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Carbohydrate Polymers 149 (2016) 391–398
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Carbohydrate Polymers
j ourna l ho me page: www.elsev ier .com/ locate /carbpol
eview
dentification and determination of the inulin content in the roots of
he Northeast Brazilian species Pombalia calceolaria L.
na Georgina Oliveira Pontesa,∗, Karine Lima Silvaa, Said Gonç alvez da Cruz Fonsecab,
rlete Aparecida Soaresc, Judith Pessoa de Andrade Feitosad, Raimundo Braz-Filhoe,
irla Rodrigues Romerob, Mary Anne Medeiros Bandeiraa,b
Graduation Program of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro, 1210 Rodolfo Teófilo, 60430-160 Fortaleza, CE,
razil
Departament of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro, 1210 Rodolfo Teófilo, 60430-160 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
Departament of Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, s/n—Antônio Bezerra, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, s/n—Antônio Bezerra, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
Visiting Researcher Emeritus – FAPERJ/UENF, Chemistry Lab – CCT-UENF/PPGQO-DEQUIMECE-UFRJ, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, 28013-602, Campos dos
oytacazes, RJ, Brazil
 r t i c l e i n f o
rticle history:
eceived 23 November 2015
eceived in revised form 31 March 2016
ccepted 24 April 2016
a b s t r a c t
A polysaccharide was extracted from the roots of Pombalia calceolaria, a plant used in folk medicine in
Northeastern Brazil, by decoction followed by precipitation with methanol, yielding a concentration of
13.0% w/w, and purification with acetone. The molar mass peak was estimated to be 4.0 × 103 Da using gel
permeation chromatography (GPC). Polarized light photomicrography of histological sections revealed
vailable online 28 April 2016
eywords:
ombalia calceolaria
oots
nulin
the presence of inulin in the cortical parenchyma. The chemical composition of inulin was identified by
1D and 2D NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy and the findings were compared with the literature. This is the
first time inulin has been identified on FT-IR and NMR for the species Pombalia calceolaria.
© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
tructure identification
ontents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
2. Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
2.1. Instruments and chemical reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
2.2. Plant material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
2.3. Photomicrograph of the histological sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
2.4. Aqueous extract preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
2.5. Extraction, purification and physicochemical characterization of the polysaccharide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
2.6. Gel permeation chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
2.7. NMR analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
2.8. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393
3. Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
3.1. Extraction and characterization of the polysaccharide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393
3.2. Gel permeation chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3. Spectroscopic NMR analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4. FT-IR analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: ana.georgina11@alu.ufc.br, ana.georgina11@yahoo.com.br (A.G.O. Po
J.P.d.A. Feitosa), braz@uenf.br (R. Braz-Filho), mambandeira@yahoo.com.br (M.A.M. Band
ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.108
144-8617/© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
ntes), said@ufc.br (S.G.d.C. Fonseca), arlete@ufc.br (A.A. Soares), judith@dqoi.ufc.br
eira).
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.108
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01448617
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/carbpol
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.108&domain=pdf
mailto:ana.georgina11@alu.ufc.br
mailto:ana.georgina11@yahoo.com.br
mailto:said@ufc.br
mailto:arlete@ufc.br
mailto:judith@dqoi.ufc.br
mailto:braz@uenf.br
mailto:mambandeira@yahoo.com.br
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.108
392 A.G.O. Pontes et al. / Carbohydrate Polymers 149 (2016) 391–398
4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
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References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
. Introduction
Pombalia calceolaria is an herbaceous perennial species of the
iolaceae family. It has little branches, it is entirely downy, and is
bout 10 to 30 cm high. It is distributed in South America, in sandy
oil, predominantly native in the Brazilian coast from the state of
aranhão to São Paulo (Lorenzi & Matos, 2008). This plant has few
ecords in the literature concerning its chemical constituents as
ell as its pharmacological activity. It is popularly known as ipeca-
ranca, ipeca-da-praia or pepaconha and is widely used in the folk
edicine of Northeastern Brazil. Its roots are used in decoctions,
nfusions and syrups as purgative (amebicide) and expectorant
Silva, Maia, Coelho, Silva, & Candido, 2011).
