<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/771f8aab-6536-4043-9e41-ad7029e35fb2/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">UNIVERSID<span class="blank _0"></span>AD<span class="blank"> </span>DE<span class="blank"> </span>BUENOS<span class="blank _1"> </span>AIRES</div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">F<span class="blank _2"></span>acultad<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Ciencias<span class="blank"> </span>Exactas<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Natur<span class="blank _2"></span>ales</div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">Dep<span class="blank _2"></span>artamento<span class="blank _3"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>F<span class="blank _4"></span>´<span class="blank _5"></span>\u0131sic<span class="blank _2"></span>a</div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y4 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Con<span class="blank _2"></span>trol<span class="blank"> </span>cu´<span class="blank _6"></span>an<span class="blank _2"></span>tico<span class="blank _7"> </span>coheren<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>median<span class="blank _2"></span>te</div><div class="t m0 x5 h4 y5 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4">transiciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Landau-Zener</div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5">T<span class="blank _4"></span>raba<span class="blank _8"> </span>jo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>T<span class="blank _2"></span>esis<span class="blank _1"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>optar<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _8"> </span>or<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _9"></span>´<span class="blank _5"></span>\u0131tulo<span class="blank _3"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x7 h2 y7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5">Do<span class="blank _a"> </span>ctor<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>Univ<span class="blank _0"></span>ersidad<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Buenos<span class="blank _1"> </span>Aires<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank _1"> </span>´<span class="blank _b"></span>area<span class="blank"> </span>Ciencias<span class="blank _1"> </span>F<span class="blank _4"></span>´<span class="blank _5"></span>\u0131sicas</div><div class="t m0 x8 h5 y8 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">p<span class="blank _a"> </span>or<span class="blank"> </span>Gusta<span class="blank _0"></span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>Ezequiel<span class="blank"> </span>Murgida</div><div class="t m0 x9 h2 y9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5">Directores<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>T<span class="blank _4"></span>esis:<span class="blank _3"> </span>Dr.<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _0"></span>ablo<span class="blank"> </span>I.<span class="blank _1"> </span>T<span class="blank _2"></span>am<span class="blank _0"></span>b<span class="blank _a"> </span>orenea</div><div class="t m0 xa h2 ya ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">Dr.<span class="blank"> </span>Diego<span class="blank"> </span>A.<span class="blank"> </span>Wisniac<span class="blank _2"></span>ki</div><div class="t m0 xb h2 yb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5">Lugar<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>T<span class="blank _4"></span>raba<span class="blank _8"> </span>jo:<span class="blank"> </span>Departamento<span class="blank _c"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>F<span class="blank _4"></span>´<span class="blank _5"></span>\u0131sica,<span class="blank _3"> </span>F<span class="blank _0"></span>CEyN</div><div class="t m0 xc h2 yc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Abril<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>2010</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 xd h4 yd ff3 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0">Resumen</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 ye ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws8">En<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>traba<span class="blank _a"> </span>jo<span class="blank"> </span>prop<span class="blank _a"> </span>onemos<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>m´<span class="blank _5"></span>eto<span class="blank _a"> </span>do<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>controlar<span class="blank _d"> </span>de<span class="blank _d"> </span>una<span class="blank _e"> </span>manera<span class="blank"> </span>extremadamen<span class="blank _0"></span>te</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 yf ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws9">simple<span class="blank _f"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>estado<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>cu´<span class="blank _5"></span>an<span class="blank _0"></span>tico.<span class="blank _f"> </span>La<span class="blank"> </span>estrategia<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"></span>trol<span class="blank"> </span>est´<span class="blank _5"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>basada<span class="blank _10"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank _f"> </span>mo<span class="blank _a"> </span>delo</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y10 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsa">de<span class="blank"> </span>Landau-Zener<span class="blank _1"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>consiste<span class="blank"> </span>esencialmente<span class="blank _10"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>emplear<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>cruces<span class="blank"> </span>evitados<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>alcanzar</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y11 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws9">diferentes<span class="blank _f"> </span>niveles<span class="blank _f"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>energ<span class="blank _2"></span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>\u0131a,<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>recorrer<span class="blank"> </span>lentamente<span class="blank _d"> </span>las<span class="blank _10"> </span>curv<span class="blank _2"></span>as<span class="blank _10"> </span>adiab´<span class="blank _5"></span>aticas<span class="blank _10"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>esp<span class="blank _a"> </span>ectro,</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y12 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsb">hasta<span class="blank"> </span>arribar<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>estado<span class="blank"> </span>deseado.