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bundle of microtubules , typically very few in number, extending along the side of somatic kineties at or below the level of the proximal end of the kinetosomes ; found in a number of oligohymeno- phoreans ; sometimes confounded with subkinetal microtubules . Basal Plate : see Cilium . Bell : body proper, minus the stalk , of many ses- siline peritrichs : see Zooid . Benthic : pertaining to the bottom or near-bottom of an ocean, sea or lake; often implied by the term are the bottom sediments at the greatest depths of the body of water, but bottom-dwelling forms of marine life are also described by the term. Beta Membranoid : see Membranoid . Binary Fission : see Fission . Biofilm : in the broadest sense, a loose association of organisms living on/and/or attached to vari- ous submerged substrata, often plant material or inanimate objects; the predominantly sessile forms, including many ciliates, which comprise this com- munity may be found in marine, fresh-water or brackish habitats; synonyms Aufwuchs and peri- phyton. Biogenetic Law : ancestral resemblance during ontogeny ; recognition, in a broad sense, that some characters or structures seen during the develop- ment of an organism may be generally reminis- cent of some structure or character known to be possessed by members of an alleged ancestral group, in either ontogenetic or adult stages of that predecessor, and often in a more or less modified form (e.g., as proposed in Sewertzoff\u2019s principles of phylembryogenesis); to this highly qualified extent and with extreme caution , Haeckel\u2019s old aphorism \u2013 \u201contogeny recapitulates phylogeny\u201d \u2013 may be applied to some phylogenetic-systematic problems in ciliatology; a synonym is the Law of Recapitulation ; see also Morphogenesis and Ontogeny . Biological Species : an assemblage of populations of organisms that are able to actually or potentially interbreed; see Morphological Species . Biparakinetal : amphiparakinetal stomatogenesis in which two oral anlagen are formed independ- ently; found in folliculinid heterotrichs . Bipolar Kinety : somatic kinety running from pole to pole of the organism without interruption, with- out circling the body transversely, without going over the top and down the other side; fundamen- tally, kineties are assumed to be bipolar; in fact, there are many exceptions, but they may generally be considered secondary modifications of the basic original plan of cortical organization in ciliates \u2013 and it is noteworthy that the Rule of Desmodexy is never violated; see Kinety . Birth Pore : opening or site of emergence of an internally budded larval form during the budding process of reproduction in some suctorians (BPr, Fig. 2.11Cb). Blepharismin : photosensitive cytoplasmic \u201cpink\u201d pigment found in pigmentocysts in various species of the heterotrich Blepharisma ; formerly called zoopurpurin (not to be confused with blepharis- mone or blepharmone : see below). Blepharismone : the conjugation -inducing com- pound 3-(2\u2032-formylamino-5\u2032-hydroxy-benzoyl) lactate or Gamone 2, isolated from the heterotrich Blepharisma ; probably a derivative of tryptophan; see Blepharmone . Blepharmone : conjugation -inducing glycoprotein isolated from the heterotrich Blepharisma . Border Membrane : finely striated circumferential band with fibers and proteinaceous radial pins , which are associated with and reinforce the adhe- sive disc of mobiline peritrichs ; sometimes called a corona (BM, Fig. 2.9Bg, 2.9Bh). Boring Apparatus : see mention under Rostrum . Bristle : common name for long or short, generally single, rather stiff, resilient cilia of several kinds; perform a variety of presumed functions, includ- ing sensory, tactile, thigmotactic, locomotor, and attachment; occurring on one or more parts of the body of various ciliates; see Brosse, Caudal Cilium, Saltatorial Cilia, Sensory Bristle . Bristle Kinety (pl. Kineties ): somatic kineties restricted to one side, typically \u201cdorsal\u201d, of the body (e.g. the karyorelictean , Loxodes ; the hypotrich 20 2. Glossary of Terms and Concepts Useful in Ciliate Systematics Euplotes ); characterized by kinetids whose cilia are straight or bristle-like. Brood Chamber : see Brood Pouch . Brood Pouch : temporary in some suctorians or permanent in some chonotrichs internal chamber or cavity formed by invagination of the pellicle and within which budding occurs, producing the larval form in the life cycle; preferably called a crypt in chonotrichs ; also known as an embryo sac or mar- supium (BPch, Fig. 2.11Cb). Brosse : distinctive \u201cbrush\u201d of clavate cilia arising from specialized short kineties or kinetal segments , often oriented obliquely to the body axis on the anterodorsal surface of the nondividing organism; characteristically found in haptorian litostomes and prorodontine prostomes . Brow Kinety (pl. Kineties ): see Ophryokinety . Brush : see Brosse , the preferred term. Buccal Apparatus : whole complement of oral polykinetids or compound ciliary organelles whose bases are located in or associated with the buccal cavity or peristome (e.g., in oligohymenophore- ans , heterotrichs , spirotrichs , and armophoreans ); includes paroral ( membranes ) and membranelles sensu lato (plus homologues and possible non- homologues of these structures) and their infracili- ary bases (= buccal infraciliature) and peristomial ciliature; the whole apparatus functions primarily in food-getting, sometimes in locomotion. Buccal Area : region around the cytostome in cili- ates that possess a buccal apparatus ; strictly speak- ing, not , therefore, a synonym of the much broader and more generalized term oral region . Buccal Cavity : typically a quite deep oral cav- ity , though sometimes secondarily flattened out or everted; often at or near the apical end of the body and/or on the ventral surface; contains the bases of the oral polykinetids or compound ciliary organelles and inwardly leads ultimately to the organism\u2019s cytostome-cytopharyngeal complex , sometimes via a specialized portion of itself known as the infundibulum ; often applied to the oral cav- ity of oligohymenophoreans , but it is considered to be the structural equivalent of the peristome of heterotrichs and spirotrichs . Buccal Ciliature : see Buccal Apparatus . Buccal Infraciliature : see Buccal Apparatus . Buccal Membranelles : see Membranelle . Buccal Organelles : see Buccal Apparatus . Buccal Overture : outer or distal opening or aperture of the buccal cavity , though essentially unrecogni- zable (i.e., disappears) when the buccal cavity is everted or flattened out; typical of and easily visible in some oligohymerophoreans , such as Paramecium , Tetrahymena , and Ophryoglena . Bucco-anal Stria (pl. Bucco-anal Striae ): see Director-meridian . Buccokinetal : type of stomatogenesis in which at least some of the fields of kinetosomes involved \u2013 as the ultimate anlage \u2013 have an apparent origin from the organelles of the parental oral apparatus sensu lato ; characteristic of many oligohymenopho- reans ; formerly known as the autonomous and/or semi-autonomous mode(s) of stomatogenesis; see Ophryobuccokinetal and Scuticobuccokinetal (Fig. 2.11Df, 2.11Dg). Bud : filial product of a single or multiple fission, characteristically much smaller than the parental form and typically quite unlike it in both form and function; generally ciliated, playing a dispersal role in the organism\u2019s life cycle; results from a variety of methods of budding ; it is a form occurring uni- versally among suctorians and chonotrichs, not uncommonly in rhynchodians , some peritrichs , some apostomes , and occasionally in other groups, including even a species of hypotrich (Bud, Fig. 2.11C). Budding : binary (though typically anisotomic ) or