LandEcon-Paper10-MT-2022-01-LW

Prévia do material em texto

Welcome to Paper 10
LandEcon Paper10 1
Agenda
• Get to know each other
• Paper overview
• Teaching plan for Michaelmas 2022
• Lecture 01
Paper 10 - Distinctiveness
• No single textbook
• Combining two types of knowledge:
1. Knowledge = Empirical data X Mathematics
2. Knowledge = Experience X Sensitivity
• Experience: how you read/feel the built environment
• Sensitivity: awareness of the experience & how to make decisions
2
Source: Homo Deus (Harari, 2017)
LandEcon Paper10
LandEcon Paper10 3
Knowledge = Experience X Sensitivity
LandEcon Paper10 4
Knowledge = Experience X Sensitivity
Paper 10 - Distinctiveness
• No single textbook
• Combining two types of knowledge:
1. Knowledge = Empirical data X Mathematics
2. Knowledge = Experience X Sensitivity
• Experience: how you read/feel the built environment
• Sensitivity: awareness of the experience & how to make decisions
5
Source: Homo Deus (Harari, 2017)
LandEcon Paper10
• Drawing your own experience
• A comparative perspective
LandEcon Paper10 6
“
What is needed, in education 
for the built environment, is to 
expose students to the ways of 
cooperative working to achieve 
common and productive 
outcomes.”
Sir Prof Peter Hall
Systems maps
10
Exogenous 
and historical 
GHG emissions
Exogenous
factors
Consumer 
durables in 
household 
possession
Housing 
pricesPopulation
Demand for
housing
Demand for 
living space
Number of 
dual-earner 
families
Household 
debt
Number of 
Households
Human health 
and wellbeing
Access to
credit
Car 
ownership
Congestion
Economic 
growth-GDP
Size of 
households
Property
tax
Housing
wealth
Fossil fuel 
price
Inbound
tourism
Globalisa-
tion
Global 
mobility of 
people
Birth 
rate
Life
expectancy
Rural Land 
price
Commuting
distance
Car (& truck) 
usage
Commuting
time
Physical
inactivity
Noxious/
GHG
Emissions
Population
density
Social 
cohesion
E!ective
density
Injuries
Farmer access 
to alternative 
revenues 
Employ-
ment
Disposable
income
Spread of 
disease
Demand for 
energy
Access to 
services that 
enhance the 
quality of life
Extent of 
mixed-use 
development
Extent of 
cross-
commuting
Agglomera-
tion 
economies
Localisation
economies
Urbanisa-
tion
economies
Access to 
public 
transport Extent of motorway 
network
Demand for 
renewable 
energy
Demand for 
UK agricultural 
land
Demand for 
coal
Urban
growth
Amount of 
land in 
private trusts
Demand for 
bio-energy
Demand for 
wind energy
Spatial 
separation 
of functions
Sub-
urbanisation
Speed of 
travel
Distance 
between jobs 
and housing
Local 
government
revenue
Size of 
dwellings
Perception of 
overcrowding
E!ective-
ness of land 
mgt skills
Knowledge 
intensity of 
economic 
activity
Fluidity of 
organisational 
structures
Fluidity and 
leanness of 
logistical 
chains
Stability of 
employment
Strength of 
local 
economy
Demand for 
tourism and 
recreation
Locational 
mobility of 
workers
Home 
working
Fuel 
costs
Investment 
in housing
Investment in 
infrastructure
Demand for 
freight 
transport
Competitive 
pressures
Capacity to 
attract key 
workers
Excise 
duties
Demand for 
minerals 
extraction 
sites
Active transport 
(walking, 
cycling)
Spatial 
separation 
of minorities
Agricultural 
commodity 
prices
Competitive 
pressure on 
UK agriculture
Demand for 
UK agricultural 
products
Viability of 
farming 
business
Viability of 
rural 
communities
Rural
employment
Speed of 
rural land 
use change
Economies 
of scale in 
agriculture
Capital 
intensity of 
agribusiness
UK 
agricultural 
intensi"cation
Use of 
chemical 
inputs
Intensity of 
ploughing
Stocking
density
GHG
emissions 
from cropland
GHG
emissions 
from livestock
Conversion of 
agricultural to 
non-agricultural 
land
Sequestra-
tion of 
organic C
GHG removal 
from 
atmosphere
Forest 
surface area
Integrity of 
peatland
Complexity of 
landholding 
arrangements
Water
quality
Soil
quantity
Soil
quality
Air
quality
Water
availability
Quality and 
quantity of 
biotic stocks
Quality and 
quantity of 
abiotic stocks
Capacity of 
land to deliver 
ecosystem 
services
Environ-
mental
Equality
Resilience of 
social-
ecological 
systems
Quantity and 
quality of nature 
reserves and 
protected areas
Conservation status 
of specialist species 
of conservation 
concern
Conservation status 
of generalist species 
of conservation 
concern
Conservation 
status of wider 
environmental 
species
E!ectiveness of 
species recovery 
programs
E!ectiveness of 
wider land 
management 
for wildlife
Seasonal 
water 
shortages
Changes in 
seasonal 
events
Growing 
season
Demand for
 available 
land
Impact of
climate
change
Groundwater 
pollutant 
concentration
Surface water 
pollutant 
concentration
Urban/rural 
groundwater 
recharge
Agricultural 
water use
Flooding
Coastal
erosion
Sea level rise Precipitation
Frequency 
and height of 
storm surges
Frequency of 
extreme 
rainfall events
Overland 
water runo!