<span class="blank _12"> </span>La<span class="blank"> </span>simpleza<span class="blank _3"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>m´<span class="blank _5"></span>eto<span class="blank _a"> </span>do<span class="blank"> </span>pro<span class="blank _0"></span>viene<span class="blank _3"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>suponer<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y13 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">sistema<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>comporta<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank _a"> </span>calmen<span class="blank _0"></span>te,<span class="blank _e"> </span>cerca<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _e"> </span>cada<span class="blank"> </span>anticruce,<span class="blank _e"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank _e"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dos<span class="blank"> </span>niv<span class="blank _0"></span>eles</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y14 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsd">de<span class="blank"> </span>Landau-Zener.<span class="blank _1"> </span>Sin<span class="blank"> </span>embargo,<span class="blank"> </span>mediante<span class="blank _10"> </span>simulaciones<span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"></span>um´<span class="blank _5"></span>ericas<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>diferentes<span class="blank"> </span>sistemas</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y15 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws8">realistas<span class="blank"> </span>comprobamos<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"></span>uestra<span class="blank"> </span>estrategia<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"></span>trol<span class="blank"> </span>posee<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>e\ufb01ciencia<span class="blank _d"> </span>sorprendente.</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y16 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wse">Las<span class="blank"> </span>primeras<span class="blank"> </span>aplicaciones<span class="blank _1"> </span>num<span class="blank _0"></span>´<span class="blank _5"></span>ericas<span class="blank _1"> </span>fueron<span class="blank"> </span>realizadas<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _1"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dos<span class="blank"> </span>puntos</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y17 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsf">cu´<span class="blank _5"></span>anticos<span class="blank"> </span>acoplados<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>dos<span class="blank _10"> </span>electrones<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _0"></span>tearactuantes<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>interior.<span class="blank _d"> </span>Empleando<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank _13"> </span>cam-</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y18 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls2 ws10">po<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank _2"></span>´<span class="blank _5"></span><span class="ls0 ws11">ectrico<span class="blank"> </span>externo<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank _3"> </span>par´<span class="blank _5"></span>ametro<span class="blank _3"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>partiendo<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>estado<span class="blank _3"> </span>fundamental<span class="blank"> </span>a</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y19 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws12">campo<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ff6 ls1">E</span><span class="ws13">=0,<span class="blank _c"> </span>logramos<span class="blank _c"> </span>localizar<span class="blank"> </span>ambos<span class="blank _c"> </span>electrones<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _c"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>mismo<span class="blank _c"> </span>punto<span class="blank _10"> </span>cu´<span class="blank _5"></span>antico,<span class="blank"> </span>construir</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y1a ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws14">estados<span class="blank"> </span>entrelazados,<span class="blank"> </span>recorrer<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _1"> </span>forma<span class="blank _12"> </span>e\ufb01ciente<span class="blank _1"> </span>caminos<span class="blank"> </span>complejos<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>espectro<span class="blank"> </span>pa-</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y1b ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws15">ra<span class="blank"> </span>conectar<span class="blank"> </span>niveles<span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>energ<span class="blank _4"></span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>lejanos<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>construir<span class="blank"> </span>sup<span class="blank _a"> </span>erposiciones<span class="blank _12"> </span>coherentes<span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>arios</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y1c ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws12">autoestados.</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y1d ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws13">El<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>´<span class="blank _5"></span>eto<span class="blank _a"> </span>do<span class="blank"> </span>tambi<span class="blank _0"></span>´<span class="blank _5"></span>en<span class="blank _e"> </span>fue<span class="blank"> </span>aplicado<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _e"> </span>otro<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank _e"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>uy<span class="blank"> </span>diferen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank _f"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>anterior,<span class="blank _f"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>mol´<span class="blank _5"></span>ecula</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y1e ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsf">de<span class="blank"> </span>LiCN.