Buscar

vel-1-etschirner

Prévia do material em texto

Er
w
in
 T
sc
hi
rn
er
 
RESUMEN: El Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas (MCER) se 
concibe como un documento de diálogo entre los representantes de las diver-
sas lenguas extranjeras, es decir un diálogo entre las diferentes instituciones así 
como un diálogo entre los países y sus culturas. En México y Latinoamérica no 
resulta tan fácil establecer el diálogo entre las lenguas extranjeras, las indígenas y 
aquéllas de los inmigrantes así como entre las instancias políticas, económicas y 
educativas En el presente artículo nos proponemos presentar las propuestas del 
MCER así como aquéllas de las Normas de Habilidades (Proficiency Guidelines) 
marcadas por el Consejo Americano de Enseñanza de Lenguas Extranjeras a fin 
de tratar las colaboraciones ya establecidas entre ambos sistemas, identificar las 
ventajas que se derivan de dichas colaboraciones y finalmente, proveer sugeren-
cias para la concepción de un posible marco mexicano de referencia o incluso un 
marco común latinoamericano. 
PALABRAS CLAVE: MCER, ACTFL, diálogo, culturas. 
ABSTRACT: The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages 
(CEFR) is conceived as a document to promote dialogue between representa-
tives from diverse foreign languages, that is, a dialogue between different in-
stitutions as well as a dialogue between countries and cultures. In Mexico and 
Latin America it is not as easy to establish such a dialogue between foreign lan-
guages, indigenous languages and those of immigrants as well as between the 
political, economic and educational authorities. In this paper we aim to present 
the proposals of the CEFR and the Proficiency Guidelines set out by the Ameri-
can Council on Teaching Foreign Languages to study the existing collaboration 
between the two frameworks, identifying the advantages that arise from such 
collaborations and finally, to provide suggestions for the design of a possible 
Mexican framework of reference or even a Latin American common framework. 
KEYWORDS: CEFR, ACTFL, dialogue, cultures.
-T�5IZKW�+WU�V�-]ZWXMW�LM�:MNMZMVKQI�
MV�LQnTWOW�KWV�MT�actfl"�
QVLQKILWZM[�LM�KWUXM\MVKQI
VERBUM ET LINGUA
NÚM. 1
2013
Erwin Tschirner 
Universidad de Leipzig 
26 Juan Villoro. Te doy mi palabra...
1V\ZWL]KKQ~V
-T�5IZKW�+WU�V�-]ZWXMW�LM�:MNMZMVKQI�
para las Lenguas (mcer�"�IXZMVLQbIRM��MV-
[M}IVbI��M^IT]IKQ~V�XZM\MVLM�[][KQ\IZ�]VI�
ZMÆM`Q~V�[WJZM�TW[�WJRM\Q^W[�a�TI�UM\WLW-
TWOyI�LM�TI�MV[M}IVbI�a�MT�IXZMVLQbIRM�LM�
TMVO]I[�� I[y� KWUW� NIKQTQ\IZ� TI� KWU]VQKI-
KQ~V�MV\ZM�TW[�XZWNM[QWVITM[�Y]M�I�MTTI[�[M�
LMLQKIV� a� WNZMKMZ� ]VI�JI[M� KWU�V�XIZI�
MT� LM[IZZWTTW� K]ZZQK]TIZ�� TI� NWZUIKQ~V� LM�
XZWNM[WZM[�� TI�MTIJWZIKQ~V�LM�XZWOZIUI[��
M`nUMVM[�a�KZQ\MZQW[�LM�M^IT]IKQ~V��KWV-
\ZQJ]aMVLW� LM� M[\M� UWLW� I� NIKQTQ\IZ� TI�
UW^QTQLIL� MV\ZM� TW[� nUJQ\W[� ML]KI\Q^W� a�
XZWNM[QWVIT��
El mcer�M[��[WJZM�\WLW��]V�LWK]UMV\W�
LM�LQnTWOW"�LM�LQnTWOW�MV\ZM�TW[�ZMXZM[MV-
\IV\M[�LM� TI[�LQNMZMV\M[� TMVO]I[�M`\ZIVRM-
ZI[#�MV\ZM�M[K]MTI[��]VQ^MZ[QLILM[��XWTy\QKI�
a� MKWVWUyI#� LMT� LQnTWOW� MV\ZM� TW[� XIy[M[�
a� [][� K]T\]ZI[��=VI� KWU]VQKIKQ~V� KWUW�
u[\I�M[�LM�OZIV� QUXWZ\IVKQI��;M� \ZI\I�LM�
TI�KWUXIZIJQTQLIL�a� \ZIV[XIZMVKQI��LM� TI�
\ZIV[NMZQJQTQLIL��LM�TI�XZM^MVKQ~V�LM�KMZ-
\QÅKIKQWVM[�L]XTQKILI[��<QMVM�KWUW�WJRM-
\Q^W�Y]M��Y]QMV�IXZMVLM�]V�QLQWUI�X]MLI�
LM[MUXM}IZ[M�KWU]VQKI\Q^IUMV\M�LM�]VI�
UIVMZI� M`Q\W[I� a�Y]M� TW[�UIM[\ZW[� [I\Q[-
NIOIV� ZMITUMV\M� TI[� VMKM[QLILM[� LM� [][�
M[\]LQIV\M[�� ,M� QO]IT� NWZUI�� IJWOI� XWZ�
Y]M� TW[� [Q[\MUI[� LM� ML]KIKQ~V� NWZUMV� I�
sus alumnos de tal manera que puedan 
IXZW^MKPIZ� TW[� LMZMKPW[� a� K]UXTQZ� KWV�
TI[� WJTQOIKQWVM[� LMT� U]VLW� OTWJITQbILW�
LMT�[QOTW�^MQV\Q]VW��I[y�KWUW�[I\Q[NIKMZ�[][�
UM\I[��LM[MW[�a�M[XMZIVbI[��a�I�[]�^Mb�XW-
LMZ�KWV\ZQJ]QZ�IT�JMVMÅKQW�LM�[][�NIUQTQI[��
LM�[]�[WKQMLIL�a�LM�[]�XIy[��
<ITM[�LQnTWOW[�[WV�QUXWZ\IV\M[�I�VQ^MT�
U]VLQIT��-V�5u`QKW�a�MV�W\ZW[�XIy[M[�TI\Q-
VWIUMZQKIVW[�M[�KI[Q�[MO]ZW�Y]M�\IUXWKW�
M[�\IV�NnKQT�M[\IJTMKMZ�MT�LQnTWOW�MV\ZM�TW[�
QLQWUI[��TI[�TMVO]I[�QVLyOMVI[��TI[�TMVO]I[�
M`\ZIVRMZI[� a� TI[� LM� TW[� QVUQOZIV\M[�� MV-
\ZM�TI�XWTy\QKI��TI�MKWVWUyI��TI[�QV[\IVKQI[�
ML]KI\Q^I[#� MV\ZM� TW[� UIM[\ZW[�� TW[� LM[I-
ZZWTTILWZM[�LM�UI\MZQITM[�LQLnK\QKW[�a�M`I-
UQVILWZM[��<IT� ^Mb� VW� [MZyI� \IV� MY]Q^W-
KILW� LM[IZZWTTIZ� ]V�UIZKW�UM`QKIVW� LM�
ZMNMZMVKQI�XIZI� TI[� TMVO]I[�W�� \IT�^Mb��]V�
UIZKW�KWU�V�TI\QVWIUMZQKIVW�
4I�OTWJITQbIKQ~V�[QOVQÅKI�WK]XIZ[M�LM�
TI�LQ^MZ[QLIL��IXZMVLMZ�]VW�LMT�W\ZW��\ZI-
JIRIZ�MV�KWVR]V\W��)�VQ^MT�OTWJIT�M`Q[\MV��
XWZ�MT�UWUMV\W��LW[�OZIVLM[�[Q[\MUI[�LM�
IXZMVLQbIRM��MV[M}IVbI�a�M`IUQVIKQ~V�LM�
