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Recuperação Judicial - Artigo 1
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Estão sujeitos à recuperação judicial os créditos “existentes” (originados) até a data do requerimento de recuperação judicial The “existing” credits (originated) are subject to judicial reorganization until the date of the request of judicial reorganization Revista de Direito Recuperacional e Empresa | vol. 13/2019 | Jul - Set / 2019 | DTR\2019\40135 Ana Tereza Basilio LL.M em Direito Norte-Americano (Universidade de Wisconsin/EUA). Vice- presidente da OAB-RJ. Diretora do IAB. Membro da Comissão Especial de Falências e Recuperação Judicial do Conselho Federal da OAB. Bacharel em Direito (UCAM). Advogada. abasilio@basilioadvogados.com.br Álvaro Ferraz Mestrando em Direito Processual Civil (PUC-SP). Especialista em Direito Processual Civil (PUC-RJ). Bacharel em Direito (UFF). Advogado. aferraz@basilioadvogados.com.br Área do Direito: Comercial/Empresarial Resumo: O artigo debate qual é a interpretação adequada a ser conferida aos arts. 49 e 59 da Lei 11.101/05. Este artigo sustentará que estão sujeitos à recuperação judicial os créditos cujo fato gerador tenha se consumado até a data do ajuizamento da recuperação judicial, leia-se originados nessa época, independente de reconhecimento por decisão judicial transitada em julgado (certeza e exigibilidade). Palavras-chave: Recuperação judicial – Créditos sujeitos – Existentes – Concursal – Extraconcursal Abstract: The article aims to analyze the correct interpretation of Sections 49 and 59 of Law 11,101/05. This article will defend that the “existing” credits are subject to Judicial Reorganization until the date of the request, which means the credits that were originated at that time (triggering event of the obligation), independent of the res judicata decision (rule of law and enforceability). Keywords: Judicial Reorganization – Credits – Existing – Insolvency – Extra-insolvency Sumário: 1.Introdução 1.Introdução Não obstante a Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646) possua, aproximadamente, 14 anos de vigência, ainda há temas polêmicos, pendentes de solução uniforme. Um desses temas é a discussão sobre os créditos sujeitos à recuperação judicial. De acordo com os arts. 49 e 59 dessa lei, submetem-se à recuperação judicial todos os créditos existentes à época do requerimento de recuperação judicial, sejam eles de natureza negocial (contratual e cambiária) ou extranegocial (responsabilidade civil). O problema é identificar quando se forma/consolida o crédito: desde o nascimento da obrigação a ser cumprida (fato gerador) ou somente após decisão judicial transitada em julgado (certeza e exigibilidade)? Este artigo defenderá que estão sujeitos à recuperação judicial os créditos “existentes” até a data do pedido, leia-se originados até o seu aforamento, independente de decisão judicial que reconheça o crédito, menos ainda de seu trânsito em julgado. Os fundamentos para essa conclusão estão mais concentrados nos dispositivos da Lei 11.101/05, referentes aos princípios da preservação da empresa e da isonomia entre credores (decorrentes diretamente da CF/88 (LGL\1988\3)), bem como de noções básicas de direito obrigacional (CC/02 (LGL\2002\400)) e até mesmo de direito processual (CPC/15 (LGL\2015\1656)). Para defender esse posicionamento, faz-se necessário demonstrar, antes, com base em farta produção doutrinária e jurisprudencial, notadamente no STJ, algumas premissas relevantes. Basicamente, serão sintetizados aspectos referentes ao processo de recuperação judicial (análise da pessoa que pretende se submeter à recuperação judicial; síntese do rito processual até o deferimento de seu processamento; aspectos sobre o deferimento do processamento da recuperação judicial; pontuais questões sobre o prazo da suspensão de ações e de execuções; impossibilidade de práticas de atos expropriatórios por juízes diversos daquele responsável pelo processo de recuperação judicial), algumas considerações sobre o plano de recuperação judicial – PRJ, uma síntese sobre as consequências da concessão da recuperação judicial, bem como sucinta explanação de como se opera a novação recuperacional. 