Lesson 10 Cognate words, Keywords e non-verbal Communication

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VI. Awareness
Lesson 10: Cognate Words, Key Words and Non Verbal Information
Objectives: 
1. To help the students to know the words related to other words and know the roots of the words
2. Help the students to get acquainted with some keywords or terms used in his professional area
3. Help the student communicate with the patient through non-verbal communication 
I. Cognate Words
A cognate is a word, that is related to another word, such as English word brother and the German word  bruder or the English word history and the Spanish word historia. These words were derived from the same source; thus they are cognates (like cousins Tracy back their ancestry). Because they come from the same origin, cognates have similar meaning and usually similar spellings in two different languages.
A. Origins of Cognates
"Cognates are often derived from Romance languages (French, Spanish, Italian) that have their origins in Latin, although some are derived from other language families (e.g., Germanic)," noted Patricia F. Vadasy and J. Ron Nelson in their book "Vocabulary Instruction for Struggling Students" (Guilford Press, 2012).
The Romance languages have so much in common etymologically because the Roman Empire brought Latin to those regions. Of course, regional dialects were already established in present-day Spain, Portugal, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy, but Latin-influenced vocabulary throughout these regions for a long period—because of the relative stability of the empire—especially in the sciences and law.
B. Key Takeaways: Cognates
· Cognates are words that came from the same root.
· Cognates can come into a language from different sources; they just have to have the same origin.
· False cognates look like they're related to each other but are actually not.  
Many words in English are a special kind of cognate in Spanish- the Spanish version of the word is common word, and the English version is a more specialized word ( e.g. conserve/conserver or frigid/ frio). Since the origins of many words are Latin, cognates can help English learners identify shared roots or affixes that can be used to unlock the meaning of many words in English.
SpanishCognates.org helps both Spanish speakers learn English fast and English speakers learn Spanish fast. Many English words and Spanish words have Latin or Greek roots and the same meaning; these words are called cognates. The Spanish language borrows many English words and, vice versa, English borrows many Spanish words. By knowing a few simple cognate rules, students can learn Spanish and English fast by quickly expand their Spanish vocabulary or English Vocabulary. 
C. Examples of Cognates Science
	English
	Italian
	Spanish
	French
	German
	Chemistry 
	chimica
	química
	chimie
	Chemie
	Biology
	biologia
	biologia
	biologie
	Biologie
	Phyisics
	fisica
	fisica
	physique
	Physic
	geology
	geologia
	geologia
	gėologie
	Geology
	astronomy
	Astronomia 
	astronomia
	astronomie
	Astronomic
	metherology
	meteriologia
	meterlogia
	mėtériologie
	Meteologish
	photosynthesis
	fotosintesi
	fotosintesis
	phothesynthese
	Photosynthese
	metharmophesis
	metamerfosi
	metamorfosis
	metamorphose
	Metamorphose
	cell
	cellula
	célula
	cellule
	Zelle
	organism
	organismo
	organismo
	organisme
	Organisimus
	ecology
	ecologia
	ecologia
	ėcologie
	Okologie
	
	
	
	
	
