Experimental Investigation of Wellbore Fluid Displacement in Concentric and Eccentric Annulus

Prévia do material em texto

Experimental Investigation of Wellbore Fluid Displacement in Concentric and Eccentric 
Annulus 
 
 
Jan David Ytrehus 
SINTEF Petroleum Research 
Trondheim, Norway 
Bjørnar Lund 
SINTEF Petroleum Research 
Trondheim, Norway 
Ali Taghipour 
SINTEF Petroleum Research 
Trondheim, Norway 
 
Shreyansh Divyankar 
University of Stavanger 
Stavanger, Norway 
 
 Arild Saasen 
University of Stavanger 
Stavanger, Norway 
 
 
 
ABSTRACT 
One of the most critical operations during well construction 
is the cementing procedure. Due to the curing nature of the 
cement slurry there will be only one opportunity to cement 
the well properly. Although one for top hole cases can fill 
cement in from the top in a remedial operation, this 
possibility cannot fully compensate for a non-optimal initial 
cement job. Furthermore, it cannot be applied to other well 
sections. In those sections, complex squeeze cementing 
operations may be necessary. Consequences of improper 
annular cement can be leakage during production phase and 
extensive costs when the well is to be plugged for 
abandonment after the production phase. To ensure that the 
risk of poor cement is minimised it is important to use the 
best procedures to place the cement properly. To be able to 
select the optimum procedures, it is necessary to improve the 
understanding of the displacement in the wellbore annulus. 
All wells will be cemented in several sections. Findings and 
improvements that can reduce risk of poor cementing results 
are thus highly relevant for a large number of operations 
every year. 
The article is based on analysing experimental results 
that illustrates a drilling fluid being displaced by a cement 
slurry. These fluids are represented by realistic model fluids 
and circulated through a transparent annular section. The 
geometry used is a 6,5" outer diameter with an inner string of 
5" that also can rotate. The selected pipe sizes may normally 
be found in the lower parts of a well and often in deviated 
sections where the inner pipe cannot be assumed concentric 
at all times. Both concentric and eccentric inner pipe 
positions have therefore been selected. The test section was 
run both in horizontal and in inclined position. The test 
section was 10 meters long and instrumented with 
conductivity probes in an array around the perimeter at 4 
separate positions along the pipe. Together with cameras 
along the test section the fluid interphases was observed 
along the test section. 
Results presented in the article show that inner string 
rotation provides a steeper displacement front, On the other 
hand such rotation will also cause more mixing at the 
interphase. Results also show that the displacement front in 
a concentric annulus is significantly affected by gravity. 
While for an eccentric annulus, with the low side at the 
bottom, the narrow gap is poorly displaced when realistic 
fluids are applied. It was also observed that the 
displacement front in concentric annulus was more stable 
when the test section was inclined than in horizontal 
position. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
Displacement processes occur frequently in drilling and 
completion operations. The most important displacement 
operations take place during primary cementing. A good 
displacement quality is required to achieve a good cement 
job result with proper zonal isolation properties. A 
cementing operation is the operation in an oil well where 
only one chance is given to succeed. Several studies 
evaluating optimized displacement exist. A thorough review 
was performed by Daccord et al., 2006 [1], with the scope of 
improving primary cementing job results. 
Displacement processes are known not to be solely 
dependent on the properties of the displacing fluid or slurry 
[2]. The pre-conditioning of the drilling fluid prior to 
pumping cement or the spacers and pre-flushes are 
important. Normally, there is an operational requirement to 
circulate one bottoms up prior to displacement. There is no 
general theory behind the choice of exactly one bottoms up. 
Furthermore, the drilling fluid has been designed for 
optimum drilling performance like hole cleaning, wellbore 
stability, fluid loss and other parameters. It is just a 
coincidence if this drilling fluid is suitable for displacement. 
Proceedings of the ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering 
OMAE2017 
June 25-30, 2017, Trondheim, Norway 
OMAE2017-62028
1 Copyright © 2017 ASME
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/03/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
Therefore, generally, to be able to displace the drilling fluid 
efficiently, it is necessary to alter the drilling fluid’s 
properties during the last circulations. 
