IF BAIXO - CEVIK et al- 2017- Mechanical and microstructural charact cement mortar waste foundry sand

Prévia do material em texto

RESEARCH
Mechanical and microstructural characterization of cement
mortars prepared by waste foundry sand (WFS)
Sinem Çevik1 & Tugba Mutuk1 & Başak Mesci Oktay1 & Arife Kübra Demirbaş1
Received: 22 February 2017 /Revised: 1 June 2017 /Accepted: 15 June 2017
# Australian Ceramic Society 2017
Abstract Foundry sand is used spent in sandmolds of ferrous
and non-ferrous industries. When it is no longer used, it has
become solid wastes generated by foundries. According to
European Union regulations, it is a non-hazardous waste so
it can be recycled in other industries, especially in cement
industry. In the present paper, the mechanical properties and
characterization of cement mortars are prepared by using
waste foundry sand coming from Turkey steel manufacturer
as partial replacement of natural sand were experimentally
investigated and the possibility of using waste foundry sand
(WFS) instead of natural sand in mortar has been determined.
Recycling of solid foundry waste is considered as an environ-
mentally friendly alternative to solve the problem of disposing
of the solid wastes. Cement mortar admixtures were prepared
by using with variable percentages ofWFS ranging from 15 to
60%. Additionally, to make comparison, one reference admix-
ture sample was fabricated without using any waste foundry
sand. The effect of WFS on the compressive strength of the
cement mortar was analyzed. The compressive strengths
values of all the specimens were recorded for 3, 7, and 28 days
and results showed that when the amount ofWFS replacement
is increased, the strength decreased slightly according to the
comparison of the reference sample. However, cement mortar
containing 15% additive has showed the highest strength val-
ue at 3 and 28 days. As a result in the present study, it is
observed that optimum additive amount of WFS as replace-
ment of natural sand in cement mortar is 15%. SEM images
were also taken to evaluate the relationship between micro-
structure and strength of the specimens. Moreover, scanning
electron microscope (SEM) examination was carried out to
explain the effectiveness of the matrix in the reuse of WFS.
Microstructural observation of the samples by SEM showed
that the sand particles of the WFS were well embedded in the
cementitious matrix.
Keywords Cementmortar . Mechanical treatment .
Microstructure .Waste foundry sand
Introduction
Industrialization is a key factor for any developing economy.
However, it leads to serious environmental problems from a
different point view. Therefore, industrial wastes become a by-
product of growth [1, 2]. Turkey is a fast-growing, develop-
ing, and progressing country. Growth in economy and produc-
tion, urbanization, increase in population, and economic wel-
fare rising bring about ever-increasing waste production. To
control the excess amount of waste, the fabrication process
should be completed without production of these waste mate-
rials or with as low as possible amount of it. Also, recycling
and ultimately disposal of waste most accurately with regard
to an economy and environment should be done [3].
Usually, the industrial by-products are either stored or land-
filled without known detrimental effects on the environment.
The use or recycling of these byproducts has become a world-
wide interesting research topic, due to the increasing concerns
about the environment, natural resources consumption, limit-
ed landfill space, and rapidly increasing disposal cost.
Turkey casting sector occupies a prominent place among
the other various industries in Europe and the world. Turkey is
fourth leading European producer with Spain after Germany,
* Sinem Çevik
sinemu@omu.edu.tr
1 Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Kurupelit,
55139 Samsun, Turkey
J Aust Ceram Soc
DOI 10.1007/s41779-017-0096-9
Italy, and France. 80% of the production of Turkey casting
industry is used for several industries, e.g., automobile, trac-
tor, truck, white goods, defense, and construction. The casting
craft exists in Anatolian territories for 5000 years. Casting is
hard and labor work. It is a B4D^ industry which means that
dirty, dusty, difficult, and dangerous. However, it is one of the
most essential sectors in the world, both providing employ-
ment and contribution to the national economy [4]. Therefore,
Turkey and Europe need to have modern and developing cast-
ing industries.
The primary waste of casting industry is natural silica sand.