Average UK 
temperature
Industrial and 
household 
GHG emissions
Demand for 
commercial 
space
Consumption
Materials
Consumption
Retirement 
age
Company 
car subsidy
Housing
supply
Housing
quality
Exogenous
factors
Environ-
mental
Equality
Demand for
 available 
land
Housing
quality
Seasonal 
water 
shortages
Groundwater 
pollutant 
concentration
Surface water Surface water 
pollutant 
concentration
Urban/rural 
groundwater 
recharge
Agricultural 
water use
Flooding
Coastal
erosion
Sea level rise Precipitation
Frequency 
and height of 
storm surges
Frequency of 
extreme 
rainfall events
Overland 
water runo!
dwellings
Housing
supply
Inbound
tourism
Demand for 
tourism and 
recreation
Consumption
Consumer 
durables in 
household 
Number of 
dual-earner 
families
Household 
debt
Access to
Economic 
growth-GDP
Property
Housing
wealth
Employ-
ment
Disposable
income
Agglomera-
tion 
economies
Localisation
economies
Urbanisa-
tion
economies
Local 
government
revenue
Strength of 
local 
economyeconomyeconomy
Investment 
in housing
Investment in 
infrastructure
Capacity to 
attract key 
workers
Demand for 
commercial 
spacespacespace
Housing 
prices
Demand for
housing
Demand for 
living space
Access to
credit
Property
tax
government
revenue
Size of 
dwellings
Demand for 
commercial 
spacespacespace
Property
government
revenue
Access to
Demand for 
commercial 
spacespacespace
Consumer 
durables in 
household 
possessionpossessionpossession
Employ
Disposable
income
Consumer 
durables in 
household 
Employ
Disposable
income
Size of 
dwellings Population
density
E!ective
density
Access to 
services that 
enhance the 
quality of lifequality of lifequality of life
Extent of 
mixed-use 
developmentdevelopmentdevelopment
Urban
growth
Spatial 
separation 
of functions
Sub-
urbanisation
Perception of 
overcrowding
Spatial 
separation 
of minorities
supplysupply
Social 
cohesion
Active transport 
(walking, 
cycling)
Knowledge 
intensity of 
Knowledge 
intensity of 
Knowledge 
economic 
intensity of 
economic 
intensity of 
activityactivityactivity
Fluidity of 
organisational 
structures
Fluidity and 
leanness of 
Fluidity and 
leanness of 
Fluidity and 
logistical 
chains
logistical 
chains
logistical 
Stability of 
employment
Home 
working
Competitive 
pressures
Retirement 
age
Fossil fuel 
price
Demand for 
energy
Demand for 
renewable 
energyenergyenergy
Demand for 
coal
Demand for 
bio-energy
Demand for 
wind energy
Fuel 
costs
Excise 
duties
Demand for Demand for 
minerals 
extraction 
sites
Materials
Consumption
Car 
ownership
Congestion
Commuting
distance
Car (& truck) 
usage
Commuting
time
Physical
inactivity
Noxious/
GHG
Emissions
Injuries
Extent of 
cross-
commutingcommutingcommuting
Access to 
public 
transport
network
Distance 
between jobs 
and housing
Locational 
mobilityof 
workers
Demand for Demand for 
freight 
transport
Company 
car subsidy
Population
Number of 
Households
Size of 
households
Globalisa-
tion
Global 
mobility of 
people
Birth 
rate
Life
expectancy
Size of 
households
Size of 
households
Amount of 
land in 
private trustsprivate trustsprivate trusts
Quality and 
quantity of 
biotic stocksbiotic stocksbiotic stocks
Quality and 
quantity of 
abiotic stocks
Capacity of 
land to deliver 
Capacity of 
land to deliver 
Capacity of 
ecosystem 
services
ecosystem 
services
ecosystem 
Quantity and 
quality of nature 
Quantity and 
quality of nature 
Quantity and 
reserves and 
quality of nature 
reserves and 
quality of nature 
protected areas
Conservation status 
of specialist species 
of conservation 
of specialist species 
of conservation 
of specialist species 
concern
Conservation status 
of generalist species 
of conservation 
of generalist species 
of conservation 
of generalist species 
concern
Conservation 
status of wider 
environmental 
species
E!ectiveness of 
species recovery 
programs
E!ectiveness of E!ectiveness of 
wider land 
management 
for wildlife
management 
for wildlife
management 
Resilience of Resilience of 
social-
ecological 
systemssystemssystems
Water
quality
Soil
quantity
Soil
quality
Air
quality
Water
availability
Human health 
and wellbeing
Spread of 
disease
Exogenous 
and historical 
GHG emissions
Use of 
chemical 
inputs
Intensity of 
ploughing
Stocking
density
GHG
emissions 
from cropland
GHG
emissions 
from livestock
Sequestra-
tion of 
organic Corganic C