Even if the drilling fluid viscosity and yield stress are 
reduced as much as possible, it is still not straightforward to 
obtain a good displacement result. The cement slurry 
properties have to be optimized for the purpose of removing 
the drilling fluid. It is still not known how the optimized 
properties are for obtaining good displacement in the entire 
annulus cross section. The annulus will most likely have a 
varying eccentricity, there will be occasional washouts and 
regular pipe joints. Furthermore there will be centralisers at 
planned positions in order to keep the pipe near center of the 
annulus. 
Several attempts have been performed to experimentally 
evaluate removal of drilling fluid by cement slurries. 
Examples of such tests include evaluation of density effects 
in cementing [3] by the use of clear model fluids. Learnings 
from these studies have been used to optimize cementing in 
the North Sea area. A very slow displacement with a high 
density cement was successfully used for a long horizontal 
North Sea cementing operation [4]. Later, the technique was 
used successfully in a yard test [5]. When it comes to 
rheological properties, it is difficult to select the correct 
properties. Neither the drilling fluid nor the cement 
viscosities can be described by the use of a single parameter. 
Then, given the large variation in annular geometries, there 
is almost an infinite number of combinations that can 
represent the optimum for displacement; making it difficult 
to even find rules of thumb how to improve a displacement 
result. 
To be able to design a proper primary cementing job it is 
necessary to have access to good numerical simulators. 
Most cementing companies have such simulators. These 
simulators are normally based on calculating laminar 
displacement in annuli with different eccentricities [6-9]. 
Still, these simulators need to be calibrated or 
mathematically closed by the addition of experimental 
results. Ideally, for presenting drilling and cementing data, 
full scale experiments are needed to handle all the parameter 
scaling issues [2,10]. This is, however, not practical. 
Hence, most simulators have to be calibrated towards 
laboratory scale experiments. 
Laboratory investigations has followed two directions. 
One direction is to use laboratory fluids [3, 11-13]. These 
experiments are typically conducted with fluids that allows 
for optical analysis. Hence, they are often conducted with 
transparent fluids. As being the case with the numerical 
simulations, they are conducted in regular annuli without 
any simulated washouts. The other direction is to use real 
cements [14,15]. The use of real cements introduce the 
possibility of having realistic particles into the flow. 
However, use of real cements creates a restriction of the 
number of tests to be performed. Still the focus is regular 
annuli without any simulated washouts. The current 
evaluation focuses on displacement in annuli with washouts. 
To be able to understand the physics of displacement, a 
series of experiments with laboratory fluids having a 
sufficient degree of transparency were used. 
2. EXPERIMENTAL 
Test setupThe results presented here are from tests in an advanced 
purpose-built flow rig for testing cement displacement 
efficiency. The test section was designed to represent the 
annular section caused by a 5" liner in a 6.5" borehole. The 
10 m long test section was constructed with transparent 
plastic pipes. The inner pipe can be rotated at 15 RPM in 
various fixed positions allowing tests with both eccentric 
and concentric inner pipe. The outer pipe's inner diameter 
was Do = 165 mm (6,5") and the inner pipe's outer diameter 
was Di= 127 mm (5"). The test section was used in both 
horizontal and inclined position. 
The test section was instrumented with conductivity 
probes in an array around the perimeter at 4 separate 
positions along the pipe. Together with cameras along the 
test section the fluid interphases was observed along the test 
section. Both concentric and eccentric inner pipe positions 
where applied in the reported tests. 
The displacing fluid was pumped with 0.5 m/s in the 
annulus with various other test parameters to investigate 
displacement efficiency. Experiments were conducted at 
ambient pressure and temperatures. This was considered 
sufficient for the purpose of these investigations, and is 
much more cost efficient than running experiments at 
reservoir conditions. The test section was mounted on a steel 
frame that can be tilted from horizontal and up to 30° 
inclination. Schematic of the test section is shown in figures 
1 and 2: 
 
 
Figure 1. Schematic of the flow rig test section. In this 
configuration, the fourth sub-section of the test section is 
an irregular wellbore sub-section. The irregularity 
consists of a higher outer diameter than the other 
sections. 
 