Turkey casting sector expects that establishing legal obliga-
tions and supports providing the reuse of this sand in other
industries (cement, asphalt, road construction, and ready
mixed concrete manufacturing, etc.,) like in EU and the
USA.Moreover, the other expectation is about providing con-
venience in the building of storage facilities for not reusable
ones. Waste management has gradually become important in
foundries regarding ecology, economy, and environment since
solid waste management in the steel industry are broadly clas-
sified in B4 Rs,^ i.e., reduce, reuse, recycle, and restore the
materials [5, 6]. Because foundry management is not a clean
production method, the processes used in the production of
casting in our country generate 450,000 tones of waste. The
amount of this consists of approximately 65% sand, 10% slag,
15% clay dust, and 10% refractor, oil, stone, dye, etc.
Foundry sand (FS) which is a byproduct of the ferrous and
nonferrous metal casting industry, where sand has been used
for centuries as a molding material because of its unique engi-
neering properties. Approximately 100 million tons of foundry
sand is used in the casting manufacturing process, and 4–7
million tons are discarded annually [7]. This kind of discarded
material can be utilized for aim to recycle. Waste foundry sand
(WFS) can be used for economic and sustainable development
in different industries, mainly cement and concrete industry.
Foundry sand has very high silica content approximately 93–
95% like natural sand that we used in cement mortar and con-
crete. For this reason, WFS can be a replacement with different
percentages of aggregate or natural sand in cement and con-
crete [8, 9]. Devi et al. [10] researched that utilization of waste
foundry sand in geo-polymer concrete. With the addition of
waste foundry sand in geo-polymer concrete compressive and
tensile strength has been increased. Siddique et al. [11] inves-
tigated the use of WFS in concrete manufacturing. WFS have
been used as a partial replacement of fine aggregates of the
concrete. Test results showed that water absorption capacity
of the concrete decreases with increasing WFS content.
Compressive strength results of additionWFS in concrete mix-
tures were increased on control samples. Smarzewski et al. [12]
studied of influencing of all the tested concrete properties with
additions of coal cinder (CC) and waste foundry sand (WFS)
and the result of CC and WFS improves resistance to salt
crystallization and freezing in concrete.
The primary aim of this study is to comprehend the possi-
bility of the recycling of WFS coming from Turkish steel
industry in other industries, especially in cement manufactur-
ing. By this purpose, cement mortars with the admixture of
WFS were evaluated by mechanical tests. SEM and EDS
mapping were also used to analyze the microstructure of ce-
ment mortars. These cement mortars consist of WFS as a
partial replacement of natural sand. Therefore, the relationship
between foundries and cement industry in Turkey could be
enhanced to solve the disposal of solid waste, to execute solid
waste management properly, and to decrease the environmen-
tal problems.
Materials and method
Materials
Cement is mainly used as a binder for concrete and mortar.
Cement is a hydraulic-setting material. It consists of finely
ground, non-metallicinorganic compounds. Cement is produced
by grinding cement clinker and othermain orminor constituents.
When water is added to cement, a cement paste is formed which
sets and hardens with the help of hydration reactions. After
hardening, it retains its strength and stability even under water.
Portland cement is one of the most widely used binder
materials to prepare concrete [13]. It is composed of 95–
100% of clinker as a main constituent. Cement clinker is made
of a raw material mixture that is added to the cement kiln and
sintered at a temperature of 1400 °C. The basic materials to
produce cement clinker have to consist of calcium oxide
(CaO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and small amounts of alumi-
num oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3). Rawmaterials that
have these properties are limestone or chalk and clay or lime-
stone as its natural occurring mixture.
In this study, the commercial Portland cement type CEM I
42.5 R corresponds to the 42.5 standard compressive strength
classes with high initial strength development (R) in accordance
with TS EN 197-1:2012 is used. The chemical composition and
the result of XRF analysis of cement are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Chemical
composition of cement
(%)
Chemical composition OPC
SiO2 19.95
Al2O3 4.52
Fe2O3 3.46
CaO 62.74
MgO 1.41
SO3 2.88
Loss on ignition 3.26
OPC ordinary portland cement
J Aust Ceram Soc
WFS is a mixture of high-quality size-specific silica sand,
few amount of impurity of ferrous and nonferrous by-products
from the metal casting process itself, and a variety of binders.
