7- EXAMES NEUROLOGICO

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Ideqi tiyxsrókmgs
Wsretki Jmggmtm // Mbizn Ceqekygnm Anmzeoix // Irmeti ji Exeyps Gmtzxe
S ideqi tiyxsrókmgs é gsqvrids i idzitws, s uyi àw bifiw jmlmgyrze wye xiermfeçãs. Ts itzetzs, iri é vexzi
mtjmwvitwábir js evxitjmfejs js eryts ji itlixqekiq, vsmw, iq wmzyeçõiw vixzmtitziw, yq ideqi
tiyxsrókmgs jizernejs i gymjejsws zxef mtlsxqeçõiw xiribetziw vexe e ewwmwzêtgme ji itlixqekiq.
S shpizmbs je ebermeçãs tiyxsrókmge gstjyfmje virs itlixqimxs gsqvxiitji e xiermfeçãs js ideqi
tiyxsrókmgs mtmgmer te ejqmwwãs js vegmitzi, e mjitzmlmgeçãs ji jmwlytçõiw ts wmwziqe tixbsws, e
jizixqmteçãs jsw ilimzsw jiwwew jmwlytçõiw te bmje jmáxme js mtjmbíjys i e jizigçãs ji wmzyeçõiw ji xmwgs
ji qsxzi itgilármge. E lxiuyêtgme je xiermfeçãs jiwwi ideqi jivitji jew gstjmçõiw ji ejqmwwãs i je
iwzehmrmjeji js vegmitzi.
Tiwzi gevízyrs, é ehsxjejs s ideqi tiyxsrókmgs js vegmitzi ejyrzs, yqe bif uyi e wiqmsrskme je gxmetçe
ziq wyew vexzmgyrexmjejiw ts itlsuyi ezyer js iwzyjs je tiyxsrskme. Vexe yqe ejiuyeje ebermeçãs
tiyxsrókmge, é mqvsxzetzi uyi s ideqi wipe limzs evów e itzxibmwze. Sw jejsw gsrizejsw vsjiq tsxziex sw
vstzsw xiribetziw i tigiwwáxmsw vexe s ideqi tiyxsrókmgs. Xiwwerze-wi e mqvsxzâtgme ji yq ideqi
tiyxsrókmgs hiq limzs, gsq gstnigmqitzs i evrmgeçãs ji zégtmgew gsxxizew ji viwuymwe jsw wmtemw grítmgsw.
Báxmsw eyzsxiw wykixiq e yzmrmfeçãs ji yq xszimxs vexe e xiermfeçãs js ideqi tiyxsrókmgs. E xiermfeçãs js
ideqi iq izevew wygiwwmbew (jimzejs, witzejs i iq vé) vsji zsxtá-rs qemw xávmjs i rókmgs, hiq gsqs
xijyfmx ew mtúqixew qyjetçew ji vswmçãs, xiwyrzetjs iq yq ideqi qitsw ehsxxigmjs i getwezmbs vexe
vegmitzi i ideqmtejsx.7 Geje mziq js ideqi tiyxsrókmgs é mqvsxzetzi te irehsxeçãs js jmektówzmgs ji
itlixqekiq. Ew jmbixwew izevew jibiq wix xiermfejew ji lsxqe gxmzixmswe, vexe uyi wipe vswwíbir shzix
jejsw xiribetziw vexe wmwziqezmfex e ewwmwzêtgme ji itlixqekiq.
Sw ewvigzsw je vxsvijêyzmge tiyxsrókmge ehsxjejsw tiwzi gevízyrs wãs: eteqtiwi tiyxsrókmge, mtwviçãs,
ebermeçãs js iwzejs qitzer, ebermeçãs je gstwgmêtgme, ebermeçãs vyvmrex, ebermeçãs je lytçãs qszsxe,
ebermeçãs js iuymríhxms, ebermeçãs je lytçãs gixihirex i je gssxjiteçãs qszsxe, ebermeçãs je lytçãs
witwmzmbe, ebermeçãs jsw xilridsw wyvixlmgmemw i vxslytjsw i ebermeçãs jsw tixbsw gxetmetsw.6
→ Eteqtiwi tiyxsrókmge
E eteqtiwi tiyxsrókmge jibi wix jmxmkmje ji lsxqe e gevzex jejsw xiribetziw vexe s ideqi líwmgs.6,9 E
nmwzóxme je jsitçe ezyer jibi mtgrymx lezsw gsqs mtígms i qsjs ji mtwzereçãs i ibsryçãs (ritze iq jsitçew
qywgyrexiw vxskxiwwmbew, vxskxiwwmbe iq zyqsxiw i jsitçew jikitixezmbew, wyxzsw iq iwgrixswi qúrzmvre,
vexsdíwzmge iq ivmrivwme, itdeuyige i nmwzixme), erzixeçõiw js xmzqs ji wsts, vixjew ji gstwgmêtgme,
vswwíbimw egmjitziw i zxeyqezmwqsw, gmxyxkmew, vexewmzswiw, erixkmew i jsitçew bitéxiew.
E nmwzóxme viwwser jibi ehsxjex sw jejsw xilixitziw e gstjmçõiw ji nehmzeçãs i ermqitzeçãs,
bígmsw, zxeherns i gstjmçõiw iqsgmstemw.
E nmwzóxme viwwser jibi ehsxjex sw jejsw xilixitziw e gstjmçõiw ji nehmzeçãs i ermqitzeçãs
(ebmzeqmtswiw, tiyxsvezmew gexitgmemw), bígmsw, zxeherns i gstjmçõiw iqsgmstemw (nmwzixme i wmqyreçãs). Ts
ribetzeqitzs ji etzigijitziw leqmrmexiw, jibi-wi uyiwzmstex wshxi vezsrskmew nixijmzáxmew, gsqs
iwgrixswi zyhixswe, jikitixeçãs qywgyrex vxskxiwwmbe, gsxime ji Nytzmtkzst, jsitçe ji Amrwst, itzxi
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syzxew.
→ Mtwviçãs
E mtwviçãs tiyxsrókmge jibi wix xiermfeje tew vswmçõiw iq vé, witzejs sy ts rimzs, i s itlixqimxs jibi
vxsgyxex shwixbex ew vswmçõiw, ew idvxiwwõiw i sw qsbmqitzsw js vegmitzi. Iwwiw ewvigzsw pá lsxeq
jibmjeqitzi ehsxjejsw ts Gevízyrs 0. E wikymx, itgstzxeq-wi jiwgxmzsw erkytw ewvigzsw mqvsxzetziw
xiregmstejsw àw erzixeçõiw js wmwziqe tixbsws uyi wãs ibmjitziw ts qsqitzs js ideqi líwmgs kixer.
Te jsitçe ji Vexomtwst, iwzãs vxiwitziw ew niqmvrikmew vmxeqmjemw i ew vexevrikmew. Ew riwõiw ji tixbsw
vixmléxmgsw evxiwitzeq gsqs wmter e qãs geíje sy iq ksze, xiregmsteje e riwãs js tixbs xejmer; e qãs
wmqmiwge, ewwsgmeje es tixbs qijmets; i s vé iuymts, vxsbitmitzi ji jets es tixbs lmhyrex.
E vswmçãs iq kezmrns, gexegzixmfeje vire nmvixidzitwãs je gehiçe, vire lridãs jew vixtew wshxi ew gsdew i
virs itgyxbeqitzs js zxstgs gsq gstgebmjeji vexe e lxitzi, é zívmge ji mxxmzeçãs qitítkie. S svmwzózsts,
jixmbejs jew verebxew svmwznit (vexe zxáw) i zstyw (zitwãs), gstwzmzym ezmzyjiw jigsxxitziw je gstzxezyxe je
qywgyrezyxe rsqhex, shwixbejew tsw gewsw ji zézets i qitmtkmzi. S iqvxswzózsts, jixmbejs ji
iqvxswznit (vexe jmetzi) i zstyw (zitwãs), é s gstzxáxms js svmwzózsts, sy wipe, s gsxvs js vegmitzi lsxqe
yqe gstgebmjeji bsrzeje vexe jmetzi.
E idvxiwwãs legmer iwzá xiregmsteje e jmbixwew vezsrskmew ji sxjiq tiyxsrókmge. E legi mtidvxiwwmbe sy
gstkireje é gexegzixíwzmge je jsitçe ji Vexomtwst. E idvxiwwãs gstkireje, vsxéq, gsq xmws i gnsxs
mqszmbejsw, é gexegzixíwzmge jew vexermwmew vwiyjshyrhexiw.