2.Premissas relevantes referentes ao processo de recuperação judicial 2.1.Questões mais relevantes sobre empresário/sociedade empresária que pretende se submeter à Lei 11.101/05 A antiga Lei de Falências (Decreto-Lei 7.661/45 (LGL\1945\2)) foi revogada pela Lei da Recuperação Judicial (Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646)). O instituto denominado “concordata preventiva”, agora foi substituído por processo diverso, chamado de “recuperação judicial”. Entre as mais saudáveis inovações, essa nova lei federal foi toda desenhada com a ideia precípua de que a concessão de recuperação judicial deve viabilizar a superação da crise econômico-financeira da empresa, em prol da https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly9yZXZpc3RhZG9zdHJpYnVuYWlzLmNvbS5ici9tYWYvYXBwL3dpZGdldHNob21lcGFnZS9yZXN1bHRMaXN0L2RvY3VtZW50PyZhbXA7c3JjPXJsJmFtcDtzcmd1aWQ9aTBhZDZhZGM2MDAwMDAxN2MxZDFkZjdiYmIzNGFlMzBlJmFtcDtkb2NndWlkPUkyMGQxY2U3MGJmMTUxMWU5YTk4ZTAxMDAwMDAwMDAwMCZhbXA7aGl0Z3VpZD1JMjBkMWNlNzBiZjE1MTFlOWE5OGUwMTAwMDAwMDAwMDAmYW1wO3Nwb3M9NCZhbXA7ZXBvcz00JmFtcDt0ZD0zMzg1JmFtcDtjb250ZXh0PTQmYW1wO2NydW1iLWFjdGlvbj1hcHBlbmQmYW1wO2NydW1iLWxhYmVsPURvY3VtZW50byZhbXA7aXNEb2NGRz1mYWxzZSZhbXA7aXNGcm9tTXVsdGlTdW1tPXRydWUmYW1wO3N0YXJ0Q2h1bms9MSZhbXA7ZW5kQ2h1bms9MQ%3D%3D https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly9yZXZpc3RhZG9zdHJpYnVuYWlzLmNvbS5ici9tYWYvYXBwL3dpZGdldHNob21lcGFnZS9yZXN1bHRMaXN0L2RvY3VtZW50PyZhbXA7c3JjPXJsJmFtcDtzcmd1aWQ9aTBhZDZhZGM2MDAwMDAxN2MxZDFkZjdiYmIzNGFlMzBlJmFtcDtkb2NndWlkPUkyMGQxY2U3MGJmMTUxMWU5YTk4ZTAxMDAwMDAwMDAwMCZhbXA7aGl0Z3VpZD1JMjBkMWNlNzBiZjE1MTFlOWE5OGUwMTAwMDAwMDAwMDAmYW1wO3Nwb3M9NCZhbXA7ZXBvcz00JmFtcDt0ZD0zMzg1JmFtcDtjb250ZXh0PTQmYW1wO2NydW1iLWFjdGlvbj1hcHBlbmQmYW1wO2NydW1iLWxhYmVsPURvY3VtZW50byZhbXA7aXNEb2NGRz1mYWxzZSZhbXA7aXNGcm9tTXVsdGlTdW1tPXRydWUmYW1wO3N0YXJ0Q2h1bms9MSZhbXA7ZW5kQ2h1bms9MQ%3D%3D https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3Dsociedade e com o objetivo de manutenção da atividade empresarial. Respeitada doutrina salienta que “a recuperação judicial tem na preservação da empresa o seu principal objetivo, contribuindo para o crescimento e o desenvolvimento social”1. É uma forma mais eficaz de se impedir a falência de empresas com dificuldades econômicas e, prioritariamente, assegurar empregos, geração de riquezas e pagamento de tributos. A decorrência lógica da manutenção é, em segundo plano, satisfazer interesses dos credores, entre eles os trabalhadores. Elucida a doutrina que, “mantida a atividade empresarial e o trabalho dos empregados, será possível então satisfazer os ‘interesses dos credores’.”2 Essa é a ordem do art. 47 da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646): “manutenção da fonte produtora”, “emprego dos trabalhadores” e “interesse dos credores”. Extrai-se do mencionado artigo, como inclusive já decidido pelo STJ3, os princípios que norteiam o objetivo precípuo do legislador para manter a atividade empresarial da recuperanda: preservar a empresa (também positivado nos arts. 5º, XXII, 170, caput e II, da CF/88 (LGL\1988\3)), privilegiar a função social da propriedade (disposta nos arts. 5º, caput, XXIII, 170, II, da CF/88 (LGL\1988\3)); e estimular a atividade econômica (presente no art. 170, caput e IV). Respeitada doutrina considera que a lei confere “relevância à função social da empresa e às circunstâncias de produção de trabalho e, por fim, apresenta grande preocupação com o crédito, que é pilastra da economia hodierna.”4 A recuperação judicial consiste em um processo judicial no qual deverá ser constituído e executado o PRJ, para recuperar a empresa viável, que se encontra em dificuldades econômico-financeiras, de modo a evitar a sua falência. O juízo estadual do local do principal estabelecimento do devedor ou da filial da empresa que tenha sede fora do Brasil será o competente para deferir a recuperação judicial, nos termos do art. 3º da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646). Em outras palavras, a competência absoluta para processar e julgar a recuperação judicial é o local do centro de suas atividades. Perante uma crise na atividade empresarial, se a empresa for viável economicamente, conseguirá, em tese, superar