H�HOHYDGD�VDOLQLGDGH��LQXQGDomR�H� GH¿FLrQFLD�GH�QXWULHQWHV��2�REMHWLYR�p�DYDOLDU�RV�HVWXGRV� HFR¿VLROyJLFRV�GRV�PDQJXH]DLV�H�LGHQWL¿FDU�FDUrQFLDV� TXH�SHUPLWDP�DPSOLDU�R�FRQKHFLPHQWR�FLHQWt¿FR�GHVWH� HFRVVLVWHPD�QR�%UDVLO�H� VXDV�SRWHQFLDLV�FRQWULEXLo}HV� SDUD�DV�PXGDQoDV�FOLPiWLFDV�� )RWRVVtQWHVH As espécies de mangue são consideradas plantas C3, pois não apresentam anatomia de plantas C4, sua FRPSRVLomR�LVRWySLFD��į13C) varia entre 24,6 e 32,2 %o, VHX�SRQWR�GH�FRPSHQVDomR�GR�&22�H�VXD�WD[D�Pi[LPD� GH� IRWRVVtQWHVH� HP� WHPSHUDWXUD� DEDL[R� GH� ��&� VmR� características consideradas típicas de plantas C3 (BALL; )$548+$5������D�� ����E��%$//�� ������3$5,'$� HW�DO����������2V�HVWXGRV�SLRQHLURV�GH�%DOO�H�)DUTXKDU� �����D�� ����E�� GHPRQVWUDP�TXH� DSHVDU� GR� GHFOtQLR� QD�DVVLPLODomR�FRP�DXPHQWR�GD�VDOLQLGDGH�GH����SDUD� ����Q0�GH�1D&O��QmR�RFRUUHP�GLIHUHQoDV�QR�SRQWR�GH� FRPSHQVDomR�GR�&22 característicos das C3. $� IRWRVVtQWHVH� p� R� UHVXOWDGR� FRQMXQWR� GH� WUrV� SURFHVVRV�� R� SURFHVVR� IRWRTXtPLFR�� RQGH� RFRUUH� D� DEVRUomR�GH�IyWRQV�H�SURGXomR�GH�FRPSRVWRV�UHGX]LGRV� �$73�H�1$'3+��QHFHVViULRV�DR�SURFHVVR�ELRTXtPLFR�� TXH� SRU� VXD� YH]� p� UHVSRQViYHO� SHOD� DVVLPLODomR� IRWRVVLQWpWLFD� GR� FDUERQR� H� WDPEpP�SHORV� SURFHVVRV� de trocas gasosas. Estas tratam da entrada de CO2 para R�LQWHULRU�GD�SODQWD�H�R�HÀX[R�GH�22�SDUD�D�DWPRVIHUD� DWUDYpV� GRV� HVW{PDWRV� �62%5$'2�� ������1$,'22� HW�DO����������$OpP�GD�SDUWH�ELRTXtPLFD��D�DVVLPLODomR� IRWRVVLQWpWLFD�HVWi�VXMHLWD�j�LQWHUIHUrQFLD�GDV�FRQGLo}HV� DELyWLFDV�DV�TXDLV�DV�HVSpFLHV�YHJHWDLV�HVWmR�VXEPHWLGDV� H�TXH�SRGHP�UHVXOWDU�HP�OLPLWDomR�GD�SURGXomR�SULPiULD� (BALL, 1988; NAIDOO et al., 2002). $R�HVWXGDU�D�H¿FLrQFLD�IRWRTXtPLFD�GH�PDQJXH]DLV�� 1DLGRR� HW� DO�� ������� REVHUYDUDP�TXH� HVSpFLHV�PDLV� WROHUDQWHV� j� VDOLQLGDGH� LQFUHPHQWDP� VXD� HILFLrQFLD� IRWRTXtPLFD� FRP�R� DXPHQWR� GD� VDOLQLGDGH�� XPD� YH]� TXH� SURPRYHP�PDLRU� DVVLPLODomR� GH� &22 quando FRPSDUDGDV� FRP�DV� HVSpFLHV� QmR� WROHUDQWHV�� 6REUDGR� �������WDPEpP�YHUL¿FRX�R�PHVPR�FRPSRUWDPHQWR�SDUD� Avicennia germinans (L.) L., Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. e Rhizophora mangle L., sendo que as SULPHLUDV�REWLYHUDP�PDLRU�DVVLPLODomR�GH�FDUERQR�GR� que R. mangle menos tolerante ao sal. O autor relaciona R�PDLRU�GHVHPSHQKR�IRWRVVLQWpWLFR�UHDOL]DGR�SRU�DTXHODV� HVSpFLHV�DR�PHOKRU�XVR�GH�iJXD�HP�QtYHO�IROLDU��DSHVDU� de apresentarem menor transporte de água. Revista Biotemas, 27 (3), setembro de 2014 3$ERUGDJHP�HFR¿VLROyJLFD�GRV�PDQJXH]DLV��XPD�UHYLVmR 6DOLQLGDGH��VHXV�HIHLWRV�VREUH�D�SODQWD $�VDOLQLGDGH�QR�DPELHQWH�PDULQKR�H�QR�PDQJXH]DO� deve-se, principalmente, ao cloreto de sódio (NaCl) dissolvido na água, correspondente a 86% do total. A FRQFHQWUDomR�PpGLD�GHVVHV� VDLV� QD� iJXD�GR�PDU� p�GH� ���J�NJ��FRUUHVSRQGHQGR�D�����PM de Na+ e 558 mM de Cl-��/,%(6���������e�FRQVLGHUDGR�R�SULQFLSDO�IDWRU� DELyWLFR�DR�TXDO�DV�HVSpFLHV�GR�PDQJXH]DO�HVWmR�VXMHLWDV� �3$5,'$��-+$���������'HVVD�IRUPD��GLYHUVRV�HVWXGRV� HP� ODERUDWyULR�IRUDP� GHVHQYROYLGRV� SDUD� DYDOLDU� D� FDSDFLGDGH�GH�FUHVFLPHQWR�H�RX�D�JHUPLQDomR�GR�PDQJXH� FRP�UHODomR�j�VDOLQLGDGH� Estas espécies apresentam comportamento distinto HP� UHODomR� j� VDOLQLGDGH�� 3RU� H[HPSOR��Bruguiera parviflora �5R[E���:W�� �$UQ�� H[� *ULII� tem seu Pi[LPR� FUHVFLPHQWR� HP� VDOLQLGDGH� HP� WRUQR� GH� �� (PARIDA et al., 2004). Rhizophora mucronata Lam. WHYH�GHVHQYROYLPHQWR�Pi[LPR�HP�VDOLQLGDGHV�YDULDQGR� GH���D�����+233(�63((5�HW�DO���������HP�ODERUDWyULR�� Avicennia marina� �)RUVN���9LHUK��� FRQVLGHUDGD�PDLV� WROHUDQWH�j�VDOLQLGDGH��DSUHVHQWD�FUHVFLPHQWR�yWLPR�HP� VDOLQLGDGH�GH��� �&/28*+��������63$/',1*�HW� DO��� 2010). Em geral, o mangue tem seu desenvolvimento yWLPR�HP�EDL[D�VDOLQLGDGH��&RQWXGR��DOJXPDV�HVSpFLHV� toleram salinidade mais elevada do que outras (BALL, 1988). Espécies do gênero Rhizophora são mais sensíveis ao aumento de salinidade do que aquelas do gênero Avicennia �&/28*+���������$V�GLIHUHQoDV�HVWmR� presentes dentro dos gêneros. Rhizophora apiculata Blume é mais sensível do que Rhizophora stylosa�*ULII�� �%$//�HW�DO��������� É notório que as espécies de manguezal são FODVVL¿FDGDV�FRPR�YHJHWDomR�KDOy¿WD��720/,1621�� ������ 3$5,'$�� -+$�� ������� SRLV� FUHVFHP� H� VH� UHSURGX]HP� QD� SUHVHQoD� GH� VDO��$OJXQV� DXWRUHV� DV� FODVVLILFDP� FRPR� KDOyILWDV� IDFXOWDWLYDV�� SRLV� VHX� FUHVFLPHQWR� yWLPR� RFRUUH� HP� EDL[D� VDOLQLGDGH� �720/,1621��������3$5,'$��-+$���������6XVWHQWD� VH�HVWD�KLSyWHVH�SRUTXH�R�DXPHQWR�GD�VDOLQLGDGH�FDXVD� GHVHTXLOtEULRV�SHOR�H[FHVVR�GH�tRQV�1D+ e Cl- em diversos yUJmRV�YHJHWDLV��$V�UHVSRVWDV�DRV�GLVW~UELRV�YDULDP�GH� espécie para espécie dependendo da tolerância. Normalmente, manguezais diminuem o potencial KtGULFR� GRV� VHXV� WHFLGRV� FRP� UHODomR� DR� VHGLPHQWR�� SHUPLWLQGR�FRP�LVWR�D�DEVRUomR�GH�iJXD��720/,1621�� �������VHQGR�HVWH�R�SULPHLUR�GRV�PHFDQLVPRV�GH�DMXVWH�DR� H[FHVVR�GH�VDLV��¬�PHGLGD�TXH�D�VDOLQLGDGH�GR�VXEVWUDWR� DXPHQWD��RFRUUH�HIHLWR�VLPLODU�QDV�FRQFHQWUDo}HV�GH�1D+ e Cl-��(VWH�IDWR�QmR�p�DFRPSDQKDGR�SHOD�HQWUDGD�GH�tRQV� K+�SDUD�HVSpFLHV�PHQRV�WROHUDQWHV�j�VDOLQLGDGH��(VWXGRV� YHUL¿FDUDP�DXPHQWR�QD� UD]mR�1D+/K+ para Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. crescendo em 35 de salinidade. Entretanto, Avicennia marina mantém menor potencial KtGULFR�SRU�DEVRUYHU�VHOHWLYDPHQWH�R�.+ (NAIDOO et al., �������,VWR�UHVXOWD�HP�GLYHUVLGDGH�HVWUXWXUDO�H�IXQFLRQDO�� OHYDQGR�HP�DOJXPDV� VLWXDo}HV�DR�HVWDEHOHFLPHQWR�GH� zonas como proposto por Davis Jr. (1940). 