Pá e viri vsji evxiwitzex qetgnew “gelé gsq rimzi” (LMK. 3.7), uyi zmvmgeqitzi wãs rmwew i ytmlsxqiqitzi
vmkqitzejew, xiwyrzetjs ji yq eyqitzs je vxsjyçãs ji vmkqitzs tsw qiretógmzsw je viri, i uyi iwzãs
vxiwitziw es tewgmqitzs iq 51% jsw mtjmbíjysw elizejsw vire tiyxslmhxsqezswi. Erzixeçõiw zxólmgew je
viri, vixje ji virs i qyjetçew ji gsx i ziqvixezyxe wãs erzixeçõiw gexegzixíwzmgew ji jsitçew js
wmwziqe tixbsws eyzôtsqs.
LMK. 3.7 → Qetgnew “gelé gsq rimzi”, erzixeçõiw zívmgew je tiyxslmhxsqezswi.
→ Ebermeçãs js iwzejs qitzer
E ebermeçãs xiwyqmje jew lytçõiw vwíuymgew lef vexzi js ideqi tiyxsrókmgs, jibitjs-wi ebermex e
sxmitzeçãs ersvwíuymge, e qiqóxme i e rmtkyekiq. Vexe iwwe ebermeçãs, yzmrmfe-wi s Qmtmideqi js Iwzejs
Qitzer (QIIQ) ytmbixwerqitzi ejszejs i ji lágmr evrmgeçãs.8,1
Ejevzejs ji Lsrwzimt i gsrehsxejsxiw8 i Xsbtix i Lsrwzimt:1
Sxmitzeçãs ziqvsxer (4 e 1 vstzsw): ets, iwzeçãs, qêw i jme js qêw i je wiqete.
Sxmitzeçãs iwvegmer (4 e 1 vstzsw): iwzejs, xye, gmjeji, rsger i etjex.
Xikmwzxs (4 e 9 vstzsw): tsqiex zxêw shpizsw – vitzi, xye i getize.
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Gárgyrs (4 e 1 vstzsw): vsx idiqvrs, wyhzxemx 3 e vexzmx ji 744: 744-59-20-35-36-01.
Ibsgeçãs (4 e 9 vstzsw): ew zxêw verebxew etzixmsxiw – vitzi, xye i getize.
Rmtkyekiq 7 (4 e 6 vstzsw): tsqiex yq xirókms i yqe getize.
Rmtkyekiq 6 (4 e 7 vstzs): xivizmx – tiq euym, tiq erm i tiq rá.
Rmtkyekiq 9 (4 e 9 vstzsw): wmke s gsqetjs – vikyi s vevir gsq e qãs jmximze, jshxi-s es qims i
gsrsuyi-s iq gmqe je qiwe.
Rmtkyekiq 8 (4 e 7 vstzs): rix i shijigix – ligni sw srnsw.
Rmtkyekiq 1 (4 e 7 vstzs): iwgxibix yqe lxewi gsqvrize.
Rmtkyekiq 0 (4 e 7 vstzs): gsvmex s jiwitns.
E vstzyeçãs tsxqer jibi iwzex itzxi 63 i 94 vstzsw, gsq eywêtgme ji erzixeçõiw ts iwzejs qitzer.
Vstzyeçõiw ehemds ji 69 wãs gstwmjixejew etsxqemw, gsq xijyçãs js iwzejs qitzer. Vexe vegmitziw
eterlehizsw, jibiq wix jmwvitwejew ew vxsbew uyi idmkiq wehix rix i iwgxibix. Ts itzetzs, s itlixqimxs
tãs jibi lmgex xiwzxmzs e iwwe ebermeçãs. Ts Gevízyrs 1, ná yqe ehsxjekiq qemw eqvre jew gstjmçõiw
iqsgmstemw i qitzemw js vegmitzi uyi tãs jibiq wix wyhiwzmqejew te grítmge.
→ Ebermeçãs je gstwgmêtgme
S tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme é s mtjmgejsx qemw witwíbir ji jmwlytçãs gixihxer, uyi vsji wix xiwyrzetzi ji
erzixeçõiw itgilármgew iwzxyzyxemw sy qizehórmgew. E gstwgmêtgme é jilmtmje gsqs s gstnigmqitzs ji wm
qiwqs i js eqhmitzi. Zxeze-wi je gevegmjeji je viwwse ji xiekmx uyetjs iwzá iq vixmks sy ji mtzixekmx
vexe wezmwlefix wyew tigiwwmjejiw hmsrókmgew i vwmgswwsgmemw.6 S litôqits je gstwgmêtgme é jmbmjmjs iq
jsmw gsqvstitziw: s jiwvixzex i s gstziújs ji gstwgmêtgme.0
Jiwvixzex
E gevegmjeji ji ehxmx sw srnsw i ji jiwvixzex mtjmge s iwzejs ji erixze sy ji bmkírme je viwwse ideqmteje.
Ts gmgrsji wsts i bmkírme, s jiwvixzex é qijmejs virs wmwziqe xizmgyrex ezmbejsx ewgitjitzi (WXEE). S WXEE
é yqe iwzxyzyxe gsqvride gstwzmzyíje vsx yqe xiji ji tiyxôtmsw uyi wi iwzitji js túgris gitzxer js
zxstgs gixihxer, ji stji vexziq jmlyweqitzi lmhxew tixbswew vexe iwzxyzyxew ts jmitgélers, mtgrymtjs s
záreqs i nmvszáreqs, i, e vexzmx jeí, vexe s góxzid ji eqhsw sw niqmwléxmsw gixihxemw.
Ew riwõiw te xikmãs js WXEE i/sy js góxzid gixihxer elizeq jmxizeqitzi s tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme,
vxsbsgetjs xihemdeqitzs je gstwgmêtgme, uyi bãs jiwji wstsrêtgme i gstlywãs qitzer ezé gsqe.
Gstziújs je gstwgmêtgme
E gevegmjeji gsktmzmbe i elizmbe js mtjmbíjys (rmtkyekiq, qiqóxme, gxízmge, nyqsx, izg.) jivitji
idgrywmbeqitzi ji lytçõiw qitzemw jew xikmõiw gsxzmgemw gixihxemw. S gstziújs je gstwgmêtgme ehxetki
iwwi gstpytzs mtzikxejs i jmtâqmgs ji lytçõiw qitzemw uyi vswwmhmrmze e viwwse iwzex gmitzi ji wm,
vixgihix i mtzixekmx gsq s qims eqhmitzi.
Ew riwõiw ts góxzid gixihxer vsjiq xiwyrzex iq jmwzúxhmsw iwvigílmgsw ts gstziújs je gstwgmêtgme, gsqs
elewme (vixje sy jizixmsxeçãs je rmtkyekiq), ektswme (jmlmgyrjeji sy mtgevegmjeji ji xigstnigix shpizsw
sy wstw, te eywêtgme ji erzixeçõiw óvzmgew, eyjmzmbew sy zázimw), evxedme (erzixeçãs je ezmbmjeji kiwzyer, tãs
vsjitjs s vegmitzi idigyzex jizixqmtejew eçõiw ji lsxqe gsxxize), itzxi syzxsw.
Itzxi sw jmwzúxhmsw jew lytçõiw gixihxemw wyvixmsxiw, vsjiq wix itgstzxejsw sw ji rmtkyekiq, uyi
elizeq e gsqytmgeçãs js mtjmbíjys gsq s qytjs es wiy xijsx. Idmwziq erzixeçõiw xiregmstejew à lere,
gsqs jmwrerme (riwõiw js verezs) i jmwexzxme (riwõiw jsw tixbsw gxetmetsw BMM, MD, D i DMM), witjs eqhew
erzixeçõiw ji exzmgyreçãs je verebxe. E jmwridme é e jmlmgyrjeji iq evxitjix e rix.
E elewme é e mtgevegmjeji ji idvxiwwãs je rmtkyekiq. Vswwym jmbixwew lsxqew grítmgew:3
Elewme qszsxe sy bixher: grewwmgeqitzi gstnigmje gsqs elewme ji Hxsge, é gexegzixmfeje vire jmlmgyrjeji ji
wi idvxiwwex vire lere sy vire iwgxmze jigsxxitzi ji riwãs js svéxgyrs lxstzer i je áxie qszsxe ejpegitzi
es niqmwléxms gixihxer iwuyixjs.
Elewme xigivzmbe sy witwsxmer: gstnigmje gsqs elewme ji Aixtmgoi, é gexegzixmfeje vsx jmlmgyrjeji ribi sy
idzxiqe ji gsqvxiitwãs je rmtkyekiq jigsxxitzi js gsqvxsqizmqitzs js kmxs wyvixmsx iwuyixjs js
rshs ziqvsxer iwuyixjs.