<span class="blank"> </span>Nuev<span class="blank _2"></span>amente<span class="blank"> </span>pudimos<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"></span>trolar<span class="blank _13"> </span>exitosamente<span class="blank _d"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>estado<span class="blank _13"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>adem´<span class="blank _5"></span>as<span class="blank _10"> </span>en-</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y1f ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws9">con<span class="blank _0"></span>tramos<span class="blank _10"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>soluci´<span class="blank _5"></span>on<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>problema<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>isomerizar<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>mol´<span class="blank _5"></span>ecula.<span class="blank"> </span>Para<span class="blank"> </span>ello<span class="blank"> </span>tam<span class="blank _0"></span>bi<span class="blank _0"></span>´<span class="blank _14"></span>en<span class="blank"> </span>emplea-</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y20 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws16">mos<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>par´<span class="blank _5"></span>ametro<span class="blank _15"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"></span>trol<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>camp<span class="blank _a"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>el´<span class="blank _5"></span>ectrico<span class="blank"> </span>externo.<span class="blank _13"> </span>De<span class="blank"> </span>esta<span class="blank"> </span>manera<span class="blank _15"> </span>mostramos</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y21 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">que<span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"></span>uestro<span class="blank"> </span>m´<span class="blank _5"></span>eto<span class="blank _a"> </span>do<span class="blank"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>ser<span class="blank"> </span>aplicado<span class="blank"> </span>e\ufb01cien<span class="blank _0"></span>temente<span class="blank _f"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>diferentes<span class="blank _e"> </span>sistemas<span class="blank"> </span>complejos<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y22 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws12">creemos<span class="blank _13"> </span>que<span class="blank _10"> </span>p<span class="blank"> </span>osee<span class="blank _c"> </span>un<span class="blank _10"> </span>imp<span class="blank"> </span>ortante<span class="blank _13"> </span>p<span class="blank"> </span>otencial<span class="blank _10"> </span>en<span class="blank _10"> </span>el<span class="blank _10"> </span>camp<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank _c"> </span>del<span class="blank _13"> </span>control<span class="blank _13"> </span>coherente.</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y23 ff7 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws17">P<span class="blank _0"></span>alabras<span class="blank _1"> </span>cla<span class="blank _0"></span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>e:<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff5 ws18">con<span class="blank _0"></span>trol<span class="blank _10"> </span>coherente,<span class="blank"> </span>pun<span class="blank _0"></span>tos<span class="blank _c"> </span>cu´<span class="blank _5"></span>anticos,<span class="blank"> </span>Landau-Zener,<span class="blank _10"> </span>isomerizaci´<span class="blank _5"></span>on</span></div><div class="t m0 xf h7 y24 ff8 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0">i</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x10 h7 y25 ff8 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls2">ii</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x11 h4 y26 ff3 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws4">Coheren<span class="blank _2"></span>t<span class="blank"> </span>quan<span class="blank _0"></span>tum<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank _2"></span>trol<span class="blank"> </span>via</div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y27 ff3 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws4">Landau-Zener<span class="blank"> </span>transitions</div><div class="t m0 xd h4 y28 ff3 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0">Abstract</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y29 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws9">In<span class="blank"> </span>this<span class="blank"> </span>w<span class="blank _0"></span>ork<span class="blank"> </span>we<span class="blank _f"> </span>prop<span class="blank _a"> </span>ose<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>metho<span class="blank _a"> </span>d<span class="blank"> </span>to<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank _f"> </span>state<span class="blank"> </span>of<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank _13"> </span>quantum<span class="blank _f"> </span>system<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>extre-</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y2a ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsd">mely<span class="blank"> </span>simple<span class="blank _10"> </span>wa<span class="blank _0"></span>y<span class="blank _2"></span>.<span class="blank"> </span>The<span class="blank _10"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>strategy<span class="blank _15"> </span>is<span class="blank _15"> </span>based<span class="blank _1"> </span>on<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>Landau-Zener<span class="blank _1"> </span>mo<span class="blank _a"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>and<span class="blank"> </span>consist</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y2b ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws13">essentially<span class="blank _f"> </span>in<span class="blank _10"> </span>using<span class="blank _10"> </span>the<span class="blank _10"> </span>av<span class="blank _0"></span>oided<span class="blank"> </span>crossings<span class="blank _10"> </span>to<span class="blank _10"> </span>reach<span class="blank"> </span>di\ufb00eren<span class="blank _0"></span>t<span class="blank"> </span>energy<span class="blank"> </span>levels<span class="blank _e"> </span>and<span class="blank"> </span>walking<span class="blank"> </span>slo-</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y2c ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsf">wly<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>adiabatic<span class="blank _f"> </span>curv<span class="blank _0"></span>es<span class="blank"> </span>of<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank _f"> </span>spectrum,<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank"> </span>order<span class="blank"> </span>to<span class="blank"> </span>reac<span class="blank _0"></span>h<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>target<span class="blank"> </span>state.