Test section consist of 5 sub-sections each of them had a 
length of 2 meters. The fourth sub-section is a transparent 
pipe with the inner diameter of Di = 280 mm to represent a 
washout section in the borehole. The results reported here 
are only from the 3 first sub-sections representing a regular 
liner in borehole situation without washouts. 
The inner pipe was constrained in 6 positions with ability 
for adjusting the eccentricity and rotation. The inner pipe 
rotated with a motor located in left side. Fluids were 
pumped into the test section from the right side as shown in 
figure 2. 
 
2 Copyright © 2017 ASME
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/03/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
 
Figure 2. Flow rig test section in horizontal position 
showing flow direction. Inlet to the right. 
 
The flow rig consisted of the following main 
components 
• Transparent inclinable test section with inner 
pipe 
• Motor for rotating the inner pipe 
• Separate liquid slurry tanks and pumps for 
displaced and displacing fluid 
• Waste tanks 
• Instrumentation 
• Connecting hoses 
 
Instrumentation includes: 
• FM1: flow meters 
• DP1-DP3: pressure transmitters 
• A-B-C-D: fluid interface detectors 
(conductivity probe arrays) 
• V1-V4: valves (with pneumatic actuators) 
• M: fluid mixing unit 
• C0: global conductivity probe 
• Video cameras 
• Logging system 
 
 
Figure 3. Sketch of the main components of the flow loop 
system 
 
Conductivity probes were placed in arrays deployed at 
the axial positions A-D. Results from array in position D is 
not reported here. Each array consist of 8 conductivity 
probes that were mounted on each of the four non-rotating 
outer couplings. Each probe consisted of two electrodes 
placed 8 mm apart (center to center distance) in the wall of 
the outer non-rotating coupling. The applied electrodes 
were 3 mm (diameter) machine screws in stainless steel. The 
electrodes are threaded in order to be adjusted to the 
required penetration depth, which in these tests were 5 mm 
into the flow. The order of the probes are shown in figure 4. 
 
 
 
Figure 4. Schematics of the test section flanges including 
the conductivity probes and the inner pipe constraining 
system in an eccentric position. View from the right side 
of the test section. 
 
A commercial conductivity probe was located at the 
outlet of the test section to measure the conductivity of the 
fluid exiting the section. This can be used to identifying the 
fluid types and calculating the overall displacement 
efficiency in each tests. The nominal conductivity range of 
the displaced fluid was 0.5 mS/cm while it was 14.5 mS/cm 
for the displacing fluid. 
The displacement during the experiments was recorded 
with several video cameras. The video cameras were 
located at the side and bottom of the test section. A LED 
light plate illuminated the pipe from the backside opposite 
the video cameras. 
 
Test procedures 
Before conducting displacement tests, the conductivity 
probes were calibrated. To do the calibration, the test section 
was first filled with the displaced fluid and the signal 
received from the probes adjusted to nominal conductivity 
of about 0.5 mS/cm. Then the test section was filled with the 
displaced fluid and the signal received from the probes was 
adjusted to a nominal conductivity of 14.5 mS/cm. These 
numbers were taken from a benchmark test with the selected 
test fluids. All displacement tests were conducted with pump 
rate set to provide an annular fluid velocity of 0.5 m/s. The 
test matrix also included reference tests, repetitions and tests 
for determining pressure offset values. 
The main test procedure was as follow: 
1. Start circulation of displaced fluid through the 
test section. 
2. Start circulation of displacing fluid through the 
bypass line. Flow rate adjusted to provide the 
annular velocity of 0.5 m/s in the test section. 
3. Continue circulation, log the conductivity 
probes and pressure differential cells. 
4. Start circulating the displacing fluid through the 
test section. 
5. Based on the global conductivity signal at the 
outlet of the test section, separate the fluids into 
the proper storage tanks (for either waste or re-
use). 
Inlet
Prob Nr. 1
Az: 22,5
Prob Nr. 8
Prob Nr. 7
Prob Nr. 6
Prob Nr. 5 Prob Nr. 4
Az: 157,5
Prob Nr. 3
Az: 112,5
Prob Nr. 2
Az: 67,5
3 Copyright © 2017 ASME
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/03/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
During the test period, all the valves were operated 
automatically. State of the circulating fluid trough the test 
section and valves position is shown in Table 1. 
 