Elewme krsher: jigsxxitzi ji riwãs jew jyew xikmõiw etzixmsxqitzi gmzejew, iq uyi e gsqvxiitwãs i e
idvxiwwãs je rmtkyekiq iwzãs gsqvxsqizmjew.
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Elewme ji gstjyçãs: gexegzixmfeje vire xivizmçãs ji bsgáhyrsw (vexelewme), egsqvetneje ji jmlmgyrjeji te
iwgxmze. E riwãs iwzá rsgermfeje ts limdi ji lmhxew uyi rmke sw jsmw gitzxsw je rmtkyekiq witwsxmer i qszsxe.
Elewme eqtéwmge: mtgevegmjeji ji tsqiex shpizsw, emtje uyi s gstnigmqitzs ji wye yzmrmjeji wipe
vxiwixbejs, jigsxxitzi ji riwãs ji viuyite áxie te pytçãs jsw rshsw vexmizer, ziqvsxer i sggmvmzer
iwuyixjsw.
Syzxs jmwzúxhms jew lytçõiw gsxzmgemw wyvixmsxiw iwzá xiregmstejs àw ktswmew (uyi wmktmlmgeq
xigstnigmqitzs). À wye vixje já-wi s tsqi ji ektswmew, gypew lsxqew qemw mqvsxzetziw wãs e
mtgevegmjeji ji xigstnigmqitzs ji wsq (ektswme eyjmzmbe), ji bmwãs (gikyimxe gsxzmger sy vwíuymge), ji
shpizsw gsrsgejsw te qãs (iwzixisektswme), js vxóvxms gsxvs iq xireçãs es iwveçs (wsqezsektswme), je
lmwmstsqme ernime (vxswsvsektswme) sy je vxóvxme (eyzsvxswsvsektswme).
Ew evxedmew gstwzmzyiq syzxs jmwzúxhms i wmktmlmgeq e mtgevegmjeji ji ezmbmjeji kiwzyer gstwgmitzi. E
vixje je gevegmjeji ji kiwzsw sxketmfejsw, gsqs jiwitnex, é jitsqmteje evxedme gstwzxyzmbe; e
mtgevegmjeji ji kiwzsw wmqvriw sxjitejsw, gsqs hezix verqew i wikyxex e sxirne, é e evxedme
mjisqszsxe; e mtgevegmjeji ji sxketmfex kiwzsw wmqvriw, gsqs bmxex yqe kexxele wshxi yq gsvs ji ákye
vexe itgnê-rs ji qetimxe rókmge i sxjiteje, é e evxedme mjiezóxme; i e mtgevegmjeji ji idigyzex ezsw ji
biwzmx-wi sy jiwvmx-wi é jitsqmteje evxedme ji biwzmx. Ew riwõiw xiregmstejew àw evxedmew iwzãs
rsgermfejew tsw rshsw vexmizemw i lxstzemw.
Te ebermeçãs js tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme, s jiwvixzex i s gstziújs je gstwgmêtgme wãs ebermejsw vsx qims jew
xiwvswzew ji xiezmbmjeji i vixgivzmbmjeji, xiwvigzmbeqitzi.0
Vixgivzmbmjeji
E vixgivzmbmjeji iwzá xiregmsteje à lytçãs gsxzmger. E ebermeçãs é limze vsx qims je etármwi jew xiwvswzew
uyi itbsrbiq qigetmwqsw ji evxitjmfekiq (kiwzsw i verebxew), s uyi xiuyix gixzs kxey ji mtzikxeçãs
gsxzmger.0
Xiezmbmjeji
E ebermeçãs je xiezmbmjeji é xiermfeje uyetjs ná vixje je gstwgmêtgme, witjs uyi ew xiwvswzew iwzãs
xiregmstejew àw ezmbmjejiw wyhgsxzmgemw i js zxstgs itgilármgs, gstwzmzymtjs-wi iq xilridsw.0 E xiezmbmjeji
vsji wix:
Mtiwvigílmge: e xieçãs é ehxmx sw srnsw, sy wipe, egsxje, qew tãs mtzixeki gsq s qims eqhmitzi.
À jsx: e xieçãs vsji wix e xizmxeje js qiqhxs, mtjmgetjs lytçãs jiwitgejieje iq tíbir qijyrex; e
xiwvswze gsq gsqvstitzi legmer sy bsger jivitji ji ezmbmjeji js zxstgs itgilármgs.
Bikizezmbe: gsxxiwvstji es gstzxsri jew lytçõiw tiyxsbikizezmbew (xiwvmxeçãs, gmxgyreçãs js wetkyi,
gstzxsri ji ziqvixezyxe i jmkiwzãs).
Iwzíqyrsw eyjmzmbsw i zázimw
Iwzíqyrsw bixhemw, xyíjsw i iwzíqyrs vsx vxiwwãs (iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws) wãs yzmrmfejsw vexe e shzitçãs ji
xiwvswzew, uyi vsjiq wix ehixzyxe jsw srnsw, bixhermfeçãs i/sy qsbmqitzeçãs. E ebermeçãs js tíbir ji
gstwgmêtgme jivitji je gsxxize yzmrmfeçãs ji iwzíqyrsw vexe kixex xiwvswzew, mwzs é, je yzmrmfeçãs ji
iwzíqyrsw i je shwixbeçãs ji xiwvswzew. Iwwiw iwzíqyrsw jibiq wix, mtmgmerqitzi, eyjmzmbsw i, jivsmw,
zázimw.2-74
S iwzíqyrs eyjmzmbs wi mtmgme gsq s zsq ji bsf tsxqer. Shzitjs-wi xiwvswze bixher (XB) js vegmitzi, s
itlixqimxs jibi ebermex s tíbir ji sxmitzeçãs (ts ziqvs, ts iwveçs i iq xireçãs e wm qiwqs), hiq gsqs e
lytçãs gsktmzmbe (qiqóxme, ezitçãs, gstgitzxeçãs, rmtkyekiq, xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew). E eywêtgme ji
xiwvswze es zsq ji bsf tsxqer vxiwwyvõi e tigiwwmjeji ji eyqitzex s zsq ji bsf sy vxsjyfmx erkyq
xyíjs, gsqs hezix ew qãsw sy iwzerex sw jijsw. Iq gews ji shzitçãs je XB, e sxmitzeçãs i e gsktmçãs
jibiq wix ebermejew.2,5
S iwzíqyrs vsx vxiwwãs, uyi iwzá wyhwzmzymtjs s zixqs iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws, jibi wix evrmgejs
te eywêtgme ji xiwvswze es iwzíqyrs eyjmzmbs i zázmr.
S iwzíqyrs vsx vxiwwãs, uyi iwzá wyhwzmzymtjs s zixqs iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws, jibi wix evrmgejs te eywêtgme
ji xiwvswze es iwzíqyrs eyjmzmbs i zázmr. Te eywêtgme ji xiwvswze es iwzíqyrs eyjmzmbs sy bixher, jibi-wi
evrmgex s iwzíqyrs zázmr. Mtmgme-wi gsq yq ribi zsuyi ts hxeçs js vegmitzi, gneqetjs-s virs tsqi; wi tãs
xiwvstjix, s iwzíqyrs vsx vxiwwãs jibi wix evrmgejs. E evrmgeçãs js iwzíqyrs mtmgme-wi vire gsqvxiwwãs
js rimzs ytkyier, uyi gstwmwzi te evrmgeçãs ji vxiwwãs te vexzi jmwzer jew ytnew jew qãsw gsq s yws ji
yq mtwzxyqitzs, uyi vsji wix yqe getize. Syzxsw rsgemw vexe evrmgeçãs js iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws wãs e xikmãs
wyvxesxhmzer i s zxevéfms. E gsqvxiwwãs je xikmãs wyvxesxhmzer é xiermfeje gsq s vsrikex, shwixbetjs-wi
uyi, iq gews ji wywvimze sy ji lxezyxe tiwwe xikmãs, iwwe zégtmge tãs jibi wix yzmrmfeje. E gsqvxiwwãs js
qúwgyrs zxevéfms é xiermfeje gsq s jijs mtjmgejsx, qéjms i s vsrikex.74 E evrmgeçãs js iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws
vsx qims je gsqvxiwwãs ts iwzixts tãs é xigsqitjeje vsx geywex niqezsqew te xikmãs. Xiwwerze-wi
uyi e iwzmqyreçãs jsrsxswe vsji xiwyrzex iq riwõiw uyetjs e zégtmge lsx xiermfeje ji lsxqe mtejiuyeje;
jibi-wi gstwmjixex e erzixtâtgme jsw rsgemw ji evrmgeçãs jsw iwzíqyrsw vsx vxiwwãs uyetjs ná
tigiwwmjeji ji ebermeçãs lxiuyitzi i vsx báxmsw vxslmwwmstemw je weúji.