<span class="blank"> </span>The<span class="blank _f"> </span>simplicit<span class="blank _0"></span>y</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y2d ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws8">of<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>metho<span class="blank _a"> </span>d<span class="blank"> </span>came<span class="blank"> </span>from<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank _e"> </span>hypothesis<span class="blank"> </span>that<span class="blank _e"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>system<span class="blank"> </span>evolv<span class="blank _0"></span>es<span class="blank _d"> </span>lo<span class="blank _a"> </span>cally<span class="blank _2"></span>,<span class="blank"> </span>near<span class="blank"> </span>eac<span class="blank _0"></span>h<span class="blank"> </span>av<span class="blank _0"></span>oided</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y2e ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws16">crossing,<span class="blank _15"> </span>as<span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _15"> </span>two<span class="blank"> </span>levels<span class="blank"> </span>Landau-Zener<span class="blank"> </span>system.<span class="blank _15"> </span>How<span class="blank _0"></span>ever,<span class="blank _13"> </span>through<span class="blank _1"> </span>numerical<span class="blank"> </span>sim<span class="blank _0"></span>ulations</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y2f ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1a">in<span class="blank"> </span>di\ufb00eren<span class="blank _0"></span>t<span class="blank"> </span>systems<span class="blank"> </span>w<span class="blank _0"></span>e<span class="blank"> </span>prov<span class="blank _0"></span>e<span class="blank"> </span>that<span class="blank"> </span>our<span class="blank _c"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>strategy<span class="blank"> </span>has<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank _c"> </span>surprising<span class="blank"> </span>e\ufb03ciency<span class="blank _2"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y30 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1b">The<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01rst<span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"></span>umerical<span class="blank _c"> </span>applications<span class="blank"> </span>were<span class="blank"> </span>realized<span class="blank _c"> </span>on<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>double<span class="blank"> </span>quan<span class="blank _0"></span>tum<span class="blank"> </span>with<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _0"></span>w<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _0"></span>ter-</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y31 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">acting<span class="blank"> </span>electrons<span class="blank"> </span>inside.<span class="blank"> </span>Using<span class="blank"> </span>an<span class="blank _c"> </span>external<span class="blank"> </span>electric<span class="blank _e"> </span>\ufb01eld<span class="blank"> </span>as<span class="blank _c"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>parameter<span class="blank"> </span>and<span class="blank _c"> </span>starting</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y32 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1a">from<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>ground<span class="blank"> </span>state<span class="blank"> </span>at<span class="blank _c"> </span>\ufb01eld<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff6 ls3">E</span><span class="wsc">=<span class="blank _e"> </span>0,<span class="blank"> </span>we<span class="blank _e"> </span>were<span class="blank"> </span>able<span class="blank _e"> </span>to<span class="blank _c"> </span>lo<span class="blank _a"> </span>calize<span class="blank _e"> </span>b<span class="blank _a"> </span>oth<span class="blank"> </span>electrons<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>same</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y33 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws16">dot,<span class="blank"> </span>to<span class="blank"> </span>construct<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"></span>tangled<span class="blank"> </span>states,<span class="blank"> </span>to<span class="blank"> </span>connect<span class="blank"> </span>distan<span class="blank _0"></span>t<span class="blank"> </span>energy<span class="blank"> </span>lev<span class="blank _0"></span>els<span class="blank _e"> </span>by<span class="blank _13"> </span>following<span class="blank"> </span>complex</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y34 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws8">paths<span class="blank _e"> </span>on<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>spectrum<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>e\ufb03cien<span class="blank _0"></span>t<span class="blank _d"> </span>w<span class="blank _0"></span>ay<span class="blank _2"></span>,<span class="blank _d"> </span>and<span class="blank _e"> </span>to<span class="blank"> </span>construct<span class="blank"> </span>coheren<span class="blank _0"></span>t<span class="blank"> </span>superp<span class="blank _a"> </span>osition<span class="blank"> </span>of<span class="blank _e"> </span>several</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y35 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0">eigenstates.</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y36 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1b">The<span class="blank"> </span>method<span class="blank"> </span>was<span class="blank"> </span>also<span class="blank"> </span>applied<span class="blank"> </span>to<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>very<span class="blank _c"> </span>di\ufb00erent<span class="blank _15"> </span>system,<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>LiCN<span class="blank _15"> </span>molecule.<span class="blank _15"> </span>Again</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y37 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1b">we<span class="blank"> </span>w<span class="blank _0"></span>ere<span class="blank _15"> </span>able<span class="blank"> </span>to<span class="blank _3"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"></span>trol<span class="blank"> </span>successfully<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>state<span class="blank"> </span>of<span class="blank _3"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>system,<span class="blank"> </span>and<span class="blank"> </span>moreov<span class="blank _0"></span>er<span class="blank"> </span>w<span class="blank _0"></span>e<span class="blank"> </span>found<span class="blank"> </span>a</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y38 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws13">solution<span class="blank"> </span>for<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>problem<span class="blank"> </span>of<span class="blank"> </span>isomerizing<span class="blank _e"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>molecule.