GHG removal 
from 
atmosphere
Integrity of 
peatland
Changes in 
seasonal 
events
Growing 
season
Impact of
climate
changechange
Average UK 
temperature
Industrial and 
household 
GHG emissions
Rural Land 
price
Farmer access 
to alternative 
revenues 
Demand for 
UK agricultural UK agricultural 
land
E!ective-
ness of land 
mgt skillsmgt skills
Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural 
commodity 
prices
Competitive Competitive 
pressure on 
UK agricultureUK agricultureUK agriculture
Demand for 
UK agricultural 
products
Viability of Viability of 
farming 
business
Viability of 
rural 
communities
Rural
employment
Speed of 
rural land 
use changeuse changeuse change
Economies Economies 
of scale in 
agriculture
Capital 
intensity of 
agribusiness
UK 
agricultural 
intensi"cation
Conversion of 
agricultural to 
non-agricultural 
agricultural to 
non-agricultural 
agricultural to 
land
non-agricultural 
land
non-agricultural 
Forest 
surface area
Complexity of 
landholding 
arrangements
Demographics
Economic Structure
Consumption
Demand for energy
Transport
Housing
Urban structure
Water
Agriculture
(A)Biotic stocks
Climate change
Wellbeing
Economic Growth
Land System In!uence Diagram
Foresight project on Land Use Futures
Copyright® 2009 shiftn cvba
Land system – clustered infl uence diagram
Foresight Land Use Futures (2010).
Systems maps.
The Government Office for Science, London. 
Influence factors of the land system 
Systems maps
10
Exogenous 
and historical 
GHG emissions
Exogenous
factors
Consumer 
durables in 
household 
possession
Housing 
pricesPopulation
Demand for
housing
Demand for 
living space
Number of 
dual-earner 
families
Household 
debt
Number of 
Households
Human health 
and wellbeing
Access to
credit
Car 
ownership
Congestion
Economic 
growth-GDP
Size of 
households
Property
tax
Housing
wealth
Fossil fuel 
price
Inbound
tourism
Globalisa-
tion
Global 
mobility of 
people
Birth 
rate
Life
expectancy
Rural Land 
price
Commuting
distance
Car (& truck) 
usage
Commuting
time
Physical
inactivity
Noxious/
GHG
Emissions
Population
density
Social 
cohesion
E!ective
density
Injuries
Farmer access 
to alternative 
revenues 
Employ-
ment
Disposable
income
Spread of 
disease
Demand for 
energy
Access to 
services that 
enhance the 
quality of life
Extent of 
mixed-use 
development
Extent of 
cross-
commuting
Agglomera-
tion 
economies
Localisation
economies
Urbanisa-
tion
economies
Access to 
public 
transport Extent of motorway 
network
Demand for 
renewable 
energy
Demand for 
UK agricultural 
land
Demand for 
coal
Urban
growth
Amount of 
land in 
private trusts
Demand for 
bio-energy
Demand for 
wind energy
Spatial 
separation 
of functions
Sub-
urbanisation
Speed of 
travel
Distance 
between jobs 
and housing
Local 
government
revenue
Size of 
dwellings
Perception of 
overcrowding
E!ective-
ness of land 
mgt skills
Knowledge 
intensity of 
economic 
activity
Fluidity of 
organisational 
structures
Fluidity and 
leanness of 
logistical 
chains
Stability of 
employment
Strength of 
local 
economy
Demand for 
tourism and 
recreation
Locational 
mobility of 
workers
Home 
working
Fuel 
costs
Investment 
in housing
Investment in 
infrastructure
Demand for 
freight 
transport
Competitive 
pressures
Capacity to 
attract key 
workers
Excise 
duties
Demand for 
minerals 
extraction 
sites
Active transport 
(walking, 
cycling)
Spatial 
separation 
of minorities
Agricultural 
commodity 
prices
Competitive 
pressure on 
UK agriculture
Demand for 
UK agricultural 
products
Viability of 
farming 
business
Viability of 
rural 
communities
Rural
employment
Speed of 
rural land 
use change
Economies 
of scale in 
agriculture
Capital 
intensity of 
agribusiness
UK 
agricultural 
intensi"cation
Use of 
chemical 
inputs
Intensity of 
ploughing
Stocking
density
GHG
emissions 
from cropland
GHG
emissions 
from livestock
Conversion of 
agricultural to 
non-agricultural 
land
Sequestra-
tion of 
organic C
GHG removal 
from 
atmosphere
Forest 
surface area
Integrity of 
peatland
Complexity of 
landholding 
arrangements
Water
quality
Soil
quantity
Soil
quality
Air
quality
Water
availability
Quality and 
quantity of 
biotic stocks
Quality and 
quantity of 
abiotic stocks
Capacity of 
land to deliver 
ecosystem 
services
Environ-
mental
Equality
Resilience of 
social-
ecological 
systems
Quantity and 