In the casting process, molding sands are recycled and reused
multiple times, and small residues of ferrous and non-ferrous
byproducts often come from the recycling process. Before it is
reused, silica sand needs to be cleaned using screening sys-
tems and magnetic separators to segregate reusable sand from
other wastes and to separate particles of varying sizes.
Although WFS is partially a recycled material itself and suc-
cessfully recycled/reused through many production cycles,
after many times it loses its characteristics such as the clean-
liness and the uniformity. When the material became unsuit-
able for the more manufacturing cycles, it is discarded as
waste product [9, 14–16]. WFS used in this research were
used as multiple times. According to the European Union
and National regulations, it is classified as a non-hazardous
waste.
The classification and the behavior of foundry sand strictly
depend on the type of casting process and the industry sector
from which it originates, and especially from the type of bind-
er systems used in the process. Typically, two types of binder
systems, with different physical and environmental character-
istics, are used: clay and chemical binder. Accordingly, found-
ry sand is categorized as clay bonded system (green sand) and
chemically bonded system. The most commonly used one is
Green sand. Chemically bonded sand consists of silica sand
and chemical binder that is activated by a catalyst. Chemically
bonded sands include 93–99% silica and 1–3% chemical
binder [9, 15].
The chemical composition of the foundry sand is directly
related with to the metal which molded at the foundry. Molded
metal determines the binder that was used, as well as the
combustible additives. It also can impact its performance.
Waste foundry sand consists primarily of silica sand, coated
with a thin film of burnt carbon, residual binder (bentonite, sea
coal, resins), and dust [17]
The WFS used in the present study is chemically bonded
sand coming from the steel casting molding process of a
Turkish steel foundry which serves several industries like en-
ergy, railway, cement, heat treatment, and work machinery.
TheWFS was chemically characterized in terms of specific
weight, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis results are
shown in Table 2.
Cement mixture proportions
Standard sand and WFS were analyzed by sieving before the
experimental work was started. After sieve analysis, the
values appeared are tabulated below (Table 3). Fineness mod-
ulus was calculated according to the results obtained in
Table 3.
Table 2 Chemical
composition of WFS (%) Chemical composition WFS
SiO2 86,32
Al2O3 1.59
Fe2O3 1.89
CaO 0.17
MgO 3.56
Na2O 0.09
K2O 0.31
WFS waste foundry sand
Table 3 Sieve analysis and
particle size of standard sand and
WFS
Sieve size
(μm)
WFS
weight
retained
(g)
WFS
weight
retained
(%)
WFS
cumulative
retained
(%)
Standard
sand
weight
retained
(g)
Standard
sand
weight
retained
(%)
Standard sand
cumulative
retained
(%)
800 350 8.92 8.92 914.5 67.98 67.98
500 2327 59.3 68.22 169.6 12.61 80.59
300 984.3 25.1 93.32 98.2 7.3 87.89
200 163.5 4.17 97.49 32.4 2.41 90.3
100 73.6 1.88 99.37 108.5 8.07 98.37
Pan 23.3 0.59 100 21.9 1.63 100
Total 3921,7 467.32 1345.1 525.13
Table 4 Mixture proportions of the mortar
Mix. symbol WFS
(%)
Cement
(g)
Sand
(g)
WFS
(g)
R 0 450 1350 –
F1 15 450 1147.5 202.5
F2 30 450 945 405
F3 45 450 742.5 607.5
F4 60 450 540 810
WFS waste foundry sand
J Aust Ceram Soc
Fineness modulus of WFS
¼ ∑Cumulative retained %ð Þ
.
100 →4:67
Fineness modulus of standard sand
¼ ∑Cumulative retained %ð Þ
.