2�DF~PXOR� GH� tRQV� OHYD� j� FRQVHTXrQFLDV� FRPR� D� GHVHVWDELOL]DomR� GDV�PHPEUDQDV� FHOXODUHV� DOpP�GH� LQGX]LUHP� HVWUHVVH� R[LGDWLYR� SRU�PHLR� GD� IRUPDomR� GH�HVSpFLHV� UHDWLYDV�GH�R[LJrQLR� �35,6&2��*20(6� ),/+2�� ������� ([SHULPHQWRV� UHDOL]DGRV� SRU� 3DULGD� et al. (2003), com plântulas de Bruguiera parviÀora HP�GLIHUHQWHV� VDOLQLGDGHV�� DSRQWDUDP�TXH� HP���� GH� VDOLQLGDGH� Ki� SHUGD� SDUFLDO� GR� HPSLOKDPHQWR� JUDQDO�� GR� FLWRFURPR� %�I� H� GLVVRFLDomR� GH� SROLSHSWtGLRV� OLJDGRV�LQWULQVHFDPHQWH�DR�IRWRVVLVWHPD�,,��)6,,���(VVDV� GLVIXQo}HV�DIHWDP�GLUHWDPHQWH�D�DTXLVLomR�GH�FDUERQR� H�� LQGLUHWDPHQWH�� R� LQFUHPHQWR� HP� ELRPDVVD��$OpP� GLVVR�� KLSHUVDOLQLGDGH� SRGH� FDXVDU� GHVLQWHJUDomR� GH� FORURSODVWRV�H�GH�PLWRF{QGULDV��FRPR�REVHUYDGR�HP�A. marina�VXEPHWLGD�D����GH�VDOLQLGDGH��1$,'22�HW�DO��� 2011). $OpP�GHVWHV�HIHLWRV��R�H[FHVVR�GH�VDO�SRGH�DOWHUDU� D� FRQFHQWUDomR� GH� FORURILOD�� R� TXH� SRGH� UHGX]LU� D� FDSDFLGDGH� IRWRVVLQWpWLFD� �1$,'22� HW� DO��� ������� 1R� HQWDQWR�� 6REUDGR� ������� REVHUYRX� DXPHQWR� QD� FRQFHQWUDomR� GH� FORURILOD� a e b em Laguncularia racemosa,�R�TXH�LQGLFD�WROHUkQFLD�jV�FRQGLo}HV�LPSRVWDV� SHOD�FRQFHQWUDomR�GH�VDLV�TXH��QR�H[SHULPHQWR��QmR�IRUDP� superiores a 30. Normalmente, o aumento da salinidade YHP� DFRPSDQKDGR� SHOD� UHGXomR� QD� FRQFHQWUDomR� GH� FORUR¿OD�GHYLGR�j�IRWRLQLELomR�FU{QLFD��SRLV�R�WHRU�VDOLQR� é superior ao tolerado para a espécie estudada, como YLVWR� QRV� WUDEDOKRV� GH�6REUDGR� ��������1DLGRR� HW� DO�� (2002; 2011) e Parida et al. (2003). Revista Biotemas, 27 (3), setembro de 2014 4 S. S. Pascoalini et al. 7RGRV� HVWHV� IDWRUHV� DVVRFLDGRV� j� GHVDWLYDomR�GR� )6,,� OHYDP� j� GLPLQXLomR� GD� DWLYLGDGH� IRWRTXtPLFD�� $� UHGXomR� GD� HILFLrQFLD� IRWRTXtPLFD� �)v/Fm) com LQFUHPHQWR�HP�VDOLQLGDGH�p�REVHUYDGD�SRU�YiULRV�DXWRUHV� para A. marina, B.parviÀora e R. mucronata (PARIDA HW�DO���������+233(�63((5�HW�DO���������1$,'22�HW� DO����������2�HVWUHVVH�VDOLQR�SURYRFD�WDPEpP�UHGXomR� GD�FRQGXWkQFLD�HVWRPiWLFD�H�GD�FRQGXomR�QR�PHVR¿OR�� OLPLWDQGR� D� IRWRVVtQWHVH� SRU� EDL[D� GLIXVmR� GR�&22 (PARIDA et al., 2004), além de diminuir condutividade KLGUiXOLFD� SURYRFDQGR� R� IHFKDPHQWR� GRV� HVW{PDWRV� (SOBRADO, 2001). (VWUDWpJLDV� GH� DEVRUomR� GH� iJXD� HP� FRQGLo}HV�VDOLQDV 0HVPR�FUHVFHQGR� HP�XP�DPELHQWH� LQXQGDGR�� D� VDOLQLGDGH� HOHYDGD�GL¿FXOWD� D� DEVRUomR�GH� iJXD�SHODV� SODQWDV��3$/,<$987+�HW�DO����������$VVLP��DV�HVSpFLHV� GH�PDQJXH� WrP�PHFDQLVPRV� SDUD� DEVRUYHU� D� iJXD� FRQWUD� IRUWHV� SRWHQFLDLV� RVPyWLFRV� �720/,1621�� �������&UHVFHU� HP�XP�PHLR� VDOLQR� FULD� EDVLFDPHQWH� GRLV�SUREOHPDV�SDUD�D�SODQWD������D�UHJXODomR�RVPyWLFD� H�����D�WR[LGDGH�GHVWHV�tRQV��$VVLP��DV�SODQWDV�WrP�GH� DEVRUYHU�RV�tRQV�LQRUJkQLFRV�SDUD�QHXWUDOL]DU�R�JUDGLHQWH� RVPyWLFR��7RGDYLD�� R� H[FHVVR� GHVWHV� QR� LQWHULRU� GD� FpOXOD� WRUQD�VH� Wy[LFR�H� WHP�HIHLWRV�QHJDWLYRV�VREUH�D� UHSURGXomR��R�FUHVFLPHQWR�H�VREUHYLYrQFLD�GDV�SODQWDV� �0(+/,*�������� 3DUD�PDQWHU� D� DEVRUomR� GH� iJXD�� DV� SODQWDV� GH� mangue não apenas precisam restringir a perda de água SRU�PHLR� GH� DGDSWDo}HV�PRUIROyJLFDV� H� ¿VLROyJLFDV� �HVSHVVDPHQWR� IROLDU�� DXPHQWR� GR� WHPSR�GH� UHWHQomR� GR�QLWURJrQLR�H�H¿FLrQFLD�QR�XVR�GD�iJXD���PDV�WDPEpP� PDQWHU� RV� SRWHQFLDLV� GH� iJXD� VX¿FLHQWHPHQWH� EDL[RV� (LOVELOCK; FELLER, 2003; KRAUSS et al., 2008) QR� LQWHULRU�GDV� IROKDV��(VWHV�DVSHFWRV� ID]HP�FRP�TXH� D�H¿FLrQFLD�GH�XVR�GD�iJXD��HP�DOJXPDV�GDV�HVSpFLHV� GH�PDQJXH�� VHMD� FRQVLGHUDGD� XPD� GDV�PDLV� DOWDV� GH� todas as plantas C3 (BALL, 1986), uma vez que estas QRUPDOPHQWH�DSUHVHQWDP�EDL[DV�WD[DV�GH�WUDQVSLUDomR�H� FRQGXWkQFLD�HVWRPiWLFD��%$//��)$548+$5������D�� ����E�� %$//�� ������ /29(/2&.�� %$//�� ������ SOBRADO, 2005). Entretanto, apesar dessas estratégias, para compensar a elevada osmolaridade de sal no solo, um GRV�PHFDQLVPRV�ELRTXtPLFRV�HPSUHJDGRV�p�R�DF~PXOR� de solutos compatíveis, a partir do aumento de moléculas SHTXHQDV�GH�RVPyOLWRV�FRPR�D�JOLFLQD�EHWDtQD�RX�iOFRRLV� GH�Do~FDU��3233�HW�DO���������6$.$0272��085$7$�� 2000) que ampliam o potencial osmótico sem alterar o L{QLFR��5HGXo}HV�QRV�SRWHQFLDLV�RVPyWLFRV�DWUDHP�iJXD� para dentro da célula e permitem manter o potencial GH�SUHVVmR��02*+$,(%�HW�DO���������QHFHVViULR�SDUD� REWHU�iJXD� $�PHOKRU�H¿FLrQFLD�GR�XVR�GD�iJXD�DVVRFLDGD�DRV� FXVWRV� HQHUJpWLFRV� GH� H[FUHWDU� H�RX� H[FOXLU� RV� VDLV� p� j�FXVWD�GH� WD[DV� UHGX]LGDV�GH�DVVLPLODomR�GH�FDUERQR� (BALL, 1988). Quanto maior o teor de sal no local PHQRU�VHUi�D�SURGXWLYLGDGH�H�LVWR�LUi�UHÀHWLU�QD�HVWUXWXUD� GR�ERVTXH� Durante os períodos de elevada demanda HYDSRUDWLYD�� SODQWDV� TXH� H[FOXHP� VDO� SUHFLVDP� economizar água por causa da capacidade limitada para H[WUDt�OD�GRV�VRORV�VDOLQRV��%$55�HW�DO����������6PLWK�HW� DO���������PRVWUDUDP�TXH�D�UD]mR�SDUD�D�UHGXomR�GD�WD[D� GH�DVVLPLODomR�GH�FDUERQR�GR�PDQJXH�QD�9HQH]XHOD�IRL� HP�SDUWH�GHYLGR�j�VDOLQLGDGH�HOHYDGD��R�TXH�FDXVRX�PDLRU� SRWHQFLDO�RVPyWLFR�QR�[LOHPD�H�UHGXomR�GD�FRQGXWkQFLD� HVWRPiWLFD��(P�DPELHQWHV�KLSHUVDOLQRV��RV�PDQJXH]DLV� DSUHVHQWDP�GLPLQXWDV�WD[DV�GH�DVVLPLODomR�GH�FDUERQR� H�FRQGXWkQFLD�HVWRPiWLFD��RULJLQDQGR�ERVTXHV�GHVFULWRV� FRPR�DQ}HV��/8*2��61('$.(5�������� 2XWUR� SUREOHPD� HQIUHQWDGR� SHORV�PDQJXH]DLV�� GHYLGR�j�VDOLQLGDGH�H�D�HOHYDGD�GHPDQGD�HYDSRUDWLYD�� p�VXD�YXOQHUDELOLGDGH�j�HPEROLD�RX�FDYLWDomR�TXH�SRGH� REVWUXLU�D�FRQGXWkQFLD�KLGUiXOLFD��(VVD�YXOQHUDELOLGDGH�p��SULQFLSDOPHQWH��SUHVHQWH�HP�DPELHQWHV�KLSHUVDOLQRV�� SRLV� DSUHVHQWDP� GLILFXOGDGH� HP� DEVRUomR� GH� iJXD� �/29(//2&.�HW�DO�������D������E��0$57,1�HW�DO��� ������� (VWXGRV� GH� 6REUDGR� �������� FRP�Avicennia germinans, demonstram que as espécies com maior H¿FLrQFLD� QR� XVR� GD� iJXD� SRVVXHP� HVWD� FDSDFLGDGH� GHYLGR�j�UHGXomR�QD�FRQGXomR�GH�VHLYD�QR�FDXOH��(VWD� estratégia é possível porque as espécies reduzem a FRQGXWkQFLD�HVWRPiWLFD�D�SRQWR�GH�LPSHGLU�D�HPEROLD� QDV�FpOXODV�GR�[LOHPD� Revista Biotemas, 27 (3), setembro de 2014 5$ERUGDJHP�HFR¿VLROyJLFD�GRV�PDQJXH]DLV��XPD�UHYLVmR 7RPOLQVRQ���������DR�GHVFUHYHU�R�WHFLGR�[LOHPiWLFR� GR�PDQJXH��Mi�DVVRFLD�FRPR�PHFDQLVPRV�SDUD�HYLWDU�D� HPEROLD�D�GLPLQXLomR�QR�GLkPHWUR�FHOXODU��+DR�HW� DO�� �������� FRPSDUDQGR� D� SUHVVmR� RVPyWLFD� QR� VROR� VRE� GLIHUHQWHV�VDOLQLGDGHV�HP�SHUtRGRV�GLXUQRV�H�QRWXUQRV� para Rhizophora mangle��LGHQWL¿FDP�TXH�D�UHGLVWULEXLomR� GD�VHLYD�EUXWD�RX�UHYHUVmR�GD�FRQGXomR�RFRUUH�SDUD�HYLWDU� D�HPEROLD��DOpP�GH�DPHQL]DU�D�VDOLQLGDGH�QR�VHGLPHQWR� HP�VLWXDo}HV�GH�EDL[D�IUHTXrQFLD�GH�LQXQGDomR�� 0HFDQLVPRV�GH�WROHUkQFLD�j�VDOLQLGDGH $V�HVWUDWpJLDV�SDUD�GHWHUPLQDU�EDL[DV�WD[DV�GH�SHUGD� GH� iJXD� IROLDU� WDPEpP� OLPLWDP�R� JDQKR�GH� FDUERQR�� ID]HQGR�FRP�TXH�HVSpFLHV�TXH�WrP�DPSOD�WROHUkQFLD�DR� VDO�FUHVoDP�PDLV�OHQWDPHQWH�FRP�DXPHQWR�GD�VDOLQLGDGH� do que aquelas menos tolerantes (BALL, 1986; 1988). De acordo com suas características, as espécies de PDQJXH�SRGHP�VHU�FODVVL¿FDGDV�HP�VHFUHWRUDV�GH�VDO�±� aquelas que têm glândulas de sal ou pelos para remover o sal – e não secretoras – que não apresentam mecanismos SDUD�D�H[FUHomR�GR�VDO� �6&+2/$1'(5�HW�DO��������� 720/,1621�� ������� /DUFKHU� ������� GHVFUHYH� DV� KDOy¿WDV�FRPR�SODQWDV�TXH�WROHUDP�RX�TXH�UHVLVWHP�DR� sal. Aquelas que resistem ao sal apresentam mecanismos ¿VLROyJLFRV�TXH�VmR��HYLWDU�D�HQWUDGD��GLOXLU�H�HOLPLQDU�R� VDO��$V�FODVVL¿FDGDV�FRPR�WROHUDQWHV�VHULDP�DTXHODV�TXH� WROHUDP�R�VDO�QR�FLWRSODVPD��'H�DFRUGR�FRP�6DOLVEXU\� H�5RVV���������HVWDV�VHULDP�DV�KDOy¿WDV�YHUGDGHLUDV��RX� HXKDOy¿WDV���6RPHQWH�DV� WROHUDQWHV�VHULDP�FDSD]HV�GH� WROHUDU�RV�HIHLWRV�Wy[LFRV�GR�FORUR�H�VyGLR�QR�FLWRSODVPD� �/$5&+(5��������6$/,6%85<��5266�������� Popp et al. (1993), revisando os conceitos propostos SRU� 6FKRODQGHU� ������� H� D� FODVVL¿FDomR� GH�/DUFKHU� ��������DYDOLDP�D�FDSDFLGDGH�GD�YHJHWDomR�GH�PDQJXH� como capaz de evitar a entrada de sais via raiz e as HVWUDWpJLDV�GH�H[WUXVmR�H�RX�FRPSDUWLPHQWDomR�GRV�VDLV�� &RQFOXHP�TXH�RV�HQWHQGLPHQWRV�VREUH�RV�SURFHVVRV�GH� H[FOXVmR�GR�VyGLR�H�FORUR�DQWHV�GR�LQJUHVVR�QR�[LOHPD� QmR�VmR� WRWDOPHQWH�HQWHQGLGRV��KDYHQGR�HVSpFLHV�TXH� QmR�GHPRQVWUDP�GLIHUHQoDV�HQWUH�DV�SUHVV}HV�RVPyWLFDV� GR�VHGLPHQWR��GDV�UDt]HV��GRV�FDXOHV�H�GDV�IROKDV�FRPR� D¿UPDGR�SRU�6FKRODQGHU���������3RU�RXWUR�ODGR��D¿UPDP� TXH� DV� HVSpFLHV�TXH�SURPRYHP�D� H[WUXVmR�GR� VDO� YLD� glândulas são reduzidas dentro da gama de espécies de mangue. (P� UHODomR� j� FRPSDUWLPHQWDomR� GRV� VDLV�� HVWH� IHQ{PHQR�p�GHVFULWR�VHQGR�FRPXP�HQWUH�DV�HVSpFLHV�GH� PDQJXH�� Mi�TXH�YiULDV�DSUHVHQWDP�PDLRU�FRQWH~GR�GH� VDLV�QDV�IROKDV�VHQHVFHQWHV�TXDQGR�FRPSDUDGDV�jV�QRYDV� (POPP et al., 1993). Além disso, estudos realizados pelos autores revelaram que com o aumento da salinidade RFRUUH�DFUpVFLPR�GH�PHWDEyOLWRV�VHFXQGiULRV��FRPR�R� manitol, no citoplasma, concomitante ao incremento de sódio e cloro nos vacúolos. Os gêneros Aegiceras, Avicennia, Acanthus e Aegialitis WrP� HVWUXWXUDV� JODQGXODUHV� GH� H[FUHomR� GR� sal enquanto Laguncularia e Conocarpus têm estrutura DQiORJD� jV� JOkQGXODV� GH� VDO� �720/,1621�� ������� Bruguiera gymnorrhiza e Rhizophora mucronata WDPEpP�H[FOXHP�VDO��QR�HQWDQWR��QXP�SURFHVVR�GH¿QLGR� FRPR�UHDORFDomR�GRV�VDLV�SDUD�SDUWHV�VHQHVFHQWHV��RQGH� R�VDO�p�DFXPXODGR�QDV�IROKDV�PDLV�PDGXUDV��DV�TXDLV�VmR� HOLPLQDGDV�SDUD�H[FOXLU�R�H[FHVVR� �67(,1.(��������� 'LIHUHQWHV� HVSpFLHV� WrP�GLVWLQWDV� IDL[DV� GH� WROHUkQFLD� ao sal (SUAREZ; MEDINA, 2005) correlacionadas a VXD�FDSDFLGDGH�GH�H[FUHomR�H�RX�HOLPLQDomR�GRV�VDLV�� $TXHODV� TXH� H[FUHWDP� RV� VDLV� GLDULDPHQWH� SRVVXHP� FDSDFLGDGH� GH� FRORQL]DU� DPELHQWHV� FRP� VDOLQLGDGHV� mais elevadas, ao contrário daquelas que armazenam RV� VDLV� SRU� SHUtRGRV�PDLRUHV� �SRU� FRPSDUWLPHQWDomR� RX� UHDORFDomR�� Vy� HOLPLQDQGR�RV� FRP�PRUWH� GH� VXDV� estruturas vegetais. Avicennia�VmR�FRQKHFLGDV�SRU�H[FOXtUHP�FHUFD�GH� ����GH�VDO�DEVRUYLGRV�D�SDUWLU�GD�VXSHUItFLH�GD�UDL]��TXH� SRGH�DXPHQWDU�j�PHGLGD�TXH�D�FRQFHQWUDomR�GH�VDO�GD� iJXD�VH�DPSOLD��%5$1&+��%5$1&+���������$�H[FOXVmR� GH�VDO�p�REWLGD�FULDQGR�VH�SUHVVmR�KLGURVWiWLFD�QHJDWLYD� QD�FpOXOD�TXH�IRUQHFH�SUHVVmR�RVPyWLFD�VX¿FLHQWHPHQWH� QHJDWLYD�SDUD�DV�UDt]HV�SDUD�DEVRUomR�GH�iJXD��HQTXDQWR� WRGRV� RV� RXWURV� tRQV� VmR� H[FOXtGRV� �0221� HW� DO��� 1986). Estes autores avaliaram que, além do processo GH�XOWUD¿OWUDomR��D�H[WUXVmR�GR�VDO�YLD�VLVWHPD�GH�UDt]HV� para as espécies de Avicennia é controlada por aspectos DQDW{PLFRV�TXH� LQYLDELOL]DP�R� WUDQVSRUWH� DSRSOiVWLFR� GD�iJXD�DWp�R�[LOHPD��(VWH�WUDQVSRUWH�p�LPSHGLGR�SHOD� VXEHUL]DomR� GDV� FpOXODV� GR� FyUWH[� GD� UDL]� H� WDPEpP� SHOD�EDQGD�GH�&DVSDU\�GD�HQGRGHUPH��6XDUH]�H�0HGLQD� Revista Biotemas, 27 (3), setembro de 2014 6 S. S. Pascoalini et al. (2005) mostraram que plântulas de A. geminans�IRUDP� VLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWH� DIHWDGDV� SHOD� VDOLQLGDGH� H� WLYHUDP� WROHUkQFLD� DR� VDO� HOHYDGD� HP�FRPSDUDomR� FRP�RXWUDV� HVSpFLHV� VHPHOKDQWHV�� FRPR�Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco e Avicennia marina. Estudo com Bruguiera gymnorhiza indicou que iUHD��PDVVD�IROLDU�SRU�SODQWD�H�ORQJHYLGDGH�DXPHQWDUDP� FRP�R�LQFUHPHQWR�GD�VDOLQLGDGH��:$1*��/,1��������� $� VXFXOrQFLD� IROLDU� SRGH� VHU� XP�PHFDQLVPR� SDUD� HYLWDU� FRQFHQWUDo}HV� GH� VDO� H[FHVVLYDPHQWH� HOHYDGDV� �+$*(0(<(5�� ������� XPD� YH]� TXH� R� DXPHQWR� GR� YROXPH�GR�YDF~ROR�SHUPLWH�D�GLOXLomR�GRV�tRQV�VRO~YHLV�� 5HGXomR�GR�FUHVFLPHQWR��PHQRU�DOWXUD��GLPLQXLomR� GD�ELRPDVVD�H�SURGXomR�GH�IROKD��SRGH�VHU�LQWHUSUHWDGD� como resultado do investimento em mecanismos de tolerância e/ou resistência ao sal (SNEDAKER, 1982; 68$5(=��0(',1$��������� Mi�TXH�D�PDQXWHQomR�GH� tais estratégias reduz a produtividade primária líquida. 6HJXQGR� .DWKLUHVDQ� H� 7KDQJDP� �������� DV� ÀXWXDo}HV�QD� VDOLQLGDGH�GHQWUR�GR� DPELHQWH�SDUHFHP� WHU�HIHLWRV�PDLV�SURQXQFLDGRV�GR�TXH�D�KLSHUVDOLQLGDGH� FRQWtQXD�� XPD� YH]� TXH� DV� SODQWDV� DGXOWDV� WrP� IDL[D� VXSHULRU� GH� WROHUkQFLD� HP� UHODomR� jV� SOkQWXODV�� ,VVR� DFRQWHFH�SRUTXH�DV�SODQWDV�PDLV�MRYHQV�VmR�JHUDOPHQWH� PDLV� VHQVtYHLV� DR� VDO�� FUHVFHQGR�PHOKRU� HP� ORFDLV� onde as salinidades são menores e, porteriormente, WRUQDP�VH�PDLV� WROHUDQWH� �6&+0,7=� HW� DO��� ������� (QWUHWDQWR��XPD�YH]�R�ERVTXH�HVWDEHOHFLGR��PRGL¿FDo}HV� na salinidade podem levar ao colapso do indivíduo adulto por menor plasticidade que as plântulas, como REVHUYDGR� HP� VLWXDo}HV� RQGH� KRXYH� DOWHUDo}HV� QD� GLQkPLFD� GH� LQXQGDomR�SURYRFDGDV� SRU�PRGL¿FDo}HV� QD�GHVHPERFDGXUD�GR� ULR� �72*1(//$�HW�DO���������� 2V�DXWRUHV�REVHUYDUDP�TXH�DV�DOWHUDo}HV�QD�VDOLQLGDGH� WLYHUDP�FRPR�UHVSRVWD�GD�YHJHWDomR�D�PRUWH�GDV�IROKDV� QD�SRUomR�PDLV�DOWD�GD�FRSD��5HODFLRQDUDP�WDO�IDWR�jV� DOWHUDo}HV�GR�SRWHQFLDO�RVPyWLFR�TXH�SRGHP�WHU�RFRUULGR� QRV�UDPRV�WHUPLQDLV�LQYLDELOL]DQGR�D�PDQXWHQomR�GDV� IROKDV� SRU� GL¿FXOGDGH� QR� DSRUWH� GH� iJXD��&RP� LVWR�� os