quality of nature 
reserves and 
protected areas
Conservation status 
of specialist species 
of conservation 
concern
Conservation status 
of generalist species 
of conservation 
concern
Conservation 
status of wider 
environmental 
species
E!ectiveness of 
species recovery 
programs
E!ectiveness of 
wider land 
management 
for wildlife
Seasonal 
water 
shortages
Changes in 
seasonal 
events
Growing 
season
Demand for
 available 
land
Impact of
climate
change
Groundwater 
pollutant 
concentration
Surface water 
pollutant 
concentration
Urban/rural 
groundwater 
recharge
Agricultural 
water use
Flooding
Coastal
erosion
Sea level rise Precipitation
Frequency 
and height of 
storm surges
Frequency of 
extreme 
rainfall events
Overland 
water runo!
Average UK 
temperature
Industrial and 
household 
GHG emissions
Demand for 
commercial 
space
Consumption
Materials
Consumption
Retirement 
age
Company 
car subsidy
Housing
supply
Housing
quality
Exogenous
factors
Environ-
mental
Equality
Demand for
 available 
land
Housing
quality
Seasonal 
water 
shortages
Groundwater 
pollutant 
concentration
Surface water Surface water 
pollutant 
concentration
Urban/rural 
groundwater 
recharge
Agricultural 
water use
Flooding
Coastal
erosion
Sea level rise Precipitation
Frequency 
and height of 
storm surges
Frequency of 
extreme 
rainfall events
Overland 
water runo!
dwellings
Housing
supply
Inbound
tourism
Demand for 
tourism and 
recreation
Consumption
Consumer 
durables in 
household 
Number of 
dual-earner 
families
Household 
debt
Access to
Economic 
growth-GDP
Property
Housing
wealth
Employ-
ment
Disposable
income
Agglomera-
tion 
economies
Localisation
economies
Urbanisa-
tion
economies
Local 
government
revenue
Strength of 
localeconomyeconomyeconomy
Investment 
in housing
Investment in 
infrastructure
Capacity to 
attract key 
workers
Demand for 
commercial 
spacespacespace
Housing 
prices
Demand for
housing
Demand for 
living space
Access to
credit
Property
tax
government
revenue
Size of 
dwellings
Demand for 
commercial 
spacespacespace
Property
government
revenue
Access to
Demand for 
commercial 
spacespacespace
Consumer 
durables in 
household 
possessionpossessionpossession
Employ
Disposable
income
Consumer 
durables in 
household 
Employ
Disposable
income
Size of 
dwellings Population
density
E!ective
density
Access to 
services that 
enhance the 
quality of lifequality of lifequality of life
Extent of 
mixed-use 
developmentdevelopmentdevelopment
Urban
growth
Spatial 
separation 
of functions
Sub-
urbanisation
Perception of 
overcrowding
Spatial 
separation 
of minorities
supplysupply
Social 
cohesion
Active transport 
(walking, 
cycling)
Knowledge 
intensity of 
Knowledge 
intensity of 
Knowledge 
economic 
intensity of 
economic 
intensity of 
activityactivityactivity
Fluidity of 
organisational 
structures
Fluidity and 
leanness of 
Fluidity and 
leanness of 
Fluidity and 
logistical 
chains
logistical 
chains
logistical 
Stability of 
employment
Home 
working
Competitive 
pressures
Retirement 
age
Fossil fuel 
price
Demand for 
energy
Demand for 
renewable 
energyenergyenergy
Demand for 
coal
Demand for 
bio-energy
Demand for 
wind energy
Fuel 
costs
Excise 
duties
Demand for Demand for 
minerals 
extraction 
sites
Materials
Consumption
Car 
ownership
Congestion
Commuting
distance
Car (& truck) 
usage
Commuting
time
Physical
inactivity
Noxious/
GHG
Emissions
Injuries
Extent of 
cross-
commutingcommutingcommuting
Access to 
public 
transport
network
Distance 
between jobs 
and housing
Locational 
mobility of 
workers
Demand for Demand for 
freight 
transport
Company 
car subsidy
Population
Number of 
Households
Size of 
households
Globalisa-
tion
Global 
mobility of 
people
Birth 
rate
Life
expectancy
Size of 
households
Size of 
households
Amount of 
land in 
private trustsprivate trustsprivate trusts
Quality and 
quantity of 
biotic stocksbiotic stocksbiotic stocks
Quality and 
quantity of 
abiotic stocks
Capacity of 
land to deliver 
Capacity of 
land to deliver 
Capacity of 
ecosystem 
services
ecosystem 
services
ecosystem 
Quantity and 
quality of nature 
Quantity and 
quality of nature 
Quantity and 
reserves and 
quality of nature 
reserves and 
quality of nature 
protected areas
Conservation status 
of specialist species 
of conservation 
of specialist species 
of conservation 
of specialist species 