100→5:25
0,000 0,005 0,010 0,015 0,020 0,025 0,030 0,035
0,000 0,005 0,010 0,015 0,020 0,025 0,030 0,035
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Strain (mm/mm)
S
tr
e
s
s
 (
N
/m
m
2
)
m
m/
N(
s
s
ert
S
2
)
Strain (mm/mm)
 R-3 days
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
Strain (mm/mm)
S
tr
e
s
s
 (
N
/m
m
2
)
m
m/
N(
s
s
ert
S
2
)
Strain (mm/mm)
 F1-3days
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
Strain (mm/mm)
S
tr
e
s
s
 (
N
/m
m
2
)
S
tr
e
s
s
 (
N
/m
m
2
)
Strain (mm/mm)
 F2-3days
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Strain (mm/mm)
S
tr
e
s
s
 (
N
/m
m
2
)
S
tr
e
s
s
 (
N
/m
m
2
)
Strain (mm/mm)
 F3-3 days
0,000 0,005 0,010 0,015 0,020 0,025 0,030 0,035 0,040
0,000 0,005 0,010 0,015 0,020 0,025 0,030 0,035 0,040
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Strain (mm/mm)
S
tr
e
s
s
 (
N
/m
m
2
)
S
tr
e
s
s
 (
N
/m
m
2
)
Strain (mm/mm)
 F4-3 days
Fig. 1 R and 15, 30, 45, and 60% WFS adding samples 3 days strain-stress graphs
J Aust Ceram Soc
It is found that the fineness modulus of standard sand is
5.25. It means the average value of standard sand is in between
the fifth sieve and sixth sieve. Therefore, the average standard
sand size is in between 500 μm and 800 μm. The same cal-
culations are applied to WFS. The fineness modulus of WFS
is found as 4.67. It shows the average WFS size is in between
300 and 500 μm.
The mixture was designed based on TS EN 2009 [18].
Each mixture consists of 1350 kg/m3 sand, 450 kg/m3 ce-
ment, and 225 ml of water and also water to binder ratio,
0.5 was used. Waste foundry sand was added as a replace-
ment of sand and the proportion of WFS for the mortar as
shown in Table 4. R series were prepared as control sam-
ples. F series show that WFS was added at the different
ratio in the mortar.
Compressive strength
The cubes mold sizes of 40 mm × 40 mm × 40 mmwereused
for compressive strength tests. All the molds were cleaned and
oiled properly. WFS were used as a partial replacement of
sand in the mortar. After preparing the mortar of mixture, all
samples were cured for 3, 7, and 28 days. The compressive
tests were conducted with a 10-tone universal MARES
tension-compression test unit.
Microstructural characterization
Particularly, cementitious materials exhibiting microstructural
heterogeneities may provide different chemical environments
within the matrix. Thus, it has been realized in the past years
that solutions for large-scale problems, such as metal contam-
inants in the environment, remediation, and the storage of
radioactive waste, should also be based on detailed informa-
tion on the micro-scale.
Highly heterogeneous cementitious materials can be ana-
lyzed by a variety of analytical techniques, such as X-ray
diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These methods are
well suited to identify different mineral phases and to gain
spatially resolved information on the mineralogical composi-
tion, the morphology of the cementitious material, and ele-
mental distributions [19, 20].
The microstructural characterization and EDS chemical
mapping of samples were observed by a JEOL 7001F Field
Emission (FE) Scanning Electron Microscope with an EDX
attachment which has an 80mm2 X-MAX detector. Elemental
maps are generated by scanning the sample with the X-ray
beam at a selected energy and correspond to qualitative ele-
mental distribution. The micro-images are taken by fractured
surfaces of cement mortars after mechanical testing. Before
the observation, all the samples were coated with gold
sputtered to make the surface conductive for surface topogra-
phy examinations.
After the microstructure analysis, the SEM system would
not be configured to take a backscatter electron image (BSE)
to carry out EDS elemental mapping. EDS map allows a more
accurate analysis in BSE mode. Moreover, a reliable set of
chemical composition data is the key to a precise and accurate
analysis. However, an important disadvantage of EDS is that
the signal is collected from a volume of sample, several mi-
crons in size depending on the electron energy. It can be called
an interaction volume. Because of that, the proximity of epoxy
resin or other particles of different chemical composition af-
fects the measurement and adds noise and uncertainty to the
spatial resolution. Therefore, the EDS was performed on frac-
tured surface specimens taken from the inner surfaces of the
samples.
