Atividades aula 9 2

Prévia do material em texto

1.
		Mark the option which describes the most natural and most common order of sentences in English:
	
	
	
	Subject-object-verb
	
	
	Complement-subject-verb
	
	
	Object-verb-subject
	
	
	Subject-verb-object
	
	
	Verb-verb-appositive
	
Explicação:
subject +verb+object = direct order in English, no comma is needed.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Which of the following connectors can imply the communicative function of ADDITION in connected dicourse?
	
	
	
	because
	
	
	furthermore
	
	
	incidentally
	
	
	however
	
	
	with respect to
	
Explicação: The other alternatives imply, respectively: b - reference, c - contrast, d - cause, e - digression; the only one that can imply addition is a - furthermore.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Coherence can be achieved in a number of ways, except:
	
	
	
	Arranging your ideas in logical order
	
	
	Always replacing nouns with pronouns
	
	
	Using consistent pronouns
	
	
	Using transition signals to link ideas
	
	
	Repeating key nouns
	
Explicação:
Using consistent pronouns has to do with substituting nouns with pronouns in an effective way. A text that does not use pronouns to some extent will come across as overly repetitive. The important part when using pronouns is to be consistent by using the same person and number throughout the paragraph or text.
Repeat key nouns. Even if nouns typically are the words that should be repeated, also words from other word classes can be repeated if they are central to the topic of the text. There is no set rule as to how often a key noun can be repeated - the guiding principle must be clarity and an avoidance of making the reader feel that there is too much repetition. An alternative to repeating a key noun over and over is to use another noun that has the same, or at least very similar, meaning: a synonym.
Logical order - any academic text will be incomprehensible unless the ideas expressed in it are arranged in some sort of logical fashion.
Transition signals (sometimes called linking words or linking adverbials) ¿ it has to do with the use of specific words and phrases that evoke links and transition between ideas.
Always replacing nouns with pronouns ¿ not correct. This replacement should be done only when necessary and in an effective way.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		To achieve cohesion, the link of one sentence to the next, we need to consider some writing techniques. Choose the one which is wrong:
	
	
	
	Pro-forms. Use a connector to link the sentences in order to make them coordinative or subordinate.
	
	
	Repetition. In sentence B (the second of any two sentences), repeat a word from sentence A.
	
	
	Antonym. Using the 'opposite' word, an antonym, can also create sentence cohesion, since in language antonyms actually share more elements of meaning than you might imagine.
	
	
	Synonym. If direct repetition is too obvious, use a synonym of the word you wish to repeat. This strategy is called 'elegant variation.'
	
	
	Collocation. Use a commonly paired or expected or highly probable word to connect one sentence to another.
	
Explicação:
Pro-forms. Use a pronoun, pro-verb, or another pro-form to make explicit reference back to a form mentioned earlier.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		(in a fitting room) Daughter: Mom, what do you think about this dress?
Mom: Oh dear, I think that's too short for you. Would you try this? (showing another dress she is holding).
The type of cohesion used in the above example is:
 
	
	
	
	verbal substitution
	
	
	personal
	
	
	demonstrative
	
	
	nominal substitution
	
	
	comparative
	
Explicação:
We can see there is a use of demonstrative pronouns, such as tˆ¿andt¿^andthis¿ to refer to something that is being mentioned or shown.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Concession indicates a willingness to consider the other side. Mark the only option which does not present a transition with this meaning.
	
	
	
	Some people believe
	
	
	I grant
	
	
	I admit
	
	
	To illustrate
	
	
	Naturally
	
Explicação:
To illustrate = it means to exemplify, not to oppose ideas. 
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Mark the option which does not include a cohesive linguistic device:
	
	
	
	collocations
	
	
	argumentation
	
	
	substitution
	
	
	reference words
	
	
	conjunctions
	
Explicação:
Argumentation is a type of text and resource to persuade. 
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		In the following paragraph, the words in bold supply an idea of:
"Bick tea is a blend that has been compressed into a cake. It is taken mainly by the minority groups in China. First, it is ground to a dust. Then, it is usually cooked in milk."
	
	
	
	addition
	
	
	consequence
	
	
	adversity
	
	
	cause
	
	
	time
	
Explicação:
There is temporal relationship whenever the events in a text are related in terms of the timing of their occurrence.
	
	
	 
		
	
		1.
		A. "I think these people are having a good time."
B. "It appears these people are enjoying themselves."
A. "They seem to be on holiday."
B. "It looks like they are on vacation."
 
Choose the right alternative considering coherence and cohesion in the above text:
	
	
	
	The text is cohesive, but not coherent.
	
	
	The text has neither coherence nor cohesion.
	
	
	The text is coherent, but not cohesive.
	