a situação na qual se encontra, com o objetivo de manter a atividade empresarial em funcionamento, geradora de riquezas para toda a sociedade. Consequentemente, manterá empregos (diretos e indiretos), recolherá tributos, arcará com as dívidas etc., e, com isso, continuará a exercer a sua função social, tudo através do processo de recuperação judicial. Ao invés de a empresa satisfazer os créditos de diversos credores com seus próprios ativos, relevante doutrina ressalta que os objetivos precípuos da recuperação judicial são “a manutenção dos empregos, a geração de riquezas, o pagamento aos diversos credores, enfim, uma situação que mais atenda aos interesses coletivos.”5 Nesse quadro, deve haver uma ponderação de interesses entre credores e devedores em prol do soerguimento da empresa em que se encontra em crise econômico-financeira. Mas, inequivocamente, diante de um conflito de interesses, no âmbito da recuperação judicial, deverá nortear as decisões https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D#DTR.2019.40135-n1 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Até porque, se porventura uma empresa estiver em recuperação judicial e não cumprir a sua função social, não há motivos para se manter em funcionamento, tanto em termos financeiros como sociais6. 2.2.Síntese do rito do processo de recuperação judicial até o deferimento de seu processamento Para uma empresa requerer a recuperação judicial, deverá, obrigatoriamente, exercer regularmente suas atividades há mais de dois anos. Deve, igualmente, em tese, atender aos requisitos previstos no art. 48 da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646)7. O devedor deverá instruir a petição inicial da recuperação judicial com todos os documentos constantes do art. 51 da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646), para viabilizar ao juízo recuperacional a análise do pedido de processamento do processo de recuperação judicial8. Nos termos do art. 52 da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646), se esse pedido for deferido, o juízo recuperacional: (i) nomeará o administrador judicial; (ii) determinará a dispensa da apresentação de certidões negativas para que o devedor exerça as suas atividades, inclusive para contratação com o Poder Público ou para recebimento de benefícios ou incentivos fiscais ou creditícios, como já decidido pelo STJ9; (iii) ordenará a suspensão de todas as ações ou execuções contra o devedor (art. 6º da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646)); (iv) determinará ao devedor a apresentação de contas demonstrativas mensais enquanto perdurar a recuperação judicial, sob pena de destituição de seus administradores; e, (v) ordenará a intimação do Ministério Público e a comunicação por carta às Fazendas Públicas Federal e Estados e Municípios em que o devedor tiver estabelecimento. O fato de o juízo recuperacional deferir o processamento da recuperação judicial não significa que está deferida a recuperação judicial. É necessário haver uma negociação do acordo de recuperação judicial entre credores e devedores, notadamente em prol do soerguimento da empresa, e só após a aprovação do PRJ, em regra por assembleia de credores, é que poderá ser deferida a recuperação judicial. 2.3.Principais aspectos jurídicos relacionados ao deferimento do processamento da recuperação judicial O deferimento do pedido de processamento da recuperação judicial suspenderá o curso da prescrição e de todas as ações (de conhecimento e arbitrais), cumprimentos de sentença e execuções em face do devedor (arts. 6º, caput, e 52, III, parte inicial, da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646)), “ressalvadas as ações previstas nos §§ 1º, 2º e 7º do art. 6º desta Lei e as relativas a créditos excetuados na forma dos §§ 3º e 4º do art. 49 desta Lei” (Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646), art. 52, III, parte final). 