Table 1. State of the flow inside the test section and valve 
positions 
 
Several displacement tests conducted in different conditions. 
Test matrix includes different test conditions such as position 
and rotation of the inner pipe, and inclination of the test 
section as summarized in table 2. 
 
Table 2. Test matrix and parameters 
 
 
Fluid properties 
The two fluids used in the tests reported here are model 
fluids designed for the purpose of this displacement 
experiment. The flow loop was initialized with the fluid to 
be displaced and the composition of this fluid was laponite 
mixed with water with ca 1.4% laponite by weight. During 
the preparation of the laponite based fluid, it was observed 
that rigorous mixing was required in order to obtain a 
homogenous mix. Hence, the mixing procedure was 
modified in two stages. The first stage consisted of 
preparing a concentrated laponite pre-mix with water with 
ca 13% to 14% laponite by weight. In the second stage, this 
pre-mix was diluted down to the design concentration of ca 
1.4% by weight by adding water, and then transferred into 
the test tank. 
The displacing fluid was a water and xanthan gum 
mixture. Multiple additive were included in order to achieve 
desired contrast with the displaced fluid. NaCl was added 
for electrical conductivity contrast, Na2CO3 was added for 
pH regulation, biocide MD-5111 was added for bacterial 
growth inhibition and barite was added for increasing mass 
densityand obtaining density and visual contrast with the 
displaced laponite fluid. 
The mass composition for the xanthan gum fluid with the 
additives is listed as follows: 
• Water = 85% 
• Xanthan gum = 0.67% 
• NaCl = 0.87% 
• Na2CO3 = 0.37% 
• Biocide = 0.093% 
• Barite = 12.5% to 13% 
The fluids were stable in the test period as ensured by 
internal circulation systems, frequent measurements (Fann 
and Anton Paar measurements) and accurate procedures for 
fluid handling. 
The fluids were selected because they are fairly simple to 
produce and provide a fair representation of fluids that are 
used on Norwegian Continental Shelf. In addition they can 
contain desired salinity level in order to identify the 
displacement front using conductivity probes. 
 
3. RESULTS 
In this chapter the results from the tests are presented. In 
all presented result plot a piston front is included to illustrate 
a perfect displacement front. This piston front is calculated 
based on the actual flow rate for each experiment. 
 
Concentric inner pipe position 
In this section results from experiments with concentric 
geometry are presented. 
 
Figure 5. The conductivity responses are plotted for 
axial positions A, B and C (see drawing lower, left) for 
concentric test section without rotation, comparing 
horizontal (solid lines) and inclined wellbore (dashed 
lines). Upper plot shows response from probe 8 near top 
(see drawing lower right) and lower plot shows response 
from probe 5 near bottom. The vertical lines represent a 
perfect displacement front. 
 
In Figure 5 the results from tests with concentric inner 
pipe are presented, comparing horizontal and inclined 
wellbore. Vertical lines with calculated piston (perfect 
displacement) front are added for each axial position 
reported. It is observed that the displacement occurs in the 
lowest position first and that this trend becomes stronger the 
further into the test section the front moves. Except at the 
Operational state Displaced 
fluid 
Displacing 
fluid 
V1 V2 V3 
Circulating displaced fluid ON OFF A B A 
Initialize displacement experiment OFF ON B A A 
Start displacement experiment (C < 5 mS/cm) OFF ON B A A 
Displacement experiment (5 mS/cm < C < 11 mS/cm) OFF ON B A B 
Displacement experiment (C > 11 mS/cm) OFF ON B A B 
Stop displacement experiment OFF OFF B A B 
Drain loop for displacing fluid OFF OFF B A B 
Circulate displaced fluid to remove residual displacing fluid ON OFF A B A 
 
 
Test Flow rate String rotation Standoff Inclination 
A 0.5 m/s 0 1 0 
B 0.5 m/s 15 1 0 
C 0.5 m/s 0 1 30 
D 0.5 m/s 15 1 30 
E 0.5 m/s 0 0.58 30 
F 0.5 m/s 15 0.58 30 
G 0.5 m/s 0 0.58 0 
 