TMVO]I["�MT�mcer�a�TI[�6WZUI[�LM�0IJQTQ-
dades (8ZWÅKQMVKa�/]QLMTQVM[� marcadas por 
MT�+WV[MRW�)UMZQKIVW�LM�-V[M}IVbI�LM�
Lenguas Extranjeras (actfl�XWZ�[][�[QOTI[�
MV� QVOTu[�� MV� -[\ILW[� =VQLW[�� )V\M[� LM�
J][KIZ�MT�PQTW�VMOZW��XWZ�MRMUXTW�XIZI�]V�
UIZKW�UM`QKIVW�LM�ZMNMZMVKQI�LM�TI[�TMV-
O]I[��^ITM� TI�XMVI�MKPIZTM�]V�WRW�I�M[\W[�
LW[�[Q[\MUI[�LM�ZMNMZMVKQI�I�ÅV�LM�XWLMZ�
]\QTQbIZTW[�XIZI�ÅVM[�XZWXQW[�
8WZ� M[W� PIJTIZMUW[� I� LM\ITTM�� I� KWV-
\QV]IKQ~V�� LM� M[\W[� LW[� [Q[\MUI[�� XIZI�
\ZI\IZ� TI[� aI� M[\IJTMKQLI[� KWTIJWZIKQWVM[�
MV\ZM� IUJW[�� QLMV\QÅKIZ� TI[� ^MV\IRI[� Y]M�
LM�IPy�ZM[]T\IV�a��ÅVITUMV\M��LIZ�[]OMZMV-
KQI[�XIZI�]V�XW[QJTM�UIZKW�UM`QKIVW�LM�
ZMNMZMVKQI�
-T�5IZKW�+WU�V�-]ZWXMW�LM�:MNMZMVKQI
El mcer se remonta a la teoría del lengua-
RM�LM�TW[�I}W[�[M[MV\I�a�IT�UWLMTW�LM�KWU-
XM\MVKQI�KWU]VQKI\Q^I�LM�+IVITM�a�;_IQV�
LM��! ���4I�\MWZyI�LMT�TMVO]IRM�TTM^~�I�]V�
KIUJQW�MV�TI�TQVO�y[\QKI�a�Un[�\IZLM�MV�TI�
LQLnK\QKI�LM� TMVO]I[�M`\ZIVRMZI[�a�IT�XI-
XMT�KMV\ZIT�LM�TI�KIXIKQLIL�LM�IK\]IZ��LM�
núm. 1 2013 27
TI�PIJQTQLIL�XIZI�]\QTQbIZ�]VI� TMVO]I�M`-
\ZIVRMZI�MV�]VI� [Q\]IKQ~V�I]\uV\QKI�� \IV-
\W� ZMKMX\Q^I�IT� TMMZ� a� M[K]KPIZ�� I[y� KWUW�
XZWL]K\Q^I�IT�PIJTIZ�a�M[KZQJQZ��-T�UWLMTW�
LM�+IVITM�a�;_IQV�IUXTQ~�TI�XMZ[XMK\Q^I�
LM� TW� Y]M� [M� MV\QMVLM� XWZ� KWUXM\MVKQI�
KWU]VQKI\Q^I� a� IOZMO~� TI� KWUXM\MVKQI�
OZIUn\QKW�TQVO�y[\QKI�MV\ZM�W\ZI[��KWUW�TI�
\M`\]IT��TI�PIJQTQLIL�LM�XZWL]KQZ�a�MV\MV-
LMZ�\M`\W[�Un[�M`\MV[W[��TI[�KWUXM\MVKQI[�
XZIOUn\QKI[� aI� UMVKQWVILI[�� TI[� [WKQW-
K]T\]ZITM[�a�TI�M[\ZI\uOQKI�
-T� QVQKQW� LMT� \ZIJIRW� MV� MT�mcer� M[\n�
TQOILW�IT�I}W�LM��!���MV�MT�Y]M�2WPV�<ZQU�
LQZQOQ~�MT�8ZQUMZ�;QUXW[QW�LM�:�[KPTQSWV��
MV� ;]QbI� a� Y]M� ÅVITUMV\M� ZM[]T\~� MV� MT�
6Q^MT� =UJZIT ��!��� MV� 1VOTu[#� �!�!� MV�
-[XI}WT#��! ��¹3WV\IS\[KP_MTTMº�MV�)TM-
UnV��a�MV�MT�MVNWY]M�VWKQWVIT�N]VKQWVIT�
MV�TI�LQLnK\QKI�LM�TMVO]I[�M`\ZIVRMZI[��-T�
OZ]XW� XZWaMK\ILW� XIZI� MT� VQ^MT� ]UJZIT��
Y]M� KWZZM[XWVLM� IT� VQ^MT� *�� MV� MT�5IZ-
KW� LM� ZMNMZMVKQI� IK\]IT�� KWV\MUXTIJI� I�
IT]UVW[�IL]T\W[�Y]M�\MVyIV�Y]M�MNMK\]IZ�
XWZ�[y�UQ[UW[�IKKQWVM[�KWU]VQKI\Q^I[�MV�
MT�XIy[�LM�TI�TMVO]I�UM\I��-T�VQ^MT�]UJZIT�
LM[KZQJM�IT�QLQWUI�LM[LM�]V�X]V\W�LM�^Q[-
\I� XZIOUn\QKW�� LM\ITTI� [Q\]IKQWVM[�� ZWTM[��
\MUI[�� N]VKQWVM[�a�VWKQWVM[�a�MVTQ[\I� TW[�
ZMK]Z[W[� TQVO�y[\QKW[� XIZI� MTTW"� TW[� UM-
LQW[� OZIUI\QKITM[�� MT� Tu`QKW� a� TI[� Z]\QVI[�
TQVO�y[\QKI[�� 8WZ� N]VKQWVM[� [M� MV\QMVLMV�
TW[�IK\W[�LM�PIJTI�KWUW�XZMO]V\IZ��XMLQZ��
Y]MRIZ[M�a�XWZ�VWKQWVM[�[M�MV\QMVLMV�KWV-
KMX\W[�OMVMZITM[�XIZI�M`XZM[IZ�\QMUXW��T]-
OIZ��KITQLIL��KIV\QLIL��M\K���I[y�KWUW�KWV-
KMX\W[� M[XMKyÅKW[� LM� KIUXW[� \MUn\QKW[�
KWUW�JQWOZINyI��^Q^QMVLI��^QLI�KW\QLQIVI��
\QMUXW�TQJZM��^QIRM[��M\K�
4I[�X]JTQKIKQWVM[�LMT�VQ^MT�]UJZIT��IT�
QO]IT�Y]M�IV\M[��[WV�TW[�N]VLIUMV\W[�LMT�
5IZKW�LM�:MNMZMVKQI�a�[QO]MV�[QMVLW�LM-
[IZZWTTILI[� MV� MT�UIZKW� LM� TW[� XZWaMK\W[�
LMT�XMZÅT�LMT�+WV[MRW�-]ZWXMW��XWZ�MRMU-
plo el 8ZWÅTM� ,M]\[KP� W� 8MZÅT� )TMUnV�� Y]M�
[M� WZQOQV~� KWUW� ¹MLQKQ~V� ZM^Q[ILI� LM� TI�
X]JTQKIKQ~V� »Kontaktschwelle’ por encargo 
LMT�KWV[MRW�M]ZWXMWº�MV\ZM��!!!�a��������
4I� MLQKQ~V� ZM^Q[ILI�LM� TI[� X]JTQKIKQWVM[�
LMT�VQ^MT�]UJZIT�KWV\QMVM��ILMUn[�LM�TI[�
[Q\]IKQWVM[�� ZWTM[�� \MUI[�� N]VKQWVM[�a�VW-
KQWVM[�WZQOQVITM[��W\ZW[�UMLQW[�TQVO�y[\QKW[�
KWUW�TI[�M[\ZI\MOQI[�LQ[K]Z[Q^I[��LM�KWU-
XMV[IKQ~V� a� [WKQWK]T\]ZITM[�� I[y� KWUW� TI�
VWKQ~V�¹IXZMVLMZ�I�IXZMVLMZº�-V��!!������I}W[�LM[X]u[�� [M� TTM^~�I�
KIJW�MT�;MO]VLW�;QUXW[QW�LM :�[KPTQSWV��
MT� K]IT� TTM^~� IT� mcer� Y]M� [M� X]JTQK~� MV�
������ *ZQIV�6WZ\P� LM[IZZWTT~� TI[� M[KITI[�
LMT�5IZKW�LM�:MNMZMVKQI�JI[nVLW[M�MV�M[-
KITI[�aI�M`Q[\MV\M[�a�MV�]VI�MVK]M[\I�LQZQ-
OQLI�I�XZWNM[WZM[��,IVQMT�+W[\M�M[KZQJQ~�MT�
KIXy\]TW�ZMNMZMV\M�IT�\MUI�LMT�IXZMVLQbIRM�
a�MV[M}IVbI�LM� TI� TMVO]I�a�IT�LM[IZZWTTW�
LM�K]ZZyK]TW[�a� 2WPV�<ZQU��XWZ� []�XIZ\M��
M[KZQJQ~� TW[� KIXy\]TW[� LM� TW[� XIZnUM\ZW[�
a� KI\MOWZyI[� LM� TI� KWUXM\MVKQI� KWU]VQ-
KI\Q^I�� .QVITUMV\M�� /�V\PMZ� ;KPVMQLMZ�
LM[IZZWTT~� MT� XWZ\INWTQW� LM� QLQWUI[� MV� MT�
UIZKW� LM� W\ZW� XZWaMK\W�� 2]bOIUW[� XZ]-
LMV\M� XZWV]VKQIZ� ]VI[� XITIJZI[� IKMZKI�
LMT�LM[IZZWTTW�LM�TI[�M[KITI[��LM�TI[�K]ITM[�
[QMUXZM�[M�LQKM�Y]M�N]MZWV�LM[IZZWTTILI[�
MUXyZQKIUMV\M�� 4I[� M[KITI[�� MV� MNMK\W��
[M� LM[IZZWTTIZWV� LM� M[\I� NWZUI� XMZW� VW�
JI[ILI[� MV� WJ[MZ^IKQWVM[� LM� TW� Y]M� TW[�
IT]UVW[�LM�LQNMZMV\M[�VQ^MTM[�XWLyIV�PI-
KMZ��[QVW�MV�WXQVQWVM[�LM�TW[�XZWNM[WZM[��LM�
lo que ellos creían que los alumnos de los 
LQ[\QV\W[� VQ^MTM[� XWLyIV� PIKMZ�� )LMUn[��
M[\W[�XZWNM[WZM[�MZIV�XZWNM[WZM[�[]QbW[�LM�
ITMUnV��QVOTu[�a�NZIVKu[�KWUW�TMVO]I[�M`-
28 Erwin Tschirner. El Marco Común Europeo de Referen-
cia...