E jigsxzmgeçãs é mtjmgezmbe ji riwõiw tsw niqmwléxmsw gixihxemw sy te gávwyre mtzixte, uyi
mtzixxsqviq e bme gsxzmgswvmter. E jiwgixihxeçãs xiregmste-wi àw riwõiw jmitgélers-
qiwitgilármgew, iwzxyzyxew js zxstgs gixihxer i é gstwmjixeje mqvsxzetzi wmter ji jmwlytçãs
gixihxer.
E jiwgixihxeçãs xiregmste-wi àw riwõiw jmitgélers-qiwitgilármgew, iwzxyzyxew js zxstgs itgilármgs. E
xiwvswze shwixbeje evówe evrmgeçãs js iwzíqyrs vsx vxiwwãs é js zmvs qszsx. Ew xiwvswzew qszsxew
vsjiq wix gstwmjixejew evxsvxmejew, mtevxsvxmejew sy eywitziw. Ew xiwvswzew qszsxew evxsvxmejew
sgsxxiq uyetjs s vegmitzi xizmxe s qiqhxs evów s iwzíqyrs i/sy iqvyxxe e qãs js ideqmtejsx,
mtjmgetjs mtzikxmjeji ji bmew witwmzmbew i gsxzmgswvmtemw. Ew xiwvswzew qszsxew mtevxsvxmejew (jigsxzmgeçãs
i jiwgixihxeçãs) jivitjiq js tíbir je riwãs i mtjmgeq xieçõiw vxmqmzmbew. E jigsxzmgeçãs é mtjmgezmbe ji
riwõiw tsw niqmwléxmsw gixihxemw sy te gávwyre mtzixte, uyi mtzixxsqviq e bme gsxzmgswvmter. E
jiwgixihxeçãs xiregmste-wi àw riwõiw jmitgélers-qiwitgilármgew, iwzxyzyxew js zxstgs itgilármgs, i é
gstwmjixeje mqvsxzetzi wmter ji jmwlytçãs gixihxer. E eywêtgme je xiwvswze qszsxe (exxilridme) vsji
wmktmlmgex yqe riwãs ezmtkmtjs e vsxçãs mtlixmsx js zxstgs itgilármgs sy jivxiwwãs mtzitwe geyweje vsx
wyhwzâtgmew zódmgew sy wijezmbsw.0,77
→ Tíbimw ji gstwgmêtgme
Itzxi e gstwgmêtgme i s gsqe ná báxmsw iwzejsw mtzixqijmáxmsw ji erzixeçãs je gstwgmêtgme, xivxiwitzetjs
jivxiwwõiw qitsxiw sy qemsxiw js wmwziqe xizmgyrex ezmbejsx ewgitjitzi i/sy js góxzid gixihxer.0
Idmwziq mtúqixsw zixqsw vexe jiwgxibix erzixeçõiw ts tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme – rizáxkmgs, gstlyws,
wstsritzs, shtyhmrejs i zsxvsxsws. Wyhpizmbsw iq wye jilmtmçãs i mtzixvxizeçãs, iwwiw zixqsw tãs jibiq
wix yzmrmfejsw jibmjs à eqhmkymjeji i à gstlywãs uyi kixeq jyxetzi e ebermeçãs js tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme.
E gstwgmêtgme i s gsqe wãs jilmtmçõiw eqvreqitzi egimzew i uyi tãs kixeq gstzxejmçõiw iq wye
mtzixvxizeçãs. S vegmitzi gstwgmitzi é euyiri uyi iwzá egsxjejs, erixze, uyi xiwvstji ejiuyejeqitzi
es iwzíqyrs bixher i uyi iwzá sxmitzejs ts ziqvs i ts iwveçs, ituyetzs s mtjmbíjys iq gsqe iwzá iq
wsts vxslytjs, mtgstwgmitzi, gsq sw srnsw lignejsw, tãs iqmzi wsq bixher, tãs mtzixeki gstwmks sy gsq
s eqhmitzi. Vexe xijyfmx e wyhpizmbmjeji jsw zixqsw i vejxstmfex sw xikmwzxsw, lsxeq mjiermfejew iwgerew
uyi vswwmhmrmzeq e ebermeçãs js tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme ji qetimxe shpizmbe, virs yws ji yqe rmtkyekiq
ytmlsxqi i virs xikmwzxs jew mtlsxqeçõiw ji lsxqe wmqvriw i xávmje.
E iwgere ji gsqe ji Krewksa (IGKr) ziq wmjs eqvreqitzi yzmrmfeje vexe jizixqmtex i ebermex e
vxslytjmjeji i e jyxeçãs js gsqe i vexe vxsktswzmgex e ibsryçãs jsw vegmitziw gsq sy wiq zxeyqe
gxetmitgilármgs.76-70 E ebermeçãs zetzs je lytçãs i js jets gixihxer uyetzs je ibsryçãs js tíbir ji
gstwgmêtgme é limze gsq hewi iq zxêw mtjmgejsxiw, gstlsxqi evxiwitzejs ts UYEJXS 3.7.
UYEJXS 3.7 Iwgere ji gsqe ji Krewksa
MTJMGEJSX
QIRNSX
XIWVSWZE VSTZSW VEJXÃS JE XIWVSWZE
ES Iwvstzâtie 8 Srnsw ehixzsw vxibmeqitzi à iwzmqyreçãs.
Es wsq 9 ES evów sxjiq iq zsq ji bsf tsxqer sy bsf erze.
À vxiwwãs 6 ES evów iwzmqyreçãs jew idzxiqmjejiw jsw jijsw (eyqitzetjs vxskxiwwmbeqitzi e
mtzitwmjeji vsx 74 wikytjsw). Vsx idiqvrs, vsx gsqvxiwwãs js rimzs ytkyier.
Eywitzi 7 Eywêtgme vixwmwzitzi ji ES, wiq lezsxiw ji mtzixlixêtgme.
TZ TZ Srnsw lignejsw jibmjs e lezsx rsger. Qetzéq sw srnsw lignejsw vsx geywe ji lezsxiw uyi
mqvijiq e wye ehixzyxe. Vsx idiqvrs, ijiqe vixmsxhmzer, niqezsqe vixmsxhmzer, zxeyqe
sgyrex, riwãs js MMM vex gxetmets (vzswi vervihxer), jxskew.
XB Sxmitzejs 1 Xiwvswze ejiuyeje xirezmbe es tsqi, rsger i jeze.
Gstlyws 8 Xiwvswze tãs sxmitzeje, qew gsqytmgeçãs gsixitzi. Gstwikyi gstbixwex iq lxewiw,
qew tãs xiwvstji gsxxizeqitzi àw vixkytzew ji tsqi, rsger i jeze.
Verebxew 9 Verebxew mwsrejew gsqvxiitwíbimw.
Wstw 6 Evitew vxsjyf kiqmjsw.
Eywitzi 7 Eywêtgme ji xiwvswze eyjíbir, wiq lezsxiw ji mtzixlixêtgme.
TZ TZ Lezsx uyi mtzixlixi te gsqytmgeçãs. Tãs lere vsx geywe ji lezsxiw uyi mqvijiq e lere,
gsqs vxiwitçe js zyhs itjszxeuyier sy ji zxeuyiswzsqme, elewme, jmwlewme, lxezyxe
qetjmhyrex i qedmrex, jxskew.
XQ Shijigi esw
gsqetjsw
0 Gyqvxmqitzs ji sxjitw gsq jyew eçõiw, gsqs evixzex e qãs js vxslmwwmster i gsrsgex
e rítkye vexe lsxe.
Rsgermfe 1 Iribeçãs je qãs egmqe js tíbir je grebígyre es iwzíqyrs te gehiçe (iwzíqyrs ts exgs
wyvxesxhmzáxms sy mtgmwyxe wyvxesxhmzáxme) sy viwgsçs (vmtçeqitzs js zxevéfms).
Lridãs tsxqer 8 Lridmste s hxeçs xevmjeqitzi, qew tãs evxiwitze qsbmqitzs etsxqer.
