Live 25_11_20 - Linking Words (Cronograma de estudos)

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Linking Words
Profª. Raissa - Inglês
ESPCEX (AMAN)
 In the sentence “...an awareness of one’s own emotions as well as the 
ability to control them...” the expression as well as has the same meaning 
as 
a. but
b. thus
c. also
d. unless
e. then
ESPCEX (AMAN)
Empirically Based Leadership
A significant area of interest within the US Army empirical 
literature on leadership is emotional Intelligence (EI), which in recent 
years has been the focus of considerable attention in relationship to 
leadership efficacy. Emotional intelligence Involves an awareness of 
one’s own emotions as well as the ability to control them, social 
awareness of others and their emotions, and 
the capacity to understand and manage 
relationship and social networks.
ESPCEX (AMAN)
In understanding others’ emotions, an important contributing factor to 
the success of the more effective military officers is their ability to 
empathize with their subordinates. In discussing empathy, EM (Field 
Manual) 6-22 defines it as “the ability to see something from another 
person’s point of view, to identify with and enter into another person’s 
feelings and emotions”. Empathy is not typically a quality that most soldiers 
would readily identify as an essential characteristic to effective leadership 
or necessary to producing positive organizational 
outcomes, but it is an important quality for 
competent leadership, especially as it relates to EI.
 Adaptado de McDONALD. Sean P. Military Review, Jan-Feb, 2013.
ESPCEX (AMAN)
 In the sentence “...an awareness of one’s own emotions as well as the 
ability to control them...” the expression as well as has the same meaning 
as 
a. but
b. thus
c. also
d. unless
e. then
ADDITION
BESIDES
MOREOVER
FURTHERMORE
IN ADDITION TO
ALSO 
UNESP
No trecho do último parágrafo – A city’s ability to keep solid waste out 
of drainage ditches can also influence whether a neighborhood floods after 
a heavy storm. –, a palavra whether pode ser substituída, sem 
alteração de sentido, por
a. as
b. either
c. if
d. like
e. so that
UNESP
Urban Development – Solid Waste Management
UNESP
Ask a mayor of a developing country city about his or her most 
pressing problems, and solid waste management generally will be high 
on the list. For many cities, solid waste management is their single 
largest budget item and largest employer.
It is also a critical matter of public health, environmental quality, 
quality of life, and economic development. A city that cannot 
effectively manage its waste is rarely able to manage 
more complex services such as health, education 
or transportation. And no one wants to live in a city 
surrounded by garbage.
UNESP
As the world urbanizes, the situation is becoming more acute. More 
people mean more garbage, especially in fastgrowing cities where the bulk of 
waste is generated. We estimate that cities currently generate roughly 1.3 
billion tonnes of solid waste per year; with current urbanization trends, this 
figure will grow to 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025 – an increase of 70 
percent.
Managing waste will also become more expensive. Expenditures that 
today total $205 billion will grow to $375 billion. The cost 
impacts will be most severe in low income countries 
already struggling to meet basic social and infrastructure 
needs, particularly for their poorest residents.
UNESP
Because it is such a major issue, waste management also 
represents a great opportunity for cities. Managed well, solid waste 
management practices can reduce greenhouse gas emission levels in 
a city, including short-lived climate pollutants that are far more 
potent than carbon dioxide. A city’s ability to keep solid waste out of 
drainage ditches can also influence whether a neighborhood floods 
after a heavy storm.
 (www.worldbank.org. Adaptado.)