\ZIVRMZI[��-[\W�VW�PIJZyI�Y]M�XMZLMZTW�LM�
^Q[\I�[Q�[M�\ZI\I�LM�QUXTMUMV\IZ�MT�mcer en 
XIy[M[�VW�M]ZWXMW[�a�KTIZW��\IUJQuV�U]a�
XW[QJTMUMV\M�MV�XIy[M[�M]ZWXMW[�K]aI�LQ[-
\IVKQI�KWV�MT�QVOTu[��MT�ITMUnV�W�MT�NZIVKu[�
M[�U]a�OZIVLM�a�K]aW[� [Q[\MUI[�ML]KI\Q-
^W[�[WV�\IUJQuV�U]a�LQNMZMV\M[�IT�[]QbW�
,M� \WLW[�UWLW[�� MT�mcer� M[�U]a� [M-
O]ZIUMV\M� MT� LWK]UMV\W� Un[� KWUXTM\W�
PI[\I�MT�UWUMV\W�Y]M�LM[KZQJM�MT�][W�LMT�
QLQWUI�WZQMV\nVLW[M�PIKQI�TI[�IKKQWVM["
¹-T�][W�LM� TI� TMVO]I�·�Y]M� QVKT]aM�MT�
IXZMVLQbIRM�LM�TI�UQ[UI�·�KWUXZMVLM�
TI[�IKKQWVM[�Y]M�ZMITQbIV�TI[�XMZ[WVI[�
Y]M�� KWUW� QVLQ^QL]W[� a� KWUW� IOMV-
\M[� [WKQITM[�� LM[IZZWTTIV� ]VI� [MZQM� LM�
KWUXM\MVKQI[�� \IV\W� OMVMZITM[� KWUW�
KWUXM\MVKQI[�KWU]VQKI\Q^I[� TQVO�y[\Q-
KI[�MV�XIZ\QK]TIZ��4I[�XMZ[WVI[�]\QTQbIV�
TI[�KWUXM\MVKQI[�Y]M�[M�MVK]MV\ZIV�I�
[]�LQ[XW[QKQ~V�MV�LQ[\QV\W[�KWV\M`\W[�a�
JIRW�LQ[\QV\I[�KWVLQKQWVM[�a�ZM[\ZQKKQW-
VM[�� KWV�MT�ÅV�LM� ZMITQbIZ�IK\Q^QLILM[�
LM� TI� TMVO]I� Y]M� KWVTTM^MV� XZWKM[W[�
XIZI�XZWL]KQZ�a�ZMKQJQZ�\M`\W[�ZMTIKQW-
VILW[�KWV� \MUI[�MV�nUJQ\W[�M[XMKyÅ-
KW[��XWVQMVLW�MV�R]MOW�TI[�M[\ZI\MOQI[�
Y]M�XIZMKMV�Un[�IXZWXQILI[�XIZI�TTM-
^IZ�I�KIJW�TI[�\IZMI[�Y]M�PIV�LM�ZMI-
TQbIZ��-T�KWV\ZWT�Y]M�LM�M[\I[�IKKQWVM[�
\QMVMV�TW[�XIZ\QKQXIV\M[�XZWL]KM�MT�ZM-
N]MZbW�W�TI�UWLQÅKIKQ~V�LM�[][�KWUXM-
\MVKQI[�º��-]ZWXIZI\�����"�!��
4W[� KWVKMX\W[� UIZKILW[� MV� VMOZQ\I[�
[WV�M`XTQKILW[�LM\ITTILIUMV\M�I�TW�TIZOW�
LMT� LWK]UMV\W� a� KZMIV� MT� N]VLIUMV\W�
LM�TI[�M[KITI[�a�LM[KZQX\WZM[�LMT�mcer��I[y�
KWUW�[][�XZWX]M[\I[�UM\~LQKW�LQLnK\QKI[��
4I[�M[KITI[�LMT�UIZKW�LM�ZMNMZMVKQI�[WV�I�
[]�^Mb� \IV�M`XTW\IJTM[�� KWUW� [][�XZWJTM-
Un\QKI[�� -V� \W\IT�� PIa� ��� M[KITI[� LM� TI[�
K]ITM[�� XWZ� MRMUXTW�� ��� LM� MTTI[� PIKMV�
LMKTIZIKQWVM[� ZMTM^IV\M[� [WJZM� MT� LM[I-
ZZWTTW�LM�KWUXM\MVKQI[�WZITM[��4I[�M[KITI[�
PIV� [QLW�]V�X]V\W�LM� ZMNMZMVKQI�XIZI� MT�
LM[IZZWTTW� LM� K]ZZyK]TW[� a� LM� UI\MZQITM[�
LQLnK\QKW[��;QV�MUJIZOW��MV�MT�UWUMV\W�
LM�KWVKMJQZ�M`nUMVM[�W�M^IT]IKQWVM[��u[-
\I[� ZM[]T\IV�U]a� PM\MZWOuVMI[�� ]V� \IV\W 
KWV\ZILQK\WZQI[�a�ÅVITUMV\M�VW�U]a�WXM-
ZIKQWVITM[�
El mcer�N]M�]V�ZW\]VLW�u`Q\W�\IV\W�MV�
TI�KZMIKQ~V�LM�UI\MZQITM[�LQLnK\QKW[��KWUW�
MV�MT�LM[IZZWTTW�LM�M`nUMVM[�L]ZIV\M�]V�
XMZyWLW� LM� ��� I}W[�� ;QV� MUJIZOW�� \IU-
JQuV�TTMO~�U]a�KTIZIUMV\M�I�[][�TyUQ\M[�IT�
UWUMV\W�LM�QLMIZ�M^IT]IKQWVM[��<WLI^yI�
VW�PIa�VQVO]VI�QV[\IVKQI�Y]M�[M�XZMWK]XM�
XWZ�I[MO]ZIZ� TI�KITQLIL�LM�M[\W[��T\QUW[��
4W[�UI\MZQITM[�LQLnK\QKW[�a�M`nUMVM[��XW-
LMUW[�XMV[IZ�� [M�WZQMV\IZWV�MV�MT�mcer��
pero queda como un hecho que no han 
[QLW�KWZZWJWZILW[��4W�UQ[UW�XI[I�KWV�TW[�
M`nUMVM["�4W[�LMT�1V[\Q\]\W�/WM\PM�W�LMT�
1V[\Q\]\W�+MZ^IV\M[� [WV�^nTQLW[� a� KWVÅI-
JTM[��XMZW�VW�M[\n�U]a�KTIZW�[Q�MT�VQ^MT�*��
LMT�1V[\Q\]\W�+MZ^IV\M[��XWZ�MRMUXTW��KW-
ZZM[XWVLM�IT�VQ^MT�*��LMT�/WM\PM�1V[\Q\]\��
7\ZW�XZWJTMUI�LM�TW[�M`nUMVM[�M]ZWXMW[�
M[�Y]M�� [Q�JQMV�M[�KQMZ\W��M`IUQVIV�\WLI[�
TI[�PIJQTQLILM[�� [~TW�M`Q[\M�]V�KMZ\QÅKILW�
MV�KWU�V��;Q�XWZ�MRMUXTW�[M�IXZ]MJI�MT�
VQ^MT� *�� LMT� 1V[\Q\]\W� +MZ^IV\M[�� X]MLM�
