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parasites of crustaceans , asteroids , and fish ; five genera. \u2013 Anophryoides de Puytorac & Grolière, 1979 (subj. syn. Paranophrys ) \u2013 Mesanophrys Small & Lynn in Aescht, 2001 \u2013 Metanophrys de Puytorac, Grolière, Roque, & Detcheva, 1974 \u2013 Orchitophrya Cépède, 1907 \u2013 Paranophrys Thompson & Berger, 1965 Family PARALEMBIDAE Corliss & de Puytorac in Small & Lynn, 1985 (syn. Anophryidae ) Size, small; shape, ovoid with anterior and posterior ends naked ; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous; caudal cilium, long; oral region, may be extensive, with long paroral beginning at level of oral polykinetid 2, which is more than three times longer than oral polyki- netid 3, and with oral polykinetid 3 typically oriented transverse to previous two ; scutica, a large patch of kinetosomes; macronucleus, globu- lar to ellipsoid, rarely elongate; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct, present; bacterivorous and histophagous; in marine habitats with some species in marine detritus or \u201csnow\u201d; six genera. \u2013 Anophrys Cohn, 1866 \u2013 Cryptolembus Gunderson, 1985 \u2013 Magnalembus Small & Lynn, 1985 \u2013 Mesolembus Small & Lynn, 1985 \u2013 Ovolembus Small & Lynn, 1985 \u2013 Paralembus Jankowski, 2007 Family PARAURONEMATIDAE Small & Lynn, 1985 Size, small; shape, pyriform to ovoid; free- swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, not dense; caudal cilium, prominent; oral region in anterior half of body, as shallow cavity with pos- terior segments of the paroral segment skewed to left of midventral postoral region ; scutica often as linear file, in middle to left side of direc- tor meridian, sometimes extending anteriorly to the posterior end of the paroral, but can be \u201cY\u201d-shaped ; macronucleus, globular to ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct, present; life cycle of several genera including microstome-macrostome transformation; bacterivorous or histophagous; in marine habitats; four genera. \u2013 Glauconema Thompson, 1966 \u2013 Miamiensis Thompson & Moewus, 1964 \u2013 Parauronema Thompson, 1967 \u2013 Potomacus Thompson, 1966 Family PHILASTERIDAE Kahl, 1931 (syn. Frontoniidae p.p ., Porpostomatidae p.p.) Size, small to large; shape, elongate to finger- shaped, though ovoid in smaller genera, with anterior end bluntly tapered; free-swimming; somatic cilia- tion, holotrichous, dense; caudal cilium, single, may be inconspicuous; oral region, an anterior cavity or depression, usually shallow, rarely extending to equator ; oral polykinetid 1 triangular, equal to or smaller than oral polykinetid 2 ; scutica, elon- gated as posterior extension of paroral into direc- tor meridian ; macronucleus, globular to ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct, present; bacterivorous, but sometimes histophagous; in marine habitats, predominantly as free-living forms, although several species are 17.3 The Ciliate Taxa to Genus 417 facultative parasites, being histophagous on or in invertebrates and vertebrates; seven genera. \u2013 Helicostoma Cohn, 1866 \u2013 Kahlilembus Grolière & Couteaux, 1984 \u2013 Madsenia Kahl, 1934 \u2013 Paraphilaster Grolière, de Puytorac, & Grain, 1980 \u2013 Philaster Fabre-Domergue, 1885 \u2013 Philasterides Kahl, 1931 \u2013 Porpostoma Moebius, 1888 (subj. syn. Heli- costoma ) Family PSEUDOCOHNILEMBIDAE Evans & Thompson, 1964 Size, small; shape, elongate-pyriform; free- swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, sparse; caudal cilium, present; oral region, long and shal- low; oral polykinetids with long axes aligned more or less with long axis of body and oral region; paroral extending to middle of oral polykinetid 1, which itself extends to the ante- rior end and in line with the paroral, oral polykinetid 2 as one kinetosomal file parallel to these, and oral polykinetid 3 as tiny left pos- terior-lateral