4 Copyright © 2017 ASME
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/03/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
position closest to the inlet in inclined test section all 
displacement fronts at the low point are ahead of the 
modelled piston front. It seems like inclination angle affects 
the displacement at the bottom, and for the plotted cases the 
displacement is delayed due to inclination. 
For the positions on top of the pipe the results show that 
the displacement front arrives close to what the modelled 
piston function predicts. Some deviation is found, for 
instance at the position furthest from the inlet in the inclined 
section. Still it seems that the effect of inclination appears 
small at these positions. 
 
Eccentric inner pipe position 
Results from selected tests with the eccentricity on the 
inner pipe are reported here. 
 
Figure 6. The conductivity responses are plotted for 
axial positions A, B and C for test section inclined to 30 
degrees from horizontal. Upper plot shows response 
from probe 8 near top and lower plot shows response 
from probe 5 near bottom.The vertical lines represent a 
perfect displacement front. Solid lines represent tests 
with concentric inner pipe and dotted lines represent 
tests with eccentric inner pipe. 
 
In Figure 6 results with concentric and eccentric 
geometry for inclined test section are compared. The results 
show that the displacement at the top of the test section 
comes ahead of the calculated piston model except at the 
first position after the inlet. At this position the fronts are 
close to the piston front, but the concentric is slightly after 
while the eccentric results show that the front is ahead. 
Although the plots for concentric and eccentric results here 
seem to be very close to each other it is important to 
compare them to their modelled piston front. The piston 
front comes later for the inclined tests than at the horizontal 
as the flow velocity did not reach correct value as quickly in 
this setup. 
Near the bottom of the annulus the effect of eccentricity 
is much more dominant. For the concentric case (also shown 
in Figure 5) the fronts are close to, or ahead, of the piston 
front. While for the selected eccentricity the displacement 
comes much later. Further, it is observed that fluid 
displacement at the position A closest to the inlet occurs 
later than at the mid-section (position B). This indicates that 
for the eccentric case there is also a displacement from the 
upper parts of the section and into the region below the inner 
pipe and that an axial displacement front only can be found 
above this region. 
 
Rotation effects 
Rotation effects have been investigated by conducting a 
set of experiments with 15 RPM inner string rotation speed, 
see Table 2. 
 
Figure 7. The conductivity responses are plotted for 
axial positions A, B and C for inclined test section and 
eccentric inner pipe. The two plots represent the high 
point, position 8 (on top) and the low point, position 5 
(middle). The vertical lines represent the theoretical 
front. Solid lines represent tests without inner pipe 
rotation and dotted lines represent tests where the inner 
pipe is rotated at 15 RPM. 
 
In Figure 7 the effect of inner string rotation is 
demonstrated, comparing results for 0 RPM and 15 RPM 
with the test section in inclined, eccentric position. The 
most striking feature is the effect of the displacement in the 
narrow gap at the low side of the wellbore (position 5). 
Without rotation the displacement is severely delayed, and 
in fact occurs at position B before it occurs at position A. 
Thus, there is no true axial displacement front in the narrow 
5 Copyright © 2017 ASME
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/03/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
gap. With rotation we see that the displacement at radial 
position 5 occurs first at A, then at B and C, indicating axial 
displacement. This behavior is expected, considering that 
the displaced fluid has a non-zero yield strength and gelling 
tendencies. Without rotation the fluid in the narrow gap 
may initially be immovable but is eventually mobilized due 
to increased shear stress as the displacement progresses. 
 
Fluid dynamics 
Rotation increases the effective shear strain and shear 
stress in the narrow gap. This facilitates mobilization of the 
fluid in the narrow gap. Moreover, it creates a tangential 
transport of fluids due to the tangential shear stress. The 
first of these effects is probably the most important. The 
tangential velocity of the inner pipe is only 10 cm/s, 
compared to the average axial fluid velocity of 0.5 m/s. 
Nevertheless, we observe a significant effect of rotation also 
at the wide annular gap. This is clearly seen in the top plot 
of Figure 7. 
 