concern
Conservation status 
of generalist species 
of conservation 
of generalist species 
of conservation 
of generalist species 
concern
Conservation 
status of wider 
environmental 
species
E!ectiveness of 
species recovery 
programs
E!ectiveness of E!ectiveness of 
wider land 
management 
for wildlife
management 
for wildlife
management 
Resilience of Resilience of 
social-
ecological 
systemssystemssystems
Water
quality
Soil
quantity
Soil
quality
Air
quality
Water
availability
Human health 
and wellbeing
Spread of 
disease
Exogenous 
and historical 
GHG emissions
Use of 
chemical 
inputs
Intensity of 
ploughing
Stocking
density
GHG
emissions 
from cropland
GHG
emissions 
from livestock
Sequestra-
tion of 
organic Corganic C
GHG removal 
from 
atmosphere
Integrity of 
peatland
Changes in 
seasonal 
events
Growing 
season
Impact of
climate
changechange
Average UK 
temperature
Industrial and 
household 
GHG emissions
Rural Land 
price
Farmer access 
to alternative 
revenues 
Demand for 
UK agricultural UK agricultural 
land
E!ective-
ness of land 
mgt skillsmgt skills
Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural 
commodity 
prices
Competitive Competitive 
pressure on 
UK agricultureUK agricultureUK agriculture
Demand for 
UK agricultural 
products
Viability of Viability of 
farming 
business
Viability of 
rural 
communities
Rural
employment
Speed of 
rural land 
use changeuse changeuse change
Economies Economies 
of scale in 
agriculture
Capital 
intensity of 
agribusiness
UK 
agricultural 
intensi"cation
Conversion of 
agricultural to 
non-agricultural 
agricultural to 
non-agricultural 
agricultural to 
land
non-agricultural 
land
non-agricultural 
Forest 
surface area
Complexity of 
landholding 
arrangements
Demographics
Economic Structure
Consumption
Demand for energy
Transport
Housing
Urban structure
Water
Agriculture
(A)Biotic stocks
Climate change
Wellbeing
Economic Growth
Land System In!uence Diagram
Foresight project on Land Use Futures
Copyright® 2009 shiftn cvba
Land system – clustered infl uence diagram
Foresight Land Use Futures (2010).
Systems maps.
The Government Office for Science, London. 
Paper 11: Land and 
Urban economics
Paper 16: Land, Food 
and Ecosystem Services
Paper 7: Regional 
economics and Policy
Paper 14: Planning 
Policy and Practice
Paper 5: Environmental 
Economics and Law
Paper 4: Land Economy, 
Development and Sustainability
Influence factors of the land system 
Lectures & Supervisions in Michaelmas Term
LandEcon Paper10 9Available on Moodle
Wk. Date Lecture Location 
1 7 Oct Definition and classifications of the built environment Cormack 
Room 2 14 Oct Density, agglomeration and implications 
 17, 18 & 19 
Oct. 
Supervision A1 (10min Presentation) 
(Booking open: 7 Oct; Submission deadline: 14 Oct) 
tbc 
3 21 Oct Evolution of the urban spatial structure Cormack 
Room 4 28 Oct Who to blame for traffic congestion – Understanding land-use and 
transport interaction 
 31 Oct, 1 & 
2 Nov 
Supervision A2 (Essay) 
(Booking open: 14 Oct; Submission deadline: 23 Oct) 
tbc 
5 4 Nov Modelling the built environment (I) – Theory and Method Cormack 
Room 6 11 Nov Modelling the built environment (II) – Case study 
 14, 15 & 16 
Nov 
Supervision A3 (Essay) 
(Booking open: 24 Oct; Submission deadline: 6 Nov) 
tbc 
7 18 Nov Streets, neighbourhoods and the public realm – A design perspective Cormack 
Room 8 25 Nov Built environment and sustainability 
 28 Nov, 29 & 
30 Nov 
Supervision A4 (Essay & Workshop) 
(Booking open: 11 Nov; Submission deadline: 20 Nov) 
tbc 
 
PAPER 10 - Built Environment
Lecture 01
Overview of the Built Environment
Definitions and Classifications
Dr Li Wan
Land Economy Tripos
Department of Land Economy
University of Cambridge
Lecture 01
Definitions:
• What is the built environment
• What is a city & built-up area
• Cities and Towns in Britain
• World cities – Now and Future
Classifications:
• Urban-rural classification
• Urban functional areas – UK Travel to work areas (TTWAs)
• The fast and the slow – a temporal dimension
LandEcon Paper10 11
Built environment
• The human-made environment
• It mainly includes:
• Buildings
• Economic infrastructure (e.g. transport networks, utilities)
• Social infrastructure (e.g. housing, healthcare, education, public spaces)
=> Cities
LandEcon Paper10 12
LandEcon Paper10 13
Cities do not have a long history.