<span class="blank _f"> </span>Also<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank"> </span>this<span class="blank"> </span>case<span class="blank"> </span>w<span class="blank _0"></span>e<span class="blank"> </span>used<span class="blank"> </span>an<span class="blank"> </span>electric</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y39 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsf">\ufb01eld<span class="blank"> </span>as<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>parameter.<span class="blank"> </span>In<span class="blank"> </span>this<span class="blank"> </span>w<span class="blank _0"></span>ay<span class="blank"> </span>w<span class="blank _0"></span>e<span class="blank"> </span>ha<span class="blank _0"></span>ve<span class="blank"> </span>sho<span class="blank _0"></span>wn<span class="blank _e"> </span>that<span class="blank _13"> </span>our<span class="blank"> </span>method<span class="blank _13"> </span>can<span class="blank"> </span>b<span class="blank _a"> </span>e<span class="blank"> </span>successfully</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y3a ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1c">applied<span class="blank"> </span>to<span class="blank"> </span>di\ufb00eren<span class="blank _0"></span>t<span class="blank"> </span>complex<span class="blank"> </span>systems,<span class="blank"> </span>and<span class="blank"> </span>we<span class="blank _13"> </span>b<span class="blank _a"> </span>eliev<span class="blank _0"></span>e<span class="blank"> </span>that<span class="blank"> </span>it<span class="blank"> </span>has<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank _15"> </span>great<span class="blank _15"> </span>p<span class="blank _a"> </span>oten<span class="blank _0"></span>tial<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank"> </span>the</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y3b ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">\ufb01eld<span class="blank"> </span>of<span class="blank"> </span>coheren<span class="blank _0"></span>t<span class="blank"> </span>control</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y3c ff7 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1d">Keyw<span class="blank _0"></span>ords:<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff5 ws1a">coheren<span class="blank _0"></span>t<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"></span>trol,<span class="blank"> </span>quantum<span class="blank"> </span>dots,<span class="blank"> </span>Landau-Zener,<span class="blank"> </span>isomerization</span></div><div class="t m0 x12 h7 y3d ff8 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls2">iii</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x13 h7 y25 ff8 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0">iv</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 xd h4 y26 ff3 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1e">Agradecimien<span class="blank _2"></span>tos</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y3e ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">Quisiera<span class="blank"> </span>agradecer<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>todas<span class="blank _15"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>personas<span class="blank _c"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>u<span class="blank _c"> </span>otra<span class="blank"> </span>dejaron<span class="blank _c"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>huella<span class="blank _e"> </span>en</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y3f ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">esta<span class="blank"> </span>tesis.</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y40 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws12">A<span class="blank _c"> </span>mis<span class="blank _1"> </span>directores<span class="blank _15"> </span>Pablo<span class="blank _15"> </span>T<span class="blank _2"></span>amborenea<span class="blank _15"> </span>y<span class="blank _1"> </span>Diego<span class="blank _15"> </span>Wisniacki,<span class="blank _13"> </span>p<span class="blank"> </span>or<span class="blank _1"> </span>to<span class="blank"> </span>da<span class="blank _3"> </span>la<span class="blank _15"> </span>energ<span class="blank _4"></span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>\u0131a<span class="blank _15"> </span>y<span class="blank _1"> </span>la<span class="blank _15"> </span>de-</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y41 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">dicaci´<span class="blank _5"></span>on<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>tuvieron<span class="blank"> </span>conmigo.<span class="blank"> </span>Como<span class="blank"> </span>directores<span class="blank"> </span>formaron<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank _16"> </span>dupla<span class="blank"> </span>casi<span class="blank"> </span>ideal<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>les</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y42 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws13">estar´<span class="blank _5"></span>e<span class="blank _10"> </span>siempre<span class="blank"> </span>agradecido<span class="blank _10"> </span>p<span class="blank _a"> </span>or<span class="blank _10"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>ap<span class="blank _a"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"></span>yo<span class="blank _10"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>me<span class="blank _10"> </span>dieron<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _10"> </span>tambi<span class="blank _0"></span>´<span class="blank _14"></span>en<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank _c"> </span>sus<span class="blank _c"> </span>sabios<span class="blank _10"> </span>consejos,</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y43 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">que<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>siempre<span class="blank"> </span>segu<span class="blank _4"></span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>\u0131.</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y44 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">A<span class="blank"> </span>mis<span class="blank"> </span>padres.