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19/12/2020 Por que o Brasil não está caminhando para o common law, e por que isso importa – Mello e Souza & Associados
melloesouza.adv.br/2018/05/03/por-que-o-brasil-nao-esta-caminhando-para-o-common-law-e-por-que-isso-importa/ 1/20
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19/12/2020 Por que o Brasil não está caminhando para o common law, e por que isso importa – Mello e Souza & Associados
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19/12/2020 Por que o Brasil não está caminhando para o common law, e por que isso importa – Mello e Souza & Associados
melloesouza.adv.br/2018/05/03/por-que-o-brasil-nao-esta-caminhando-para-o-common-law-e-por-que-isso-importa/ 3/20
Por que o Brasil não está caminhando para o
common law, e por que isso importa
Por Pedro Henrique Reschke, Advogado e Professor do CESUSC
 
What seems most special about Common Law jurisdictions is that
they have a great deal of case law that is not about the
interpretation of legislation. It is only about the interpretation
of other case law.”[1]
 
 I – Introdução;
O Brasil está se transformando num país de common law – ou, pelo menos, essa é a
conclusão atingida por muitos dos estudos recentes de direito processual civil. Ao
interpretar o significado do reconhecimento da importância dos precedentes, em nível
constitucional (Emenda Constitucional n. 45/2004) e infraconstitucional (CPC de 2015),
parcela significativa da doutrina afirma estarmos diante de transformação da natureza do
sistema jurídico brasileiro, que estaria abandonando suas origens de civil law rumo a uma
versão tupiniquim do common law anglo-saxão.
Segundo Fredie Didier Jr., por exemplo, o Brasil teria sofrido tamanha influência do
common law que não é mais possível considerá-lo um sistema exclusivamente civil law, mas
uma espécie de sistema híbrido, um brazilian law[2]. Sergio Gilberto Porto fala na
commonlawlização do sistema brasileiro em decorrência da adoção de institutos como a
repercussão geral e a súmula vinculante[3]. Marinoni parte da premissa de que o respeito
aos precedentes é um instituto típico do common law, ao qual o direito brasileiro tem
necessidade de “se render”[4]. O Ministro Teori Zavascki afirmou publicamente que
“caminhamos a passos largos para o common law”[5]. Essa “evolução” rumo ao common law é
também mencionada em decisões judiciais, especialmente no âmbito dos tribunais
superiores, como justificativa para a utilização de institutos como a uniformização de
jurisprudência [6]e julgamento de demandas repetitivas.
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19/12/2020 Por que o Brasil não está caminhando para o common law, e por que isso importa – Mello e Souza & Associados
melloesouza.adv.br/2018/05/03/por-que-o-brasil-nao-esta-caminhando-para-o-common-law-e-por-que-isso-importa/ 4/20
Claro, essas vozes não são unânimes; há também quem defenda opinião diversa: instituir o
respeito a alguns precedentes e provimentos vinculantes não significa modificar a
natureza de um sistema jurídico. Mas, de forma geral, é possível identificar no imaginário
jurídico brasileiro uma associação forte entre vinculação às decisões judiciais – de
qualquer natureza – como algo que não nos pertence. Qualquer coisa além da perspectiva
decisionista do livre convencimento é tida como incompatível com nosso sistema, pelo que
seria veemente a necessidade dessa reforma “importada” do common law. A salvação está lá
fora.
Este trabalho defende que o Brasil não caminha para o common law, e que isso não é apenas
um problema semântico. Dizer que o Brasil está se tornando common law é cometer, pelo
menos, dois erros fundamentais. Em primeiro lugar, significa adotar uma concepção
excessivamente reducionista de civil law e de common law. Segundo, e mais grave,
significa emprestar ao “sistema brasileiro de precedentes”[7] uma legitimidade material
que não é automática, mas precisa ser conquistada na prática.
 
II – Os sistemas jurídicos do mundo ocidental;
O conceito de sistema jurídico, no direito comparado, tem um propósito eminentemente
classificatório. Não é o mesmo que falar em sistema jurídico no contexto do estudo de um
determinado ordenamento jurídico. Nesse caso, a expressão ganha um significado
distinto, referindo-se ao conjunto de normas vigentes dentro de um determinado país;
aqui, a expressão sistema jurídico pode ser tomada como sinônimo de ordenamento
jurídico.