Inulin is broadly found in nature as a storage carbohydrate,
ainly in plants of the Asteraceae family. It consists of linear
r branched fructose biopolymers with a degree of polymeriza-
ion (DP) ranging from 2 to 100, usually with a terminal glucose
nit linked by glycosidic linkages �(2 → 1) (Judprasong, Tanjor,
uwastien, & Sungpuag, 2011; Li et al., 2015). Among its diverse
harmaceutical and food applications are: Besides being a suitable
tabilizer of vaccines, several papers have reported an adjuvant
ole of inulin in obtaining an immune response upon vaccina-
ion; to act as dietary fibers; and be used as a diagnostic tool to
ssess renal function (glomerular filtration rate) (Apolinário et al.,
014; Mensink, Frijlink, Maarschalk, & Hinrichs, 2015). Due to
heir wide availability in nature and significant roles in indus-
ry, this biopolymer has gained increasing attention in the field
f natural medicine in recent years. The use of analytical tech-
iques as gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC–MS), nuclear
agnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC),
nd ion exchange chromatography has been successful in obtaining
tructural information about inulin-type fructans (Apolinário et al.,
014; Yang, Hu, & Zhao, 2011).
Regarding the polysaccharides presence, only Beauvisage
1889) indicates the presence of inulin in P. calceolaria roots.
owever, there is no published information about the extrac-
ion, purification and structural elucidation of the polysaccharides
btained from the aqueous extract of the roots of this plant.
he present study aimed to investigate the chemical nature of
his biopolymer using analytic methods as FT-IR spectrum, NMR
omplemented by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and
icroscopic characterization of the inulin with photomicrographic
ecord.
. Experiments
.1. Instruments and chemical reagents
All chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade. In
ll study steps in which water was necessary, distilled water was
sed. Methanol and acetone were obtained from VETEC. NMR
pectra were recorded on a Bruker spectrometer of the Avance,
odels DPX-300 and DRX-500 operating in hydrogen frequency at
00 MHz and carbon frequency at 125 MHz. The deuterated DMSO
olvent (DMSO-d6) was used in the dissolution of the sample. FT-
R spectrum was measured on a spectrometer VERTEX 70 (Brucker,
ermany). GPC was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-20AD chromatog-
aphy with RID-10A refractive index detector. The analysis was
erformed with PolySep Linear column (7.8 mm × 300 mm). For the
vaporation of the remaining water in the polysaccharide obtained
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
from the aqueous extract, it was used a vaccuum concentrator
(Thermo Scientific Sorvall, model MTX 150 Micro-ultra-centrifuge).
In this study were also used a microscope equipped with polarizer
Leica DM4000 B LED model.
2.2. Plant material
The P. calceolaria L. roots were collected in September 2014 at
Tabuba beach, Caucaia, in the state of Ceará, Brazil. Its voucher spec-
imen was deposited in the Prisco Bezerra herbarium of the Biology
Department of the Federal University of Ceará, under the number
54070.
2.3. Photomicrograph of the histological sections
To identify the inulin type fructans, samples of P. calceolaria
roots were fixed in absolute ethanol by 72 h (Johansen, 1940). After,
freehand cross-sections were performed and visualized under
polarized light and without polarized light. Photomicrographs were
recorded on a Leica DM4000 B LED microscope with a video camera
attached to a PC.
2.4. Aqueous extract preparation
The roots were detached from the rest of the vegetal, washed
and dried in an air circulating kiln at 50 ◦C until constant weight.
After that, the roots were crushed in a knife mill and sifted. The
obtained powder with granulometry between 35 to 14 meshes
was gathered homogeneously. The aqueous extract, 20% w/v was
obtained by decoction. In order that, to obtain 900 mL, the roots
were submitted to boiling step in triplicate (each time for 5 min),
and the filtration was made with cotton.
2.5. Extraction, purification and physicochemical
characterization of the polysaccharide
Methanol was added to a 900 mL sample of the aqueous extract
until concentration of 33% v/v. Then, it was stored under refrig-
eration by 48 h for polysaccharide precipitation. The supernatant
excess was decanted and the resulting polysaccharide, still in the
presence of small quote of the aqueous extract, was transferred to
the test tubes of the vacuum concentrator (10 h, at 50 ◦C) to obtain
raw polysaccharide. The purification was performed in triplicate
by washing the biopolymer with acetone (100 mL for each wash),
followed by vacuum filtration at room temperature, through of a
sintered glass funnel and dried in an air circulating kiln at 80 ◦C
until constant weight. The final yield of purified polysaccharide was
calculated according to the equation below:
Yield(%) = Purified polysaccharide(g)
Dry root used to obtain the polysaccharide(g)
× 100%
The evaluated parameters for the physicochemical characteri-
zation were solubility by Larsson (2010). The analysis with iodine
reaction and physical characteristics were proceeded by the obser-
vation of the texture and color of the polysaccharide (Ge, Duan,
Fang, Zhang, & Wang, 2009).