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Strain (mm/mm)
S
tr
e
s
s
 (
N
/m
m
2
)
S
tr
e
s
s
 (
N
/m
m
2
)
Strain (mm/mm)
 R
 F1
 F2
 F3
 F4
Fig. 3 Effect of different percentage WFS on compressive strength after
28 days
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
Strain (mm/mm)
S
tr
e
s
s
 (
N
/m
m
2
)
S
tr
e
s
s
 (
N
/m
m
2
)
Strain (mm/mm)
 R
 F1
 F2
 F3
 F4
Fig. 2 Effect of different percentage WFS on compressive strength after
3 days
J Aust Ceram Soc
Results and discussion
Mechanical strength analysis
WFS, a kind of waste, were added as a replacement of sand in
cement mortar and then these samples’ mechanical treatment
and microstructure were analyzed by using compressive
strength test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tech-
nique respectively. 15, 30, 45, and 60% WFS were added to
mortar instead of sand. Samples were cured for during early
age strength 3 and 7 days and late age strength 28 days for the
compressive strength test. R denotes control sample, and F
denotes WFS added at the different ratio in the mortar. 15%
added sample is F1, 30% added sample is F2, 45% added
sample is F3, and 60% added sample is F4. These samples
after mechanical testing 3 days strain-stress graphs as shown
in Fig. 1.
As seen in the graphs, 15 and 30% WFS adding samples
were compared to the reference sample almost gave the higher
result. 45% and more added foundry sand were decreased in
the early age strength (3 days) of the samples. The maximum
compressive strength of the samples for 3 days was compared
with each other in Fig. 2. The highest compressive strength
values of R, F1, and F2 samples were 19.83, 22.51, and
22.28 MPa, respectively. We can see the same result in Fig.
1. As seen in Fig. 3, compressive strength was measured at the
ages of 28 days. They concluded that partial replacement of
sand with WFS caused considerable reduction in late age
strength. The highest compressive strength values of R and
F1 samples were 35.04 and 33.13 MPa, respectively. These
results are very approximate values. But F3 and F4 samples
were observed that decreased the compressive strength. On
the other hand, compared to the reference samples, 15%
WFS added samples gave the convenient result for the
Fig. 4 a SEM micrographs of
reference samples of cement
mortars. b 15 wt% WFS added
sample after 28 days curing time
J Aust Ceram Soc
standards limits [21]. As a result, WFS can be used as recy-
clable waste.
Microstructural analysis
Portland cement is mainly composed of calcium silicates (tri-
calcium silicate, C3S, and di-calcium silicate, C2S), which
react with water during the hydration and produce calcium
silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide, providing high
strength and alkalinity to the material, respectively [22].
SEM images obtained from cement mortars with WFS
(Fig.4) after 28 days curing shows calcium hydroxide (CH),
also known by its mineral name portlandite. Calcium hydrox-
ide forms as crystals with a wide range of shapes and sizes as
shown in Fig. 4.a to the reference sample. CH structure chang-
es to the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel structure with
the addition of WFS. This result is consistent with previous
finding of Saleh et al. [23]. This structure has beneficial effects
on the strength and permeability. C-S-H gel structure respon-
sible for the strength in cement-based materials and also it
seems like a spider web (Fig. 4b). There was not seen highly
localized porosity in the ages that were studied because of the
structure of ettringite. In Fig. 4a, the hydration product of
ettringite as a short needles form can also be seen. Ettringite
is the mineral name for calcium sulfoaluminate (3CaO·Al2 O3·
3CaSO4·32H2O). This structure is normally found in portland
cement concretes. Because of the needle-like structure, it pro-
vides a decrease in the pore structure. However, it does not
contribute to too much strength to structures. The formation of
ettringite could be indicated from Al-rich regions of elemental
mapping.
Energy dispersive microanalysis (EDS) mapping has been
used to determine the elemental distribution of chemical ele-
ments inherent to the cement matrix in hardened cement paste.
The following elements were observed from the spectra: Si,
Ca, O, Al, C, Mg, and Fe. The distribution of elements, by
EDS analysis, (shown in Fig. 5) shows that Ca and Si are
mainly concentrated in the crystals, Si is uniformly distributed
throughout the material, and O also seems to be uniformly
distributed. Al map illustrates highly enriched regions.
The microscopic investigations indicate cement-derived el-
ements Ca, Si, Al, Fe, and C which is in high amount
predicting coming from WFS in the cement matrix.