	
	Although there is no connection between A and B, the text is cohesive.
	
	
	The text is coherent and cohesive.
	
Explicação:
There is no connection between A and B in this conversation.  We understand them and they are coherent.  What is missing is cohesion.  They are not connected.  A is not listening to B and B is not listening to A.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Choose the alternative that best suits the blanck space: (Escolha a alternativa que melhor preenche o espaço em branco.) The ________________ of a text deals with the grammatical links between words, sentences and paragraphs which form the text.
	
	
	
	lexis
	
	
	scanning
	
	
	skimming
	
	
	coherence
	
	
	cohesion
	
Explicação:
Cohesion refers to the surface text, i.e. grammatical dependencies in the surface text.
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Preencha as lacunas com o pronome correto:
"The first time I'm meeting someone, I shake hands. With my guy friends, I give ______ a hug or a pat on the back. If I'm greeting a female friend, ______ is different: I give _______ a kiss on the cheek and sometimes I hug _______. Women greet each other the same way: kissing and sometimes hugging.¿
 Mark the correct answer:
	
	
	
	IT - THEM - HERS - HERS
	
	
	THEM - HE - HER -HER
	
	
	THEM - IT - HER - HER
	
	
	THEY - IT - HER - SHE
	
	
	THEY - HE - HER - HER
	
Explicação:
 
I shake hands. With my guy friends, I give ______ (them - my friends) a hug or a pat on the back. If I'm greeting a female friend, ______ (it - neutral) is different: I give _______ (her - a female friend) a kiss on the cheek and sometimes I hug _______(her - afemale friend) . Women greet each other the same way: kissing and sometimes hugging.
 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Mark the option which characterizes the general term ´cohesion`. Cohesion is
	
	
	
	the use of linguisticdevices to join sentences together
	
	
	the use of grammatical devices to separate ideas
	
	
	the use of syntactical devices to introduce new sentences
	
	
	the use of adjectives to organize discourse
	
	
	the use of verbs to establish temporal relations
	
Explicação:
Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Sabemos que um texto deve ter características específicas para ser considerado eficiente. Pensando nisso, escolha a opção que melhor preenche o espaço em branco. The logical links between the ideas of a text guarantee its ________________.
	
	
	
	skimming
	
	
	coherence
	
	
	cohesion
	
	
	scanning
	
	
	lexis
	
Explicação:
Coherence refers to the textual world, i.e. the configuration of concepts andrelations which underlie the surface  text intentionality¿ referring to the text writer¿s attitude.
 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		In the sentence "But such children have to learn to look after themselves at an earlier age, and their parents often depend on them to help with the housework. So this teaches them important life skills" , the words `themselves, their, them' are used to avoid
	
	
	
	unity
	
	
	inference
	
	
	cohesion
	
	
	repetition
	
	
	coherence
	
Explicação:
The use of pronouns avoids repetition. Personal reference, for instance I, you, she, they (subject pronouns), him, her, us (object pronoun), my, your (possessive pronoun), or ours, theirs, hers (reflexive pronoun). 'Personal reference is reference by means of function in the speech situation. through the category of PERSON'.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		There are some ways in which writers can link sentences together to form texts, except:
	
	
	
	Use a synonym of a word from the first sentence in the second.
	
	
	Use connectives (e.g. addition, time relaters)
	
	
	Use a sequence marker [e.g. Firstly, secondly/ a), b), c)]
	
	
	Repeat a word or words from the first sentence in the second sentence.
	
	
	Use a pro-form (e.g. pronoun) in the first sentence .
	
Explicação:
Repeating a word or words from the first sentence in the second sentence.
Energy in food is measured in calories. Approximately 50% of the calories we consume are used in physical activity.
Use a synonym of a word from the first sentence in the second.
The surroundings in which we carry out our daily lives are very important to us. We are continually aware of our environment as we go about our business.
Use a pro-form (e.g. pronoun) in the second sentence.
Trees are an essential part of a city's development. They help reduce pollution and provide shade.
 Use a sequence marker [e.g. Firstly, secondly/ a), b), c)]
The maize plant faces two main pests. The first is the weevil borer whose larvae eat their way through the maize plant.
Use connectives (e.g. addition, time relaters)
The UAE is spending a lot of money to improve its environment. For example, it invested millions of dollars developing forests in the desert.
 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Leia o parágrafo abaixo e responda a questão proposta.
 "Justin was always prepared. His motto was "Never throw anything out, you never know when it might come in handy." His bedroom was so full of flat bicycle tires, bent tennis rackets, deflated basketballs, and games with missing pieces that you could barely get in the door. His parents pleaded with him to clean out his room."
 Ao lermos "his bedroom(...)", ao longo do parágrafo, podemos dizer que o pronome HIS refere-se a:
	
	
	
	Justin himself.
	
