2019 GAZZANIGA IVRY MANGUN Cognitive Neuroscience The Biology of the Mind 5e

Developing Physically | i Cognitiv e N euroscienc e The Biology of the Mind MICHAEL S. G AZZANIG A University of California, Santa Barbara RICHARD B. IVR Y University of California, Berk eley GE ORGE R. MANGUN University of California, Da vis With special appreciation for the Fifth Edition to Rebecca A. Gazzaniga, MD FIFTH EDITION n W . W . NOR T ON & COMP ANY NEW Y ORK • L ONDON W . W . Nor ton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William W arder Nor ton and Mar y D. Herter Nor ton fi rs t published lectures delivered at the People’ s Institute, the adult education division of New Y ork City’ s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury , the two majo r pillars of Nor ton’ s publishing program—trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Nor ton family transferr ed control of the company to its emplo yees, and toda y—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professi onal titles published each year—W . W . Nor ton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its emplo yees. Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2009, 2002, 1998 by Michael S. Gazzaniga, Richard B. Ivr y , and George R. Mangun All rights reser ved Printed in Canada Editor : Sheri Sna vely Senior Developmental Editor: Andrew Sobel Senior Associate Managing Editor , College: Car la L. T almadge Assistant Editor : Eve Sanoussi Managing Editor , College: Marian Johnson Managing Editor , College Digital Media: Kim Yi Associate Director of Production, College: Benjamin Reynolds Media Editor : Kaitlin Coats Associate Media Editor : Victoria Reuter Media Project Editor : Danielle Bel ore Media Editorial Assistant: Allison Smith Ebook Production Manager : Danielle Lehmann Marketing Manager , Psycholog y: Ashley Sherwood Designer : Juan P aolo Francisco Director of College Permissions: Megan Schindel College Permissions Specialist: Bethan y Salminen Photo Editor : T rish Marx Composition: MPS Nor th America LLC Illustrations: Quade Paul, Echo Medical Media LLC Manufacturing: T ranscontinental Interglobe—Beauceville, Quebec Permission to use copyrighted material is included in the back matter . Librar y of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gazzaniga, Michael S., author . | Ivry , Richard B., author . | Mangun, G. R. (George Ronald), 1956- author . Title: Cognitive neuroscience : the biology of the mind / Michael S. Gazzaniga, University of Califor nia, Santa Barbara, Richard B. Ivr y , University of California, Berkele y , George R. Mangun, University of California, Davis ; with special appreciation for the fifth edition to Rebecca A. Gazzaniga, M.D. Description: Fifth edition. | New Y or k : W .W . Nor ton & Company , 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018039129 | ISBN 9780393603170 (hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: Cognitive neuroscience. Classification: LCC QP360.5 .G39 2019 | DDC 612.8/233—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018039129 W . W . Nor ton & Company , Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New Y ork, NY 10110 wwnor ton.com W . W . Nor ton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 F or Lilly , Emm y , Gar th, Dante, Rebecca, and Leonardo M.S. G. F or Henr y and Sam R.B.I. F or Nichol as and Alexander G.R.M. Ab o u t t h e A u t ho rs iv Michael S. Gazzaniga is the director of the Sage Center for the Study of the Mind at the Universi of California, Santa Barbara. He received a PhD  om the California Institute of T echnology in 1964, where he worked with R oger Sperry and had primary responsibil- i for initiating human split-brain research. He has carried out extensive studies on both subhuman primate and human behavior and cognition. He established the Program in Cog- nitive Neuroscience at Cornell Medical School, the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at Dartmouth College, and the Center for Neuroscience at UC Davis. He is the founding editor of the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience and also a founder of the Cognitive Neuroscience Socie . For 20 years he directed the Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience, and he serves as editor in chief of the major reference text  e Cognitive Neurosciences . He was a member of the President’s Council on Bioethics  om 2001 to 2009. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Medicine, and the National Academy of Sciences. Richard B. Ivry is a professor of psychology and neuroscience at the Universi of California, Berkeley. He received his PhD  om the Universi of Oregon in 1986, work- ing with Steven K le on a series of studies that helped bring the methods of cognitive neuroscience into the domain of motor control. His research program focuses on human performance, asking how cortical and subcortical ne orks in the brain select, initiate, and control movements. A t Berkeley, he was the director of the Institute of Cognitive and Brain Sciences for 10 years and a founding member of the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute. A er serving as an associate editor for the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience for 13 years, he is now a senior editor at eLife . His research accomplishments have b n recognized with numerous awards, including the T roland A ward  om the National Academy of Sciences and the William James Fellow A ward for lifetime achievement  om the Association for Psychological Science. George R. Mangun is a professor of psychology and neurology at the University of Cali- fornia, Davis. He received his PhD in neuroscience from the University of California, San Diego, in 1987 , training with Steven A. Hillyard in human cognitive electrophysiology. His research investigates brain attention mechanisms using multimodal brain imaging. He founded and directed the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at Duke University, and the Center for Mind and Brain at UC Davis, where he also served as dean of social sciences. He served as editor of the journal Cognitive Brain Research , was a member (with Gazzaniga) of the founding committee of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, and is an associate editor of the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience . He is a fellow of the Associa- tion for Psychological Science, and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. P ART I Background and Methods CH APTE R 1 A Brief Hi story of Cogn itiv e Neuro scie nce 2 CH APTE R 2 St ruct ure a nd F unction o f the Nervous S yst em 22 CH APTE R 3 Met hods of Cog nit ive Neu rosc ienc e 72 P ART II Core Processes CH APTE R 4 Hemispheric S pecialization 124 CH APTE R 5 Sensa tion an d Perc ept ion 168 CH APTE R 6 Obj ect Re cog nit ion 222 CH APTE R 7 At tent io n 274 CH APTE R 8 Ac tio n 324 CH APTE R 9 Memor y 378 CHA PTER 10 Emo ti on 426 CHA PTER 11 La ng ua g e 474 P ART III Control Processes CHA PTER 12 Cognitive Control 514 CHA PTER 13 Socia l Cogni tion 566 CHA PTER 1 4 The Con sciousness Pr oblem 618 B rief Cont en t s v Pr ef a c e W elcome to the Fi h Edition! When cognitive neurosci- ence emerged in the late 1970s, it remained to be s n whether this new  eld would have “legs.” T oday, the answer is clear: the  eld has blossomed in spectacular fashion. Cognitive neuroscience is well represented at all research universities, providing researchers and graduate students with the tools and opportunities to develop the interdisciplinary research programs that are the mainstay of the  eld. Multiple journals, some designed to cover the entire  eld, and others specialized for particular meth- odologies or research themes, have b n launched to provide venues to report the latest  ndings.  e number of papers increases at an exponential rate.  e Cognitive Neuroscience Socie has also  ourished and just cele- brated its 25th year.  e fundamental challenge we faced in laying the groundwork for our early editions was to determine the basic principles that make cognitive neuroscience distinct  om physiological psychology, neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology. It is now obvious that cognitive neuroscience overlaps with, and synthesizes, these disciplinary approaches as researchers aim to understand the neural bases of cognition. In addi- tion, cognitive neuroscience increasingly informs and is informed by disciplines outside the mind–brain sciences, such as systems science and physics, as exempli ed by our new Chapter 14: “ e Consciousness Problem.” As in previous editions of this book, we continue to s k a balance be  n psychological theory, with its focus on the mind, and the neuropsychological and neu- roscienti c evidence about the brain that informs this theory. W e make liberal use of patient case studies to illustrate essential points and observations that provide keys to understanding the architecture of cognition, rather than providing an exhaustive description of brain disorders. In every section, we strive to include the most current information and theoretical views, supported by evidence  om the cu ing-edge technologies that are such a driving force in cognitive neuroscience. In contrast to purely cognitive or neuropsychological approaches, this text emphasizes the convergence of evidence that is a crucial aspect of any science, particularly studies