indivíduos adultos tiveram sua estatura diminuída, SHUPLWLQGR�VXD�VREUHYLYrQFLD�� ,QXQGDomR�H�DODJDPHQWR $V�ÀRUHVWDV�GH�PDQJXH]DO�VmR�UHJXODUPHQWH�ODYDGDV� SHODV�PDUpV��$�FLUFXODomR�GD�iJXD�HOLPLQD�VXEVWkQFLDV� Wy[LFDV�SDUD�D�YHJHWDomR��FRPR�R�VXOIHWR�GH�KLGURJrQLR� �+26��H�R[LJHQDP�R�VHGLPHQWR��.1,*+7�HW�DO���������� 2V�SDGU}HV�GH�LQXQGDomR�GDV�ÀRUHVWDV�VmR�GLIHUHQFLDGRV� H�UHÀHWHP�QD�HVWUXWXUD�GD�PHVPD��2V�ERVTXHV�GH�IUDQMD� são constantemente inundados pelo movimento da PDUp� YHQWLODQGR� H� UHPRYHQGR� RV�FRPSRVWRV� Wy[LFRV� H� RV� ERVTXHV� GH� EDFLD� VmR�JHUDOPHQWH� LQXQGDGRV�QDV� PDUpV�PDLV�DOWDV��6&+$())(5�129(//,�HW�DO��������� .1,*+7� HW� DO��� ������ ¿FDQGR�PDWpULD� RUJkQLFD� HP� GHFRPSRVLomR�SRU�SHUtRGR�PDLRU��FDXVDQGR��HP�DOJXPDV� VLWXDo}HV��FRQGLo}HV�GH�DQR[LD�SDUD�DV�UDt]HV� (P�FRQGLo}HV�GH�DODJDPHQWR��R�PDQJXH�GHYH�OLGDU� FRP�SDUFLDO�RX�FRPSOHWD�DXVrQFLD�GH�R[LJrQLR�GLVVROYLGR� SDUD�UHVSLUDomR�GDV�UDt]HV��0&.((��������6.(/721�� $//$:$<���������(VVDV�HVSpFLHV��TXH�FDUDFWHUL]DP�D� YHJHWDomR�GH�PDQJXH��GLIHUHP�HP�VXD�FDSDFLGDGH�GH� PDQWHU�R�WHFLGR�GD�UDL]�DHUDGR�DIHWDQGR�D�¿VLRORJLD�H� PRUIRORJLD�GDV�UDt]HV��0&.((���������$�KLSR[LD�FDXVD� GLPLQXLomR�QD� WD[D�GH�H[WHQVmR�GD�UDL]�HP�Avicennia germinans e Laguncularia racemosa, mas não em Rhizophora mangle��$OpP�GLVVR��D�KLSR[LD�p�UHVSRQViYHO� pela morte de raízes de L. racemosa H�SHOD�GLPLQXLomR�QR� número de raízes laterais nas três espécies neotropicais FLWDGDV�DFLPD�H��WDPEpP��SHOR�DXPHQWR�GD�SDUWH�DpUHD� em A. germinans e L. racemosa (MCKEE, 1996). Bruguiera mucronata apresentou similar tendência, com PDLRU�DOWXUD�TXDQGR�VXEPHWLGD�j�LQXQGDomR�FRQVWDQWH�� UHYHODQGR�PXGDQoD�QD�DORFDomR�GH�ELRPDVVD�SDUD�D�SDUWH� DpUHD��+233(�63((5�HW�DO��������� Estudo realizado com plântulas de Avicennia marina DSRQWRX�TXH�R�HVWUHVVH�FDXVDGR�DSHQDV�SRU�LQXQGDomR� SRGH� QmR� VHU� WmR� SUHMXGLFLDO� j� HVSpFLH� �6.(/721�� $//$:$<�� �������$V� SOkQWXODV� GH�A. marina em FRQGLo}HV� GH�PDUp� EDL[D� DXPHQWDP� D� FRQFHQWUDomR� GH� R[LJrQLR� HP� VXDV� UDt]HV� DWp� FRQFHQWUDomR� HVWiYHO�� 4XDQGR� VmR� VXEPHWLGDV� j� LQXQGDomR� SRU� VHLV� H� ��� KRUDV��D�FRQFHQWUDomR�GH�R[LJrQLR�QRV�SQHXPDWyIRURV� H� UDt]HV� GH� VXSRUWH� GLPLQXL� VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH�� SULQFLSDOPHQWH��TXDQGR�HP�PDLRU�WHPSR�GH�LQXQGDomR�� 3RUpP��D�FRQFHQWUDomR�UHVWDQWH�GH�R[LJrQLR�p�VX¿FLHQWH� Revista Biotemas, 27 (3), setembro de 2014 7$ERUGDJHP�HFR¿VLROyJLFD�GRV�PDQJXH]DLV��XPD�UHYLVmR SDUD�PDQWHU�PHWDEROLVPR� DHUyELFR� QR� QtYHO� GH� UDL]� �6.(/721��$//$:$<�� ������� (VVD� FRQFHQWUDomR� é determinada pela capacidade que as raízes têm de DUPD]HQDU�R[LJrQLR�QD�PDUp�EDL[D��TXH�SRGH�HVWDU�OLJDGD� DR�DHUrQTXLPD�QDV�UDt]HV��SRLV��HP�PDUp�DOWD��R�HVSDoR� LQWHUQR�GH�JiV�HVWi�LVRODGR�GR�H[WHULRU�H�Ki�WUDQVIHUrQFLD� GH�R[LJrQLR�GD�HVWUXWXUD�DpUHD�jV�UDt]HV��720/,1621�� ������6.(/721��$//$:$<�������� (VWXGRV�HP�ODERUDWyULR�FRP�SOkQWXODV�PRVWUDUDP� TXH� DV� LQXQGDo}HV� HP� ORQJR� SUD]R� QmR� WrP� HIHLWR� SHUVLVWHQWH� VREUH� DV� WURFDV� JDVRVDV� HP�Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa ou Rhizophora mangle��3(=(6+.,�HW�DO���������.5$866�HW�DO���������� -i�D�LQXQGDomR�GH�FXUWR�SUD]R�UHGX]�D�DVVLPLODomR�Pi[LPD� H�UHVSLUDomR�QR�HVFXUR�HP�SOkQWXODV�GH�A. germinans, L. racemosa e R. mangle de acordo com os estudos de Krauss et al. (2006). No entanto, os mangues maduros SRGHP�VHU�PHQRV�VHQVtYHLV�j�LQXQGDomR�GH�FXUWR�SUD]R� do que as plântulas (NAIDOO et al., 1998). Apesar GRV� DXPHQWRV� GD� FRQFHQWUDomR� GR�&22� DWPRVIpULFR� UHVXOWDUHP�HP�WD[DV�GH�FUHVFLPHQWR�HOHYDGDV��HVWDV�VmR� PHQRUHV�GR�TXH�DV�UHGXo}HV�QDV�WD[DV�GH�FUHVFLPHQWR� REVHUYDGDV� TXDQGR�PDQJXH]DLV� HVWmR� FDGD� YH]�PDLV� LQXQGDGRV��)$516:257+�HW�DO��������� 1XWULHQWHV O input de nutrientes no ecossistema manguezal é GLIHUHQFLDGR�QRV�ERVTXHV�GH�IUDQMD�H�GH�EDFLD��2V�ERVTXHV� GH� IUDQMD� VmR� H[SRVWRV� D� GXDV� FRQGLo}HV� QXWULFLRQDLV� GHSHQGHQGR�GD�VXD�ORFDOL]DomR��SUy[LPR�DR�PDU�RX�DR� ULR��%DVLFDPHQWH�� RV� ERVTXHV� GH� IUDQMD� SUy[LPRV� DR� PDU�VmR�ROLJRWUy¿FRV��SRLV�UHFHEHP�PHQRU�GHVFDUJD�GH� QXWULHQWHV�D�SDUWLU�GRV�ULRV��3RU�RXWUR�ODGR��RV�ERVTXHV�GH� IUDQMD�QR�LQWHULRU�GRV�HVWXiULRV�UHFHEHP�JUDQGH�DSRUWH�GH� QXWULHQWHV�SURYHQLHQWHV�GR�ÀX[R�ÀXYLDO��2V�ERVTXHV�GH� EDFLD�UHTXHUHP�LQSXW�GH�QXWULHQWHV�D�SDUWLU�GDV�FKXYDV�H� do escoamento terrestre SDUD�PHOKRU�GHVHQYROYLPHQWR�� SRLV�VmR�LQXQGDGRV�DSHQDV�QDV�PDUpV�DOWDV��$V�EDFLDV� GHVHQYROYHP�VH� H[XEHUDQWHPHQWH� QRV� ORFDLV� RQGH� D� SUHFLSLWDomR�p�PDLRU�GR�TXH�D�HYDSRWUDQVSLUDomR�ORFDO�� LVWR�p��QmR�RFRUUHP�HVWDo}HV�FRP�Gp¿FLW�KtGULFR��6H�D� HYDSRWUDQVSLUDomR�p�PDLRU�GR�TXH�D�SUHFLSLWDomR�HVVHV� ERVTXHV�WHP�FUHVFLPHQWR�UHGX]LGR��SRLV�DOpP�GH�OLGDU� FRP�Gp¿FLW�QXWULFLRQDO�VXSRUWDP�WDPEpP�DV�FRQGLo}HV� GH� HOHYDGD� VDOLQLGDGH� RX� DWp�PHVPR�KLSHUVDOLQLGDGH� �6&+$())(5�129(//,�HW�DO���������TXH��HP�DOJXPDV� VLWXDo}HV��SRGHP�UHVXOWDU�HP�iUHDV�GH�DSLFXP��TXH�VmR� UHJL}HV�KLSHUVDOLQDV�VHP�YHJHWDomR� 0XLWDV� iUHDV�GH�PDQJXH]DO� HP� ORFDLV� GLIHUHQWHV� GR� JORER� VRIUHP� FRP� D� UHGX]LGD� GLVSRQLELOLGDGH� GH� QXWULHQWHV�� SULQFLSDOPHQWH� QLWURJrQLR� H� IyVIRUR�� VHQGR� HVWHV� RV�PDFURHOHPHQWRV� GH�PDLRU� OLPLWDomR� DR� FUHVFLPHQWR� GD� YHJHWDomR� �$/21*,�� ������� 1RUPDOPHQWH� HVVDV� iUHDV� VmR� ERVTXHV� GH� EDFLD� SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH�DODJDGRV��FRP�D�UHQRYDomR�GH�iJXD� Vy�RFRUUHQGR�QDV�PDUpV�PDLV�H[WUHPDV�GR�DQR��$OpP� disso, apresentam salinidade acima daquela da água do PDU��-XQWDPHQWH�DR�UHGX]LGR�IRUQHFLPHQWR�GH�QXWULHQWHV�� SURFHVVRV�PLFURELDQRV��FRPR�D�WD[D�GH�GHFRPSRVLomR� H� UHWHQomR� GH� QXWULHQWHV� QD� UL]RVIHUD�� SRGHP� UHGX]LU� D� GLVSRQLELOLGDGH�GH�QXWULHQWHV� SDUD� D� DEVRUomR�SHODV� plantas (NAIDOO, 2006). 'HILFLrQFLD� GH� 3� HVWi� H[WUHPDPHQWH� OLJDGD� j� GLPLQXLomR� GH� WUDQVSRUWH� GH� iJXD�� SRLV� GLPLQXL� R� IXQFLRQDPHQWR� GH� FDQDLV� GH� iJXD� �DTXDSRULQDV��� TXH� QHFHVVLWDP� GH� IRVIRULODomR� SDUD� R� IXQFLRQDPHQWR� �/29(/2&.