(primates 65m; Homo sapiens 300k; cities 5k) 
https://www.techcrates.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/evolution-computers.jpg
Uruk in Mesopotamia (c. 2900 BC)
One of the earliest cities in the world
14
Anu district, Phase E of Uruk III. Sumerian city Uruk. Photo: Project SAHI-Tell Jokha; Drahoslav
Hulínek, 2017.
LandEcon Paper10
Uruk in Mesopotamia (c. 2900 BC)
One of the earliest cities in the world
15LandEcon Paper10
What is a modern city?
LandEcon Paper10 16
Toronto, Canada
• Municipality (2.6m)
• Urban agglomeration (5.1m)
• Metropolitan area (5.6m)
LandEcon Paper10 17
UN (2018). The World’s Cities in 2018—Data Booklet (ST/ESA/ SER.A/417). 
Urban agglomeration is the continuous 
urban built-up area, i.e. the urban extent
LandEcon Paper10 18Municipality
(c. 4.4m pop. 2019)
Urban agglomeration
Metropolitan area
(c. 9.4m pop. 2019)
Nairobi, Kenya
LandEcon Paper10 19
Degree of Urbanization (UN-Habitat)
• Based on grid cells of 1 sq.km
• Cities: settlements of at least 50,000 inhabitants in a high-density cluster of 
grid cells (greater than 1,500 inhabitants per sq. km) 
• Towns and semi-dense areas: an urban cluster with at least 5,000 
inhabitants in contiguous moderate-density grid cells (at least 300 
inhabitants per sq. km) outside cities 
• Rural areas: grid cells with a density of less than 300 inhabitants per sq. 
km or higher density cells that do not belong to a city, town or semi-dense 
area 
LandEcon Paper10 20
LandEcon Paper10 21
Reference: 
A unified city definition
- built-up area
- Density / Degree of 
urbanisation
From City 
to 
City region
LandEcon Paper10 22
https://www.economist.com/china/2018/06/23/china-is-trying-to-turn-itself-into-a-country-of-19-super-regions
LandEcon Paper10 23
City proper of Beijing 
(16.4k km2, 22m population in 2021)
Greater Beijing (‘Jing Jin Ji’) city region
215,870 km2, 112m residents (2016)
LandEcon Paper10 24
Dallas
Phoenix
LA
SF
Seattle
Portland
Denver
Detroit
Chicago
NY & Boston
Orlando
Lecture 01
Definitions:
• What is the built environment
• What is a city & built-up area
• Cities and Towns in Britain
• World cities – Now and Future
Classifications:
• Urban-rural classification
• Urban functional areas – UK Travel to work areas (TTWAs)
• The fast and the slow – a temporal dimension
LandEcon Paper10 25
LandEcon Paper10 26
What is a built up area?
1: Motorway
2: Farmland
3: City centre 4: Airport
LandEcon Paper10 27
What is a built-up area?
(ONS definition, 2011)
• Built-up
• Spatially continuous
• Minimum area of 20 hectares
• Settlements within 200 metres of 
each other are linked 
LandEcon Paper10 28
Reference: 
Methodology for deriving the built-
up areas in the UK 
LandEcon Paper10 29
Useful land data sources:
• Generalised Land Use Dataset (GLUD, 2010) 
• Land Cover Map data (2015) on Edina
https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/webhelp/environment/data_information/landcover_data.htm
LandEcon Paper10 30
https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::built-up-area-sub-divisions-december-2011-
boundaries/explore?location=52.908900%2C-2.000000%2C7.79
LandEcon Paper10 31
Characteristics of the built-up areas
9.6% of land is built-up 
(1.4 million ha)
95% of usual residents 
live in built-up areas
LandEcon Paper10 32
In 2011 across England and Wales :
% of other land use in the UK:
Agriculture: 75%
Forestry.: 13%
Built-up areas in 
England and Wales
LandEcon Paper10 33
Population range: 100 – 9.8 million across 
5,493 built-up areas (2011)
The four major built-up areas are:
• Greater London – 9.8m usual residents
• Greater Manchester – 2.6m usual 
residents
• West Midlands – 2.4m usual residents
• West Yorkshire – 1.8m usual residents
Quiz:
% built-up area around the world
• %built-up area in the world?