Já no direito comparado, sistemas jurídicos são modelos ideais, baseados nas principais
características que se apresentam em ordenamentos jurídicos distintos. Assim, dizer que
determinado país adota um sistema de civil law não significa dizer que ele seja exatamente
igual aos outros que compõem o mesmo sistema. Falar em sistemas ou tradições jurídicas
significa sacrificar peculiaridades em nome de possibilidades de diálogo comparativo,
moldando alguns arquétipos básicos baseados em padrões reconhecíveis em um grupo de
sistemas semelhantes. Mirjan Damaska compara a atividade de classificação dos sistemas
jurídicos à classificação de obras de arte em determinados estilos. Ninguém dirá, por
exemplo, que a catedral de Notre Dame não pertence ao estilo gótico em razão da falta de
pináculos, pois o restante de sua estrutura é formado por elementos que indicam
aproximação com o arquétipo da arquitetura gótica[8].
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19/12/2020 Por que o Brasil não está caminhando para o common law, e por que isso importa – Mello e Souza & Associados
melloesouza.adv.br/2018/05/03/por-que-o-brasil-nao-esta-caminhando-para-o-common-law-e-por-que-isso-importa/ 5/20
Assim, afirmar que o Brasil e a França são ambos países de civil law, por exemplo, não serve
para nada além de passar algumas informações muito elementares sobre as principais
características dos dois sistemas jurídicos. Na prática, existem diferenças gritantes entre
os dois – o sistema de controle de constitucionalidade brasileiro tem grandes inspirações
anglo-saxãs, por exemplo – mas nem por isso eles deixam de ser países de civil law. Tal
classificação envolve, além de um enquadramento geométrico de determinado
ordenamento no sistema-tipo, a direção do desenvolvimento histórico de cada país. A
questão, em suma, é de tradição jurídica.
O arquétipo, assim, serve para descrever características gerais de todos os ordenamentos
jurídicos que nele se enquadram, mas não serve para entender com precisão nenhum deles.
É com esse conceito de “sistema jurídico”, entendido como modelo ideal e não como um
conjunto de regras rígidas, que se trabalhará no restante deste estudo.
 
III – Ser common law não é apenas respeitar precedentes – e vice-versa;
O sistema inglês foi construído, desde o fim do absolutismo no século XIII, a partir da ideia
da judge-made law, embora o reconhecimento e a efetiva aplicação da doutrina do stare
decisis seja muito mais recente – apenas em 1898 a House of Lords reconheceu
expressamente a obrigação de respeitar seus próprios precedentes[9].
Nos países anglo-saxões não há termos distintos para o direito e para a lei. Ambos são law.
E há diversos tipos de law – diversos sistemas, no sentido interno – dentro de cada um
desses países. Há o direito legislado (statute law). Há o direito casuístico (case law), mais
propriamente alinhado com aquilo que chamamos de direito jurisprudencial. E há o direito
costumeiro (costumary law)[10]. Todos eles fazem parte do direito positivo dos países que
adotam o sistema de common law. Mas os dois últimos formam, mais propriamente, a
common law, como sistema autônomo, paralelo ao direito legislado – de modo que um
jurista americano ou inglês, deparando-se com uma questão problemática, poderá buscar a
solução para determinada questão de direito na lei legislada ou na common law. Há, então,
um corpo autônomo de direito positivo, que vem exclusivamente da tradição, construído a
partir de interpretações da lei escrita e dele próprio (pois a principal característica do
common law é que ele se constrói com base em interpretações jurisprudenciais de decisões
anteriores); e também há um outro corpo, de direito legislado[11].
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19/12/2020 Por que o Brasil não está caminhando para o common law, e por que isso importa – Mello e Souza & Associados
melloesouza.adv.br/2018/05/03/por-que-o-brasil-nao-esta-caminhando-para-o-common-law-e-por-que-isso-importa/ 6/20
Assim, os países anglo-saxões não só são países de common law, como também possuem uma
common law, ou seja, um conjunto de normas construídas paulatinamente por meio do
respeito a costumes e decisões judiciais vinculantes. O stare decisis não se impõe de uma
hora para outra, mas surge organicamente no meio desta tradição jurídica previamente
formada. Por isso, quando a House of Lords inglesa reconheceu a obrigação de seguir seus
próprios precedentes pela primeira vez em 1898, não o fez num vácuo ideológico.
Reconheceu-se que o stare decisis já era uma tradição secular, baseada no respeito ao
corpo pré-existente de princípios jurídicos consolidados pela tradição de respeito às
decisões anteriores, embora só naquele momento recebesse menção expressa[12].