�HW� DO��� ����D���(VVD� GH¿FLrQFLD� OHYD� j� UHGXomR� GD� FRQGXWkQFLD� HVWRPiWLFD� H� FRQGXWLYLGDGH� KLGUiXOLFD�� GLPLQXLomR� GD� UDPL¿FDomR� GD� SDUWH� DpUHD� e alongamento celular, reduzindo o crescimento das árvores. Portanto, em locais limitados por P os processos GH�FROHWD�H� WUDQVSRUWH�GH�iJXD�VmR�SRQWRV�FKDYH�SDUD� UHVWULQJLU�D�SURGXWLYLGDGH�QHVVHV�ERVTXHV��/29(/2&.� HW�DO�������������D������E��1$,'22�������� $�GH¿FLrQFLD�HP�1�WDPEpP�LQLEH�R�FUHVFLPHQWR� em altura das árvores. Esse elemento é utilizado na LQFRUSRUDomR� GH� ELRPDVVD� �FRPS}HP� SURWHtQDV��� SURGXomR� GH� VROXWRV� FRPSDWtYHLV� H� SDUWLFLSDP� QD� FRPSRVLomR� GH�58%,6&2� �HQ]LPD� UHVSRQViYHO� SHOD� UHGXomR� GR�&22�� �3223� HW� DO��� ������0$57,1� HW� DO��� �������1RUPDOPHQWH�� LQGLYtGXRV� FRP�GH¿FLrQFLD� HP�1�DSUHVHQWDP�PHQRU�iUHD�IROLDU��PHQRU�H¿FLrQFLD� IRWRTXtPLFD� H� WD[D� IRWRVVLQWpWLFD��%RVTXHV� OLPLWDGRV� SRU� 1�� TXDQGR� IHUWLOL]DGRV�� WrP� VXD�PHOKRULD� HP� SURGXomR�SULPiULD�TXDQGR�PDLV�FDUERQR�p�DORFDGR�QD� iUHD�IROLDU��TXH�SRGH�OHYDU��HP�DOJXQV�FDVRV��DR�DXPHQWR� HP�WD[D�IRWRVVLQWpWLFD��/29(/2&.��)(//(5�������� /29(/2&.�HW�DO�������D��0$57,1�HW�DO��������� Revista Biotemas, 27 (3), setembro de 2014 8 S. S. Pascoalini et al. (P�H[SHULPHQWRV�GH�ORQJR�SUD]R��GHPRQVWUDGR�SRU� )HOOHU� �������HP�FRPXQLGDGHV�FUHVFHQGR� VREUH� VRORV� FDOFiULRV�HP�7ZLQ�&D\V�%HOL]H��D�GLVSRQLELOLGDGH�GH�3� IRL�R�IDWRU�HFROyJLFR�GHWHUPLQDQWH�SDUD�R�FUHVFLPHQWR� GDV�SODQWDV��0HGLQD�HW�DO�� ������� WDPEpP�DVVRFLDUDP� R� FUHVFLPHQWR� GH¿FLHQWH� GH�R. mangle, no leste de 3RUWR�5LFR�� FRP�XPD� FRPELQDomR�GH� OLPLWDomR� GH�3� H�HVWUHVVH�KtGULFR�VD]RQDO��/RYHORFN�HW�DO�������F���DR� estudar manguezais onde P era o nutriente limitante, a IHUWLOL]DomR�FRP�3�UHVXOWRX�QXP�DXPHQWR�GR�FUHVFLPHQWR�� QD�FRQGXWkQFLD�KLGUD~OLFD�GR�FDXOH��QD�WUDQVSLUDomR�H�QD� IRWRVVtQWHVH��-i�HVWXGRV�QR�,QGR�3DFt¿FR�H�QR�&RQWLQHQWH� $IULFDQR� �/29(/2&.� HW� DO��� ������ PRVWUDUDP� YDULDomR�QR� FUHVFLPHQWR� LQGHSHQGHQWH� GH� VHU� R�1�RX� 3�RV� IDWRUHV� OLPLWDQWHV�� VHQGR�1�DTXHOH�QXWULHQWH�TXH� PDLV�IUHTXHQWHPHQWH�OLPLWRX�R�FUHVFLPHQWR�GDV�SODQWDV�� 1R�PDQJXH]DO� RQGH� R�1� HUD� OLPLWDQWH�� D� IHUWLOL]DomR� PHOKRURX�R�FUHVFLPHQWR�GR�GRVVHO��PDV�VHP�DOWHUDU�D� FRQGXWLYLGDGH� KLGUD~OLFD� HVSHFt¿FD� GRV� FDXOHV� H� GDV� IROKDV��/29(/2&.�HW�DO�������E�� Estudando espécies de Avicennia gernimans FUHVFHQGR� HP� GRLV� DPELHQWHV� FRP� VDOLQLGDGHV� contrastantes na Australia, Martin et al. (2010) não HQFRQWUDUDP�HIHLWR�VLJQL¿FDWLYR�GD�IHUWLOL]DomR�FRP�3�QR�FUHVFLPHQWR�GDV�SDUWHV�DpUHDV��HQTXDQWR�D�IHUWLOL]DomR� FRP� 1� PHOKRURX� R� GHVHQYROYLPHQWR� GR� GRVVHO�� DXPHQWDQGR�D�TXDQWLGDGH�GH�IROKDV��SDUWLFXODUPHQWH�GDV� iUYRUHV�FUHVFHQGR�QD�iUHD�KLSHUVDOLQD��$VVLP��VHJXQGR� HVWHV�DXWRUHV��SDUHFH�TXH�DV�UHVWULo}HV�VREUH�D�DEVRUomR� GH�iJXD�HP�XP�DPELHQWH�VDOLQR�SRGH�VHU�VXSHUDGD��HP� FHUWD�PHGLGD��FRP�D�IHUWLOL]DomR�GH�1��DXPHQWDQGR�R� LQYHVWLPHQWR�GR�1�QD�5XELVFR�H�XPD�UHGXomR�QR�FXVWR� KtGULFR�GR�JDQKR�GH�FDUERQR�HP�QtYHO�IROLDU��/RYHORFN� H� )HOOHU� �������� DR� DYDOLDUHP� D� IHUWLOL]DomR� GH�A. germinans versus Laguncularia racemosa constataram TXH� R� DXPHQWR� GR� GHVHPSHQKR� IRWRVVLQWpWLFR� HP�A. germinans com N era muito maior do que o de L. racemosa�IHUWLOL]DGR�FRP�R�PHVPR�QXWULHQWH� 2�QXWULHQWH�)RVIDWR� �3243-) em solos de mangue SRGH�VHU�LPRELOL]DGR�H�LQGLVSRQtYHO�SDUD�XVR�GD�SODQWD�� $VVLP�� RV� RUJDQLVPRV� TXH� VROXELOL]DP�3� SRGHP� WHU� LPSOLFDo}HV�LPSRUWDQWHV�SDUD�R�FUHVFLPHQWR�GDV�SODQWDV�� HVSHFLDOPHQWH� HP� DPELHQWHV� RQGH� RV� QXWULHQWHV� VmR� limitados (REEF et al., 2010). 0XGDQoDV�FOLPiWLFDV Os ecossistemas costeiros, como o manguezal, VmR�H[WUHPDPHQWH�VXVFHSWtYHLV�jV�DOWHUDo}HV�FOLPiWLFDV� �$/21*,�� ������� (ODV� SRGHP� DIHWDU� WDQWR� D� SODQWD� TXDQWR�RV�SURFHVVRV�ELRTXtPLFRV�GR�VROR��SHOR�DXPHQWR� dos níveis de CO2, temperatura, nível médio do mar H�PDLRU� IUHTXrQFLD� GH� WHPSHVWDGHV�� (VWHV� VmR� WRGRV� aspectos possíveis que podem causar um impacto VLJQL¿FDWLYR� VREUH� D� ¿VLRORJLD� GR�PDQJXH� H� VREUH� R� IXQFLRQDPHQWR�GR�HFRVVLVWHPD��5(()�HW�DO��������� $XPHQWR� GD� FRQFHQWUDomR� GH�&22� DWPRVIpULFR� SRGH� FDXVDU� DXPHQWR� HP�DVVLPLODomR� IRWRVVLQWpWLFD� H� FUHVFLPHQWR�GDV�SODQWDV�GH�PDQJXH�HP�EDL[DV�VDOLQLGDGHV�� FRPR�REVHUYDGR�HP�SOkQWXODV�GH�Rhizophora apiculata e Rhizophora stylosa FXOWLYDGDV�HP�ODERUDWyULR��%$//� HW� DO��� �������1R� HQWDQWR�� GLIHUHQoDV� LQWHUHVSHFt¿FDV� em resposta ao aumento de CO2�H�VXD�UHODomR�jV�RXWUDV� PXGDQoDV�FOLPiWLFDV�SRGHP�DOWHUDU�SDGU}HV�GH�]RQDomR� dentro de estuário (ALONGI, 2008). $ORQJL��������SURS}H�TXH�R�DXPHQWR�GD�WHPSHUDWXUD� DWPRVIpULFD��DOpP�GH�H[SDQGLU�RV�OLPLWHV�ODWLWXGLQDLV�GR� HFRVVLVWHPD�� GLPLQXLULD� D� DVVLPLODomR� IRWRVVLQWpWLFD� em áreas áridas e aumentaria em áreas de elevada SOXYLRVLGDGH��(P� DGLomR�� R� DXPHQWR� GH� WHPSHUDWXUD� SRGH�OHYDU�D�PXGDQoDV�QD�FRPSRVLomR�GD�FRPXQLGDGH� GHYLGR� jV� GLIHUHQoDV� HQWUH� DV� HVSpFLHV� HP�PDQWHU� D� WHPSHUDWXUD� IROLDU� DOJXQV� JUDXV� DEDL[R� GDTXHOD� GR� DU� �/8*2�HW� DO��� �������%DUU� HW� DO�� ������� HVWXGDQGR� indivíduos de Rhizophora mangle�QD�)OyULGD��YHUL¿FDUDP� TXH�HP�VLWXDo}HV�RQGH�D�WHPSHUDWXUD�GR�DU�H[FHGHX�RV� ���&�KRXYH�GHVDWLYDomR� IRWRVVLQWpWLFD� LQGX]LGD�SHOR� LQFUHPHQWR�QD�WHPSHUDWXUD��R�TXH�FRQWULEXLX�SDUD�UHGX]LU� D�WD[D�GH�DVVLPLODomR�GH�FDUERQR� (P�UHODomR�DR�DXPHQWR�QR�QtYHO�GR�PDU��0FIDGGHQ� HW� DO�� ������� VXJHUHP� TXH� FHUFD� GH� ��� D� ���� GRV� manguezais mundiais podem ser perdidos no período de 2000 a 2080, devido ao aumento em torno de 36 a ���FP�GR�QtYHO�PpGLR�UHODWLYR�GR�PDU��1R�HQWDQWR��iUHDV� GH�PDQJXH]DO�SRGHP�VREUHYLYHU�DR�DXPHQWR�GR�QtYHO� GR�PDU�GHSHQGHQGR�GD�WD[D�GH�DF~PXOR�GH�VHGLPHQWR� HP�UHODomR�j�WD[D�GH�PXGDQoD�GR�QtYHO�GR�PDU��FRPR� ressaltado por Alongi (2008) e Soares (2009). Além GLVVR��PDQJXH]DLV�FRP�SUHVHQoD�GH�iUHDV�GH�DSLFXP�WrP� Revista Biotemas, 27 (3), setembro de 2014 9$ERUGDJHP�HFR¿VLROyJLFD�GRV�PDQJXH]DLV��XPD�UHYLVmR D�SRVVLELOLGDGH�GH�PLJUDU�HP�GLUHomR�D�HVVDV�SODQtFLHV�� FRPR�REVHUYDGR�HP�*XDUDWLED��%UDVLO��62$5(6�������� 