LIZ[M� MT� KI[W�LM�Y]M� [M� PIaIV� IK]U]TI-
do muchos puntos en la parte de lectura 
a�MV�TI�XIZ\M�M[KZQ\I�XMZW�VW�U]KPW[�MV�TI�
I]LQ\Q^I�a��\IT�^Mb��M[\IZ�XWZ�LMJIRW�LM�TW[�
X]V\W[�VMKM[IZQW[�XIZI�IXZWJIZ#�M[�LMKQZ�
KWV�[~TW�MT�[M[MV\I�XWZ�KQMV\W�MV�TI�XIZ\M�
núm. 1 2013 29
WZIT�� 4I� XZMO]V\I� M["� §Y]u� ZMXZM[MV\I� MT�
[M[MV\I�XWZ�KQMV\W�LMT�VQ^MT�*�'�
+WV[MRW�)UMZQKIVW�LM� TI�-V[M}IVbI�LM�
Lenguas Extranjeras (actfl)
)�KWV\QV]IKQ~V�Y]Q[QMZI�UW[\ZIZ�Y]M�MT�
[Q[\MUI�LMT�actfl�M[\n�MV�KWVLQKQWVM[�LM�
KWUXMV[IZ�TW[�X]V\W[�LuJQTM[�LMT�mcer en 
MT�KIUXW�LM�TI�M`IUQVIKQ~V#�XMZW�\IUJQuV�
LM�IKMV\]IZ�[][�X]V\W[�N]MZ\M[�MV�MT�KIUXW�
LMT�LM[IZZWTTW�LM�K]ZZyK]TW[�a�UI\MZQITM[�
LQLnK\QKW[��LMT�LM�TI�LM[KZQXKQ~V�LM�UMLQW[�
TQVO�y[\QKW[�MV�LQNMZMV\M[�VQ^MTM[��I[y�KWUW�
MV�MT�LM[IZZWTTW�LM�XZWL]K\W[�QVVW^ILWZM[�
KWUW� TI[�INQZUIKQWVM[�¹AW�X]MLWº�a�MT�
XWZ\INWTQW�LM�QLQWUI[�M]ZWXMW�
El actfl�M[�TI�NMLMZIKQ~V�LM�\WLI[�TI[�
I[WKQIKQWVM[�LM�XZWNM[WZM[�LM�TMVO]I[�M`-
\ZIVRMZI[� MV� TW[� -[\ILW[� =VQLW[�� 8WLZyI�
XMV[IZ[M�Y]M�M[� TI�I[WKQIKQ~V�LM� TMVO]I[�
M`\ZIVRMZI[� Un[� OZIVLM� LMT� U]VLW�� aI�
Y]M� K]MV\I� KWV�Un[� LM� LQMb�UQT�UQMU-
JZW[�� ;MO]ZIUMV\M� \IUJQuV� MV� 5u`QKW�
[M� KWVWKMV� TI[� 6WZUI[� LM� 0IJQTQLILM[�
(8ZWÅKQMVKa� /]QLMTQVM[) del actfl�� I[y� KWUW�
TW[� KWVOZM[W[� IV]ITM[� ZMITQbILW[� MV� VW-
^QMUJZM�Y]M� K]MV\IV� KWV�]VI�I[Q[\MVKQI�
LM�IXZW`QUILIUMV\M�[MQ[�UQT�XIZ\QKQXIV-
\M[��ILMUn[�LM� TI[� ZM^Q[\I[�M[XMKQITQbILI[�
X]JTQKILI[�KWUW��Foreign Language Annals�a�
The Language Educator����
4W[� TQVMIUQMV\W[�LMT�actfl para las 
normas de habilidades orales (Oral Proficien-
cy Guidelines) [M�JI[IV�MV�MT�KI\nTWOW�LM�
KZQ\MZQW[�LMT�Foreign Service Institute (fsi���MT�
1V[\Q\]\W�.MLMZIT�LM�1LQWUI[�LMT�5QVQ[\MZQW�
LM�:MTIKQWVM[�-`\MZQWZM[�LM�ee.uu. Este 
KI\nTWOW�LM�KZQ\MZQW[�N]M�KZMILW�XIZI�LM[I-
ZZWTTIZ�]V�M`IUMV�Y]M�X]LQMZI�M^IT]IZ�LM�
UIVMZI�KWVÅIJTM�TI�PIJQTQLIL�WZIT�LM�LQ-
XTWUn\QKW[�a�N]VKQWVIZQW[�Y]M�[MZyIV�]JQ-
KILW[�MV�MT�M`\ZIVRMZW��8IZI�\ITM[�ÅVM[ se 
VMKM[Q\IJI�]V�M`IUMV�Y]M�X]LQMZI�̂ ITWZIZ�
TI�KWUXM\MVKQI�WZIT�MV�\WLW[� TW[�VQ^MTM[��
LM[LM�TW[�XZQVKQXQIV\M[�[QV�KWVWKQUQMV\W�
ITO]VW�LMT�QLQWUI��PI[\I�TW[�Y]M�LWUQVI-
JIV�TI�TMVO]I�M`\ZIVRMZI�[QV�MZZWZM[��4W[�
XZQUMZW[�M`nUMVM[�N]MZWV�M^IT]ILW[�LM�
UIVMZI�PWTy[\QKI�a�UMZIUMV\M�V]UuZQKI#�
LM�KMZW��MY]Q^ITMV\M�I� sin competencia, a 
KQVKW��MY]Q^ITMV\M�I� competencia de lengua 
materna��PI[\I�Y]M�MV��!� �[M�LM[IZZWTTIZWV�
TI[�XZQUMZI[�LM[KZQXKQWVM[�LM�VQ^MT��
4I� M[KITI� a� MT� NWZUI\W� LM� MV\ZM^Q[\I�
del fsi�N]M�KWZZMOQLW�MV��! ��XWZ�XIZ\M�LM�
actfl� XIZI�PIKMZTW�Un[� NZ]K\yNMZW� MV� M[-
K]MTI[�a�]VQ^MZ[QLILM[��-V�TW[�I}W[�!��[M�
M[\IJTMKQMZWV�TW[�TQVMIUQMV\W[�LM�TI�actfl 
a LM�TI�-V\ZM^Q[\I�LM�0IJQTQLILM[�7ZITM[�
(7ZIT� 8ZWÅKQMVKa� 1V\MZ^QM_� opi�� JI[ILW[� MV�
M[\I[� V]M^I[� UWLQÅKIKQWVM[#� TW� UQ[UW�
[]KMLMZyI� KWV� TW[� M`nUMVM[� M[\IVLIZQbI-
LW[�LM�KWUXM\MVKQI�WZIT� MV� TI[�M[K]MTI[��
TI[�]VQ^MZ[QLILM[�a�MV�TI�MKWVWUyI�LM�TW[�
ee.uu.�-V�TI�XWTy\QKI��TI�ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V�a�
TI�UQTQKQI�[M�KWV\QV�I�]\QTQbIVLW�TI�M[KITI�
del fsi��K]aW�XMZNMKKQWVIUQMV\W�LM[MUJW-
K~�MV�TI�M[KITI�a�MV�MT�NWZUI\W�LM�MV\ZM^Q[-
ta del ilr� �1V\MZIOMVKa�4IVO]IOM�:W]V-
L\IJTM��a�Y]M�ILMUn[�[WV�KWUXI\QJTM[�KWV�
la escala del actfl��1VKT][W�TI�otan�]\QTQbI�
M[\I�M[KITI��-T�u`Q\W�LM�TW[�TQVMIUQMV\W[�a�
[]� QVÆ]MVKQI�UM\~LQKW�LQLnK\QKI� [M�PIKM�
M^QLMV\M�OZIKQI[�I�TI�X]JTQKIKQ~V�LM�TI�MLQ-
KQ~V�KWZZMOQLI�LM�TW[�4QVMIUQMV\W[�LM�TI[�
+WUXM\MVKQI[�LM�)KKQ~V�WZIT��!!!�a�LM�
)KKQ~V�M[KZQ\I������a�ZMKQMV\MUMV\M�N]M-
ZWV�X]JTQKILI[�LM�V]M^W�KWUXTM\IUMV\M�
KWZZMOQLI[�TI[�6WZUI[�LM�0IJQTQLILM[�LMT�
actfl������XIZI�TI[�K]I\ZW�PIJQTQLILM[��
)T� QO]IT�Y]M�MV�MT�mcer��MT�X]V\W�LM�
XIZ\QLI� XIZI� MT� LM[IZZWTTW� LMT� actfl� N]M�
30 Erwin Tschirner. El Marco Común Europeo de Referen-cia...
TI�VMKM[QLIL�LM� QUXTMUMV\IZ� TI[�UQ[UI[�
VWZUI[� MV� TI� M^IT]IKQ~V� LM� TW[� KWVWKQ-
UQMV\W[� LM� LQ[\QV\I[� TMVO]I[� M`\ZIVRMZI[�
MV� TI[� M[K]MTI[� a�]VQ^MZ[QLILM[� I[y� KWUW�
MV�TI�MKWVWUyI�a MT�OWJQMZVW��-T�actfl se 
KWUXZWUM\Q~� [WJZM� \WLW� KWV� TI� M^IT]I-
KQ~V�LM�PIJQTQLILM[�LM�IKKQ~V�WZIT��-T�ac-
tfl�781�M^IT�I�M[\M�\QXW�LM�KWUXM\MVKQI[�
MV�Un[�LM���� QLQWUI[�KWV�]V�OZILW�M`-
\ZIWZLQVIZQW�LM�KWVÅIJQTQLIL�a�[M�PI�M[\I-
JTMKQLW�I�VQ^MT�U]VLQIT�KWUW�]V�M[\nVLIZ�
LM�WZW�XIZI�M`nUMVM[�WZITM[��=V�Advanced 
Mid��IT�Y]M�TM�KWZZM[XWVLM�MV�VQ^MT�*��LMT�
mcer��M[�]V�Advanced Mid�XWZ�MVKQUI�LM�
���QLQWUI[��;~TW�M[\M�PMKPW�PIKM�U]a�QV-
teresante al actfl para el mcer�a�XIZI�MT�
+WV[MRW�LM�-]ZWXI�� \MUI�Y]M�IJWZLIZM-
UW[�MV�MT�[QO]QMV\M�IXIZ\ILW�
4W[�;QUXW[QW[�actfl-mcer
,M[LM� PIKM� LW[� I}W[� TW[� ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[�
a� I[WKQIKQWVM[� ML]KI\Q^I[� LM� TW[�-[\ILW[�
=VQLW[�a�LM�-]ZWXI��ILMUn[�LM�I]\WZQLI-
LM[� O]JMZVIUMV\ITM[�� \ZIJIRIV� MV�XWLMZ�
PIKMZ�KWUXI\QJTM�TW[�LW[�OZIVLM[�[Q[\MUI[�
LM�ZMNMZMVKQI�LM�TI[�TMVO]I[��-[\W��KWV�MT�
ÅV�LM�XMZUQ\QZ�]VI�\ZIV[QKQ~V�U]KPW�Un[�
[QUXTM� MV\ZM� IUJW[� TILW[�� XWZ� MRMUXTW�
KWV� MT� MVNWY]M� LM�UI\MZQITM[� LQLnK\QKW[��
KWV�MT�QV\MZKIUJQW�LM�M[\]LQIV\M[�a�UIM[-
\ZW[#�XIZI�M^Q\IZ�TI�L]XTQKQLIL�LM�KMZ\QÅKI-
KQWVM[�a�XIZI�IXWaIZ[M�U]\]IUMV\M�MV�MT�
I]UMV\W�LM� TI�^ITQLMb�a� TI� KWVÅIJQTQLIL�
LM�[Q[\MUI[�LM�KMZ\QÅKIKQ~V��I[y�KWUW en 
MT�LM[IZZWTTW�LM�M[\nVLIZM[�ML]KI\Q^W[��
-T� XZQUMZ� [QUXW[QW� actfl mcer se 
TTM^~� I� KIJW� MT� I}W� XI[ILW� MV� 4MQXbQO��
.]M� WZOIVQbILW� XWZ� MT�actfl�� TI�)[WKQI-
KQ~V�)UMZQKIVI�LM�8ZWNM[WZM[�LM�)TMUnV�
(American Association of Teachers of German, 
))</��a�XWZ� TI�=VQ^MZ[QLIL�LM�4MQXbQO��
2]V\W� I� TW[� ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[� LM� TI[� I]\WZQ-
LILM[�VWZ\MIUMZQKIVI[�LM�ML]KIKQ~V��LMT�
1V\MZ�)OMVKa�4IVO]IOM�:W]VL\IJTM��ilr���
LMT�1V[\Q\]\W�LM�,MNMV[I�LMT�4MVO]IRM��De-
fense Language Institute��a�LMT�,MXIZ\IUMV-
\W� LM� ,MNMV[I� LM� TW[� ee.uu.� a� +IVILn��
XIZ\QKQXIZWV� \IUJQuV� ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[� LMT�
+WV[MRW�LM�-]ZWXI��LM�TI�otan��LM�TI�)[W-
KQIKQ~V�/MVMZIT�LM�4MVO]I[�5WLMZVI[�LM�
)TMUIVQI�� LMT�/WM\PM�1V[\Q\]\�� I[y� KWUW�
\IUJQuV� ]V� OZIV� V�UMZW� LM� KQMV\yÅKW[�
M`IUQVILWZM[�LM�\ITTI�U]VLQIT�
)LMUn[� LM� TW[� WJRM\Q^W[� aI� XTIV\MI-
LW[��]VI�UM\I�QUXWZ\IV\M�N]M�TI�MTIJWZI-
KQ~V�LM�KWZZM[XWVLMVKQI�MV\ZM�MT�mcer��TI�
escala del actfl�� TI�M[KITI� ilr�a� TI�M[KITI�
stanag de la otan��=V�X]V\W�M[MVKQIT�N]M�
N]VLIUMV\IZ� TI� MTIJWZIKQ~V� LM� KWZZM[-
XWVLMVKQI� \M~ZQKI�a�KZQ\QKIZ� TW[�XZQUMZW[�
\ZIJIRW[�MUXyZQKW[��<ITM[�\ZIJIRW[ IJWZLI-
JIV�MT�\MUI�LM�M`nUMVM[�LM�TMK\]ZI��M^I-
T]IKQWVM[�M[KZQ\I[�a�WZITM[��4I�XIZ\M�KQMV-
\yÅKI�LM�M`IUQVIKQ~V�N]M�KWUXTMUMV\ILI�
I�\ZI^u[�LM�OZ]XW[�LM�MVNWY]M�I� TI�KWU-
XM\MVKQI� QV\MZK]T\]ZIT�� M[\nVLIZM[� XIZI�
TW[�R~^MVM[�IT]UVW[�a�XIZI�TI�XWTy\QKI�LMT�
TMVO]IRM��4W[�ZM[]T\ILW[�LM�M[\M�KWVOZM[W�
IXIZMKMZnV�XZ~`QUIUMV\M�MV�]VI�IV\WTW-
OyI��<[KPQZVMZ��������
=V�ZM[]T\ILW�QUXWZ\IV\M�LMT�KWVOZM[W�
N]M� ZMKWVWKMZ� TI� VMKM[QLIL� LM� MV\MVLMZ�
TI[�LQ^MZ[I[�KWVLQKQWVM[�XZM^QI[��\ZILQKQW-
VM[��LMUIVLI[�a�TI[�M`QOMVKQI[�LMT�W\ZW�I[y�
KWUW�KWVWKMZ�TI�XZnK\QKI�LMT�W\ZW��:nXQ-
LIUMV\M� Y]ML~� KTIZW� Y]M� VW� M[� XW[QJTM�
M[\IJTMKMZ�KWZZM[XWVLMVKQI[�MV\ZM�IUJW[�
[Q[\MUI[��[QVW�Y]M�u[\I[�\QMVMV�Y]M�[MZ�M[-
\IJTMKQLI[�[WTIUMV\M�MV\ZM�TW[�M`nUMVM[��
XWZ�MRMUXTW�MV\ZM�TW[�M`nUMVM[�LMT�actfl 
a� TW[� M`nUMVM[� LMT� /WM\PM�1V[\Q\]\�� 4I�
XZQVKQXIT�LQÅK]T\IL�ZMKIM�MV�Y]M� TW[�KMZ-
núm. 1 2013 31
\QÅKILW[�M]ZWXMW[�U]a�ZIZI�^Mb�LM[QOVIV�
KTI[QÅKIKQWVM[� LQNMZMVKQILI[� JI[ILI[� MV�
TI[� PIJQTQLILM[�� ;Q�� XWZ� MRMUXTW�� ITO]QMV�
IXZ]MJI� MT�.QZ[\� +MZ\QÅKI\M� MV� QVOTu[� LM� TI�
=VQ^MZ[QLIL� LM� +IUJZQLOM�� VW� Y]MLI�
U]a�KTIZW�[Q�M[I�XMZ[WVI�ZMITUMV\M�M[�*��
MV�\WLI[�TI[�PIJQTQLILM[�W�[Q�XW[QJTMUMV\M�
M[�+��MV�TMK\]ZI��*��MV�M[KZQ\]ZI�a�KWU-
XZMV[Q~V�I]LQ\Q^I�a�*��MV�M`XZM[Q~V�WZIT��
7\ZW�XZWJTMUI�TW�ZMKWVWKQMZWV�XZQVKQXIT-
UMV\M� ITO]VW[� LM� TW[� XIZ\QKQXIV\M[� VWZ-
\MIUMZQKIVW[�� TI� NIT\I� ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^I� LM�
XZ]MJI[�PMKPI[�IT�IbIZ�Y]M�LM\MZUQVIZIV�
TI�KWUXM\MVKQI�WZIT��
4W[�XZWaMK\W[�¹XMZÅTº�N]MZWV�LM�OZIV�
QV\MZu[�� M[� LMKQZ�� TI� QV^M[\QOIKQ~V� LM�UM-
LQW[� TQVO�y[\QKW[�� Y]M� [WV� QVLQ[XMV[IJTM[�
XIZI� ]V� VQ^MT� LM� TMVO]I� M[XMKyÅKW� a� MV�
que los que se encuentra un gran po-
\MVKQIT�XIZI�MT�LM[IZZWTTW�LM�K]ZZyK]TW[�a�
UI\MZQITM[�LQLnK\QKW[��+WV�[I\Q[NIKKQ~V�[M�
IKWOQ~� MT� XTIV� LM� N]VLIUMV\IZ� \IUJQuV�
MUXyZQKIUMV\M� M[\W[� XZWaMK\W[� ¹XMZÅTº��
-[\n�KWV\MUXTILW��XWZ�MRMUXTW��MT�¹8ZW-
aMK\W�8MZÅTº�LM�1VOTu[� �-VOTQ[P�8ZWÅTM�8ZW-
ject��XIZI�Y]M�VW�[WTIUMV\M� TW[� TQJZW[�LMT�
VQ^MT�]UJZIT�LM�TW[�I}W[����a� ��[M�ZMMTI-
JWZMV�a�[M�ILIX\MV�IT�5IZKW�LM�:MNMZMV-
KQI��KWUW [M�PQbW�KWV�MT�XZWaMK\W�¹8MZÅT�
)TMUnVº�� [QVW�Y]M�LM�PMKPW� [M�XZWKMLI�
a�[M�K]M[\QWVM�MUXyZQKIUMV\M�TW�Y]M�ZMIT-
UMV\M� LWUQVIV� TW[� M[\]LQIV\M[� K]IVLW�
PIV�ITKIVbILW�]V�KQMZ\W�VQ^MT� a�LM[X]u[�
TW�Y]M�\MVLZnV�Y]M�IXZMVLMZ�
�-T�[MO]VLW�[QUXW[QW�actfl-mcer�\]^W�
T]OIZ� MT� ^MZIVW� XI[ILW� MV� 8ZW^W�� =\IP�
JIRW�MT�\MUI�¹4W[�MTMUMV\W[�LM�TI[�PIJQ-
TQLILM["�=V� KWV[MV[W� MUMZOMV\M� XIZI� TI�
M^IT]IKQ~V�M�QV[\Z]KKQ~V�LM�TMVO]I[º��4W[�
X]V\W[� XZQVKQXITM[� LMT� KWVOZM[W� N]MZWV��
ILMUn[� LMT� XMZNMKKQWVIUQMV\W� LMT� N]V-
LIUMV\W�\M~ZQKW�LMT�LM[IZZWTTW�LM�KWZZM[-
XWVLMVKQI[�� TI� LMÅVQKQ~V� LM� TI[� KIZIK\M-
Zy[\QKI[�LM�TI�KWUXM\MVKQI�KWU]VQKI\Q^I�a�
TI�K]M[\Q~V�LM�K~UW�X]MLMV�[MZ�M`\ZIyLI[�
a�^ITWZILI[�M[\I[�KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[��7\ZW[�\M-
UI[�LM�LQ[K][Q~V�OQZIZWV�MV�\WZVW�I�K~UW�
X]MLM� [MZ� ]\QTQbILW� M[\M� KWV[MV[W� \ZI[I\-
TnV\QKW�Y]M�[M�M[\n�LM[IZZWTTIVLW�XIZI�MT�
XMZNMKKQWVIUQMV\W�LM�IUJW[�[Q[\MUI[��I[y�
KWUW� TI� K]M[\Q~V� LM� Y]u� QUXTQKIKQWVM[�
XWLZyI� \MVMZ�M[\W�XIZI� TI�MV[M}IVbI�a�MT�
IXZMVLQbIRM�LM�TMVO]I[�
-T�XZ~`QUW�[QUXW[QW�[M�TTM^IZn�I�KIJW�
MT�[QO]QMV\M�I}W�MV�/ZIb�JIRW�MT�XI\ZWKQ-
VQW�LMT�+WV[MRW�LM�-]ZWXI��-V\ZM�TW[�\M-
UI[�Y]M�[MZnV�\ZIJIRILW[��[M�MVK]MV\ZIV�
TW[�[QO]QMV\M["
O� +WZZM[XWVLMVKQI�WÅKQIT�MV\ZM�TW[�M`n-
UMVM[�a�KWV�MTTW�TI[�K]M[\QWVM[�LMT�ZM-
KWVWKQUQMV\W�U]\]W�LM�KMZ\QÅKILW[�
O�� 4I�KWUXIZIJQTQLIL�TQVO�y[\QKI�\ZI[KMV-
LMV\IT�LM�KMZ\QÅKILW[
O�� 8W[QJQTQLILM[�LM�KWTIJWZIKQ~V�MV\ZM�MT�
actfl�a�MT�+WV[MRW�LM�-]ZWXI�XIZI�TW[�
M[\nVLIZM[�ML]KI\Q^W[�a�LM�TI[�KWUXM-
\MVKQI[�TQVO�y[\QKI[�QV\MZVIKQWVITM[
O�� +WTIJWZIKQ~V�MV�TW[�XZWaMK\W[�¹8MZÅTº
O�� +WTIJWZIKQ~V� MV� MT� LM[IZZWTTW� LM� K]-
ZZyK]TW�a�LM�UI\MZQITM[�LQLnK\QKW[
O�� +WTIJWZIKQ~V�MV�MT�LM[IZZWTTW�LM�LQIO-
V~[\QKW[�LM�M`nUMVM[�a�LM�UMLQLI[�LM�
M^IT]IKQ~V�NWZUI\Q^I[
O�� =VI�XW[QJTM�ZM^Q[Q~V�LMT�5IZKW�LM�:M-
NMZMVKQI
8MZ[XMK\Q^I"� §=V� 5IZKW� LM� :MNMZMVKQI�
UM`QKIVW�XIZI�TI[�TMVO]I['
El mcer�PI�[QLW�\ZIL]KQLW�PI[\I�TI�NMKPI�
I� XWZ� TW�UMVW[� ��� QLQWUI[�� )LMUn[� LM�
TI[�TMVO]I[�LMT�+WV[MRW�LM�-]ZWXI��MV\ZM�
32 Erwin Tschirner. El Marco Común Europeo de Referen-
cia...