The Ca distribution mainly reflects zones of unhydrated
clinker and hydrated cement minerals. The highly concentrat-
ed Ca regions indicate the presence of mainly calcium silicate
hydrates, C-S-H, and clinker minerals.Regions with less Ca
indicate the formation of C-S-H and portlandite (Ca(OH)2).
In this study, EDS mapping was used to see the correlation
between the microstructure and mechanical properties during
the recycling of waste foundry sand in cement mortars. The
technique here allows a quick visual determination of micro-
structures of different hydrated and unhydrated chemical
Fig. 5 Visual representation of the distribution of elements measured by
EDS
J Aust Ceram Soc
components formed by complex materials and where they are
formed predominantly in the whole structure. Therefore, the
microstructure shown in Fig. 6 is the entire field of view. Also,
elemental mapping was used only to give a qualitative image
of the distribution of elements of the sample in this study.
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and elemental
mapping have traditionally been used to characterize elemen-
tal composition and spatial distribution to understand and de-
sign for materials properties, not like XRD which have been
used to add the phase component to the analysis. Also, flexible
stage controls and sample holders allow finished ceramic parts
in their native state to be analyzed even if they are irregularly
shaped. However, according to the capability of SEM device,
sometimes elemental mapping fails to provide the complete
data set required to fully understand the sample composition.
In Fig. 6, qualitative EDS mapping of these cement include
Ca and Al and also the presence of C, minor quantities of Mg,
and major quantities of Si, suggesting calcium mono-
carboaluminate intermixed with other solids.
To summarize, from a mechanical and microstructural
point of view, the high level of replacement of regular sand
by WFS in portland cement matrices showed no certain ad-
vantages. However, portland cement has been proved to be a
suitable matrix to prepare mortars for recycling of waste
foundry sand in the optimum level of replacement, below
20%. When ordinary portland cement as a binding matrix
was used with WFS addition, the compressive strength was
not decreased. In all cases, the minimum strength require-
ments for landfilling (1 MPa) were well complied with [24].
Electron microscopic (SEM/EDX) analysis consistently
showed that the matrix was compact with barely any pores,
which would largely explain its good mechanical
performance.
Conclusions
The scope of this study, the possibility of using waste foundry
sand as a partial replacement of natural sand in cement mortar
was experimentally investigated. Mechanical strength (late
age strength 28 days) of mortar decreased with the increase
in sand replacement with different replacement values of
WFS. But, the compressive strength results with 15 and
30%WFSmortars increased up to 22.51 and 22.28MPa when
compared to control mortar mixture (19.83 MPa) without
WFS at 3 days. All strength results in this study are acceptable
for the TS EN standards. Moreover, the image of the required
microstructure was also observed by SEM/EDS analyses.
Fig. 6 EDS pattern of cement
mortars having 15 wt% WFS
addition after 28 days curing time
J Aust Ceram Soc
Microstructural evaluation of fractured surfaces provided the
morphological information that was related to the mechanical
performance obtained from tensile-compression tests. This
kind of wastes such as WFS coming from steel industries is
not commonly used in the cement-concrete industry, especial-
ly in Turkey. The present study represents a suitable solution
to the environmental impact of several industrial activities and
open opportunities for giving value to the wastes. Therefore,
such materials can be utilized in the cement-concrete industry
properly. This study’s results provide a preliminary work for
WFS recycling because there are not many studies about this
topic. In future studies, the use of WFS in concrete industry
will be investigated.
Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge Yunus Gedik for
the assistance with the sample preparation and observation for SEM/EDS
analysis. We gladly acknowledge that SEM/EDS analysis was performed
at KİTAM, Karadeniz Advanced Technology and Research and
Application Center. We also acknowledge Director of Yesilyurt Iron
Steel Vocational High School of Assoc. Prof. Kemal Yıldızlı for the
assistance with EDS mapping analysis.
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J Aust Ceram Soc
	Mechanical and microstructural characterization of cement mortars prepared by waste foundry sand (WFS)
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Materials and method
	Materials
	Cement mixture proportions
	Compressive strength
	Microstructural characterization
	Results and discussion
	Mechanical strength analysis
	Microstructural analysis
	Conclusions
	References