'R�SRQWR�GH�YLVWD�¿VLROyJLFR��R�DXPHQWR�GR�QtYHO� GR�PDU� GLPLQXL� D� DOWXUD� H� WD[D� GH� FUHVFLPHQWR� GRV� LQGLYtGXRV� �)$516:257+� HW� DO��� ������� DOpP� GH� UHVXOWDU�HP�PXGDQoDV�QD�FRPSRVLomR�GD�FRPXQLGDGH� GHYLGR�DV�GLIHUHQoDV�QD�WROHUkQFLD�DR�DODJDPHQWR�HQWUH� as espécies (ALONGI, 2008). $SDUHQWHPHQWH�� DOWHUDo}HV� DPELHQWDLV� LVRODGDV�� FRPR�R�DXPHQWR�QD�FRQFHQWUDomR�GH�&22��SRU�H[HPSOR�� podem induzir respostas positivas do manguezal. Porém, TXDQGR�HVWHV�IDWRUHV�HVWLYHUHP�DVVRFLDGRV�j�HOHYDomR�QR� nível do mar e ocorrendo em velocidade acentuada, as UHVSRVWDV�GD�YHJHWDomR�SRGHUmR�VHU�QHJDWLYDV� $V�UHVSRVWDV�GR�PDQJXH]DO�jV�PXGDQoDV�FOLPiWLFDV� VHUmR� GLYHUVDV� FRQIRUPH� UHODWDGR� DFLPD�� HQWUHWDQWR�� DVVXPH�VH�TXH�HVWHV�SRGHUmR�VH�H[SDQGLU�ODWLWXGLQDOPHQWH� �62$5(6�HW�DO���������GHVGH�TXH�KDMD�iUHDV�GLVSRQtYHLV� SDUD�LVWR��/RFDOPHQWH��KDYHUi�XPD�H[SDQVmR�HP�GLUHomR� DR� FRQWLQHQWH� HP� iUHDV� RQGH� KRMH� RFRUUHP� DSLFXQV� RX� VREUH� RXWURV� HFRVVLVWHPDV�� ÈUHDV� XUEDQL]DGDV� LQYLDELOL]DUmR�D�H[SDQVmR�GRV�PDQJXH]DLV�UHWURWHUUD� 3RU�RXWUR�ODGR��D�HOHYDomR�GD�WHPSHUDWXUD�SRGHUi� DFDUUHWDU� D� FRPSHWLomR� GDV� HVSpFLHV� GH�PDQJXH� FRP� SODQWDV�GH�PDULVPDV�TXH� WHP�¿VLRORJLD�&4 e com isto assimilam CO2�GH�IRUPD�PDLV�H¿FLHQWH�HP�WHPSHUDWXUDV� acima de 40ºC (ADAM, 1990). Concluindo, esta análise reporta que os estudos HFR¿VLROyJLFRV�GD�YHJHWDomR�GH�PDQJXH�VmR�SRQWXDLV�� FRQFHQWUDGRV�HP�HVSpFLHV�GD� UHJLmR�GR� ,QGR�3DFt¿FR� e, em alguns, apresentam resultados distintos entre H[SHULPHQWRV� in situ H� HP� FRQGLo}HV� GH� ODERUDWyULR�� $PELHQWHV� RQGH� RFRUUH�PDLRU� GLYHUVLGDGH� HVSHFt¿FD� LQGLFDP�PDLRU�UHVLOLrQFLD�SDUD�DV�PXGDQoDV�FOLPiWLFDV�� 1R�%UDVLO��R�FRQKHFLPHQWR�GDV�TXHVW}HV�GH�HFR¿VLRORJLD� do manguezal ainda são incipientes sendo urgente D� HODERUDomR� GH� HVWXGRV� TXH� FRQWULEXDP� SDUD� R� HQWHQGLPHQWR�GRV�SURFHVVRV�¿VLROyJLFRV�GHVWD�YHJHWDomR� H�TXH�SHUPLWDP�R�JHUHQFLDPHQWR�DGHTXDGR�KDMD�YLVWD�DV� PXGDQoDV� FOLPiWLFDV� HVSHUDGDV��5HFRPHQGDPRV� TXH� VHMDP�HQYLGDGRV�HVIRUoRV�SDUD�PHOKRU�HQWHQGLPHQWR�GRV� SURFHVVRV�GH�DVVLPLODomR�GH�FDUERQR�H�GH�QXWULHQWHV�HP� FRQGLo}HV�QDWXUDLV�� $JUDGHFLPHQWRV Os autores agradecem o apoio do Instituto Estadual GH�0HLR�$PELHQWH �,(0$��H�DR�*HUHQWH�$PELHQWDO�GD� $3$�GH�&RQFHLomR�GD�%DUUD�H�DR�0RVDLFR�GH�0DQJXH]DLV� GH�9LWyULD� RQGH� DV� SHVTXLVDV� GH� HFR¿VLRORJLD� YHJHWDO� HVWmR�VHQGR�UHDOL]DGDV�H�SHUPLWLUDP�D�HODERUDomR�GHVWD� síntese. A primeira autora agradece a Pró-Reitoria de 3HVTXLVD� H� 3yV�*UDGXDomR� GD�8)(6� �8QLYHUVLGDGH� )HGHUDO�GR�(VStULWR�6DQWR��SHORV�GRLV�DQRV�GH�EROVD�GH� ,QLFLDomR�&LHQWt¿FD� H�)$3(6� �)XQGDomR� GH�$SRLR� j� 3HVTXLVD�H�,QRYDomR�GR�(VStULWR�6DQWR��SHOD�DWXDO�EROVD� de mestrado. A segunda autora agradece a CAPES pela EROVD�GH�PHVWUDGR��$�~OWLPD�DXWRUD�DJUDGHFH�j�)$3(6� SHOD� EROVD� SHVTXLVDGRU� FDSL[DED��$V� SHVTXLVDV� GH� ÀXRUHVFrQFLD� WrP� VXEVtGLR�¿QDQFHLUR�GRV�SURMHWRV�GH� pesquisa PELD (CNPq) – Processo Nº 558246/2009-5 e Universal (CNPq) – Processo Nº 483364/2010-0. 5HIHUrQFLDV ADAM, P. Salt Marsh Ecology.�/RQGRQ��&DPEULGJH�8QLYHUVLW\� Press, 1990. 286 p. $/21*,�� '� 0�� 0DQJURYH� IRUHVWV�� 5HVLOLHQFH�� SURWHFWLRQ� IURP� WVXQDPLV�� DQG� UHVSRQVHV� WR� JOREDO� FOLPDWH� FKDQJH�� Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science��7RZQVYLOOH��Y������S������������� $/21*,��'�0��(DUO\�JURZWK�UHVSRQVHV�RI�PDQJURYH�WR�GLIIHUHQW� UDWHV�RI�QLWURJHQ�DQG�SKRVSKRUXV�VXSSO\��Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology��3KLODGHOSKLD��Y�������S�������������� %$//��0��&��3KRWRV\QWKHVLV�LQ�PDQJURYHV��Wetlands, Madison, v. 6, n. 1, p. 12-22, 1986. %$//��0��&��(FRSK\VLRORJ\�RI�PDQJURYHV��Trees��1HZ�<RUN��Y����� p. 129-142, 1988. %$//��0��&���&2&+5$1(��0��-���5$:621��+��0��*URZ�DQG� ZDWHU�XVH�RI� WKH�PDQJURYHV�Rhizophora apiculata and R. stylosa LQ� UHVSRQVH� WR� VDOLQLW\� DQG� KXPLGLW\� XQGHU� DPELHQW� DQG� HOHYDWHG� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�RI�DWPRVSKHULF�&22. Plant, Cell and Environment, 0DOGHQ��Y������S������������������ %$//��0�� &��� )$548+$5�� *�� )�� 3KRWRV\QWKHWLF� DQG� VWRPDWDO� UHVSRQVHV� RI� WKH� JUH\� PDQJURYH�� Avicennia marina, to transient VDOLQLW\� FRQGLWLRQV��Plant Physiology�� 5RFNYLOOH�� Y�� ���� S�� ������ 1984a. %$//� 0�� &��� )$548+$5� *�� '�� 3KRWRV\QWKHWLF� DQG� VWRPDWDO� UHVSRQVHV� RI� �� PDQJURYH� VSHFLHV�� Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina�� WR� ORQJ�WHUP�VDOLQLW\�DQG�KXPLGLW\�FRQGLWLRQV��Plant Physiology��5RFNYLOOH��Y������S�����������E� %$55�� -�� *��� )8(17(6�� -�� '��� (1*(/�� 9��� =,(0$1�� -�� &�� 3K\VLRORJLFDO� UHVSRQVHV� RI� UHG� PDQJURYHV� WR� WKH� FOLPDWH� LQ� WKH� Florida Everglades. Journal of Geophysical Research, Malden, v. 114, p. 1-13, 2009. Revista Biotemas, 27 (3), setembro de 2014 10 S. S. Pascoalini et al. %5$1&+�� 0��� %5$1&+�� *�� The living shores of Southern Africa.�&DSH�7RZQ��6WUXLN�3XEOLVKHUV������������S�� &/28*+�� %�� )�� *URZWK� DQG� VDOW� EDODQFH� RI� WKH� PDQJURYHV� Avicennia marina� �)RUVN��� 9LHUK�� DQG� Rhizophora stylosa� *ULII�� LQ� UHODWLRQ� WR� VDOLQLW\��Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, &ROOLQJZRRG��Y������Q�����S���������������� '$9,6� -5�� -�� +�� 7KH� HFRORJ\� DQG� JHRORJLF� UROH� RI� PDQJURYHV� LQ� )ORULGD�� 3DSXD� 7RUWXJXV� /DERUDWRU\�� Carnegie Institute, :DVKLQJWRQ��Y������S���������������� )$516:257+��(��7KH�HFRORJ\�DQG�SK\VLRORJ\�RI�YLYLSDURXV�DQG� recalcitrant seeds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 3DOR�$OWR��Y������S���������������� )$516:257+��(���(//,621��$��0���*21*��:��.���%$==$=�� )��$�� (FRSK\VLRORJLFDO� UHVSRQVHV� RI� PDQJURYH� VHHGOLQJV� WR� WZR� IDFHWV� RI� FOLPDWH� FKDQJH��Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America��1HZ�<RUN��Y������S�������������� )(//(5�� ,�� &�� (IIHFWV� RI� QXWULHQW� HQULFKPHQW� RQ� JURZWK� DQG� KHUELYRU\�RI�GZDUI�UHG�PDQJURYH��Rhizophora mangle). Ecological Monographs��1HZ�<RUN��Y������S����������������� +$2��*�<��-21(6��7��-���/8721��=���=+$1*��<�&��0$1=21(��(��� 6&+2/=��)��=���%8&&,��6��-��&$2��.