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Logo, respeitada doutrina salienta que aregra do § 1º visa “manter as ações nos juízos de origem, até que sejam apurados os créditos devidos, para inclusão no Quadro-Geral de Credores.”10 Esse deferimento não impedirá, em tese, “o prosseguimento das ações e execuções ajuizadas contra terceiros devedores solidários ou coobrigados em geral, por garantia cambial, real ou fidejussória”, nos termos da Súmula 581 do STJ, aprovada pela Segunda Seção do STJ, no dia 14.09.2016, publicada no dia 19.06.201611. E assim restou sumulado após intensa interpretação da regra do art. 49, § 1º, da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646). Diga-se, já aqui, que também não há suspensão de execução fiscal de crédito de natureza tributária, em respeito ao art. 187 do Código Tributário Nacional – CTN (LGL\1966\26), e art. 6º, § 7º, da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646). A contrario sensu, há suspensão de execução fiscal de crédito fiscal não tributário. Sobre essa questão, será elaborado parágrafo específico, mais a seguir, no tópico que trata da novação concursal/recuperacional. Para evitar prejuízo na satisfação do crédito, o credor pode invocar a regra do art. 6º, § 3º, da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646), para promoverem o andamento adequado de processos judiciais e arbitrais movidos contra a empresa recuperanda, até a liquidação, no âmbito do processo de origem, de seu crédito. É que, como os credores dessas ações não ostentam título judicial, poderão dar prosseguimento às demandas propostas contra a empresa recuperanda. Afinal, como ainda não possui um título executivo líquido, em tese o credor ainda não possui direito de exigir o seu crédito perante o processo de recuperação judicial. Nesses casos, o processo de recuperação judicial tramitará ao mesmo tempo em que ocorrerá a liquidação do crédito no processo de origem. A decisão condenatória de obrigação de pagar definitiva, em processo arbitral ou judicial, uma vez liquidada, deverá ser objeto de comunicação ao juízo recuperacional, por meio de certidão de crédito (Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646), art. 10º, § 6º) Em suma, as ações que demandarem quantia ilíquida prosseguirão perante o juízo de seu processamento, até que as importâncias perseguidas se tornem líquidas e “os respectivos créditos serão incluídos no quadro-geral de credores, nas classes que lhe forem próprias.”12 2.4.Pontuais aspectos sobre o prazo da mencionada suspensão de ações, de cumprimentos de sentença e de execuções (stay period) A suspensão de ações, cumprimentos de sentença e de execuções ocorrerá pelo período de 180 dias, contado do deferimento do processamento da recuperação, conforme a regra do § 4º do art. 6º da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646). Esse período é mais conhecido como stay period ou conditional stay. O propósito dessa suspensão é o de conferir à empresa recuperanda estabilidade para elaborar o PRJ, em busca do fôlego necessário para atingir o objetivo de se reorganizar, na linha do que já restou decidido pelo STJ13. É durante esse lapso temporal que, em tese, organizará as finanças, bem como negociará os termos do PRJ. https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D 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Até porque, em tese, o devedor deve apresentar o PRJ em juízo no prazo improrrogável de 60 dias da publicação da decisão que deferir o processamento da recuperação judicial, sob pena de convolação em falência, nos termos do art. 60 da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646). Note-se que esse período coincidirá com a fase de processamento da recuperação judicial. Os atos e os procedimentos relativos ao processamento da recuperação devem ser praticados durante esse prazo, notadamente porque, diga-se e repita-se, há notória proteção à empresa. Para tanto, respeitada doutrina bem coloca que para verificar administrativamente os créditos, deve o devedor “apresentar o plano de recuperação, deve o plano ser apreciado pela assembleia geral de credores e, por fim, se for o caso, deve ser concedida a recuperação.”14 Com o advento do CPC/15 (LGL\2015\1656), travou-se importante discussão sobre a contagem do prazo de 180 do stay period ser em dias corridos ou úteis. É que a regra do art. 219 do CPC/15 (LGL\2015\1656) implementou, no sistema jurídico brasileiro, a contagem de prazos processuais em dias úteis. E o art. 15 do CPC/15 (LGL\2015\1656) dispôs