Embora impere na prática a associação entre common law e precedentes – “o common law
facilmente vislumbrou que a certeza jurídica apenas poderia ser obtida mediante o stare
decisis”[13], afirma Marinoni –, é preciso destacar que não há convergência absoluta entre
common law e judge-made law. O sistema é caracterizado por outras peculiaridades: estilo
discursivo, atitude dos juristas, estrutura organizacional[14]. De acordo com os modelos
apontados por Damaska, a common law, em linhas gerais, tem uma estrutura colaborativa,
ao invés de hierárquica, pois o processo costuma ser oral, realizado num só ato – o trial –
e se resolver em apenas um grau de jurisdição; o acesso às vias recursais é mitigado e não
ocorre dentro do mesmo eixo procedimental. A formação daquilo que chamaríamos de
autos (embora o processo não possua, via de regra, a mesma representação física) é de
responsabilidade dos advogados, que apresentam as provas e argumentos oralmente
perante o juiz[15]. Enfim: o common law tem peculiaridades que vão muito além de um
enfoque maior da lei criada pelo magistrado.
Aliás, mesmo sob esse ponto de vista, a relação entre common law e o stare decisis não é
imune a críticas. Primeiro porque, apesar das centenas de anos de tradição, ainda não
existe uma obra definitiva sobre a natureza do precedente judicial, nem sobre a origem da
autoridade vinculante, que ainda são frequentemente investigadas[16] (especialmente
porque a vinculação é um dado, um fato pré-existente, que os filósofos do common law
buscam investigar – rigorosamente o contrário do que ocorre no sistema brasileiro, onde
a autoridade vinculante é algo que não existe e se pretende implementar). Em segundo
lugar, porque a superioridade do stare decisis como fonte de previsibilidade e segurança
jurídica não é incontroversa. Jeremy Waldron, professor da NYU, é crítico contundente da
previsibilidade trazida por precedentes que só são interpretados à luz de casos
subsequentes, ao invés de estabelecer regras gerais e abstratas[17] (resgatando, assim, a
clássica crítica de Bentham, equiparando o direito jurisprudencial a regras de
comportamento canino – dog law).
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19/12/2020 Por que o Brasil não está caminhando para o common law, e por que isso importa – Mello e Souza & Associados
melloesouza.adv.br/2018/05/03/por-que-o-brasil-nao-esta-caminhando-para-o-common-law-e-por-que-isso-importa/ 7/20
No nosso contexto atual, que vê nos precedentes uma espécie de válvula de escape
necessária e inevitável para o problema da jurisprudência lotérica, parece estranho saber
que o precedente judicial é um fenômeno ainda incompreendido dentro do próprio common
law. Igualmente peculiar é descobrir que há correntes sérias de pesquisa nos países anglo-
saxões defendendo uma mitigação do stare decisis em favor do fortalecimento de uma
codificação nos moldes do civil law – não seria esse, exatamente, o nosso problema? Isso
deve ser interpretado como sinal claro de que o common law não é um sistema fechado,
que já resolveu todos os seus problemas. A doutrina do precedente – que cogitamos
importar e instaurar por meio de lei no nosso sistema – ainda vem sendo constantemente
trabalhada e aprimorada na prática. Ela não é um “ponto final” no sistema do common law,
e nem poderá ser vista como tal dentro do ordenamento brasileiro.
 
IV – A tradição jurídica brasileira e o impacto das decisões vinculantes;
Demonstrou-se o que é um sistema jurídico, na ótica do direito comparado, e expuseram-se
as principais características dos sistemas de common law, enquanto arquétipos ideais.
Falta analisar, então, se é realmente nisso que o Brasil está se transformando – se é que
está se transformando mesmo em alguma coisa.
Estudar para onde vai o Brasil exige que se entenda de onde ele parte. Zaneti Jr. aponta um
“paradoxo metodológico” desde a origem do nosso sistema: a nossa ordem político-
constitucional é de veia republicana e federativa, inspirada no modelo norte-americano,
enquanto os demais ramos do direito infraconstitucional, privado e público (inclusive o
direito processual), são tipicamente romano-germânicos[18]. Apesar dessa construção
mista, que poderia levar à compreensão de que já seríamos um pouco common law, é essa
veia romano-germânica que inspira o funcionamento e o método do nosso Judiciário. Por
isso, é possível classificar o direito brasileiro, assim como os demais sistemas jurídicos
latino-americanos, como um sistema de civil law.
De fato, o sistema brasileiro é influenciado pela visão positivista focada no Poder
Legislativo como foco produtor de normas jurídicas, decorrente da Revolução Francesa,
da aplicação neutra e imparcial do direito pelo juiz, que se limitava a simplesmente ditar a
vontade concreta da lei – que, por sua própria natureza, era um texto geral e abstrato[19].
Nesse sentido, o magistrado não teria poder interpretativo nem criador do direito.