• Highest country in Europe and in the world?
LandEcon Paper10 34
LandEcon Paper10 35
%built-up area in other countries 
0.59 1.13 
1.63 
2.89 
5.89 
14.89 
16.96 
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Built-up areas as percent of total land area by country (2014)
(Source: OECD database) 
LandEcon Paper10 36
Singapore: 50.51% (2014)
Note: "Built-up" in OECD data is defined as the presence of 
buildings (roofed structures), which excludes e.g. paved surfaces 
(roads, parking lots), commercial and industrial sites (ports, 
landfills, quarries, runways) and urban green spaces (parks, 
gardens).
LandEcon Paper10 37
Size of Singapore:
721.5 km2
http://senseable.mit.edu/unparking/
built-up area change
LandEcon Paper10 38
1.3%
0.9%
0.6%
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1.0%
1.5%
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Built-up area change from 2000 to 2014 (% per annum, assuming exponential growth) 
(Source: OECD database) 
Why UK 
stands 
on this 
end?
Supervision 1
• Download the OECD data on ‘built-up area per capita’ on Moodle
• Analyse
• Prepare a 7-slide (approximately 5 min) presentation, discussing your 
findings, and 
• Write a 150-word abstract summarising the findings.
Submission deadline: midnight 14 Oct 2022
PDF format only
LandEcon Paper10 39
LandEcon Paper10 40
LandEcon Paper10 41
Interdependence between cities and roads
Cities emerge as centres for trade, which rely on 
transport accessibility.
Towns and Cities in the UK
ONS definition:
• 112 towns and cities in England and 
Wales (2015)
• The boundaries do not follow 
administrative areas, but are instead 
based on built-up area
• A resident or workday population size 
above 75,000 (as measured in the 
2011 Census)
LandEcon Paper10 42
Towns and Cities in the UK
Parliament definition:
City & Town Classification of Constituencies & Local Authorities
• 12 Core Cities: twelve major population and economic centres (e.g. London, Glasgow, Sheffield)
• 24 Other Cities: other settlements with a population of more than 175,000 (e.g. Leicester, Portsmouth, Aberdeen)
• 119 Large Towns: settlements with a population between 60,000 and 174,999 (e.g. Warrington, Hemel Hempstead, 
Farnborough)
• 270 Medium Towns: settlements with a population between 25,000 and 59,999
• 674 Small Towns: settlements with a population between 7,500 and 24,999
• 6,116 Villages and small communities: settlements with a population of less than 7,500
LandEcon Paper10 43
https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8322/
World cities – Now & Future
LandEcon Paper10 44
How many cities in the world?
LandEcon Paper10 45
371
548
706
33
43
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2000 2018 2030 - Projection
Number of world cities (>=1m population)
(Source: UN The World's Cities in 2018)
1m-10m Population >10m Population (data for 2000 not available)
UN (2018). The World’s Cities in 2018Note: No stats for >10m cities in 2000
Cities: urban agglomerations with 1m+ population 
How many cities in the world?
LandEcon Paper10 46
UN Habitat - World Cities Report (2022)
Cities: urban agglomerations with >=50k population 
14,000
LandEcon Paper10 47
% of urban population in the world?
UN (2018). The World’s Cities in 2018
%Growth
(based on pop.)
42%
38%
28%
What is the world largest city now and in the future?
Tokyo:
• Population: 38m (2016)
• Area: 13,500 km2
LandEconPaper10 48Source: Wikipedia
0.
5.
10.
15.
20.
25.
30.
35.
40.
19
50
19
60
19
70
19
80
19
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18
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Population of the Greater Tokyo Area 
1950 to 2030 (Source: UN 2015)
What is the world largest city now and in the future?
LandEcon Paper10 49
UN (2018). The World’s Cities in 2018
Cities: urban agglomerations with 1m+ population 
LandEcon Paper10 50
UN (2018). The World’s Cities in 2018
Average rate of 
population growth: 5%
Urbanisation 
and Population
• For Low income countries: natural pop. 
growth applies everywhere; moderate 
internal migration.
• For L-M income countries: rural-to-urban 
migration leads to population 
concentration in cities 
• For U-M income countries: cities saturate 
with progressing suburbanisation (and 
increasing planning interventions)
• For High income countries: city expansion 
revived by both international and internal 
migration
LandEcon Paper10 51
Source: World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results 
Urbanisation 
and Land use
What can you find?
LandEcon Paper10 52Ratio: 1.6
Ratio: 1.7Ratio: 1.5
Ratio: 3.1
Ratio: 1.0
Ratio: 1.1
Ratio: 1.3Ratio: 1.6 Ratio: 1.9
Ratio: 1.9Ratio: 3.0 Ratio: 1.9
Urbanisation 
and Land use
• For Low income countries: natural 
pop. growth applies everywhere; 
moderate internal migration.