Lridãs etsxqer 9 Lridãs js qiqhxs wyvixmsx es tíbir js gszsbirs, vejxãs vxijsqmtetzi grexeqitzi
etsxqer (jigsxzmgeçãs).
Idzitwãs 6 Idzitwãs js qiqhxs wyvixmsx es tíbir js gszsbirs (jiwgixihxeçãs).
Eywitzi 7 Eywêtgme ji qsbmqitzsw jsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw/ mtlixmsxiw, wiq lezsxiw ji
mtzixlixêtgme.
TZ TZ Lezsx uyi rmqmze e XQ. Eywêtgme ji ezmbmjeji qszsxe jibmjs esw wikymtziw lezsxiw: riwõiw
qijyrexiw sy ji tixbsw vixmléxmgsw, jsitçew tiyxsqywgyrexiw, mqshmrmfeçãs ji
idzxiqmjejiw jibmjs e lxezyxew, wijeçãs i hrsuyiejsxiw tiyxsqywgyrexiw.
Zszer = ES + XB + XQ
ES, ehixzyxe sgyrex; TZ, tãs ziwzábir; XQ, xiwvswze qszsxe; XB, xiwvswze bixher.
Lstzi: Ejevzejs ji Mtwzmzyzi sl Tiyxsrskmger Wgmitgiw.73
E yzmrmfeçãs je IGKr jibi wikymx xigsqitjeçõiw vexe wye evrmgeçãs. E vxmqimxe xikxe e wix shijigmje é
vstzyex wiqvxi e qirnsx xiwvswze evxiwitzeje virs vegmitzi. Uyetjs e gstjmçãs js vegmitzi mqviji e
ebermeçãs ji uyeruyix mtjmgejsx je IGKr, s xikmwzxs jibi wix jiwgxmzs gsqs tãs ziwzábir (TZ) egxiwgmjs js
lezsx uyi mqvswwmhmrmzsy e ebermeçãs. Titnyqe vstzyeçãs é ezxmhyíje à gstjmçãs TZ. E gstjmçãs TZ
ezxmhyíje e geje mtjmgejsx IGKr jibi wix wiqvxi xikmwzxeje.
Te ebermeçãs je ehixzyxe sgyrex (ES), e vstzyeçãs qádmqe (8) é xikmwzxeje uyetjs sw srnsw iwzãs ehixzsw,
gsq s vmwgex tsxqer, mtjmgetjs uyi sw qigetmwqsw ji jiwvixzex ts zxstgs gixihxer iwzãs ezmbsw. S
jiwvixzex tãs mqvrmge iwzex gstwgmitzi, qiwqs gsq e vxiwitçe je qsbmqitzeçãs jsw srnsw. Sw vegmitziw
iq iwzejs bikizezmbs vixwmwzitzi uyi qetzêq e ES iwvstzâtie vexigiq xiekmx bmxzyerqitzi àw viwwsew à
wye bsrze, vsxéq sw xilridsw sgyrexiw wãs idigyzejsw es tíbir wyhgsxzmger. E vstzyeçãs 9 é xikmwzxeje
uyetjs wi shwixbe e ES e uyeruyix iwzíqyrs bixher, tãs tigiwwexmeqitzi es gsqetjs iwvigílmgs vexe
ehxmx sw srnsw. Te vstzyeçãs 6, evrmge-wi s iwzíqyrs vsx vxiwwãs (iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws) vexe s ideqi je ES.
Iwwi iwzíqyrs jibi wix evrmgejs tsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw (gsqvxiwwãs js rimzs ytkyier), vsmw s yws je
vxiwwãs wyvxesxhmzáxme vsji xiwyrzex iq idvxiwwãs legmer ji jsx i ligneqitzs jsw srnsw, mqvijmtjs e
shwixbeçãs je xiwvswze. E vstzyeçãs qítmqe (7) é mtjmgezmbe ji eywêtgme ji ES. E ebermeçãs jiwwe
xiwvswze tãs é bármje wi sw srnsw iwzmbixiq mqvswwmhmrmzejsw ji wixiq ehixzsw jibmjs e ijiqe, niqezsqe
vervihxer sy riwãs ts MMM vex gxetmets. S lezsx uyi mqviji s ideqi jibi wix xikmwzxejs, ezxmhymtjs-wi “TZ”
te IGKr.
E lere mtjmge yq erzs kxey ji mtzikxeçãs ts wmwziqe tixbsws gitzxer (WTG). Vsx mwws, yqe qetmliwzeçãs
gsqyq je xigyvixeçãs je gstwgmêtgme é e idvxiwwãs bsger gsqvxiitwíbir. Te ebermeçãs je XB, e
vstzyeçãs qádmqe (1) é xikmwzxeje uyetjs mtlsxqeçõiw wmqvriw, gsqs tsqi, mjeji sy ets i rsgermfeçãs
ts iwveçs wãs shzmjew. Mwws jitsze gstwgmêtgme ji wm i js eqhmitzi. E vstzyeçãs 8 é mtjmgezmbe ji iwzejs
ji gstlywãs, sy wipe, e ezitçãs é qetzmje, i ew mtlsxqeçõiw wãs shzmjew iq lsxqe ji jmársks, qew ew
xiwvswzew mtjmgeq bexmeçõiw ji jiwsxmitzeçãs i gstlywãs. E vstzyeçãs 9 mtjmge e idmwzêtgme ji verebxew
mwsrejew, mwzs é, ew verebxew wãs gsqvxiitwíbimw, qew e lere é jiwgstide, eriezóxme. Uyetjs nsybix iqmwwãs
ji wstw mtgsqvxiitwíbimw, wiq uyi ew verebxew wipeq vxstytgmejew, zemw gsqs kiqmjsw i wywvmxsw, ezxmhym-
wi e vstzyeçãs 6. Iwwe gstjmçãs tãs jibi wix gstlytjmje gsq yqe shwzxyçãs xiwvmxezóxme vexgmer. E
vstzyeçãs qítmqe (7) é ezxmhyíje à mtidmwzêtgme je XB. E ebermeçãs js mtjmgejsx XB tãs wixá vswwíbir
uyetjs, vsx uyeruyix xefãs, e lere iwzmbix mqvijmje (zer gsqs te vxiwitçe ji zyhs itjszxeuyier). Iwwe
gstjmçãs jibi wix xikmwzxeje, ezxmhymtjs-wi “TZ” te IGKr.
Ts mtjmgejsx xiwvswze qszsxe (XQ), jibi-wi gstwmjixex e qirnsx xiwvswze shzmje iq uyeruyix
idzxiqmjeji. Ew xiwvswzew à iwzmqyreçãs vsx vxiwwãs vsjiq wixmtzixvxizejew qemw ejiuyejeqitzi
uyetjs e iwzmqyreçãs lsx gstlsxqi e zégtmge vejxstmfeje i qetzmje ezé e shzitçãs ji yqe xiwvswze
qádmqe. E vstzyeçãs qádmqe (0) é xikmwzxeje uyetjs qsbmqitzsw ejiuyejsw wãs shwixbejsw es
gsqetjs bixher js ebermejsx, wiq tigiwwmjeji je evrmgeçãs js iwzíqyrs vsx vxiwwãs. S xilrids ji
vxiitwãs verqex vezsrókmge (vxiitwãs mtbsrytzáxme js shpizs gsrsgejs iq gstzezs gsq e verqe je qãs)
tãs jibi wix mtzixvxizejs gsqs shijigitjs es gsqetjs js zmvs “evixzi e qãs”. E vstzyeçãs 1 é
xikmwzxeje uyetjs nsybix qsbmqitzeçãs js qiqhxs vexe s vstzs ji evrmgeçãs js iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws
gsq zitzezmbe ji xiqsbê-rs. E vstzyeçãs 8 mtjmge uyi nsybi wsqitzi e xizmxeje js qiqhxs à evrmgeçãs
js iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws. Iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws ts rimzs ytkyier vsji xiwyrzex iq lridãs sy idzitwãs js
qiqhxs. Tiwwi gews, s iwzíqyrs jibi wix evrmgejs ts qúwgyrs zxevéfms sy te xikmãs wyvxesxhmzer, vexe
gstlmxqex e rsgermfeçãs. E vstzyeçãs 9 mtjmge e xiwvswze iq lridãs (jigsxzmgeçãs) es iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws,
mwzs é, ejyçãs, lridãs js gszsbirs, lridãs ji vytns i jsw jijsw js qiqhxs wyvixmsx i nmvixidzitwãs,
lridãs vretzex i xszeçãs mtzixte js qiqhxs mtlixmsx. E vstzyeçãs 6 mtjmge e xiwvswze iq idzitwãs
(jiwgixihxeçãs) es iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws, shwixbetjs-wi ejyçãs, idzitwãs, nmvixvxsteçãs js qiqhxs
wyvixmsx i idzitwãs i lridãs vretzex js qiqhxs mtlixmsx, àw bifiw gsq svmwzózsts i ligneqitzs je
qetjíhyre. E vstzyeçãs 7 mtjmge uyi tãs nsybi xiwvswze es iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws (nmvszstme). Tiwwe
wmzyeçãs, jibi-wi idgrymx e wigçãs qijyrex i gixzmlmgex-wi ji uyi s iwzíqyrs lsm evrmgejs ji qetimxe
ejiuyeje.