2.6. Gel permeation chromatography
The molar mass peak was estimated by gel permeation
chromatography at 30 ◦C using an PolySep linear column
A.G.O. Pontes et al. / Carbohydrate Polymers 149 (2016) 391–398 393
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ig. 1. Inulin visualized in histological sections of underground organs of (A) Ch
olarized light – literature data), (D) and (E) Pombalia calceolaria (correspond to th
nder polarized light and E without polarized light). Scale bars: A, B and C: 25 �m; 
7.8 × 300 mm), a flow rate at 1.0 mL/min, a biopolymer concen-
ration of 1 mg/mL, water as the solvent and NaNO3 0.1 mol/L as
luent. The injected volume of the sample was 50 �L. Pullulan sam-
les (Shodex Standard P-82, Phenomenex) were used as standards
or the construction of the calibration curve.
.7. NMR analysis
All one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spec-
ra were recorded on Brukerspectrometer models DRX-300 and
RX-500 NMR. The chemical shifts (ıH e ıC) were expressed in ppm,
sing deuterated DMSO solvent as internal standard.
.8. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis
The FT-IR spectrum was acquired from sample in KBr pellet,
hich preparation was performed with inulin powder from mix-
ure with KBr and inulin in a ratio of 400:1, respectively, using
ydraulic pressure. To the measurement was used 128 scans at
 resolution of 2 cm−1 and a wavenumber range from 4000 to
00 cm−1.
. Results and discussion
.1. Extraction and characterization of the polysaccharide
The water soluble polysaccharide was extracted by decoction
in triplicate) of the previously dried and crushed roots. It was pre-
ipitated after the addition of methanol in the 33% v/v proportion
ollowing cooling by 48 h. After the solvent evaporation in vacuum
urumbensis, (B) Lessingianthus floccosus, (C) Baccharis subdentata (viewing under
e region of the P. calceolaria root – cortical parenchyma, so that D was visualized
 E: 200 �m.
concentrator, acetone washing, filtration and drying until constant
weight, the obtained yield was 13.0% w/w.
Continuing the investigation of the nature of this biopolymer
with high content present in the roots of P. calceolaria, after 72 h
immersing in absolute alcohol, histological cross-sections were
made and the visualization on microscope, under polarized light
and without polarized light, were done. The found result indicates
the presence of inulin in the sectioned region. In this plant the inulin
is distributed only in the cortical parenchyma, but this distribu-
tion does not occur necessarily in a regular manner, as shown in
Fig. 1D and E. The cortical tissues (cortex) of the root lies in the
region between the epidermis and endodermis. While xylem and
phloem parenchymatic cells constitute part of the central cylin-
der. For a better understanding of the distribution of inulin in
underground organs, Fig. 1 shows literature data. In these plants,
Chresta curumbensis, Lessingianthus floccosus and Baccharis subden-
tata (Asteraceae), the inulin is widely distributed in diffent tissues
such as in parenchymatic cells of the secondary xylem (Fig. 1A and
C) and in parenchymatic cells of the secondary phloem (Fig. 1B)
(Joaquim, Figueiredo, Hayashi, & Carvalho, 2014).
3.2. Gel permeation chromatography
The calibration curve obtained by GPC for the biopolymer of
P. calceolaria roots had a unimodal distribution. The curve graph
originated the linear regression equation that relates the molar
mass peak (Mpk) in logarithm with the elution volume, being
the equation: logMpk = 17logMpk = 17.186-1.327 eV. Thus, the Mpk
obtained was 4.0 × 103 Da. Although in the literature is more com-
mon to find the result of molecular weight (Mw) for inulin, this
394 A.G.O. Pontes et al. / Carbohydrate Polymers 149 (2016) 391–398
Fig. 2. The 13C NMR spectra of inulin from P. calceolaria roots (a)/(in DMSO-d6) and Cichorium intybus (b)/(in D2O), this one obtained from literature (Wack & Blaschek, 2006).
Fig. 3. DEPT 135 NMR spectrum of inulin from P. calceolaria roots.