of higher mental function. T o complete the story, we also provide examples of research that uses computational techniques. T eaching students to think and ask questions like cognitive neuroscientists is a major goal of our text. As cognitive neuroscientists, we examine mind–brain rela- tionships using a wide range of techniques, such as func- tional and structural brain imaging, neurophysiological recording in animals, human EEG and MEG recording, brain stimulation methods, and analysis of syndromes resulting  om brain damage. W e highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these methods to demonstrate how these techniques must be used in a complementary man- ner. W e want our readers to learn what questions to ask, how to choose the tools and design experiments to answer these questions, and how to evaluate and inter- pret the results of those experiments. Despite the stun- ning progress of the neurosciences, the brain remains a great mystery, with each insight inspiring new questions. For this reason, we have not used a declarative s le of writing throughout the book. Instead, we tend to present results that can be interpreted in more than one way, helping the reader to recognize that alternative interpre- tations are possible. Since the  rst edition, there have b n many major technological, methodological, and theoretical develop- ments.  ere has b n an explosion of brain-imaging studies; ind d, thousands of functional imaging stud- ies are published each year. New technologies used for noninvasive brain stimulation, magnetic resonance spec- troscopy, electrocorticography, and optogenetics have b n added to the arsenal of the cognitive neuroscien- tist. Fascinating links to genetics, comparative anatomy, computation, and robotics have emerged. P arsing all of these studies and deciding which ones should be included has b n a major challenge for us. W e  rmly believe that technology is a cornerstone of scienti c advancement.  us we have felt it essential to capture the cu ing-edge trends in the  eld, while k ping in mind that this is an undergraduate survey text.  e  rst four editions provide compelling evidence that our e orts have led to a highly useful text for under- graduates taking their  rst course in cognitive neurosci- ence, as well as a concise reference volume for graduate students and researchers. Over 500 colleges and uni- versities worldwide have adopted the text. Moreover, instructors tell us that in addition to our interdisciplinary vi approach, they like that our book has a strong narrative voice and o ers a manageable number of chapters to teach in a one-semester survey course. With every revised edition including this one, we have had to do some pruning and considerable updating to stay current with all of the developments in the  eld of cogni- tive neuroscience. W e thought it essential to include new methods and, correspondingly, new insights that these tools have provided into the function of the brain, while being selective in the description of speci c experimen- tal results.  e following table lists the major changes for each chapter. Chapter Changes in the Fifth Edition 1. A Brief Histor y of Cognitive Neuroscience E xpa nde d discus sion of t he the oret ical l eap mad e by th e earl y Gre eks tha t enabl ed scientific endeavors. Add ed dis cussio n of monism ve rsus du alism and t he mind – b rain p robl em. 2. Structure and Function of the Ner vous System Add ed discu ssion of spe cif ic neuro tra nsmit ters. Add ed disc ussion o f neur al circu its, ne two rks, and s ystems. E xpa nde d discus sion of th e cor t ex from t he view poin t of fun ctio nal sub ty pes. Add ed dis cussio n of neuro genesis t hrou gho ut th e life spa n. 3. Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience Upd ated d iscus sion of dire ct an d indir ect s timulat ion me thod s used to p rob e brain fun cti on and as a to ol for re habili tat ion. Expanded discuss ion of e lectrocor ticography . Add ed dis cussio n of new met hods to a naly ze f MRI da ta, in cludin g measur es of connectivity . Add ed se ctio n on ma gnet ic reso nanc e spe ctr osco py . 4. Hemispheric Specialization E xpa nde d discus sion of t he pro blem of c ross - c uing w hen evalu ating t he p er for man ce of split- b rain p atient s. Add ed dis cussio n of dif fer ing p at terns o f func tio nal con nec tiv it y in the r ight a nd lef t hemispheres. Add ed disc ussion of a ty pic al pat ter ns of hemisp heric l ater alizati on. E xpa nde d sec tion o n mod ular it y . 