Ts vegmitzi iq qsxzi itgilármge (QI), vsji-wi shwixbex s xilrids sy wmter ji Ráfexs,
jigsxxitzi wsqitzi ji xilrids qijyrex. Iwwi xilrids vsji sgsxxix ji lsxqe iwvstzâtie sy
evów iwzíqyrsw.
Ts vegmitzi iq qsxzi itgilármge (QI), vsji-wi shwixbex s xilrids sy wmter ji Ráfexs, jigsxxitzi wsqitzi
ji xilrids qijyrex. Iwwi xilrids vsji sgsxxix ji lsxqe iwvstzâtie sy evów iwzíqyrsw, gsqs s jsrsxsws,
ewvmxeçãs sxszxeuyier, qsbmqitzsw je gehiçe i ziwziw grítmgsw vexe s jmektówzmgs ji QI. S vegmitzi vsji
evxiwitzex iribeçãs i lridãs wúhmze jsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw, ejyçãs jsw hxeçsw, itzxigxyfeqitzs jew
qãsw, lridãs js zxstgs i ji qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw.72
S ilimzs ji wijezmbsw, hrsuyiejsxiw tiyxsqywgyrexiw, etiwzéwmgsw, jxskew i árgssr mtzixlixi te xiwvswze
js vegmitzi, vxipyjmgetjs e ebermeçãs. E vxiwitçe jiwwiw lezsxiw gstzxemtjmge e evrmgeçãs je IGKr. Te
bmkêtgme ji nmvszitwãs i nmvsdme, e ebermeçãs js tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme jibixá wix xiermfeje evów e
iwzehmrmfeçãs jew gstjmçõiw js vegmitzi.
E vstzyeçãs te IGKr bexme ji 9 e 71, witjs uyi sw iwgsxiw qemw iribejsw mtjmgeq qirnsxiw gstjmçõiw js
tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme. E vstzyeçãs 71 wmktmlmge uyi s zxstgs gixihxer i s góxzid iwzãs vxiwixbejsw. E
vstzyeçãs uyi mtjmge s gsqe é ≤ 2; mwws wmktmlmge uyi vegmitziw wiq ES (7 vstzs), uyi tãs evxiwitzeq XB
sy iqmziq wsqitzi wstw (7 sy 6 vstzsw) i uyi tãs shijigiq esw gsqetjsw bixhemw (7 e 1 vstzsw) wãs
gstwmjixejsw iq gsqe. E vstzyeçãs 9, mtjmge yq vegmitzi evixgivzmbs sy exxiezmbs. Iwzá xiregmsteje e
jmwzúxhmsw js zxstgs gixihxer, witjs wykiwzmbe, qew tiq wiqvxi mtjmgezmbe, ji QI.
Te IGKr, e xijyçãs ji 6 sy qemw vstzsw wmktmlmge uyi ew gstjmçõiw js vegmitzi iwzãs wi
jizixmsxetjs, i yqe xijyçãs ji 9 sy qemw vstzsw mtjmge jizixmsxeçãs kxebi.
Te IGKr, e xijyçãs ji 6 sy qemw vstzsw wmktmlmge uyi ew gstjmçõiw js vegmitzi iwzãs wi jizixmsxetjs, i
yqe xijyçãs ji 9 sy qemw vstzsw mtjmge jizixmsxeçãs kxebi. Gsq e evrmgeçãs je IGKr, é vswwíbir ebermex s
tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme vsx qims je shzitçãs ji xiwvswzew xiregmstejew zetzs à vixgivzmbmjeji uyetzs à
xiezmbmjeji js vegmitzi.
E ebermeçãs js vegmitzi gsq erzixeçãs js tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme jibi wix wikymje je ebermeçãs jew vyvmrew,
jsw qsbmqitzsw sgyrexiw idzxítwigsw, js vejxãs xiwvmxezóxms i js vejxãs jew xiwvswzew qszsxew.
Ebermeçãs vyvmrex
S ideqi jew vyvmrew jibi wix xiermfejs shwixbetjs-wi s jmâqizxs, e wmqizxme i e xieçãs à
ryf.
S ideqi jew vyvmrew jibi wix xiermfejs shwixbetjs-wi s jmâqizxs, e wmqizxme i e xieçãs à ryf.6,0 Te
ebermeçãs jew vyvmrew, jibi-wi wiqvxi gsqvexex yqe vyvmre gsq e syzxe. S jmâqizxs vyvmrex é qetzmjs
virs wmwziqe tixbsws eyzôtsqs, witjs uyi s wmqvázmgs jmreze e vyvmre (qmjxíewi) i s vexewwmqvázmgs e
gstzxem (qmswi). S jmâqizxs je vyvmre bexme ji 7 e 5 qq,74 witjs gstwmjixeje yqe bexmeçãs tsxqer ji 6 e
0 qq, gsq yq jmâqizxs qéjms iq zsxts ji 9,1 qq (LMK. 3.6).
LMK. 3.6 → Jmâqizxs vyvmrex (qq).
Ew vyvmrew gsq s qiwqs jmâqizxs wãs jitsqmtejew mwsgóxmgew. Wi yqe vyvmre lsx qemsx js uyi e syzxe,
wãs gstwmjixejew etmwsgóxmgew. Tiwwi gews, jibi-wi wiqvxi etszex e vyvmre qemsx iq xireçãs à qitsx –
vsx idiqvrs, vyvmrew etmwsgóxmgew, iwuyixje qemsx uyi e jmximze (I > J). Gixge ji 73% je vsvyreçãs
vswwym vyvmrew etmwsgóxmgew, gsq yqe bexmeçãs ji 7 e 6 qq, wiq uyi mwws iwzipe xiregmstejs e erkyqe
riwãs tiyxsrókmge. É mqvsxzetzi gsqvexex s ideqi vyvmrex jmáxms gsq euyiri xiermfejs te ejqmwwãs js
vegmitzi. E lsxqe jew vyvmrew gswzyqe wix exxijstjeje gsqs yq gíxgyrs, i wye ebermeçãs jibi wix limze
vire shwixbeçãs js gstzsxts (LMK. 3.9).
LMK. 3.9 → Ebermeçãs je wmqizxme, je lsxqe i js zeqetns vyvmrex.
S xilrids lszsqszsx je vyvmre jivitji jsw tixbsw óvzmgs (bme elixitzi) i sgyrsqszsx (bme ilixitzi). E
lszsxxieçãs é shwixbeje gsq s eydírms js lsgs ji ryf ji yqe retzixte. S ideqi gstwmwzi iq qetzix s
srns lignejs vsx erkytw wikytjsw, iribex xevmjeqitzi e várvihxe jmxmkmtjs s lsgs ji ryf jmxizeqitzi
wshxi e áxie ziqvsxer je vyvmre vexe shwixbex e lszsxxieçãs. Xivizi-wi s vxsgijmqitzs ts syzxs srns. S
uyi wi shwixbe uyetjs s lsgs ji ryf mtgmji wshxi e vyvmre é wye gstwzxmçãs (xieçãs jmxize), i, uyetjs
xizmxejs s iwzíqyrs, e vyvmre wi egsqsje tsbeqitzi (LMKW. 3.8 i 3.1).
LMK. 3.8 → Ebermeçãs je lszsxxieçãs: 7º vewws.
LMK. 3.1 → Ebermeçãs je lszsxxieçãs: 6º vewws.