A.G.O. Pontes et al. / Carbohydrate Polymers 149 (2016) 391–398 395
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Fig. 4. The 1H NMR spectra of inulin from P. calceolaria roots (a)/(in DMSO-
pk value in present study indicates an approach to the Mw val-
es reported in the literature. Mensink et al. (2015) report that the
olecular weight of inulin varies between the values of 5.0 × 102
o 1.3 × 104 Da, according to its polymerization degree.
.3. Spectroscopic NMR analysis
The NMR spectroscopy may determine detailed structural infor-
ation including monosaccharide composition, � or � anomeric
onfigurations, sugar units sequences, and binding patterns (Hu,
iang, & Wu, 2015). The 13C NMR (Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic
esonance) spectrum (Fig. 2) ilustrates a typical spectrum of
nulin and its comparison with a literature spectrum (Wack &
laschek, 2006). According to whether the signals were over-
apped or not, the signals were divided into two categories in
he 13C NMR spectrum (Yang et al., 2011), Table 1. The C-atoms
ignals at ı 92.05, 71.61, 72.97, 70.03, 72.66 and 60.65 ppm
ere atributed a single �−d-glucose unit, while the other sig-
als (ı 61.28–61.64, 102.81–103.72, 77.14–77.83, 74.28–76.02,
1.75–82.21 and 61.77–62.06 ppm) were classified in another cate-
ory, that is, the signals were overlapped. Due to the tiny difference
f chemical shifts in each range in the following category, it could
e confirmed that those signals were attributed to fructose unit
hains (linked by �(2 → 1)-d-fructosyl-fructose bonds). The pres-
nce of �-d-fructofuranosyl linkage is confirmed by the signals
t ı 81.75–82.21 ppm (CH2-5) from DEPT 135◦ (Distortion-less
nhancement by Polarization Transfer) (Fig. 3).
The 1H NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) (Fig. 4)
nd HSQC (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation) spectra
ere carried out to correlated proton assignments to carbon
ssignments (Fig. 5). This experiment demonstrated the follow-
ng signals for CH d-glycosyl group: CH–1 g (ı 92.05/5.3 ppm),
H–2 g (ı 71.6/3.68 ppm), CH–3 g (ı 72.97/3.1 ppm), CH–4 g
ı 70.03/3.45 ppm), CH–5 g (ı 72.66/3.2 ppm) and CH2–6 g
ı 60.55/3.82 ppm). Three assigments from CH-3 (ı 77.14-
7.83/4.38 ppm), wide signed, CH-4 (ı 74.28-76.02/4.02-4.38) and
d Morinda officinallis (b)/(in D2O) this one obtained from Yang et al., 2011.
CH-5 (ı 80.66–82.06/3.82–3.85 ppm) of fructosyl groups can be vis-
ibly assigned (Liu, Sun, Yu, & Liu, 2012).
It could be observed (Table 1) that the signals 1H NMR and 13C
NMR spectra of P. calceolaria inulin were similar to those of liter-
ature (Fig. 6) and to those of sucrose except that the inulin were
more overlapped signals (Yang et al., 2011).
3.4. FT-IR analysis
The 13C NMR and 1H NMR spectra indicated that inulin is
the polysaccharide present in the P. calceolaria roots. Thus, the
FT-IR spectrum was obtained (Fig. 7) and this was similar to
inulin spectra described in literature for Atractylodes chinensis,
(Xu et al., 2016), Taraxacum javanicum and commercial chicory
(Mudannayake, Wimalasiri, Silva, & Ajlouni, 2015). These two
results shows that biopolymer extracted from P. calceolaria is in
agreement with the molecular composition of inulin. The OH group
significantly present in molecular structure for inulin corresponds
to the absorption band at 3354.85 cm−1, also reported by Wu and
Lee (2000). The absorptions at 1032.83 and 1128.86 cm−1 are com-
patible with the presence of ketal groups (C O C O C), while the
presence of fructose with �-configuration glycosidic bonds in P.
calceolaria inulin, is indicated at 936.79, 870.35 and 821.06 cm−1
absorptions (Mudannayake et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2016).