�)��*2/'67(,1��)��+\GUROLF� UHGLVWULEXWLRQ�LQ�GZDUI�Rhizophora mangle� WUHH�GULYHQ�E\�LQWHUVWLWLDO� VRLO�ZDWHU�VDOLQLW\�JUDGLHQWV��LPSDFWV�RQ�K\GUDXOLF�DUFKLWHFWXUH�DQG�JDV� H[FKDQJH��Tree Physiology��9LFWRULD��Y������S����������������� +$*(0(<(5�� -�� 6DOW�� ,Q�� 35$6$'�� 0�� 1�� 9�� �(G���� Plant ecophysiology.�1HZ�<RUN��:LOH\��������S���������� +233(�63((5��&��/���$'$06��-��%���5$-.$5$1��$���%$,/(<�� '�� 7KH� UHVSRQVH� RI� WKH� UHG� PDQJURYH� Rhizophora mucronata /DP��WR�VDOLQLW\�DQG�LQXQGDWLRQ�LQ�6RXWK�$IULFD��Aquatic Botany, $PVWHUGDP��Y������S�������������� .$7+,5(6$1�� .��� 7+$1*$0�� 7�� 6�� (IIHFW� RI� SKHQROLFV� RQ� JURZWK� RI� YLYLSDURXV� VHHGOLQJV� RI�Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Geobios, Amsterdam, Y������S���������������� .1,*+7��-��0���'$/(��3��(��5���'811��5��-��.���%52$'%(17�� *�� -��� /(0&.(57�� &�� -�� 3DWWHUQV� RI� WLGDO� ÀRRGLQJ� ZLWKLQ� D� PDQJURYH� IRUHVW�� &RRPEDEDK� /DNH�� 6RXWKHDVW� 4XHHQVODQG�� Australia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science��7RZQVYLOOH�� Y�� ����Q�����S���������������� .5$866��.��:���.((/$1'��%��'���$//(1��-��$���(:(/��.��&��� -2+1621��'��-��(IIHFWV�RI�VHDVRQ��UDLQIDOO��DQG�K\GURJHRPRUSKLF� VHWWLQJ� RQ� PDQJURYH� WUHH� JURZWK� LQ� 0LFURQHVLD�� Biotropica, 0DOGHQ��Y������S���������������� .5$866��.��:���/29(/2&.��&��(���0&.((��.��/���/Ï3(=� +2))0$1�� /��� (:(�� 6��0�� /��� 6286$��:�� 3�� (QYLURQPHQWDO� GULYHUV� LQ� PDQJURYH� HVWDEOLVKPHQW� DQG� HDUO\� GHYHORSPHQW�� D� UHYLHZ��Aquatic Botany��$PVWHUGDP��Y������S���������������� /$5&+(5��:��(FR¿VLRORJLD�YHJHWDO� São Carlos: RiMa, 2006. 531 p. LIBES, S. M. Introduction to marine biogeochemistry. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2009. 909 p. /29(/2&.�� &�� (��� %$//�� 0�� &�� ,QÀXHQFH� RI� VDOLQLW\� RQ� SKRWRV\QWKHVLV� RI� KDORSK\WHV�� ,Q�� /$8&+/,��$��� /877$*(��8�� (Ed.). Salinity: HQYLURQPHQW� ±� SODQWV� ±� PROHFXOHV�� 1HZ� <RUN�� .OXZHU�$FDGHPLF�3XEOLVKHUV��������S���������� /29(/2&.��&��(���%$//��0��&���&+2$7��%��(1*(/%5(&+7�� %�� 0�� -��� +2/%522.�� 1�� 0��� )(//(5�� ,�� &�� /LQNLQJ� SK\VLRORJLFDO�SURFHVVHV�ZLWK�PDQJURYH�IRUHVW�VWUXFWXUH��SKRVSKRUXV� GH¿FLHQF\�OLPLWV�FDQRS\�GHYHORSPHQW��K\GUDXOLF�FRQGXFWLYLW\�DQG� SKRWRV\QWKHWLF� FDUERQ� JDLQ� LQ� GZDUI�Rhizophora mangle. Plant, Cell and Environment��0DOGHQ��Y������S���������������D� LOVELOCK, C. E.; BALL, M. C.; FELLER, I. C.; (1*(/%5(&+7�� %��0�� -��� (:(��0�� /��9DULDWLRQ� LQ� K\GUDXOLF� FRQGXFWLYLW\� RI� PDQJURYHV�� LQÀXHQFH� RI� VSHFLHV�� VDOLQLW\�� DQG� QLWURJHQ� DQG� SKRVSKRUXV� DYDLODELOLW\�� Physiologia Plantarum, 0DOGHQ��Y�������S���������������E� /29(/2&.��&��(���)(//(5��,��&��3KRWRV\QWKHWLF�SHUIRUPDQFH�DQG� UHVRXUFH�XWLOL]DWLRQ�RI�WZR�PDQJURYH�VSHFLHV�FRH[LVWLQJ�LQ�D�K\SHUVDOLQH� VFUXE�IRUHVW��Oecologia��1HZ�<RUN��Y�������S���������������� LOVELOCK, C. E.; FELLER, I. C.; BALL, M. C.; ELLIS, J.; 6255(//��%��7HVWLQJ�WKH�JURZWK�UDWH�YV��JHRFKHPLFDO�K\SRWKHVLV� IRU�ODWLWXGLQDO�YDULDWLRQ�LQ�SODQW�QXWULHQWV��Ecology Letters, Malden, Y������S������������������ LOVELOCK, C. E.; FELLER, I. C.; MCKEE, K. L.; (1*(/%5(&+7��%��0�� -���%$//��0��&��7KH� HIIHFW� RI� QXWULHQW� HQULFKPHQW� RQ� JURZWK� SKRWRV\QWKHVLV� DQG� K\GUDXOLF� FRQGXFWDQFH� RI�GZDUI�PDQJURYHV�LQ�3DQDPi��Functional Ecology, London, v. 18, p. 25-33, 2004. /29(/2&.�� &�� (��� 58(66�� 5�� :��� )(//(5�� ,�� &�� )LQH� URRW� UHVSLUDWLRQ� LQ� WKH�PDQJURYH�Rhizophora mangle over variation in IRUHVW�VWDWXUH�DQG�QXWULHQW�DYDLODELOLW\��Tree Physiology��2[IRUG��Y�� 26, p. 1601-1606, 2006c. /8*2�� $�� (��� 0(',1$�� (��� &8(9$6�� (��� &,17521�� *��� 1,(9(6��(��1��/���6&+$())(5�129(//,��<��(FRSK\VLRORJ\�RI� D�0DQJURYH�)RUHVW�LQ�-RERV�%D\��3XHUWR�5LFR��Caribbean Journal of Science��0D\DJXH]��Y������Q�����S���������������� /8*2��$��(���61('$.(5�6��&��7KH�HFRORJ\�RI�PDQJURYHV��Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Palo Alto, v. 5, p. ������������ 0$57,1��.��&���%58+1��'���/29(/2&.��&��(���)(//(5�� ,�� &��� (9$16�� -��5���%$//��0��&��1LWURJHQ� IHUWLOL]DWLRQ� HQKDQFHV� ZDWHU�XVH� HI¿FLHQF\� LQ� D� VDOLQH� HQYLURQPHQW�� Plant, Cell and Environment��0DOGHQ��Y������S���������������� 0&)$''(1�� /��� 63(1&(5�� 7��� 1,&+2//6�� 5�-�� %URDG�VFDOH� PRGHOLQJ�RI�FRDVWDO�ZHWODQGV��ZKDW�LV�UHTXLUHG"�Hydrobiologica, 1HZ�<RUN��Y�������S������������� 0&.((��.��/��*URZWK�DQG�SK\VLRORJLFDO�UHVSRQVHV�RI�QHRWURSLFDO� PDQJURYH� VHHGOLQJV� WR� URRW� ]RQH� K\SR[LD�� Tree Physiology, 2[IRUG��Y������S���������������� 0(',1$��(���&8(9$6��(���/8*2��$��1XWULHQW�UHODWLRQV�RI�GZDUI� Rhizophora mangle L. mangroves on peat in eastern Puerto Rico. Plant Ecology��1HZ�<RUN��Y�������S�������������� 0(+/,*��8��3KHQRORJ\�RI�WKH�UHG�PDQJURYH��Rhizophora mangle /���LQ�WKH�&DHWH�(VWXDU\��3DUD��HTXDWRULDO�%UD]LO��Aquatic Botany, Amsterdam, v. 84, p. 158-164, 2006. 02*+$,(%�� 5�� (�� $��� 6$1(2.$�� +��� )8-,7$�� .�� (IIHFW� RI� VDOLQLW\� RQ� RVPRWLF� DGMXVWPHQW�� JO\FLQHEHWDLQH� DFFXPXODWLRQ� DQG� WKH� EHWDLQH� DOGHK\GH� GHK\GURJHQDVH� JHQH� H[SUHVVLRQ� LQ� WZR� KDORSK\WLF�SODQWV��Salicornia europaea and Suaeda maritime. Plant Science��3KLODGHOSKLD��Y�������S������������������ 0221��*��-���&/28*+��%��)���3(7(5621��&��$���$//$:$<�� :�� *��$SRSODVWLF� DQG� V\PSODVWLF� SDWKZD\V� LQ�Avicennia marina �)RUVN��� 9LHUK�� URRWV� UHYHDOHG� E\� ÀXRUHVFHQW� WUDFHU� G\HUV�� Australian Journal of Plant Physiology��&ROOLQJZRRG��Y������S�� ��������������� Revista Biotemas, 27 (3), setembro de 2014 11$ERUGDJHP�HFR¿VLROyJLFD�GRV�PDQJXH]DLV��XPD�UHYLVmR 1$,'22�� *�� )DFWRUV� FRQWULEXWLQJ� WR� GZDU¿QJ� LQ� WKH� PDQJURYH� Avicennia marina. Annals of Botany��2[IRUG��Y������S������������� 2006. 1$,'22��*���+,5$/$/��2���1$,'22�<��+\SHUVDOLQLW\� HIIHFWV� RQ� OHDI� XOWUDVWUXFWXUH� DQG� SK\VLRORJ\� LQ� WKH�PDQJURYH�Avicennia marina. Flora��3KLODGHOSKLD��Y�������S���������������� 1$,'22�� *��� 52*$//$�� +��� 921� :,//(57�� '�� -�� )LHOG� PHDVXUHPHQWV�RI�JDV�H[FKDQJH�LQ�Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Mangroves Salt Marshes��1HZ�<RUN�� Y�� ��� S�� ��� ���������� 1$,'22�*���78))(56�$��9���921�:,//(57�'��-��&KDQJHV�LQ� JDV�H[FKDQJH�DQG�FKORURSK\OO�ÀXRUHVFHQFH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI� WZR� PDQJURYHV�DQG�D�PDQJURYH�DVVRFLDWH�LQ�UHVSRQVH�WR�VDOLQLW\�LQ�WKH� natural environment. Trees-Structure and Function��1HZ�<RUN��Y�� 16, p. 140-146, 2002. 