<span class="blank"> </span>Sin<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>ap<span class="blank _a"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"></span>yo<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>to<span class="blank _a"> </span>dos<span class="blank _15"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>niveles<span class="blank _e"> </span>esta<span class="blank"> </span>tesis<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank _c"> </span>habr<span class="blank _2"></span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>sido<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _a"> </span>osible.</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y45 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws9">A<span class="blank"> </span>Tino,<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>me<span class="blank"> </span>dirigi´<span class="blank _5"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>Madrid<span class="blank"> </span>durante<span class="blank"> </span>2<span class="blank"> </span>meses<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>fueron<span class="blank _10"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank _13"> </span>m´<span class="blank _5"></span>as<span class="blank _13"> </span>pro<span class="blank _a"> </span>ductiv<span class="blank _0"></span>os.</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y46 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1b">A<span class="blank"> </span>Javier<span class="blank"> </span>Arranz,<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>me<span class="blank"> </span>facilit´<span class="blank _5"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>uch<span class="blank _4"></span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>\u0131simo<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>traba<span class="blank _a"> </span>jo<span class="blank _3"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank _3"> </span>aplicaci´<span class="blank _5"></span>on<span class="blank"> </span>qu<span class="blank _4"></span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y47 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0">tesis.</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y48 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws9">A<span class="blank"> </span>mis<span class="blank"> </span>compa\u02dc<span class="blank _5"></span>neros<span class="blank _10"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>do<span class="blank _a"> </span>ctorado<span class="blank _10"> </span>Lorena,<span class="blank _13"> </span>Carla,<span class="blank _13"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>dos<span class="blank _10"> </span>F<span class="blank _2"></span>edericos,<span class="blank"> </span>Guido,<span class="blank"> </span>Pablo,<span class="blank"> </span>Mau-</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y49 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws14">ro,<span class="blank"> </span>Gabriel<span class="blank _1"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Guadalupe,<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank _1"> </span>compart<span class="blank _2"></span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>\u0131<span class="blank _1"> </span>sobremesas,<span class="blank"> </span>excursiones,<span class="blank"> </span>cumplea\u02dc<span class="blank _5"></span>nos<span class="blank"> </span>e</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y4a ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1a">interesan<span class="blank _0"></span>tes<span class="blank _13"> </span>discusiones<span class="blank"> </span>cient<span class="blank _4"></span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>\u0131\ufb01cas<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>tan<span class="blank"> </span>cien<span class="blank _0"></span>t<span class="blank _2"></span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>\u0131\ufb01cas.</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y4b ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws13">A<span class="blank"> </span>Ezequiel,<span class="blank _e"> </span>con<span class="blank _10"> </span>quien<span class="blank"> </span>fuimos<span class="blank _10"> </span>compa<span class="blank _a"> </span>\u02dc<span class="blank _17"></span>neros<span class="blank _c"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>o\ufb01cina<span class="blank _c"> </span>durante<span class="blank"> </span>mi<span class="blank"> </span>primer<span class="blank"> </span>a\u02dc<span class="blank _17"></span>no<span class="blank _15"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>do<span class="blank _a"> </span>cto-</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y4c ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">rado<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>me<span class="blank"> </span>desasn´<span class="blank _14"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>cuestiones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>LaT<span class="blank _2"></span>ex,<span class="blank"> </span>Linux,<span class="blank"> </span>publicaciones<span class="blank _e"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>turismo<span class="blank"> </span>entre<span class="blank _e"> </span>otras.</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y4d ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">A<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>chicos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>computaci´<span class="blank _5"></span>on,<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank _e"> </span>me<span class="blank"> </span>sacaron<span class="blank _c"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _a"> </span>´<span class="blank _17"></span>ultiples<span class="blank"> </span>apuros<span class="blank"> </span>inform´<span class="blank _14"></span>aticos.</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y4e ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">A<span class="blank"> </span>mis<span class="blank"> </span>hermanos,<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>mi<span class="blank"> </span>sobrina<span class="blank"> </span>Guadalupe<span class="blank _c"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank _c"> </span>mis<span class="blank"> </span>amigos<span class="blank"> </span>Romina,<span class="blank"> </span>Gabriel,<span class="blank _e"> </span>Gabriela,</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y4f ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsa">Eduardo,<span class="blank _1"> </span>Pablo,<span class="blank"> </span>Santiago,<span class="blank"> </span>Juan<span class="blank _3"> </span>P<span class="blank _0"></span>ablo,<span class="blank _1"> </span>Gustav<span class="blank _0"></span>o,<span class="blank"> </span>Dora,<span class="blank _3"> </span>Adri´<span class="blank _5"></span>an<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Flavia<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>estuvieron</div><div class="t m0 xe h6 y50 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws13">siempre<span class="blank"> </span>d´<span class="blank _5"></span>andome<span class="blank _c"> </span>aliento.