 
Figure 8. The conductivity responses are plotted for 
axial position B and radial positions 1 and 8 for eccentric 
inner pipe in inclined position with and without rotation. 
 
 The flow curves of the fluids match well with the 
Herschel-Bulkley model. Reynolds numbers calculated 
based on the parameters shown in Table 3 were 340 for the 
displacing fluid and 540 for the displacedfluid. Here, the 
Reynolds number was calculated from the wall viscosity 
[16] 
 Re h
w
UDρ
µ
= (1) 
 
Table 3. Herschel-Bulkley parameters from Fann 
measurements. 
Fluid K [Pa*s^n] τy [Pa] n [-] 
Displaced 0.15 6.7 0.62 
Displacing 0.58 9.1 0.51 
 
Thus, the flow is well into the laminar regime for both 
fluids. 
Although the tangential velocity of the inner string is 
only 20% of the mean axial flow velocity, we notice that the 
rotation has a significant effect on the flow distribution in 
the transversal plane. 
This is particularly noticeable for the eccentric 
configuration. This observation may be explained by 
transversal (tangential or swirling) fluid motion created by 
the pipe rotation. 
The steepness of the conductivity probe signals gives an 
indication of fluid mixing at the front at the radial position 
of the corresponding probe. 
One would intuitively expect that rotation will increase the 
degree of mixing at the displacement front, and thus a less 
steep front. This seems not to be the case in the present 
experiments. 
 