que, “na ausência de normas que regulem processos eleitorais, trabalhistas ou administrativos, as disposições deste Código lhes serão aplicadas supletiva e subsidiariamente.” Mas o STJ, ao menos por ora, pacificou a discussão, ao entender que o prazo deve ser contado em dias corridos, notadamente porque “o microssistema recuperacional e falimentar foi pensado em espectro lógico e sistemático peculiar, com previsão de uma sucessão de atos, em que a celeridade e efetividade se impõem [...].”15 E mais, de acordo com o Enunciado 42 da I Jornada de Direito Comercial do Conselho da Justiça Federal – CJF16, o prazo de 180 dias poderá ser prorrogável, excepcionalmente, se, porventura, o PRJ não tiver sido apreciado pela assembleia geral de credores, por motivos alheios que não sejam imputados à empresa devedora. Essa mitigação da regra do art. 6º, § 4º, da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646) também possui como principal base normativa o princípio da preservação da empresa (art. 47 da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646)). 2.5.Impossibilidade de práticas de atos expropriatórios, após o stay period, por juízes diversos daquele responsável pelo processo de recuperação judicial, até a extinção do processo recuperacional Ultrapassado o stay period, são vedados atos constritivos que possam impactar no cumprimento do PRJ, em respeito ao art. 6º, §§ 1º e 7º, da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646). A ideia é blindar a prática de atos que possam comprometer a atividade da empresa recuperanda após o deferimento do requerimento de recuperação judicial. 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https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D Deferido o pedido de processamento do PRJ, toda medida constritiva, ainda que em sede de execução fiscal (independente da natureza jurídica do crédito, se tributário ou não17), deve ser submetida ao juízo recuperacional. O STJ entende dessa forma, já que a interpretação literal do art. 6º, § 7º, da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646), inibiria o cumprimento do PRJ aprovado e homologado, “tendo em vista o prosseguimento dos atos de constrição do patrimônio da empresa em dificuldades financeiras.”18 Se fosse permitida a prática de atos expropriatórios ou de alienação, a recuperação judicial da recuperanda poderia não ocorrer, em prejuízo de todos. Como ressalta respeitada doutrina, “prosseguindo a execução fiscal e penhorando-se os bens da empresa devedora durante a negociação do plano de recuperação com os demais credores, o plano apresentado correrá riscos de ser inviabilizado.”19 Ou seja, instaurado o processo de recuperação judicial, compete apenas ao juízo recuperacional analisar e deliberar sobre atos expropriatórios, inclusive em sede de execução fiscal, diga-se. Os interesses do patrimônio do devedor serão resguardados exclusivamente pelo juízo recuperacional. São oportunas as lições do STJ, no sentido de que o destino do patrimônio da empresa recuperanda, em respeito à regra geral do art. 3º da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646), “não pode ser atingido por decisões “prolatadas por juízos diverso daquela da Recuperação, sob pena de prejudicar o funcionamento do estabelecimento, comprometendo o sucesso de seu plano de recuperação.”20 3.Aspectos mais relevantes sobre o Plano de Recuperação Judicial – PRJ O PRJ, “a mais importante peça do processo de recuperação judicial”21, materializará os meios pelos quais o devedor superará a crise econômico- financeira, motivo pelo qual deve-se conhecer o correto valor do seu passivo e quais débitos sujeitar-se-ão ao PRJ. Conforme dispõe o art. 53 da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646), o PRJ deverá conter três requisitos indispensáveis: (i) a discriminação pormenorizada dos meios de recuperação a ser empregados contidos no art. 50 da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646); (ii) a demonstração de sua viabilidade econômica; e (iii) o laudo econômico- financeiro e de avaliação dos bens e ativos do devedor subscrito por profissional legalmente habilitado ou empresa especializada. Tal como elucida respeitada doutrina, esses três