</div><div class="t m0 x14 h7 y51 ff8 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0">v</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x15 h8 y52 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls0">´</div><div class="t m0 xe h8 y53 ff9 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws20">Indice<span class="blank"> </span>general</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y54 ff7 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws21">1.<span class="blank _18"> </span>In<span class="blank _0"></span>tro<span class="blank"> </span>ducci´<span class="blank _b"></span>on<span class="blank _19"> </span>1</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y55 ff7 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws22">2.<span class="blank _18"> </span>El<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>´<span class="blank _17"></span>eto<span class="blank _a"> </span>do<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"></span>trol<span class="blank _1a"> </span>7</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y56 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">2.1.<span class="blank _7"> </span>Esquema<span class="blank _c"> </span>del<span class="blank _10"> </span>m´<span class="blank _5"></span>eto<span class="blank _a"> </span>do<span class="blank _10"> </span>de<span class="blank _10"> </span>control<span class="blank _1b"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _1c"> </span>7</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y57 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">2.2.<span class="blank _7"> </span>T<span class="blank _2"></span>ransiciones<span class="blank _c"> </span>de<span class="blank _c"> </span>Landau-Zener<span class="blank _7"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>11</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y58 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">2.3.<span class="blank _7"> </span>El<span class="blank _c"> </span>teorema<span class="blank _10"> </span>adiab´<span class="blank _5"></span>atico<span class="blank _1e"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>14</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y59 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">2.4.<span class="blank _7"> </span>T<span class="blank _2"></span>rayectorias<span class="blank _13"> </span>en<span class="blank _10"> </span>la<span class="blank _10"> </span>esfera<span class="blank _10"> </span>de<span class="blank _10"> </span>Blo<span class="blank _a"> </span>c<span class="blank _0"></span>h<span class="blank _1f"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>17</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y5a ff7 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsf">3.<span class="blank _18"> </span>Con<span class="blank _0"></span>trol<span class="blank"> </span>coherente<span class="blank _d"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dos<span class="blank _e"> </span>electrones<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _0"></span>teractuan<span class="blank _0"></span>tes<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>dos<span class="blank"> </span>pun<span class="blank _0"></span>tos<span class="blank _e"> </span>cu´<span class="blank _17"></span>an<span class="blank _0"></span>ti-</div><div class="t m0 xd h9 y5b ff7 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsa">cos<span class="blank"> </span>acoplados<span class="blank _20"> </span>21</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y5c ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls4 ws23">3<span class="blank _5"></span>.<span class="blank _5"></span>1<span class="blank _5"></span>.<span class="blank _f"> </span>E<span class="blank _5"></span>l<span class="blank _9"></span>s<span class="blank _5"></span>i<span class="blank _5"></span>s<span class="blank _5"></span>t<span class="blank _5"></span>e<span class="blank _5"></span>m<span class="blank _5"></span>a<span class="blank _21"> </span>...<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>...<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>...<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>...<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank _3"> </span>2<span class="blank _5"></span>2</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y5d ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1c">3.2.<span class="blank _7"> </span>T<span class="blank _2"></span>ransiciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Landau-Zener<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _13"> </span>dos<span class="blank"> </span>puntos<span class="blank"> </span>cu´<span class="blank _5"></span>an<span class="blank _0"></span>ticos<span class="blank"> </span>acoplados<span class="blank _15"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank _12"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>29</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y5e ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">3.3.<span class="blank _7"> </span>Base<span class="blank _10"> </span>diab´<span class="blank _14"></span>atica<span class="blank _10"> </span>vs.<span class="blank _13"> </span>base<span class="blank _c"> </span>adiab´<span class="blank _5"></span>atica<span class="blank _1"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>33</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y5f ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">3.4.<span class="blank _7"> </span>Optimizaci´<span class="blank _5"></span>on<span class="blank _10"> </span>de<span class="blank _10"> </span>las<span class="blank _10"> </span>transiciones<span class="blank _c"> </span>diab´<span class="blank _5"></span>aticas<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>36</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y60 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">3.5.<span class="blank _7"> </span>Navegando<span class="blank _13"> </span>p<span class="blank _a"> </span>or<span class="blank _c"> </span>el<span class="blank _13"> </span>esp<span class="blank _a"> </span>ectro<span class="blank _1f"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>38</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y61 ff7 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws16">4.<span class="blank _18"> </span>Lo<span class="blank _a"> </span>calizaci´<span class="blank _b"></span>on,<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"></span>trelazamien<span class="blank _0"></span>to<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _15"> </span>sup<span class="blank _a"> </span>erp<span class="blank _a"> </span>osiciones<span class="blank"> </span>coheren<span class="blank _0"></span>tes<span class="blank _23"> </span>47</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y62 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls4 ws23">4<span class="blank _5"></span>.