	
	Justin's bed.
	
	
	Justin's friends
	
	
	Justin's dog
	
	
	Justin's parents.
	
Explicação:
Justin was always prepared. His motto was "Never throw anything out, you never know when it might come in handy." His bedroom was so full of flat bicycle tires, bent tennis rackets, deflated basketballs, and games with missing pieces that you could barely get in the door. His parents pleaded with him to clean out his room."
	
	 
		
	
		1.
		Mark the option which describes the most natural and most common order of sentences in English:
	
	
	
	Subject-verb-object
	
	
	Subject-object-verb
	
	
	Verb-verb-appositive
	
	
	Object-verb-subject
	
	
	Complement-subject-verb
	
Explicação:
subject +verb+object = direct order in English, no comma is needed.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Which of the following connectors can imply the communicative function of ADDITION in connected dicourse?
	
	
	
	furthermore
	
	
	incidentally
	
	
	however
	
	
	because
	
	
	with respect to
	
Explicação: The other alternatives imply, respectively: b - reference, c - contrast, d - cause, e - digression; the only one that can imply addition is a - furthermore.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Coherence can be achieved in a number of ways, except:
	
	
	
	Arranging your ideas in logical order
	
	
	Always replacing nouns with pronouns
	
	
	Repeating key nouns
	
	
	Using transition signals to link ideas
	
	
	Using consistent pronouns
	
Explicação:
Using consistent pronouns has to do with substituting nouns with pronouns in an effective way. A text that does not use pronouns to some extent will come across as overly repetitive. The important part when using pronouns is to be consistent by using the same person and number throughout the paragraph or text.
Repeat key nouns. Even if nouns typically are the words that should be repeated, also words from other word classes can be repeated if they are central to the topic of the text. There is no set rule as to how often a key noun can be repeated - the guiding principle must be clarity and an avoidance of making the reader feel that there is too much repetition. An alternative to repeating a key noun over and over is to use another noun that has the same, or at least very similar, meaning: a synonym.
Logical order - any academic text will be incomprehensible unless the ideas expressed in it are arranged in some sort of logical fashion.
Transition signals (sometimes called linking words or linking adverbials) ¿ it has to do with the use of specific words and phrases that evoke links and transition between ideas.
Always replacing nouns with pronouns ¿ not correct. This replacement should be done only when necessary and in an effective way.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		To achieve cohesion, the link of one sentence to the next, we need to consider some writing techniques. Choose the one which is wrong:
	
	
	
	Pro-forms. Use a connector to link the sentences in order to make them coordinative or subordinate.
	
	
	Antonym. Using the 'opposite' word, an antonym, can also create sentence cohesion, since in language antonyms actually share more elements of meaning than you might imagine.
	
	
	Synonym. If direct repetition is too obvious, use a synonym of the word you wish to repeat. This strategy is called 'elegant variation.'
	
	
	Repetition. In sentence B (the second of any two sentences), repeat a word from sentence A.
	
	
	Collocation. Use a commonly paired or expected or highly probable word to connect one sentence to another.
	
Explicação:
Pro-forms. Use a pronoun, pro-verb, or another pro-form to make explicit reference back to a form mentioned earlier.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		(in a fitting room) Daughter: Mom, what do you think about this dress?
Mom: Oh dear, I think that's tooshort for you. Would you try this? (showing another dress she is holding).
The type of cohesion used in the above example is:
 
	
	
	
	personal
	
	
	nominal substitution
	
	
	verbal substitution
	
	
	comparative
	
	
	demonstrative
	
Explicação:
We can see there is a use of demonstrative pronouns, such as tˆ¿andt¿^andthis¿ to refer to something that is being mentioned or shown.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Concession indicates a willingness to consider the other side. Mark the only option which does not present a transition with this meaning.
	
	
	
	I admit
	
	
	Some people believe
	
	
	To illustrate
	
	
	I grant
	
	
	Naturally
	
Explicação:
To illustrate = it means to exemplify, not to oppose ideas. 
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Mark the option which does not include a cohesive linguistic device:
	
	
	
	substitution
	
	
	conjunctions
	
	
	argumentation
	
	
	reference words
	
	
	collocations
	
Explicação:
Argumentation is a type of text and resource to persuade. 
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		In the following paragraph, the words in bold supply an idea of:
"Bick tea is a blend that has been compressed into a cake. It is taken mainly by the minority groups in China. First, it is ground to a dust. Then, it is usually cooked in milk."
	
	
	
	adversity
	
	
	time
	
	
	addition
	
	
	cause
	
	
	consequence
	
Explicação:
There is temporal relationship whenever the events in a text are related in terms of the timing of their occurrence.