UNESP
No trecho do último parágrafo – A city’s ability to keep solid waste out 
of drainage ditches can also influence whether a neighborhood floods after 
a heavy storm. –, a palavra whether pode ser substituída, sem 
alteração de sentido, por
a. as
b. either
c. if
d. like
e. so that
CONDITION
IF
IF ONLY
EVEN IF
PROVIDED (THAT)
ESPM
The underlined conjunction though in the 4th paragraph of the text 
could be replaced in the sentence, without changing its structure, by
a. albeit
b. otherwise
c. therefore
d. due to
e. instead of
ESPM
Air strikes in Iraq A time to act
 by Lexington 
ESPM
OVERCOMING his deep wariness of overseas entanglements, President 
Barack Obama has authorised American generals to launch air strikes in Iraq 
against the fanatical jihadists of the Islamic State (IS). The first strike was carried 
out on August 8th within 12 hours of the president’s announcement, and involved 
the bombing of a mobile IS artillery piece near Erbil, capital of the autonomous 
Kurdish region in the country’s north.
Seeking to reassure a war-weary public, the president described two tightly 
defined missions that would trigger air attacks. First, the 
president told his public in a late-night address from the 
White House, warplanes would strike convoys of IS 
fighters if they threaten either American diplomats and 
troops stationed in Erbil or Baghdad.
ESPM
Second, air strikes might be used to break an IS siege of 
thousands of civilians from the minority Yazidi sect, who have 
been trapped in mountains near the city of Sinjar without food and 
water, facing threats of mass slaughter from IS forces waiting 
below.
American transport planes dropped bundles of food and water 
onto the Sinjar mountains, with Kurdish peshmerga 
fighters on a nearby hilltop able to report that 
most were safely received — though more 
will doubtless be needed. 
ESPM
Mr Obama cast the operations in glowingly humanitarian 
terms. America cannot and should not intervene in every crisis 
around the world, he said. But when America has a mandate, as it 
does in this case, after being asked for help by the Iraqi 
government, and when it has “the unique capabilities to help avert 
a massacre”, then his country could not 
“turn a blind eye”.
 Aug 8th 2014 | www.economist.com
ESPM
The underlined conjunction though in the 4th paragraph of the text 
could be replaced in the sentence, without changing its structure, by
a. albeit
b. otherwise
c. therefore
d. due to
e. instead of
OPPOSITION
EVEN THOUGH
ALTHOUGH
DESPITE
NEVERTHELESS
UNIFESP
No trecho do último parágrafo – The constant dance between expectation 
and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions. –, a 
palavra thus pode ser corretamente substituída, mantendo-se o sentido, 
por
a. thereby
b. moreover
c. whereas
d. although
e. notwithstanding
UNIFESP
Will we ever… understand why music makes us feel good?
 19 April 2013
Philip Ball 
UNIFESP
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our 
emotions. But thanks to some recent studies we have a few 
intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good 
questions, this one works on many levels. We have answers on 
some levels, but not all.
UNIFESP
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make 
us feel good? In 2001, neuroscientists Anne Blood and Robert 
Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. Using 
magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to 
pleasurable music had activated brain regions called the limbic and 
paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric reward 
responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and 
addictive drugs. Those rewards come from 
a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. 
As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the drug.UNIFESP
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are 
rewarded with a dopamine rush: this makes us want more, and so 
contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert 
that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false 
pretences.) But why would a sequence of sounds with no obvious 
survival value do the same thing?
UNIFESP
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to 
why music provokes intense emotions. The current favourite theory 
among scientists who study the cognition of music – how we process it 
mentally – dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer 
Leonard Meyer suggested that emotion in music is all about what we 
expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer drew on earlier 
psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when 
we’re unable to satisfy some desire. That, as you 
might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but if 
we then find what we’re looking for, be it love or a 
cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
UNIFESP
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic 
patterns and regularities that tempt us to make unconscious 
predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives 
itself a little reward – as we’d now see it, a surge of dopamine. The 
constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the 
brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.
UNIFESP
No trecho do último parágrafo – The constant dance between expectation 
and outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions. –, a 
palavra thus pode ser corretamente substituída, mantendo-se o sentido, 
por
a. thereby
b. moreover
c. whereas
d. although
e. notwithstanding
CONCLUSION
THEREFORE
IN CONCLUSION
FINALLY
TO SUM UP
SO