• For L-M income countries: rural-to-
urban migration leads to population 
concentration in cities 
• For U-M income countries: cities 
saturate with progressing 
suburbanisation (and increasing 
planning interventions)
• For High income countries: city 
expansion revived by both 
international and internal migration; 
annexation of nearby towns
LandEcon Paper10
107% 111%
71%
100%
57% 56%
21%
49%
Towns Cities Towns Cities Towns Cities Towns Cities
Low L-M U-M H
Cumulative change of land cover (1990-2020) by income group
Cities vs Towns and semi-dense areas
Differences in 
Natural growth
LandEcon Paper10 54
Urban or rural?
Urban-rural classification
LandEcon Paper10 55
Urban or Rural?
LandEcon Paper10 56
Urban or Rural?
LandEcon Paper10 57
Urban or Rural?
LandEcon Paper10 58
ONS Rural-urban Classification
What is urban area?
• Urban areas are connected built-up areas that have resident 
populations above 10,000 people (2011 Census).
LandEcon Paper10 59
ONS Rural-urban Classification
• How many people live in urban areas in England?
82% (43.7 million, 2011)
LandEcon Paper10 60
ONS Rural-urban Classification
• RUC consists of four urban and six rural combinations
• Based on Output Areas
• smallest building block of Census geography
• 100-625 residents
• approx. 181k OAs for England and Wales
• Each OA is assigned as urban or rural
• OA classification can be aggregated
• Lower-layer Super Output Areas (LSOA, population of 1-3k)
• Middle-layer Super Output Areas (MSOA, populations of 5-15k)
LandEcon Paper10 61https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/methodology/geography/geographicalproducts/ruralurbancla
ssifications/2011ruralurbanclassification/rucoaleafletmay2015tcm77406351.pdf
LandEcon Paper10 62
The urban world has changed: 
‘from dichotomy to continuum’
How to define a functional 
urban area?
Source of images: The World Bank - World Development Report 2009, 2008, p51
Travel to Work Areas 
(TTWAs) 
• A census geography created to reflect 
self-contained labour market areas
• Help understanding the spatial 
mismatch between labour supply and 
demand
LandEcon Paper10 63
Employed Workers
Employed Residents
LandEcon Paper10 64
Travel to Work Areas 
(TTWAs) 
• Criteria: 
• at least 75%* of the area's resident 
work in the area and at least 75% of 
the people who work in the area also 
live in the area. 
• an economically active population of 
at least 3,500. 
• 228 TTWAs in the UK (as by Census 
2011 data)
• 149 TTWAs in England, 45 in 
Scotland, 18 in Wales, 10 in NI
* 66.7% for areas with >25k population
LandEcon Paper10 65
Travel to Work Areas 
(TTWAs) 
• If we calculate the area of each TTWA 
and match it with a circle – an appr. 
labour catchment area
• Labour catchment area: how far a 
major city/town can attract labour from
(NB: this is NOT the average commuting 
distance)
• Why this shape?
LandEcon Paper10 66
The area of TTWA around Cambridge is 
equivalent to a 29.2km-radius circle.
29.2km
LandEcon Paper10 67
• Cambridge: 29.2 km - longest in 
England and Wales
• Hartlepool: 5.7 km – shortest in 
England and Wales
Is spatial mismatch 
necessarily a bad 
thing?
LandEcon Paper10 68
The Fast and Slow in urban development
• Major industrial sites and infrastructure take long time to build;
• And they last for long time
LandEcon Paper10 69
LandEcon Paper10 70
Where we are in 1880s
LandEcon Paper10 71
Where we are in 1900s
LandEcon Paper10 72
Where we are in 1920s
LandEcon Paper10 73
Where we are in 1960s
LandEcon Paper10 74
Where we are in 2010s
LandEcon Paper10 75
Wegener, M., Gnad, F., & Vannahme, M. (1986). The time scale of urban change. 
Varying time 
scales of urban 
development 
processes
Summary
• City / urban agglomeration / metropolitan area / city region.
• By 2030, 60% world population will live in urban areas, with 28% living in cities with 1m+ 
population.
• African and Asian cities will see the fastest growth.
• Key driver of spatial expansion: internal/international migration
• In 2011, only 9.6% of total land area in E&W was built-up; 95% of population live in built-
up areas.
• Rural-urban classification; 82% population in England live in urban area (2011).
• Understanding urban functional areas: e.g. travel to work areas in the UK; major 
employment centres have large labour catchment area. 
• Understanding the varying temporal scales of urban development processes.
LandEcon Paper10 76
Supervision 1
• Download the OECD data on ‘built-up area per capita’ on Moodle
• Analyse
• Prepare a 7-slide (approximately 5 min) presentation, discussing your 
findings, and 
• Write a 150-word abstract summarising the findings.
Submission deadline: midnight 14 Oct 2022
PDF format only
LandEcon Paper10 77