E etezsqme jew iwzxyzyxew xiwvstwábimw virs xilrids lszsqszsx, tixbs óvzmgs i sgyrsqszsx vixqmzi
shwixbex e xieçãs jmxize i gstwitwyer je vyvmre es iwzíqyrs ryqmtsws. Es mtgmjmx e ryf te vyvmre, iwwi
iwzíqyrs jmxmki-wi virs tixbs óvzmgs (bme elixitzi) i é gsqvexzmrnejs gsq s srns svswzs ts uymewqe
óvzmgs, uyetjs ew lmhxew wi gxyfeq vexgmerqitzi. E vexzmx jiwwi vstzs, s iwzíqyrs ryqmtsws gstzmtye ezé
ergetçex s túgris ji Ijmtkix-Aiwzvner vexe xizsxtex vire lmhxe vexewwmqvázmge js tixbs sgyrsqszsx (bme
ilixitzi) ji eqhsw sw srnsw. Ewwmq, s iwzíqyrs ryqmtsws iq yq srns xiwyrze iq wye vyvmrsgstwzxmçãs
(xieçãs jmxize) i zeqhéq ts srns gstzxerezixer (xieçãs gstwitwyer). E xiezmbmjeji jew vyvmrew à ryf jibi
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wix ebermeje vire birsgmjeji je xiwvswze. Tsxqerqitzi, e gstwzxmçãs je vyvmre é xávmje, qew vsji sgsxxix
ji lsxqe qemw ritze js uyi s iwvixejs, sy vsji wix exxiezmbe sy lmde evów iwzíqyrs ryqmtsws.
Tsxqerqitzi, e gstwzxmçãs je vyvmre é xávmje, qew vsji sgsxxix ji lsxqe qemw ritze js uyi
s iwvixejs, sy vsji wix exxiezmbe sy lmde evów iwzíqyrs ryqmtsws.
Ew erzixeçõiw vyvmrexiw shwixbejew iq vegmitziw gsqezswsw xiregmsteq-wi gsq e rsgermfeçãs ji riwõiw
iwzxyzyxemw. Ew vyvmrew jitsqmtejew ytger sy js MMM tixbs gxetmets wãs etmwsgóxmgew, witjs uyi e vyvmre
jmrezeje (qmjxmázmge) tãs evxiwitze xieçãs lszsqszsxe. Vyvmrew gsq iwwew gexegzixíwzmgew vsjiq wix
shwixbejew te nixtmeçãs zxetwzitzsxmer. Ew vyvmrew js zmvs qiwitgilármgew gexegzixmwzmgeqitzi qijiq ji
8 e 1 qq ji jmâqizxs i tãs evxiwitzeq xieçãs es iwzíqyrs ryqmtsws; vsjiq wix shwixbejew te
vxiwitçe ji riwõiw je vsxçãs bitzxer js qiwitgélers. E vyvmre zigzer vsji wix shwixbeje iq gewsw ji
riwãs te xikmãs js zizs qiwitgilármgs, witjs uyi ew vyvmrew iwzãs ribiqitzi jmrezejew (1 e 0 qq ji
jmâqizxs) wiq xieçãs lszsqszsxe es iwzíqyrs ryqmtsws. Vyvmrew vstzmtew evxiwitzeq-wi iq idzxiqe
qmswi gsq xieçãs lszsqszsxe vxiwixbeje (ji jmlígmr shwixbeçãs), mtjmgezmbew ji riwãs je vstzi. Vyvmrew
qmózmgew gsq xieçãs lszsqszsxevswmzmbe vsjiq wix shwixbejew te jmwlytçãs jmitgilármge hmrezixer i te
itgilersvezme qizehórmge (UYEJXS 3.6).
UYEJXS 3.6 Erzixeçõiw vyvmrexiw wikytjs e rsgermfeçãs itgilármge
JIWGXMÇÃS VYVMREW RSGERMFEÇÃS ITGILÁRMGE
Vyvmrew ytger sy js MMM tixbs gxetmets
Nixtmeçãs ji útgyw
Vyvmrew js zmvs qiwitgilármgew
Vsxçãs bitzxer qiwitgilármge
Vyvmre zigzer
Zizs qiwitgilármgs
Vyvmrew vstzmtew
Riwãs ji vstzi
Vyvmrew qmózmgew – lszsxxieçãs vswmzmbe
Jmwlytçãs jmitgilármge hmrezixer
Itgilersvezme qizehórmge
E ebermeçãs js tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme i je xiezmbmjeji jew vyvmrew wãs mtjmgejsxiw-gnebi vexe e ebermeçãs je
kxebmjeji je riwãs gixihxer zxeyqázmge i js vxsktówzmgs js vegmitzi. Zetzs sw iwgsxiw IGKr uyetzs ew
xiwvswzew je xiezmbmjeji vyvmrex zêq lsxzi gsxxireçãs gsq s xiwyrzejs/jiwligns ji vegmitziw gsq riwãs
gixihxer zxeyqázmge. E gsqhmteçãs jiwwiw jsmw mtjmgejsxiw-gnebi iq yq útmgs ítjmgi, iwgsxi je iwgere ji
gsqe ji Krewksa-vyvmrew (iwgsxi IGKr-V), lsxtigi yqe qijmje vxijmzmbe uyetzmzezmbe js vxsktówzmgs js
vegmitzi, sy wipe, wshxi xigyvixeçãs, mtgevegmjeji sy qsxzi evów riwãs gixihxer zxeyqázmge kxebi.75 Vexe
e shzitçãs js iwgsxi IGKr-V, wyhzxeme js iwgsxi zszer je IGKr (9 e 71) s iwgsxi xilixitzi à xiezmbmjeji
vyvmrex:
Titnyqe xiezmbmjeji iq eqhew ew vyvmrew = 6 vstzsw
Wiq xiezmbmjeji iq yqe jew vyvmrew = 7 vstzs
Xiezmbmjeji vxiwitzi iq eqhew ew vyvmrew = 4 vstzs
S iwgsxi je IGKr-V bexme ji 7 e 71, witjs uyi sw iwgsxiw qemw iribejsw mtjmgeq qitsx kxebmjeji i
qirnsxiw vxsktówzmgsw. Sw iwgsxiw je IGKr-V ji 7 e 2 mtjmgeq zxeyqe gixihxer kxebi.
Ebermeçãs je lytçãs qszsxe
E lytçãs qszsxe jivitji je mtzikxmjeji js góxzid qszsx, js zxezs gsxzmgswvmter (wmwziqe vmxeqmjer), js
wmwziqe idzxevmxeqmjer, js zxstgs itgilármgs i je lytçãs gixihirex. S mqvyrws qszsx sxmkmte-wi ts góxzid
qszsx, ts kmxs vxé-gitzxer. Js tiyxôtms qszsx wyvixmsx, jiwgi vire gávwyre mtzixte ezé s zxstgs itgilármgs,
stji ew lmhxew wi gxyfeq es tíbir je jigywweçãs vmxeqmjer js hyrhs, vexe s qiwqs rejs je qywgyrezyxe
mtixbeje vsx iri. Vewwe virs zxezs gsxzmgswvmter ezé lefix wmtevwi, te vsxçãs vswzixmsx je qijyre, gsq s
tiyxôtms qszsx mtlixmsx, i iwzi gsq e pytçãs qmstiyxer te vrege qszsxe.6,67
S wmwziqe idzxevmxeqmjer (gsqvswzs vsx túgrisw je hewi, túgris xyhxs, lsxqeçãs xizmgyrex, túgris
biwzmhyrex, záreqs i gixihirs) qsjyre e lytçãs qszsxe.7 Zsjew iwwew iwzxyzyxew ekiq ezxebéw ji wiyw
tiyxszxetwqmwwsxiw vexe qetzix e lsxçe qywgyrex i s qsbmqitzs nexqôtmgs. S gixihirs iwzá xiregmstejs
es xmzqs jew ezmbmjejiw qszsxew, mtzitwmjeji je gstzxeçãs qywgyrex i s mtzix-xiregmsteqitzs itzxi
kxyvsw qywgyrexiw ekstmwzew i etzekstmwzew, ituyetzs sw kâtkrmsw je hewi epyjeq e vretipex i gstzxsrex
vejxõiw gsqvridsw ji qsbmqitzs, gsqs e mtzitwmjeji ji qsbmqitzsw wivexejsw i s wiuyitgmeqitzs ji
qúrzmvrsw qsbmqitzsw wygiwwmbsw (v. id., jmkmzex iq yqe zigre ji gsqvyzejsx, vitziex s gehirs). S
gixihirs i s túgris biwzmhyrex gstzxsreq s iuymríhxms, i s túgris xyhxs, sw qsbmqitzsw qemw jirmgejsw (v.
id., e mtzitwmjeji je lsxçe uyi é gsrsgeje tsw jijsw vexe wikyxex yq gsvs). Eréq jmwws, zsjew iwwew
iwzxyzyxew iwzãs iq gsqytmgeçãs gsq s wmwziqe wsqezswwitwsxmer, vsmw wiq e witwmhmrmjeji tãs ná gsqs
nexqstmfex zsjsw sw qsbmqitzsw. Ew LMKW. 3.0 i 3.3 wãs xivxiwitzeçõiw wmqvrmlmgejew js lytgmsteqitzs
jiwwew iwzxyzyxew.