5. Sensation and P erception Add ed se ct ion on ol fac tio n, tear s, and sexu al arous al. Add ed re view of n ew con cep ts re gardi ng gust ato r y maps i n the c or tex . E xpa nded s ect ion on p erc eptual a nd cor t ical r eor ganiza tion af te r senso r y loss. Add ed se ct ion on c ochl ear imp lant s. 6. Object Recognition Add ed se ct ion on d eco ding t he pe rce ptual c onten t of dre ams. Add ed disc ussion o f deep ne ural ne two rks as a mo del of t he hier archi cal or ganiz ation of visu al pro cessin g. Add ed se ct ion on fe edb ack m ech anisms in o bjec t re cog nitio n. E xpa nded s ec tion on c atego r y spe cif icit y . 7. Attention E xpa nde d discus sion of ne ural os cillat ions and n eur al sync hro ny and at ten tion. Upd ated d iscus sion of pu lvina r cont rib utio ns to at tenti onal mo dula tion an d cont rol. 8. Action E xpa nde d discu ssion of t he re cover y from s troke. Upd ated w ith la test f indi ngs in res earc h on br ain – mac hine int er fa ce sys tems. Upd ated dis cussio n of deep b rain st imulat ion and P arkin son’ s disease. Add ed dis cussio n of the c ont ribu tions o f the c or tex an d subc or tex to sk illed mo tor movement. Preface | vii Chapter Changes in the Fifth Edition 9. Memor y Add ed br ief se ctio n on dem enti as. Add ed dis cussio n of the c ontr ibut ion of c or tic obas al gangli a loops to p roc edu ral me mor y. E xpa nded d iscussi on of pr iming an d amne sia. Up dated d iscus sion of f ront al co r tex ac tiv it y and me mor y fo rm ation. Add ed br ief sec tion o n lear ning wh ile sleep ing. Upd ated d iscus sion of an un expe cte d fin ding co nce rning t he cellul ar mec hanisms o f memor y storage . 10. Emotion Add ed se cti on on th e hyp othala mic - pitui tar y- adr enal a xis. Add ed dis cussio n of the oret ical d isag ree ment s bet wee n resea rch ers of hu man em otio n and nonhuman animal emotion. Add ed br ief disc ussion o f the ro le of th e per iaque duc tal g ray in em otio n. Upd ated d iscus sion of em otion an d dec ision mak ing. 11. Language Add ed br ief des crip tion of c onne cto me - base d lesion - sy mptom m appin g for ap hasic patien ts. Add ed se cti on on fe edba ck co ntro l and spe ech p rod uct ion. Upd ated dis cussio n of langu age evolu tion in p rima tes. Add ed inve stig ation o f how th e brain r epr esent s sem antic i nfor mati on. 12. Cognitive Control Add ed se cti on on co gnit ive c ontr ol issue s asso ciated w ith n europ sychi atr ic disor der s. E xpa nded d iscussi on of de cision mak ing and r ewar d signals in t he br ain. Add ed se ctio n on br ain tr aining to imp rove co gnit ive co ntro l. 13. Social Cognition Add ed br ief se cti on on t he devel opm ent of so cial co gni tion. Add ed br ief disc ussion o f social is olati on. Upd ated s ect ion on au tism sp ect ru m disord er . Upd ated d iscus sion of th e defa ult net wor k and so cial co gnit ion. Add ed se cti on on em bodim ent an d visual b ody illu sions, an d bod y integ rit y id enti ty disorder . 14. The Consciousness Problem Add ed se ct ion on le vels of aro usal. Add ed se cti on on th e layer ed arc hite ctur e of com plex sys tems. Add ed dis cussio n of sent ienc e vers us the c onten t of cons cious ex per ienc e. Add ed dis cussio n of the p rin ciple of c omp leme ntar it y in phy sics a nd how it m ay app ly to the m ind – br ain pro blem. viii | Preface Inspired by f dback  om our adopters, we have also made the text even more user- iendly and focused on the takeaway points. Some ways in which we have made the Fi h Edition more accessible include the following: ■ Each chapter now begins with a series of “Big Ques- tions” to  ame the key themes of the chapter. ■  e introductory stories have b n trimmed, and many of them feature patient case studies to engage students. ■ “Anatomical Orientation”  gures open Chapters 4 through 14 to highlight the brain anatomy that will be addressed in the pages that follow. ■ Major section headings have b n numbered for easy assigning. Each section ends with a set of bulleted “T ake-Home Messages.” ■ Figure captions have b n made more concise and more focused on the central teaching point. ■ T wo new  pes of boxes (“Lessons  om the Clinic” and “Hot Science”) feature clinical and research examples in cognitive neuroscience. As with each edition, this book is the result of a dynamic yet laborious interactive effort among the three of us, along with extensive discussions with our colleagues, our students, and our reviewers. The prod- uct has benefited immeasurably from these interac- tions. Of course, we are ready to modify and improve any and all of our work. In our earlier editions, we asked readers to contact us with suggestions and ques- tions, and we do so again. W e live in an age where interaction is swift and easy. W e are to be found as follows: gazzaniga@ucsb.edu; mangun@ucdavis.edu; ivry@berkeley.edu. Good reading and learning! Ac k n ow led gm e nt s Once again, we are indebted to a number of people. First and foremost we would like to thank R ebecca A. Gaz- zaniga, MD , for her extensive and savvy editing of the Fi h Edition. She mastered every chapter, with an eye to making sure that the story was clear and engaging. W e could not have completed this edition without her superb scholarship and editing skills.  