<span class="blank _5"></span>1<span class="blank _5"></span>.<span class="blank _f"> </span>L<span class="blank _5"></span>o<span class="blank _14"></span>c<span class="blank _5"></span>a<span class="blank _5"></span>l<span class="blank _5"></span>i<span class="blank _5"></span>z<span class="blank _5"></span>a<span class="blank _5"></span>c<span class="blank _5"></span>i<span class="blank _5"></span>´<span class="blank _6"></span>o<span class="blank _5"></span>n<span class="blank _a"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>...<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>...<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>...<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank"> </span>..<span class="blank _3"> </span>4<span class="blank _5"></span>8</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y63 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">4.2.<span class="blank _7"> </span>Una<span class="blank _c"> </span>generalizaci´<span class="blank _5"></span>on<span class="blank _10"> </span>del<span class="blank _13"> </span>m´<span class="blank _5"></span>eto<span class="blank _a"> </span>do:<span class="blank _10"> </span>Sup<span class="blank _a"> </span>erposiciones<span class="blank _c"> </span>coherentes<span class="blank _24"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>53</div><div class="t m0 xd h6 y64 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">4.3.<span class="blank _7"> </span>Entrelazamiento<span class="blank _e"> </span>y<span class="blank _10"> </span>qbits<span class="blank _10"> </span>en<span class="blank _10"> </span>dos<span class="blank _c"> </span>puntos<span class="blank _10"> </span>cu´<span class="blank _5"></span>anticos<span class="blank _13"> </span>acoplados<span class="blank _25"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>58</div><div class="t m0 x16 h6 y65 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">4.3.1.<span class="blank _26"> </span>Construcci´<span class="blank _5"></span>on<span class="blank _c"> </span>de<span class="blank _10"> </span>los<span class="blank _10"> </span>estados<span class="blank _15"> </span>de<span class="blank _10"> </span>Bell<span class="blank _1f"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>59</div><div class="t m0 x16 h6 y66 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">4.3.2.<span class="blank _26"> </span>De\ufb01nici´<span class="blank _5"></span>on<span class="blank"> </span>formal<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>entrelazamien<span class="blank _0"></span>to<span class="blank _e"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>espacio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>localizaci´<span class="blank _5"></span>on<span class="blank _27"> </span>.<span class="blank _27"> </span>64</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y67 ff7 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws16">5.<span class="blank _18"> </span>Una<span class="blank _15"> </span>aplicaci´<span class="blank _17"></span>on<span class="blank"> </span>qu<span class="blank _4"></span>´<span class="blank _14"></span>\u0131mica:<span class="blank"> </span>Isomerizaci´<span class="blank _17"></span>on<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>LiCN<span class="blank _28"> </span>69</div><div class="t m0 x17 h7 y68 ff8 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws24">vi<span class="blank"> </span>i</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x18 h6 y69 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">5.1.<span class="blank _7"> </span>El<span class="blank _c"> </span>sistema<span class="blank _10"> </span>molecular<span class="blank _13"> </span>LiCN<span class="blank _3"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>70</div><div class="t m0 x18 h6 y6a ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsc">5.2.<span class="blank _7"> </span>Esp<span class="blank _a"> </span>ectro<span class="blank _c"> </span>vibracional<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>presencia<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>camp<span class="blank _a"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank _0"></span>´<span class="blank _5"></span>ectrico<span class="blank"> </span>externo<span class="blank _1f"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank _12"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>75</div><div class="t m0 x18 h6 y6b ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">5.3.<span class="blank _7"> </span>Navegando<span class="blank _13"> </span>p<span class="blank _a"> </span>or<span class="blank _10"> </span>el<span class="blank _10"> </span>esp<span class="blank _a"> </span>ectro<span class="blank _13"> </span>del<span class="blank _10"> </span>LiCN<span class="blank _e"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>78</div><div class="t m0 x19 h6 y6c ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 wsb">5.3.1.<span class="blank _26"> </span>Estrategia<span class="blank _c"> </span>para<span class="blank _c"> </span>isomerizar<span class="blank _13"> </span>el<span class="blank _10"> </span>LiCN<span class="blank _29"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _12"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _12"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _12"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _12"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _12"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>78</div><div class="t m0 x19 h6 y6d ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1f">5.3.2.<span class="blank _26"> </span>Discusi´<span class="blank _5"></span>on<span class="blank _10"> </span>detallada<span class="blank _c"> </span>del<span class="blank _13"> </span>camino<span class="blank _10"> </span>de<span class="blank _10"> </span>control<span class="blank _2a"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _16"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank"> </span>.<span class="blank _22"> </span>.<span class="blank _1d"> </span>81</div><div class="t m0 x1a h9 y6e ff7 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws25">6.<span class="blank"> </span>Conclusiones<span class="blank _2b"> </span>87</div><div class="t m0 x1a h9 y6f ff7 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws26">Bibliograf<span class="blank _4"></span>´<span class="blank _14"></span>\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>91</div><div class="t m0 x1a h9 y70 ff7 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws27">Publicaciones<span class="blank"> </span>99</div><div class="t m0 x1b h7 y71 ff8 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws12">vi<span class="blank"> </span>i<span class="blank"> </span>i</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div>
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