3$/,<$987+�� &��� &/28*+�� %��� 3$7$1$3213$,%221�� 3�� 6DOW� XSWDNH� DQG� VKRRW� ZDWHU� UHODWLRQV� LQ� PDQJURYHV��Aquatic Botany��$PVWHUGDP��Y������S����������������3$5,'$��$��.���'$6��$��%���0,775$��%��(IIHFWV�RI�1D&O�VWUHVV�RQ� WKH� VWUXFWXUH�� SLJPHQW� FRPSOH[�� FRPSRVLWLRQ�� DQG� SKRWRV\QWKHWLF� DFWLYLW\� RI� PDQJURYH� Bruguiera parviÀora� FKORURSODVWV�� Photosynthetica��1HZ�<RUN��Y������Q�����S����������������� 3$5,'$��$��.���'$6��$��%���0,775$��%��(IIHFWV�RI�VDOW�RQ�JURZWK�� LRQ�DFFXPXODWLRQ��SKRWRV\QWKHVLV�DQG�OHDI�DQDWRP\�RI�WKH�PDQJURYH�� Bruguiera parviÀora. Trees��1HZ�<RUN��Y������S���������������� 3$5,'$��$��.���-+$��%��6DOW�WROHUDQFH�PHFKDQLVPV�LQ�PDQJURYHV�� D�UHYLHZ��Trees��1HZ�<RUN��Y������S����������������� 3(=(6+.,�� 6�� 5��� '(/$81(�� 5�� '��� 3$75,&.�� :�� +�� -5�� 'LIIHUHQWLDO� UHVSRQVH� RI� VHOHFWHG�PDQJURYHV� WR� VRLO� ÀRRGLQJ� DQG� VDOLQLW\��JDV�H[FKDQJH�DQG�ELRPDVV�SDUWLWLRQLQJ��Canadian Journal of Forest Research��2WWDZD��Y������S���������������� 3233�� 0��� /$5+(5�� )��� :(,*(/�� 3�� 2VPRWLF� DGDSWDWLRQ� LQ� Australian mangroves. Vegetatio��3HUWK��Y������S���������������� 3233��0���32/$1,$��-��:(,3(5��0��3K\VLRORJLFDO�DGDSWDWLRQV�WR� GLIHUHQW�VDOLQLW\�OHYHOV�LQ�PDQJURYH��,Q��+��/,(7+��$��$/�0$6621� (Ed.): Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants. 9RO�����1HZ�<RUN��.OXZHU�$FDGHPLF�3XEOLVKHUV��������S���������� 35,6&2�� -�� 7��� *20(6�),/+2�� (�� )LVLRORJLD� H� ELRTXtPLFD� GR� HVWUHVVH� VDOLQR� HP� SODQWDV�� ,Q�� *+(<,�� +�� 5��� ',$6�� 1�� 6��� LACERDA, C. F. (Ed.). Manejo da salinidade na agricultura: HVWXGRV�EiVLFRV�H�DSOLFDGRV��)RUWDOH]D��,1&76DO��������S���������� 5(()�� 5��� )(//(5�� &�� ,��� /29(/2&.�� &�� (�� 1XWULWLRQ� RI� mangroves. Tree Physiology��2[IRUG��Y������S������������������ 6$.$0272��$���085$7$��1��*HQHWLF�HQJLQHHULQJ�RI�JO\FLQH�� EHWDLQH� V\QWKHV� LV� LQSODQWV�� FXUUHQW� VWDWXV� DQG� LPSOLFDWLRQ� IRU� HQKDQFHPHQW�RI�VWUHVV� WROHUDQFH��Journal Experimental Botany, 2[IRUG��Y������S��������������� 6$/,6%85<�� )�� %��� 5266�� &�� :�� Fisiologia vegetal.� 0p[LFR�� *UXSR�(GLWRULDO�,EHURDPpWLFD������������S� 6&+$())(5�129(//,�� <��� &,175Ï1�02/(52�� *��� 62$5(6��0��/��*���72*1(//$�'(�526$��0��0��3� Brazilian mangroves. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, $PVWHUGDP��Y�����S���������������� 6&+2/$1'(5�� 3�� )�� +RZ� PDQJURYH� GHVDOLQDWHG� ZDWHU�� Physiologia Plantarum, Malden, v. 21, n. 1, p. 251-261, 1968. 6&+2/$1'(5��3��)���+$00(/��+��7���+(00,1*6(1��(��$�� *$5(<��:��6DOW�EDODQFH�LQ�PDQJURYHV��Plant Physiology��2[IRUG�� Y������S���������������� 6&+0,7=�� 1��� 9(5+(<'(1�� $��� %((&.0$1�� +��� .$,52�� -�� *��� .2('$0�� 1�� ,QÀXHQFH� RI� D� VDOLQLW\� JUDGLHQW� RQ� YHVVHO� FKDUDFWHUV�RI�WKH�PDQJURYH�VSHFLHV�Rhizophora mucronata. Annals of Botany��2[IRUG��Y������S������������������ 6.(/721��1��-���$//$:$<��:��*��2[\JHQ�DQG�SUHVVXUH�FKDQJHV� PHDVXUHG� LQ� VLWX� GXULQJ� ÀRRGLQJ� LQ� URRWV� RI� WKH� JUH\�PDQJURYH� Avicennia marina��)RUVVN���9LHUK��Aquatic Botany, Amsterdam, v. ����S���������������� 60,7+��-��$��&���3233��0���/877*(��8���&5$0��:��-���',$=�� 0���*5,)),7+6��+���/((��+��6��-���0(',1$��(���6&+$)(5��&��� 67,00(/�� .�� +��� 7+21.(�� %�� (FRSK\VLRORJ\� RI� [HURSK\WLF� DQG� KDORSK\WLF� YHJHWDWLRQ� RI� D� FRDVWDO� DOOXYLDO� SODLQ� LQ� QRUWKHUQ� 9HQH]XHOD��9,��:DWHU� UHODWLRQV� DQG� JDV� H[FKDQJH� RI� PDQJURYHV�� New Phytologist��/DQFDVWHU��Y�������S���������������� 61('$.(5��6��&��0DQJURYH�VSHFLHV�]RQDWLRQ��ZK\"�,Q��6(1��'�� 1���5$-3852+,7��.��6���(G����Tasks for vegetation science. Vol. ���&RQWULEXWLRQV�WR�WKH�HFRORJ\�RI�KDORSK\WHV��%RVWRQ�/RQGUHV��'U�� :��-XQN�3XEOLVKHUVW��������S����������� 62%5$'2�� 0�� $�� 'URXJKW� HIIHFWV� RQ� SKRWRV\QWKHVLV� RI� WKH� mangrove, Avicennia germinans, under salinities. Trees��1HZ�<RUN�� v. 13, p. 125-130, 1999. 62%5$'2��0��$��5HODWLRQ�RI�ZDWHU�WUDQVSRUW�WR�OHDI�JDV�H[FKDQJH� SURSHUWLHV� LQ� WKUHH�PDQJURYH�VSHFLHV��Trees��1HZ�<RUN��Y������S�� 258-262, 2000. 62%5$'2��0��$��+\GUDXOLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�D�PDQJURYH�Avicennia germinans�DV�DIIHFWHG�E\�1D&O��Biologia Plantarum��1HZ�<RUN��Y�� 44(3), p. 435-438, 2001. 62%5$'2�� 0�� $�� /HDI� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� DQG� JDV� H[FKDQJH� RI� WKH� PDQJURYH� Laguncularia racemosa� DV� DIIHFWHG� E\� VDOLQLW\�� Photosynthetica��1HZ�<RUN��Y������Q�����S����������������� 62$5(6�� 0�� /�� *�� $� FRQFHSWXDO� PRGHO� IRU� WKH� UHVSRQVHV� RI� PDQJURYH�IRUHVWV�WR�VHD�OHYHO�ULVH��Journal of Coastal Research, )RUW�/DXGHUGDOH��Y������S���������������� 62$5(6�� 0�� /�� *��� (675$'$�� *�� &�� '��� )(51$1'(=�� 9��� 72*1(//$��0��0��3��6RXWKHUQ�OLPLW�RI�WKH�:HVWHUQ�6RXWK�$WODQWLF� 0DQJURYH��DVVHVVPHQW�RI� WKH�SRWHQWLDO�HIIHFWV�RI�JOREDO�ZDUPLQJ� IURP�D�ELRJHRJUDSKLFDO�SHUVSHFWLYH��Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science��7RZQVYLOOH��Y�������S�������������� SPALING, M.; KAINUMA, M; COLLINS, L. Word atlas of mangroves.���HG��/RQGRQ��(DUWKVFDQ������������S� 67(,1.(�� 7�� 0DQJURYHV� LQ� 6RXWK� $IULFDQ� HVWXDULHV�� ,Q�� ALLANSON, B. R.; BAIRD, D. (Ed.). Estuaries of South Africa. &DPEULGJH��&DPEULGJH�8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV��������S���������� 68$5(=��1���0(',1$��1��6DOLQLW\�HIIHFW�RQ�SODQW�JURZWK�DQG�OHDI� GHPRJUDSK\�RI�WKH�PDQJURYH��Avicennia germinans L. Trees��1HZ� <RUN��Y������S���������������� 72*1(//$��0��0��3���62$5(6��0��/��*���(63,12=$��+��&�� )�� $ERUGDJHQV� HFROyJLFDV� HP� PDQJXH]DO�� ,Q�� 7$9$5(6�� /�� )�� M. (Ed.). Conservação dos ecossistemas costeiros do Espírito Santo.�9LWyULD��(GLWRUD�GD�8)(6��������S��������� 720/,1621�� 3�� %�� The botany of mangroves.� &DPEULGJH�� &DPEULGJH�8QLYHUVLW\�3UHVV������������S� :$1*��:���/,1��3��,QÀXHQFH�RI�VXEVWUDWH�VDOLQLW\�RQ�WKH�JURZWK�RI� PDQJURYH�VSHFLHV�RI�Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedling. Journal of Xiamen University��;LDPHQ��Y������S����������������
Compartilhar