Caberia aos representantes políticos diretos da população a criação prévia das normas,
que ao juiz e ao Poder Judiciário cumpriria apenas dar efetividade, através da subsunção
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19/12/2020 Por que o Brasil não está caminhando para o common law, e por que isso importa – Mello e Souza & Associados
melloesouza.adv.br/2018/05/03/por-que-o-brasil-nao-esta-caminhando-para-o-common-law-e-por-que-isso-importa/ 8/20
dos fatos do caso concreto à prescrição normativa. Essa visão foi também defendida por
Jeremy Bentham, filosófo inglês, que era irretratável crítico do sistema de precedentes e
defensor de uma codificação completa, nos moldes do que a França pós-revolucionária
pretendia com seu Code Napoleon (a posição de Bentham acabou superada pela prática do
common law, embora suas críticas ao sistema de precedentes tenham, curiosamente,
ajudado a moldá-lo[20]).
A base filosófica brasileira, assim, não é a de criação do direito pelos tribunais, mas a da
crença na univocidade da lei e do juiz como mero aplicador neutro do direito. Nosso
sistema é construído tendo por base a legitimidade democrática do direito produzido
pelos representantes do povo, e no juiz enquanto aplicador. Por outro lado, o avanço da
teoria do direito dos países de civil law, apoiado nas concepções interpretativas pós-
positivistas, reconheceu a impossibilidade de aplicar o texto normativo como tendo
sentido em si próprio.[21] A renovada força das decisões judiciais – que levou alguns
teóricos a falarem em legisprudence, que não é nem só legislação, nem só jurisprudência –
é decorrência desse fenômeno.
Além de uma necessidade teórica, decorrente da necessidade de tratar o jurisdicionado
com isonomia e diminuir o efeito nocivo das decisões judiciais fragmentadas, a atenção à
força da jurisprudência no civil law brasileiro também é uma forma de lidar com a
litigiosidade repetitiva que prejudica o bom funcionamento do Poder Judiciário.
Desde 1963, quando foi criado o instituto das súmulas, já se fala na recepção da fórmula do
stare decisis pelo ordenamento brasileiro[22]; os principais comentários e justificativas
doutrinárias para os institutos da repercussão geral e da súmula vinculante, tidos a
partir da Emenda Constitucional n. 45/2004, também afirmavam serem ambos institutos de
veia tipicamente anglo-saxã. E o CPC de 2015, especialmente em seus arts. 926 e 927, instituiu
um rol de provimentos judiciais que são vinculantes para o órgão que os proferiu e aqueles
hierarquicamente subordinados. Trata-se, assim, da coroação de uma tendência
decorrente da evolução histórica natural do sistema brasileiro.
Esse conjunto de decisões vinculantes, estruturados como normas jurídicas emitidas pelo
Judiciário, põe em conflito duas concepções de precedente: de um lado, garantidor da
isonomia formal, e, de outro, um modo de resolver rapidamente causas repetitivas que
afogam o Judiciário, – conflito que pode também ser posto como uma contraposição entre
racionalidade da decisão judicial e segurança jurídica do precedente. O precedente com
força vinculante ope legis, estruturado por meio de provimentos judiciais obrigatórios
(sem atenção às razões fundamentais de decidir), é emblemático dessa segunda concepção.
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19/12/2020 Por que o Brasil não está caminhando para o common law, e por que isso importa – Mello e Souza & Associados
melloesouza.adv.br/2018/05/03/por-que-o-brasil-nao-esta-caminhando-para-o-common-law-e-por-que-isso-importa/ 9/20
Em linhas gerais, é esse o estado da arte do precedente judicial no Brasil; resta investigar,
então, se esse “desvirtuamento” do civil law padrão é razão suficiente para se dizer que o
Brasil estaria passando por uma transformação sistêmica.
 
V – O Brasil não está se transformando em common law;
A pretensão de diferenciar common law e civil law simplesmente pela origem da norma
jurídica – construída judicialmente no primeiro caso e pela lei escrita no segundo – é
tentadora pela simplicidade e pela didática. Essa diferença básica de fato existe, mas é uma
questão cultural, muito mais do que um problema simples de fonte do direito. Definir o
common law pela falta de um código legislativo organizado é aderir a um modelo ideal de
common law que não corresponde à realidade daqueles países. Trata-se, em suma, de uma
solução elegantemente errada para um problema complexo. A produção legislativa no
common law nos últimos anos tem sido significativa, a ponto de a lei feita unicamente
pelos juízes hoje constituir a exceção, não a regra[23]. Paralelamente, sistemas de civil law
– como o Brasil[24] e outros países da Europa continental[25] – vêm aumentando a
confiança que depositam nas decisões passadas dos tribunais como fonte de direito.