Keywords: Key Word is a word or concept of a great significance; a word which acts as the key to a cipher or code.
1. Clinical chemistry - Clinical chemistry (also known as chemical pathology and clinical biochemistry) is the area of clinical pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids; the most common specimens used in clinical chemistry are blood, urine and tumor makers.
2. Clinical pathology - Clinical pathology is a subspecialty of pathology that deals with the use of laboratory methods (clinical chemistry, microbiology, hematology and emerging subspecialties such as molecular diagnostics) for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. 
3. Hematology - studies the blood and blood-forming tissues to evaluate presence of disease and assist in therapeutic interventions as clinically indicated.
4. Laboratory tests - are medical devices that are intended for use on samples of blood. Urine, or other tissues or substances taken from the body to help diagnose disease or other conditions. Lab tests help doctors determine what is going on within your body. 
5. Manual - deals with the basic hematological procedures and clinical chemistry analysis; manual are classical methods that are routinely performed in a standard clinical pathology laboratory. Detail procedures including preparation of reagents, solutions, stains and buffers are given. Calculations of blood indices and chemical analysis.
6. Sample – is a part of anything taken or presented for analysis or inspection. Likewise patient’s tissue, blood, urine, saliva, sputum, feces, semen, and other bodily fluids.
7. Lab Test – is a test performed by a medical laboratory on a specimen taken from patient
8. Lab. Analysis means a test performed by a laboratory on body fluid, tissues or excretion for the purpose of determining the presence, absence, or concentration of various substances in human body.
Common Key words used in Tests
Complete blood Count know also as CBC; prothrombin Time also known as PT and Pro Time; Basic Metabolic Panel; Comprehensive Metabolic Panel; Lipid Panel; Liver Panel; Thyroid Stimulating Hormone; Hemoglobin. Blood test; lab testing; pathology lab; diagnostic centre; diagnostic; DNA; HIV; blood; urine; patemity; diabetes; 
Antibodies - A substance produced by the body in response to an antigen that specifically reacts with the antigen to destroy, inhibit, or neutralize it. The body produces antibodies as a defense against foreign substances. Antibodies may be identified and measured to determine whether an individual has been infected by a pathogen.
Array - Diagnostic modality involving conduction of multiple unique tests for different biomarkers on the same testing medium (e.g., plate, glass slide, microfluid chip). 
Biomarker - A characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic or pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. It is used to measure or indicate the effects or progress of a disease, illness or condition. 
Cytology - The branch of biology that deals with the formation, structure, and function of cells.
II. Non-Verbal Information
Face-to-face communication involves an interaction between spoken words and body language. The listener ‘decodes’ these, resulting in the receipt of intended and unintended messages. In your interactions, you will ‘read’ patients and interpret what is said and what is meant, in conjunction with body language and other non-verbal signs. Patients in turn will ‘read’ you – consciously or unconsciously.
Providers should have situational awareness of their nonverbal communication so they can recognize potentially problematic body language and consciously change it. For example, certain situations might trigger negative nonverbal reactions, such as seeing a difficult patient, managing a patient complaint, or dealing with stress. Preparation and awareness can help providers control and direct their nonverbal behaviors. Examples of strategies that can help healthcare providers and staff consciously improve nonverbal communication include the following:
· Smile and maintain appropriate eye contact, but do not stare.
· Show interests in what the patient is saying and avoid tapping your fingers, gazing out of the window, looking at the clock, yawning, and other nonverbal actions that might indicate that you're bored or in a hurry.
· Sit when you can and lean forward to show that you're engaged. Don't stand looking down on the patient in a paternalistic stance.
· Nod your head to show you are listening.
· Avoid a judgmental or disapproving attitude, and encourage the patient to sharerelevant and complete information.
· Aid communication;
· Avoid unconscious messages;
· Decode and react appropriately to other people’s visual cues.
Body language is a positive tool to reinforce the spoken word and can help you to understand how people really feel. A patient who claims to be fine may display body language indicate the opposite, or sit in a way that suggests pain or discomfort. Being alert to body language enables you to probe a little deeper, rather than simply accepting verbal responses at face value. Reading a patient’s body language can be as important as observing clinical symptoms 
Misreading body language
Be aware of misinterpreting body language or relying on it as your sole source of information. Check for disparities between what is said and what you observe. It is important to triangulate information from different sources to form a holistic picture by listening to what patients say and considering what you know about them. Look at clusters or combinations of behaviors rather than a single indicator (Borg, 2013). A sweating patient may be nervous – or just hot or experiencing symptoms of the menopause. It might be safer to conclude it is nerves if the sweating is combined with hand-wringing and poor eye contact.
Discomfort occurs when our personal space is ‘invaded,’ or when we feel the distance is inappropriately large. In clinical situations, you may need to enter a patient’s personal or intimate zone, creating discomfort or embarrassment regardless of any cultural differences. Be sensitive to this. Consider acknowledging how normal that feeling is: “No one likes this, but it won’t take long”.
In some cultures, direct eye contact is considered rude; averting the eyes may indicate respect rather than shiftiness or untruthfulness. Some people with conditions such as Asperser’s may find eye contact uncomfortable and will keep their eyes down, or focus on something other than the speaker. Body language may vary across different age groups and according to gender, but basic human emotions tend to share universal facial expressions regardless of culture, age or social class. Consider asking permission before touching a patient, even for task-related touching such as taking blood pressure or pulse.