e Fi h Edition also bene ted  om the advice of various specialists in the  eld of cognitive neuroscience. Karolina Lampert at the Universi of Pennsylvania assisted us with the study of emotion. Carolyn P arkinson at UCLA helped update our chapter on social cognition. Nikkie Marinsek  om UC Santa Barbara did the same for the topic of lateralization. Geo W oodman  om V anderbilt Universi and Sabine Kastner  om Prince- ton provided valuable advice on a ention. Arne Ekstrom, Charan Ranganath, Brian Wilgen, and Andy Y onelinas  om UC Davis; Ken Paller  om Northwestern Univer- si ; Nancy A. Dennis  om Pennsylvania State Univer- si ; and Michael Miller  om UC Santa Barbara provided numerous insights about memory. Ellen F. Lau  om the Universi of Maryland, Gina Kuperberg  om T u s Uni- versi and Massachuse s General Hospital, Alexander Huth and Jack Gallant  om UC Berkeley, David Corina  om UC Davis, and Je ey Binder  om the Medical Col- lege of Wisconsin advised us on mechanisms of language and semantic representation. For answering miscellane- ous questions that cropped up in the methods chapter, we tip our hats to Sco Gra on  om UC Santa Barbara and Danielle Basse  om the Universi of Pennsylvania. For the perception and object recognition chapters, David Somers  om Boston Universi , as well as Jack Gallant (again!) and Kevin W einer  om UC Berkeley, gave use- ful advice and supplied us with beautiful graphics. W e are also especially grateful to T amara Y . Swaab, PhD (UC Davis), for the language chapter in this and prior editions; Michael B. Miller, PhD (UC Santa Bar- bara), for contributions to the chapter on hemispheric lateralization; and Stephanie Cacioppo, PhD (Universi of Chicago), for contributions to the chapter on emotion. For work on the previous editions that continues to play an active part in this new edition, we thank again Megan Steven (Dartmouth College), Je Hutsler (Uni- versi of Nevada, Reno), and Leah Krubitzer (UC Davis) for evolutionary perspectives; Jennifer B r (Universi of T exas at Austin) for insights on social cognition; and Liz Phelps (New Y ork Universi ) for her work on emo- tion. Tim Justus (Pitzer College) is to be thanked for sharing his advice and wisdom, and for helping along the way. Also Jason Mitchell, PhD (Harvard Universi ), for contributions to the social cognition chapter. W e thank Frank Forney for his art in the previous editions, and Echo Medical Media for the new art in the fourth and   h editions. W e also thank our many colleagues who provided original ar ork or scienti c  gures. W e would also like to thank our readers Annik Carson and Me e Clausen-Bruun, who took the time to point out  pos in our previous edition; to anatomist Carlos A vendaño, who alerted us to some anatomical errors; and to Sophie van R oijen, who suggested the very good idea of adding an index of abbreviations. Several instructors took time  om their busy sched- ules to review our previous edition and make suggestions for the Fi h Edition. W e thank the following: Maxwell Bertolero, Universi of California, Berkeley Flavia Cardini, Anglia Ruskin Universi Joshua Carlson, Northern Michigan Universi Tim Curran, Universi of Colorado, Boulder Mark D’Esposito, Universi of California, Berkeley Karin H. James, Indiana Universi Mark K ohler, Universi of South Australia Bruno Laeng, Universi of Oslo, Norway Karolina M. Lempert, Universi of Pennsylvania Carolyn P arkinson, Universi of California, Los Angeles David Somers, Boston Universi W eiwei Zhang, Universi of California, Riverside In addition, we are indebted to many scientists and personal  iends. W riting a textbook is a major commit- ment of time, intellect, and a ect!  ose who helped signi cantly are noted below. Some reviewed our words and critiqued our thoughts. Others allowed us to inter- view them. T o all those listed here who reviewed past and present editions or media, we owe our d p gratitude and thanks. Eyal Aharoni, Georgia State Universi David G. Amaral, Universi of California, Dav Franklin R. Amthor, Universi of Alabama, Birmingham ix

2019 GAZZANIGA IVRY MANGUN Cognitive Neuroscience The Biology of the Mind 5e

UNIOESTE

Neuroanatomia e Neurofisiologia

Continue navegando

Outros materiais