4. Conclusion
In this paper, the biopolymer extracted and purified from the
roots of P. calceolaria was characterized to be inulin. It is interest
to find out that the literature (Mudannayake et al., 2015; Wack &
Blaschek, 2006; Wu & Lee, 2000; Xu et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2011)
reported the inulin composition present in Atractylodes chinen-
sis,Taraxacum javanicum, Cichorium intybus and Morinda officinallis
like similar to the inulin composition of P. calceolaria using NMR
or FT-IR as the analytical assays performed for this finding. The
396 A.G.O. Pontes et al. / Carbohydrate Polymers 149 (2016) 391–398
Table 1
Data from 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra of inulin of Pombalia calceolaria − in DMSO-d6–compared to literature data for inulin from Morinda officinallis and sucrose (in D2O),
� in ppm.
Samples Monosacarides And residues � 1H/13C (ppm)
H-1/C-1 H-2/C-2 H-3/C-3 H-4/C-4 H-5/C-5 H-6/C-6
Sucrose (Literature)* H-1 -� Glcp (1→ 5.29 3.44 3.65 3.36 3.88 3.81
C-1 - � Glcp (1→ 92.1 71.0 72.5 69.2 69.2 60.1
H-1 - ß− Fruf (2→ 3.57 – 4.10 3.94 3.94 3.71
C-1 - ß - Fruf(2 → 61.3 103.6 76.4 71.9 73.9 62.3
Inulin (Literature)* H-1 - � Glcp (1→ 5.34 3.44 3.68 3.37 3.753.74
C-1 - � Glcp (1→ 92.1 71.1 72.5 69.2 72.3 60.1
H-1 - ß− Fruf (2→ 3.57–3.83 – 4.01–4.18 3.93–4.01 3.74–3.77 3.72–3.83
C-1 - ß - Fruf(2 → 60.5–61.0 103.0–103.6 76.7–77.4 73.8–74.4 81.0–81.2 61.0–62.3
Inulin (P. calceolaria) H-1 - � Glcp (1→ 5.3 3.68 3.10 3.45 3.20 3.82
C-1 - � Glcp (1→ 92.05 71.6 72.97 70.03 72.66 60.55
H-1 - ß− Fruf (2→ 3.57–3.68 – 4.38 wide 4.02–4.38 3.82–3.85 3.83–3.99
C-1 - ß - Fruf(2 → 61.2–61.6 102.8–103.7 77.1–77.8 74.2–76.0 81.7–82.2 61.7–62.0
* Yang et al. (2011).
 of inu
c
e
a
Fig. 5. Part of HSQC spectra
onfirmation of inulin presence in this plant, widely used by north-
astern Brazilı́s folk medicine, cited only by Beauvisage (1889), is
lso described in this study as to its yield and molar mass peak.
lin from P.calceolaria roots.
These results provide valuable information, as quality criteria eval-
uation for P. calceolaria, as well as for the agrochemical, food and
pharmaceutical industries. The growing interest in this type of
A.G.O. Pontes et al. / Carbohydrate Polymers 149 (2016) 391–398 397
Fig. 6. A. Nonspecific structure of inulin, where “n” indicates the nu
p
i
a
A
B
c
l
C
Lorenzi, H., & Matos, F. J. A. (2008). Plantas medicinais no Brasil: nativas e exóticas
Fig. 7. The FT-IR spectrum of P. calceolaria inulin.
olysaccharide and it’s pharmacotherapeutic wide range of use val-
dates this species as medicine and makes it a rich source of inulin
t disposal in the Brazilian flora.
cknowledgements
Our thanks to the vegetal anatomy laboratory of the UFC’s
iology Departament, UFC’s Pharmacy Departament pharma-
otechnical laboratory, UFC’s Chemistry Departament polymers
aboratory, UFCı́s Phisics Departament crystallography laboratory,
ENAUREMN (UFC’s northeastern center for the aplication and use
mber of fructose polymers. B. Chemical structure of sucrose.
of nuclear magnetic ressonance) and Cearense Foundation to sup-
port scientific and technological development – FUNCAP.
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	Identification and determination of the inulin content in the roots of the Northeast Brazilian species Pombalia calceolari...
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiments
	2.1 Instruments and chemical reagents
	2.2 Plant material
	2.3 Photomicrograph of the histological sections
	2.4 Aqueous extract preparation
	2.5 Extraction, purification and physicochemical characterization of the polysaccharide
	2.6 Gel permeation chromatography
	2.7 NMR analysis
	2.8 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis
	3 Results and discussion
	3.1 Extraction and characterization of the polysaccharide
	3.2 Gel permeation chromatography
	3.3 Spectroscopic NMR analysis
	3.4 FT-IR analysis
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References