À primeira vista, então, a divisão pelo ponto de vista lei vs. precedente não é suficiente para
dar conta da diferença entre os dois sistemas. Segundo Taruffo, o mesmo se pode dizer de
outro critérios tradicionais de separação, que contrapõe os sistemas de civil law e
common law como predominantemente orais ou escritos, respectivamente; ou, ainda, com
olhos ao tipo de processo, se adversarial ou inquisitorial[26].
Assim como a dicotomia de fontes, essas oposições simples não dão conta de toda a
complexidade que separa os dois sistemas. As diferenças entre os dois são históricas e
comportamentais, vinculadas ao modo como cada um deles foi construído, e a como se
enxerga e se aplica o direito e os precedentes. Talvez a principal característica que
realmente diferencie os dois sistemas, pelo menos do ponto de vista da aplicação do
direito, seja a cultura argumentativa construída nos países de common law como requisito
para a adequada operacionalização da cultura de precedentes[27], desenvolvida em torno
do centenário corpo de decisões que formam a “lei comum” da Inglaterra. Reconhecem-se
os precedentes não como uma fonte de vinculação formal (como se pretende fazer no
Brasil), mas como forma de construir, dentro do ordenamento jurídico, coerência e
coesão, evitando que  a jurisprudência se torne, nas palavras de Neil MacCormick, uma
“selva de exemplos isolados”[28]. O advogado do common law aprendeu a se apegar não à
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19/12/2020 Por que o Brasil não está caminhando para o common law, e por que isso importa – Mello e Souza & Associados
melloesouza.adv.br/2018/05/03/por-que-o-brasil-nao-esta-caminhando-para-o-common-law-e-por-que-isso-importa/ 10/20
literalidade do texto dos precedentes ou à norma geral e abstrata enunciada pelo juiz que
resolveu aquele caso, mas às razões fundamentais de decidir. O que vincula é aquilo que
foi efetivamente decidido, não o que foi dito[29].
Há diferenças fundamentais entre as ferramentas de objetivação processual adotadas pelo
legislador brasileiro e um real sistema argumentativo de precedentes que se preocupe com
a construção da decisão judicial com integridade[30]. Na verdade, a própria ideia de
precedente dos países de common law não é compatível com o modelo brasileiro trazido
pelo CPC de 2015. Um juiz inglês jamais encontrará um dispositivo legal que expressamente
o obrigue a seguir determinado entendimento esposado pela House of Lords, mas
provavelmente não se afastará do precedente, por entender o valor principiológico do
tratamento uniforme dos jurisdicionados. A regra do precedente, por ser racional e
argumentativa, é sempre falseável[31]. Enquanto isso, o juiz brasileiro que se deparar com
algum pronunciamento vinculante, deverá acompanhar aquele entendimento, por força da
disposição normativa. Essa é a primeira e mais elementar das diferenças – mas, por si só,
nada significa. Não é difícil imaginar um efetivo sistema de precedentes que tenha sua
gênese numa disposição normativa, desde que seja aplicado racional e
argumentativamente.
A real diferença reside no método. Os provimentos vinculantes no direito brasileiro se
estruturam como enunciados normativos. Não há preocupação com as razões que levaram o
juiz a tomar determinada decisão, nem com os princípios jurídicos que o orientaram, mas
apenas com o resultado final do julgamento, traduzido – pelo próprio julgador – num
enunciado geral e abstrato, nos moldes de uma norma. Como se esse enunciado judicial
fosse resultado de um processo de interpretação da lei e não dependesse, ele próprio, de
interpretação[32]. Trabalhamos com precedentes da mesma forma que trabalhamos com a
lei, esperando, no fundo, que a aplicação do precedente se dê por mera subsunção.
Evoluímos, assim, do “juiz boca-da-lei” ao “juiz boca-da-súmula”. Por isso, a figura das
súmulas, assim como das súmulas vinculantes, acoplou-se com facilidade ao imaginário
jurídico brasileiro, criando como que um “stare decisis à brasileira”.
Enquanto isso, a aplicação dos precedentes no common law é argumentativa: o que vincula
os casos subsequentes não é uma regra geral anunciada pelo juiz do precedente, mas a
razão fundamental de decidir (ratio decidendi), que cabe ao julgador do caso futuro
extrair. Assim, tal aplicação é necessariamente prática e argumentativa: ao juiz não basta
aplicar uma resposta pré-moldada, mas sim estudar os princípios que orientaram a decisão
anterior e aplicá-los, de forma coerente, ao caso atual[33]. Essa cultura argumentativa,
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