4. KEY OBSERVATIONS 
For experiments with eccentric inner pipe it looks as if 
there is no displacement front to be identified in the axial 
direction in the narrow gap. The results imply that 
displacement in this region is caused by displacing fluid 
from the wider area above being drained down by 
gravitational forces 
Experiments with concentric geometry appears to have a 
well defined, but inclined, axial displacement front. It is 
observed that the low area is displaced sooner than the top 
of the pipe, expectedly due to gravitational forces. When an 
inclination angle is applied the displacement at the low point 
is delayed compared to the horizontal case as the 
gravitational forces likely becomes less significant. 
An inner string (liner) rotation of 15 RPM provided good 
displacement for all tested conditions. Tests with rotation 
gave distinct axial displacement profiles ensuring that 
almost all fluid in the system was mobilized. 
5. CONCLUSIONS 
The following conclusions can be drawn from the 
experimental results: 
For the concentric geometry the density difference of the 
fluids dominates the displacement profile, and it is possible 
to identify a displacement profile through the axial 
positions. 
In eccentric geometry there are significant differences in 
the displacement between the narrow and wide area of the 
annulus. In the narrow section it is difficult to identify an 
axial displacement profile at all. It may be that the 
displacement in this region is caused by gravity-driven 
displacing fluid flowing down from the already displaced 
wide area above when there is no rotation. 
Rotation of the inner pipe provides a good displacement 
for all tested cases. Distinct axial displacement profiles were 
identified. This is likely due to the rotation causing a 
transversal transport of fluid. 
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
This article is based on work financed through DrillWell 
and the authors would like to thank the Research Council of 
Norway, Statoil, AkerBP, Wintershall, ConocoPhillips and 
Lundin Norway for funding this work. The authors would 
also like to thank MI-SWACO, Schlumberger for providing 
the chemicals used for the fluid design and the technical 
support by Knud Richard Gyland. 
6 Copyright © 2017 ASME
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/03/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
REFERENCES 
[1] Daccord, G., Guillot, D. and Nilsson, F., “Mud 
Removal”. In Nelson, E.B. and Guillot, D., Well 
Cementing, Schlumberger, Sugar Land, 2006. 
[2] Saasen, A., Lund, B. and Ytrehus, J.D., “Theoretical 
Basis for Prediction of Drilling Fluid Removal in 
Annuli”, paper OMAE2017-61030, ASME 2017 36th 
International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and 
Arctic Engineering, June 25-30, 2017, Trondheim, 
Norway 
[3] Jakobsen, J., Sterri, N., Saasen, A., Aas, B., Kjøsnes, I. 
and Vigen, A., "Displacements in Eccentric Annuli 
During Primary Cementing in Deviated Wells", paper 
SPE 21686, The Production Operations Symposium, 
Oklahoma City, April 7-9, 1991. 
[4] Kroken, W., Sjåholm, Å.J. and Olsen, A.S., Tide Flow: 
A Low Rate Density Driven Cementing Technique for 
Highly Deviated Wells”, paper SPE-35082-MS, 
SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, 12-15 March, New 
Orleans, Louisiana 
[5] Aas, B., Sørbø, J., Stokka, S., Saasen, A., Godøy, R., 
Lunde, Ø. and Vrålstad, T., “Cement Placement with 
Tubing Left in Hole during Plug and Abandonment 
Operations”, paper IADC/SPE 178840, IADC/SPE 
Conference and Exhibition, Fort Worth, Texas, USA, 1-
3 March, 2016. 
[6] Rasmussen, H.K., Hassager, O. and Saasen, A., 
"Viscous Flow with Large Fluid-Fluid Interface 
Displacement", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, vol 28, pp. 
859-881, 1998. 
[7] Tardy, P.M.J. and Bittleston, S.H., "A model for 
annular displacements of wellbore completion fluids 
involving casing movement", Journal of Petroleum 
Science and Engineering, vol. 128, pp. 128-139, 2015. 
doi:10.1016/j.petrol. 2014.12.018 
[8] Roustaei, A., Gosselin, A. and Frigaard, I.A., "Residual 
drilling mud during conditioning of uneven boreholes 
in primary cementing. Part 1: Rheology and geometry 
effects in non-inertial flows", Journal of Non-
Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol. 220, pp. 87-98, 2015. 
doi: 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2014.09.019 
[9] Roustaei, A. and Frigaard, I.A., "Residual drilling mud 
during conditioning of uneven boreholes in primary 
cementing. Part 2: Steady laminar inertial flows", 
Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol. 226, 
pp. 1-15, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2015.09.003 
[10] Saasen, A, “Annular Frictional Pressure Losses during 
Drilling – Predicting the Effect of Drillstring 
Rotation”, Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 
vol. 136, no. 034501, 2014. doi: 10.1115/1.4026205 
[11] Vefring, E.H., Bjørkevoll, K.S., Hansen, S.A., Sterri, 
N., Sævareid, O., Aas, B. and Merlo, A., "Optimization 
of Displacement Efficiency During Primary 
Cementing", paper SPE 39009, The Fifth Latin 
American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conf. 
and Exhibit., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 30 August – 3 
September, 1997. 
[12] Flumerfelt, R.W., “Laminar Displacement of Non-
Newtonian Fluids in Parallel Plate and Narrow Gap 
Annular Geometries”, Society of Petroleum Engineers 
Journal, vol. 15, article SPE-4486-PA, 1975. 
http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/4486-PA 
[13] Mannheimer, R.J. Laminar and turbulent flow of 
cement slurries in large diameter pipe: A comparison 
with laboratory viscometers, J. Rheology, vol. 35, pp. 
113-134, 1991. http://doi.org/10.1122/1.550223 
[14] Wilson, M.A. and Sabins, F.L. "A Laboratory 
Investigation of Cementing Horizontal Wells", SPE 
Drilling Engineering, vol. 30, pp. 275-280, 1988. 
[15] Ravi, K.M., Beirute, R.M. and Covington, R.L., 
"Erodability of Partially Dehydrated Gelled Drilling 
Fluid and Filter Cake", paper SPE 24571, 67th Ann. 
Techn. Conf. and Exhibit of the SPE, Washington DC, 
October 4-7, 1992. 
[16] Jaafar, A., M.P. Escudier, and R.J. Poole, "Transition to 
turbulence in a concentric annular pipe", 7th 
International Symposium on Ultrasonic Doppler 
Methods for Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Engineering. 
2010: Chalmers University, Gothenburg. 
 
7 Copyright © 2017 ASME
Downloaded From: http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/03/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2015.02.007
http://sor.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1122/1.550223
http://sor.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1122/1.550223
http://sor.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1122/1.550223
http://doi.org/10.1122/1.550223