elementos contidos no PRJ permitem que “se reduza assimetria de informações entre a empresa devedora e os seus credores, de modo a que os credores possam deliberar pela aprovação, modificação ou rejeição do plano.”22 Após a apresentação do PRJ em juízo pela empresa, o juízo recuperacional ordenará a publicação do edital, preferencialmente perante a imprensa oficial, a fim de avisar aos credores acerca do recebimento do PRJ (art. 191 da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646)), ocasião na qual fixará prazo para manifestação de eventuais objeções (art. 55, parágrafo único, da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646)). Essa publicação é fundamental para que os credores tenham a oportunidade de se manifestar sobre o PRJ, a fim de que haja posterior acordo de vontades entre credores e devedor/empresa, em prol do https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D#DTR.2019.40135-n17 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A aprovação ocorrerá, ordinariamente, perante a Assembleia Geral de Credores, por voto favorável de cada classe de credores23 (arts. 35, I, a, 41,42 e 45, da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646)). Excepcionalmente, essa aprovação pode ocorrer por decisão judicial, em prol do princípio da preservação da empresa (hipótese denominada pelo direito anglo-saxão de cram down, prevista no art. 58, § 1º, da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646)24). Para viabilizar a aprovação, prevalecerá, no que couber (Enunciado 81 da II Jornada de Direito Comercial do CJF), o princípio da par conditio creditorum; haverá a possibilidade e a necessidade de os credores serem alocados de acordo com as suas respectivas classes, conforme os seus créditos (haverá tratamento igualitário a todos os credores que pertençam à mesma classe25). Essa ideia legislativa é decorrência direta do princípio constitucional da isonomia (CF/88 (LGL\1988\3), art. 5º, caput e XXXVIII). Em seguida, o PRJ será juntado aos autos do processo recuperacional, para viabilizar ao juiz homologá-lo. A homologação do PRJ está sujeita ao controle de legalidade pelo juiz para evitar que os credores aprovem pontos em dissonância com as normas legais, mas não ao controle de sua viabilidade financeira, entendimento este de acordo com a jurisprudência do STJ26 e, inclusive, dos enunciados 4427 e 4628 da I Jornada de Direito Comercial do CJF. Ainda que tenha sido homologado o PRJ, com a consequente concessão da recuperação judicial, não significa que o processo de recuperação judicial acabou. A empresa recuperanda permanecerá nessa situação pelos dois primeiros anos após a concessão da recuperação judicial, nos termos do art. 61 da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646). Cumprirá as obrigações vencidas durante esse período, sob pena de convolação em falência, nos termos dos arts. 57, 58,61 e 73, IV, da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646). Depois desse tempo o foco é o cumprimento do PRJ, notadamente à luz da isonomia entre credores. 4.Concessão da recuperação judicial – poderes concentrados no juízo recuperacional Como dito, é com a homologação do PRJ que o juízo recuperacional concederá a recuperação judicial, cuja decisão inclusive possui natureza de título executivo (art. 59, § 1º, da Lei 11.101/05). Essa concessão, insista-se, é regida, na seguinte ordem de relevância, pelos princípios da preservação da empresa, da função social e do estímulo à atividade econômica (art. 47 da Lei 11.101/05 (LGL\2005\2646)29). Nessa etapa, o juízo recuperacional terá a competência absoluta para acompanhar e decidir acerca da quitação dos créditos sujeitos ao PRJ, em observância ao já mencionado princípio da par conditio creditorum, uma vez que, frise-se, o objetivo precípuo da recuperação judicial é a estabilidade da empresa recuperanda, que garantirá o cumprimento das obrigações https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D#DTR.2019.40135-n23 https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D https://professores.uniritter.edu.br/outrosServicos/index.php?q=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%3D%3D
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