extension of oral polykinetid 2 ; macronucleus, globular to ellipsoid; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct, present; bacterivorous or scavengers; in marine, brackish, and saline habitats as free-living forms with occasional species entocommensal in the intestines of echinoids , but freshwater and copro- zoic strains known in one species; one genus. \u2013 Pseudocohnilembus Evans & Thomspon, 1964 Family SCHIZOCARYIDAE Jankowski, 1979 (syn. Schizocary[um]idae ) Size, medium; shape, ovoid and somewhat dorsoventrally flattened ; free-swimming, but highly thigmotactic; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, dense; somatic kinetids, cirrus-like, as unique polykinetids with the posterior rightmost kine- tosome bearing the typical three fibrillar associ- ates of the class and 2\u201312 or more kinetosomes clustered anteriorly to it ; oral region in anterior half as an elongate groove with oral ciliature apparently a series of transverse rows of kineto- somes ; division by palintomy within a reproductive cyst, involving dedifferentiation of trophont oral structures prior to cell divisions; macronucleus, fragmented, up to eight or more irregular pieces ; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); bacterivorous and detritivo- rous; in marine habitats as endocommensals in the esophagus of echinoderms , so far recorded only from the Pacific Ocean basin; one genus. NOTE : Lynn and Strüder-Kypke (2002) have used small subunit rRNA gene sequences to relate Schizocaryum to philasterine scuticociliates , close to the genus Anophryoides . Careful examination of division morphogenesis may uncover developmen- tal characters that corroborate this placement. \u2013 Schizocaryum Poljansky & Golikova, 1957 Family THIGMOPHRYIDAE Chatton & Lwoff, 1926 (syns. Cochliodomidae , Conchophyllidae , Myxo- phyllidae ) Size, medium; shape, elongate ovoid, laterally flattened; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, hol- otrichous, dense, with very dense thigmotactic ciliature, on the anterior left surface of the body ; oral region, a cavity in the posterior 1/4 of the body, with oral ciliature as a reduced and inconspicuous paroral and a single oral polyki- netid ; macronucleus, globular to ellipsoid, but sometimes band-form and nodular; micronucleus, present; contractile vacuole, present; cytoproct (?); bacterivorous(?); in marine and terrestrial habitats as commensals in the mantle cavity and occasion- ally the slime of terrestrial pulmonates and espe- cially marine bivalve molluscs , and one species endocommensal in a nemertine worm, which itself lives in the mantle cavity of a bivalve mollusc ; six genera. \u2013 Cochliodomus Raabe, 1971 \u2013 Cochliophilus Kozloff, 1945 \u2013 Conchophyllum Raabe, 1936 \u2013 Myxophthirus Da Silva Neto, 1992 \u2013 Myxophyllum Raabe, 1934 \u2013 Thigmophrya Chatton & Lwoff, 1923 Family THYROPHYLACIDAE Berger in Corliss, 1961 (syn. Thyrophylaxidae ) Size, large; shape, ovoid, laterally compressed, with prominent anterodorsal suture and minute 418 17. The Ciliate Taxa Including Families and Genera caudal projection; free-swimming; somatic cili- ation, holotrichous, dense; oral region as large, deep oral cavity with right somatic kineties lining its right wall and a large oral polykinetid 2 lining the entire left wall ; macronucleus, ellip- soid to elongate ellipsoid; micronuclei, numerous; contractile vacuoles, multiple; cytoproct, present; carnivorous on other ciliates ; in marine habitats as endocommensals in the intestines of echinoids , so far recorded only from the Pacific Ocean basin; two genera. \u2013 Plagiopyliella Poljansky, 1951 \u2013 Thyrophylax Lynn & Berger, 1973 Family URONEMATIDAE Thompson, 1964 Size, small; shape, ovoid to elongate-ovoid, with anterior end slightly flattened and ante- rior pole conspicuously naked ; free-swimming; somatic ciliation, holotrichous, sparse; caudal cil- ium, one or more; oral region, anterior,