W\ZI[��\IUJQuV�IT�nZIJM��KPQVW��RIXWVu[�a�
KWZMIVW��-V�XIy[M[� KWUW�2IX~V��<IQ_nV�
a� +WTWUJQI� M[� ZMKWVWKQLW� WÅKQITUMV\M��
[WJZM�\WLW�XIZI�QVOTu[�a�PI�ZMMUXTIbILW�
M[\nVLIZM[�ML]KI\Q^W[�VIKQWVITM[��
-V�+WTWUJQI��XWZ�MRMUXTW��MT�5QVQ[-
\MZQW�LM�-L]KIKQ~V�NWZU]T~�MT�8ZWOZIUI�
6IKQWVIT�LM�*QTQVO�Q[UW�LW[�UQT�K]I\ZW�I�
LW[�UQT�LQMKQV]M^M��Y]M�QVKT]aM�TW[�V]M^W[�
-[\nVLIZM[�LM�KWUXM\MVKQI�KWU]VQKI\Q^I�
MV�QVOTu[��-T�5IZKW�+WU�V�-]ZWXMW�N]M�
MT�ZMNMZMV\M�XIZI�ÅRIZ�TW[�VQ^MTM[�LM�LWUQ-
VQW�Y]M�[M�LMJMV�TWOZIZ��
;QV� MUJIZOW�� §4M� JI[\I� I� TW[� XIy[M[�
N]MZI�LM�-]ZWXI�KWV� \ZIL]KQZ� MT�mcer� a��
MV� LILW� KI[W�� UWLQÅKIZTW� TQOMZIUMV\M�
XIZI�KWV�MTTW�KZMIZ�]V� N]VLIUMV\W�XIZI�
TW[� M[\nVLIZM[� ML]KI\Q^W['� +ZMMUW[� Y]M�
VW��-T�5IZKW�LM�:MNMZMVKQI�M[�]V�LWK]-
UMV\W�LMT�LQnTWOW��u[\M�LMJM�QV^Q\IZ�I�MTTW�
XIZI� QVKQ\IZ� I� [][� ][]IZQW[� I� LM[IZZWTTIZ�
ITOW�XZWXQW�Y]M�KWZZM[XWVLI�I�[][�[WKQM-
LILM[��[][�[Q[\MUI[�ML]KI\Q^W[�a�I�[][�\ZI-
LQKQWVM[�LM�IXZMVLQbIRM�a�MV[M}IVbI�
�8WZ�MRMUXTW�TW[�UI\MZQITM[�LQLnK\QKW[�
LM�)TMUIVQI"
O� §8ZMXIZIV� XIZI� ]VI� ^QLI� MV� )TMUI-
VQI'� ·� ¨;y	� �6W� VMKM[IZQIUMV\M� ]VI�
^QLI�MV�)][\ZQI�W�MV�;]QbI��
O� §8ZWXWZKQWVIV� TI� TMVO]I�ITMUIVI�IK-
\]IT'�·�¨;y��MV�XIZ\M�UIOQ[\ZITUMV\M	
O� §8ZMXIZIV�XIZI�]V�M[\]LQW�MV�)TMUI-
VQI'� ·� +WV� LML]KKQWVM[��-`\MV[Q~V�
QV[]ÅKQMV\M LMT� ^WKIJ]TIZQW�� KIV\QLIL�
QV[]ÅKQMV\M� LM� TMK\]ZI[�� a lenguaje 
KQMV\yÅKW�M[KI[W�
O� §:MÆMRIV�KWV\ZI[\Q^IUMV\M�TI�ZMITQLIL�
UM`QKIVI'�·�6W�
O� §8ZWXWZKQWVIV�MT�ITMUnV�KWV�JI[M�MV�
MT�M[XI}WT'�·�6W�
O� §:MÆMRIV�MT�XT]ZQTQVO�Q[UW�a�TI�XT]ZQK]T-
\]ZITQLIL�UM`QKIVI�Y]M�M[�KWUXTM\I-
UMV\M�LQNMZMV\M�Y]M�MV�-]ZWXI'�·�6W�
O� §+WV[QLMZIV� TI� \ZILQKQ~V� ML]KI\Q^I� a�
LM�IXZMVLQbIRM�UM`QKIVI'�·�6W�
=V� 5IZKW� LM� :MNMZMVKQI� UM`QKIVW�
XIZI�TI[�TMVO]I[�QV^Q\IZyI�IT�LQnTWOW�LMV-
\ZW� LM� TI� [WKQMLIL� UM`QKIVI#� IT� LQnTWOW�
MV\ZM� TI[� M[K]MTI[�� TI[� ]VQ^MZ[QLILM[�� TI[�
I]\WZQLILM[�O]JMZVIUMV\ITM[�a�LM�TI�MKW-
VWUyI#�IT�LQnTWOW�MV\ZM�TW[�QLQWUI[��QVKT]-
[W�MV\ZM�TI[�TMVO]I[�QVLyOMVI[#�a�\IUJQuV�
IT� LQnTWOW� MV\ZM� TW[� XIy[M[� KMV\ZW� a� []L-
IUMZQKIVW[� a�LMT�+IZQJM#� IT�LQnTWOW� KWV�
TW[� [WKQW[� LMT� VWZ\M�� I[y� KWUW� IT� LQnTWOW�
KWV�-]ZWXI�a�W\ZW[�KWV\QVMV\M[��
Para asegurarse de presentar un pro-
aMK\W�Y]M�ZM[XWVLI�I�TI[�VMKM[QLILM[�LMT�
XIy[�� M[\M� LQnTWOW� \MVLZyI� Y]M� MUXMbIZ�
[MO]ZIUMV\M�MV�KWTIJWZIKQ~V�KWV�MT�+WV-
[MRW�LM�-]ZWXI��KWV�TI[�WZOIVQbIKQWVM[�QV-
\MZUMLQIZQI[�M]ZWXMI[�a�KWV�MT�actfl��4W�
Y]M�[MO]ZIUMV\M�VW�JI[\I�M[�[QUXTMUMV\M�
\ZIL]KQZ�MT�mcer��W�[MI��ILWX\IZ�TI�\ZIL]K-
KQ~V�M[XI}WTI�LMT�1V[\Q\]\W�+MZ^IV\M[��
4W[�M[\nVLIZM[�ML]KI\Q^W[� \QMVMV�Y]M�
[]ZOQZ�LM� TI�[WKQMLIL��LM� TI�XZWXQI� \ZILQ-
KQ~V��LM�TI�XZWXQI�K]T\]ZI��=V�mcer o un 
UIZKW� LM� ZMNMZMVKQI� VWZ\MIUMZQKIVW� VW�
X]MLMV� Ia]LIZ� I� [I\Q[NIKMZ� [][� XZWXQW[�
ZM\W[��KWV�[][�XZWXQI[�KQZK]V[\IVKQI[�XT]-
ZQTQVO�M[�a�K]T\]ZITM[��KWV�[][�XZWXQI[�\ZI-
LQKQWVM[�LM�MV[M}IVbI�a�IXZMVLQbIRM��4W�
Y]M�[y�X]MLM�PIKMZ�MT�5IZKW�LM�:MNMZMV-
KQI�M[�QV^Q\IZ�IT�LQnTWOW��-[XMZIUW[�Y]M�I�
KWV\QV]IKQ~V�VW�[~TW�XWLIUW[�MUXMbIZ�a�
XZWN]VLQbIZ�M[\M�LQnTWOW�L]ZIV\M�TI�UM[I�
ZMLWVLI�� [QVW� \IUJQuV� Y]M� M[\M� LQnTWOW�
KWV\QV�M�a�OMVMZM�KyZK]TW�NZ]K\yNMZW[�XIZI�
\WLW[�TW[�KWTMOI[�
núm. 1 2013 33
*QJTQWOZINyI�
)UMZQKIV�+W]VKQT�WV�\PM�<MIKPQVO�WN �
.WZMQOV�4IVO]IOM[���������actfl 
8ZWÅKQMVKa�/]QLMTQVM[�������7VTQVM"�
P\\X"��IK\ÆXZWÅKQMVKaO]QLMTQVM[�����
org
*ITLMOOMZ��5���5�TTMZ��5���;KPVMQLMZ��/����
6qN��)����! ����Kontaktschwelle Deutsch als 
Fremdsprache��*MZTQV�]�I�"�4IVOMV[KPMQL\�
*aZIU��5����<WZUMV\MZ��4���ML[�����������
The Common European Framework of 
Reference: The globalisation of language 
education policy��*ZQ[\WT"�5]T\QTQVO]IT�
5I\\MZ[�
+WV[MRW�LM�-]ZWXI���������Marco común 
europeo de referencia para las lenguas: 
aprendizaje, enseñanza, evaluación��5ILZQL"�
5QVQ[\MZQW�LM�-L]KIKQ~V��+]T\]ZI�a�
,MXWZ\M���1V[\Q\]\W�+MZ^IV\M[���-LQ\WZQIT�
)VIaI�
+IVITM��5����;_IQV��5����! ����
<PMWZM\QKIT�JI[M[�WN �KWUU]VQKI\Q^M�
approaches to second language 
\MIKPQVO�IVL�\M[\QVO��1V"�Applied 
Linguistics���������
.]TKPMZ��/����!!����<PM�\M[\QVO�WN �4��
[XMISQVO��1V"�+TIXPIU��+����+WZ[WV��
,���ML[����Encyclopedia of Language and 
Education, Vol. 7: Language Testing and 
Assessment��,WZLZMKP\"�3T]_MZ����� ��
-]ZWXIZI\��0Z[O�����������Gemeinsamer 
europäischer Referenzrahmen für Sprachen: 
Lernen, lehren, beurteilen��*MZTQV�]�I�"�
4IVOMV[KPMQL\�
/TIJWVQI\��5���5�TTMZ��5��;KPUQ\b��0���
:][KP��8����?MZ\MV[KPTIO��4����������
8ZWÅTM�LM]\[KP"�/MUMQV[IUMZ�M]ZWXqQ[KPMZ�
:MNMZMVbZIPUMV�6Q^MI]�)��*���*MZTQV�]�I�"�
4IVOMV[KPMQL\�
/TIJWVQI\��5���5�TTMZ��5��;KPUQ\b��0���
:][KP��8����?MZ\MV[KPTIO��4����������
8ZWÅTM�LM]\[KP"�/MUMQV[IUMZ�M]ZWXqQ[KPMZ�
:MNMZMVbZIPUMV�6Q^MI]�)��+���*MZTQV�]�I�"�
4IVOMV[KPMQL\�
0I_SQV[��2����.QTQXW^QK��4����������Criterial 
NMI\]ZM[�QV�4��-VOTQ[P"�;XMKQNaQVO�\PM�ZMNMZMVKM�
levels of the Common European Framework��
+IUJZQLOM"�+IUJZQLOM�=VQ^MZ[Q\a�
8ZM[[�
4Q[SQV�/I[XIZZW��2����������<PM�actfl 
8ZWÅKQMVKa�/]QLMTQVM[�IVL�\PM�7ZIT�
8ZWÅKQMVKa�1V\MZ^QM_"�)�JZQMN �PQ[\WZa�
IVL�IVITa[Q[�WN �\PMQZ�[]Z^Q^IT��1V"�Foreign 
Language Annals������ ���!��
5ITWVM��5����<[KPQZVMZ��-����������The 
impact of the actfl�8ZWÅKQMVKa�/]QLMTQVM[�WV�
assessing foreign language skills in the U.S. 
Paper presented at the actfl�+-.:�
;aUXW[Q]U�������/ZIb��)][\ZQI��2]VM�
�������������7VTQVM"�P\\X"��___�
]VQTMQXbQO�LM�IK\ÆKMNZ�IJ[\ZIK\[�P\UT
nato�;\IVLIZLQbI\QWV�)OMVKa���������
stanag������6</��-LQ\QWV����·�
4IVO]IOM�8ZWÅKQMVKa�4M^MT[��*Z][[MT["�
6;)��7VTQVM"�P\\X"��___�JQTK�NWZKM[�
OK�KI�[\IVIO�LWK�6=;<
�������
�
��6</
��-,��XLN �
;I^QTTM��6����������<PM�+-.:"�)V�M^WT^QVO�
NZIUM_WZS�WN �ZMNMZMVKM��1V"�<[KPQZVMZ��
-���ML����Aligning frameworks of reference 
in language testing: The actfl�8ZWÅKQMVKa�
Guidelines and the Common European 
Framework of Reference��<�JQVOMV"�
;\I]NNMVJ]ZO���������
;KPVMQLMZ��/����!!!���Wozu ein 
Sprachenportfolio? Funktionen und Merkmale 
des Europäischen Sprachenportfolios��7VTQVM"�
P\\X"��___�]VQNZ�KP�QL[�8WZ\NWTQW�
XLN[�I]N[I\b�O]�_Wb]�XN�XLN
;MIZTM��2����!�!���Speech acts: An essay in the 
philosophy of language��+IUJZQLOM��5I[[�"�
+IUJZQLOM�=VQ^MZ[Q\a�8ZM[[�
34 Erwin Tschirner. El Marco Común Europeo de Referen-
cia...
;_MVLMZ��-����������Mediation. How actfl 
makes its framework work��8IXMZ�XZM[MV\ML�
at the actfl�+-.:�;aUXW[Q]U�������
/ZIb��)][\ZQI��2]VM��������������
7VTQVM"�P\\X"��___�]VQTMQXbQO�LM�
IK\ÆKMNZ�IJ[\ZIK\[�P\UT
<[KPQZVMZ��-���ML��������I���Aligning 
frameworks of reference in language testing: 
The actfl�8ZWÅKQMVKa�/]QLMTQVM[�IVL�\PM�
Common European Framework of Reference��
<�JQVOMV"�;\I]NNMVJ]ZO�
<[KPQZVMZ��-���ML��������J���actfl CEFR 
;aUXW[Q]U�������7VTQVM"�P\\X"��___�
]VQTMQXbQO�LM�IK\ÆKMNZ
<[KPQZVMZ��-��ML�����������actfl CEFR 
)TQOVUMV\�+WVNMZMVKM�������7VTQVM"�
P\\X"��___�]VQTMQXbQO�LM�IK\ÆKMNZ�
QUIOM[����G�����actfl�+-.:�XLN
<[KPQZVMZ��-����*qZMVNqVOMZ��7����������
*ZQLOQVO�NZIUM_WZS[�NWZ�I[[M[[UMV\�IVL�
TMIZVQVO"�<PM�actfl�/]QLMTQVM[�IVL�
\PM�+-.:��8IXMZ�XZM[MV\ML�I\�\PM���\P�
4IVO]IOM�<M[\QVO�:M[MIKP�+WTTWY]Q]U�
�4<:+���8ZQVKM\WV��62��)XZQT������������
7VTQVM"�P\\X"��___�M\[�WZO�K�������
Z[K�XLN��4<:+G����G;KPML]TMG
>MZ[QWV��XLN��X���!�
^IV�-S��2����!�����The threshold level for modern 
language learning in schools��4WVLWV"�
4WVOUIV�
?QTSQV[��,����!�����Notional syllabuses��
7`NWZL"�7`NWZL�=VQ^MZ[Q\a�8ZM[[�

Continue navegando