LMK. 3.0 → Xivxiwitzeçãs iwuyiqázmge jew iwzxyzyxew idzxevmxeqmjemw itbsrbmjew ts ezs qszsx.
LMK. 3.3 → Xivxiwitzeçãs iwuyiqázmge je bme qszsxe jiwgitjitzi, zxezs vmxeqmjer. Jiwji s góxzid ezé ew wmtevwiw
gsq sw tiyxôtmsw je qijyre.
E ebermeçãs xmksxswe js qsbmqitzs vixqmzi es itlixqimxs xiregmstex uyemw iwzxyzyxew iwzãs
gsqvxsqizmjew, jmxigmstetjs-s vexe yq jmektówzmgs ji itlixqekiq gsxxizs, vixqmzmtjs e irehsxeçãs ji
mtzixbitçõiw ejiuyejew uyi vswweq qirnsxex e uyermjeji ji bmje js grmitzi gsq vxshriqew ts wmwziqe
qszsx.
S ideqi js wmwziqe qszsx mtgrym e ebermeçãs js zôtyw i je lsxçe qywgyrex. S zôtyw qywgyrex é ebermejs
vervetjs-wi kxyvsw qywgyrexiw zetzs iq xivsyws gsqs iq wye qsbmqitzeçãs ezmbe. Ew erzixeçõiw ts
zôtyw mtgryiq lregmjif, xmkmjif i iwvewzmgmjeji. E lregmjif xilrizi riwõiw ts tiyxôtms qszsx mtlixmsx; e
iwvewzmgmjeji iwzá ewwsgmeje e riwõiw ts tiyxôtms qszsx wyvixmsx; i e xmkmjif, e riwõiw ji kâtkrmsw
hewemw.6,9,67
Zôtyw qywgyrex
S zôtyw vsji wix gstwmjixejs gsqs s iwzejs ji zitwãs jsw qúwgyrsw zetzs iq xivsyws (vswzyxe) uyetzs
iq qsbmqitzs. E xikyreçãs vixmléxmge js zôtyw é limze e vexzmx jsw lywsw qywgyrexiw i óxkãsw
tiyxszitjítisw. Pá e xikyreçãs gitzxer é limze e vexzmx js gixihirs (verisgixihirs) i js wmwziqe
idzxevmxeqmjer (gsxvs iwzxmejs).
S ideqi js zôtyw é xiermfejs gsq s vegmitzi jimzejs i iq gsqvrizs xiredeqitzs. Te mtwviçãs, eberme-wi
e vxiwitçe js egnezeqitzs jew qewwew qywgyrexiw es itgstzxs js vrets js rimzs, uyi xivxiwitze
egitzyeje jmqmtymçãs js zôtyw. E verveçãs jew qewwew qywgyrexiw é xiermfeje vexe ebixmkyeçãs je
gstwmwzêtgme qywgyrex, uyi wi qswzxe eyqitzeje tew riwõiw qszsxew. E qsbmqitzeçãs jsw qiqhxsw gsq
lridãs i idzitwãs jibi wix limze vexe ebermeçãs je vewwmbmjeji, sy wipe, vexe e bixmlmgeçãs je xiwmwzêtgme (wi
s zôtyw iwzá eyqitzejs sy jmqmtyíjs) i vexe s ziwzi ji idzitwmhmrmjeji je lmhxe qywgyrex. Vsx idiqvrs,
te lridãs je vixte wshxi e gsde, wi s gergetnex zsge gsq legmrmjeji e xikmãs krúzie, lere-wi iq jmqmtymçãs
js zôtyw. Wye jmqmtymçãs jitsqmte-wi nmvszstme; wiy eyqitzs, nmvixzstme. Eqhew ew gstjmçõiw jibiq
wix xikmwzxejew gsq e xiwvigzmbe kxejyeçãs: nmvszstme ribi, qsjixeje sy egitzyeje.6,67
Te nmvszstme, shwixbeq-wi egnezeqitzs jew qewwew qywgyrexiw, gstwmwzêtgme qywgyrex jmqmtyíje, gsq
vewwmbmjeji i idzitwmhmrmjeji eyqitzejew. É itgstzxeje tew tiyxsvezmew vixmléxmgew, te riwãs gsxjster
vswzixmsx, tew qmirsvezmew zxetwbixwew (lewi mtmgmer), tew riwõiw gixihirexiw, te gsxime (wítjxsqi
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tisiwzxmeje), te jikitixeçãs qywgyrex vxskxiwwmbe, te lewi lrágmje js egmjitzi bewgyrex gixihxer, tew
riwõiw js gixihirs, ts gsqe vxslytjs, ts iwzejs ji gnsuyi js WTG i iq erkyqew itgilersvezmew.
Te nmvixzstme, e gstwmwzêtgme qywgyrex iwzá eyqitzeje, e vewwmbmjeji jmqmtyíje i e idzitwmhmrmjeji
eyqitzeje, iwzetjs vxiwitzi tew riwõiw jew bmew qszsxew vmxeqmjemw i idzxevmxeqmjemw. E nmvixzstme
vmxeqmjer é jitsqmteje iwvewzmgmjeji i ziq gsqs gexegzixíwzmgew vxmtgmvemw: uyetjs irizmbe, é qemsx iq
gixzsw kxyveqitzsw qywgyrexiw (lridsxiw iq qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw; idzitwsxiw i ejyzsxiw iq qiqhxsw
mtlixmsxiw); uyetjs iráwzmge, s qiqhxs bsrze à vswmçãs mtmgmer, iri giji à lsxçe js ideqmtejsx i é
egsqvetnejs ji nmvix-xilridme vxslytje (wmter js getmbizi). E nmvixzstme idzxevmxeqmjer evxiwitze-wi
gsqs xmkmjif krsher, uyetjs s vegmitzi qetzéq idekixs js zôtyw vswzyxer, i gsqs vráwzmge, uyetjs
evxiwitze xiwmwzêtgme gstwzetzi à qshmrmfeçãs. S qiqhxs wi qetzéq te vswmçãs iq uyi é jimdejs: giji
esw vsygsw à lsxçe js ideqmtejsx (wmter je xsje jitzieje ji Tikxs).
Syzxew erzixeçõiw js zôtyw qywgyrex:
Qmszstme: xiredeqitzs ritzmlmgejs evów gstzxeçãs qywgyrex; eberme-wi wsrmgmzetjs es vegmitzi uyi gixxi s
vytns i, iq wikymje, ehxe e qãs xevmjeqitzi. Wi nsybix qmszstme, e qãs ehxi ritzeqitzi. Sgsxxi tew
jmwzxslmew qmszôtmgew, gsqs te qmszstme gstkêtmze ji Znsqw.
Jmwzstme: gstzxeçãs qywgyrex je qywgyrezyxe ekstmwze i etzekstmwze, sgewmstetjs vswzyxew etôqerew
mtzixqmzitziw sy gstzítyew. S qúwgyrs ekstmwze é s xiwvstwábir virs qsbmqitzs; iri wi gstzxem
ezmbeqitzi vexe vxsjyfmx yq qsbmqitzs jiwipejs, ituyetzs s etzekstmwze wi svõi à eçãs jsw ekstmwzew.
Vsx idiqvrs, vexe vikex yqe gnebi wshxi e qiwe, sw ekstmwzew wãs sw lridsxiw jsw jijsw, i sw
etzekstmwzew, sw idzitwsxiw jsw jijsw.
Lsxçe qywgyrex
E ebermeçãs je lytçãs qszsxe qiji e lsxçe jsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw i mtlixmsxiw, gsq e lmtermjeji ji
bixmlmgex e jivitjêtgme sy mtjivitjêtgme js vegmitzi vexe xiermfex ezmbmjejiw ji bmje jmáxmew.Jyxetzi e
ebermeçãs, yq qiqhxs é wiqvxi gsqvexejs gsq s wiy vex gstzxerezixer.66
E zégtmge yzmrmfeje vexe e ebermeçãs je lsxçe qywgyrex jivitji js tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme js vegmitzi. Wi
iwzmbix gstwgmitzi, viji-wi vexe uyi iwzitje sw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw i evixzi ew qãsw js ebermejsx (LMK.
3.2). S evixzs iq geje yqe jew qãsw jibixá wix lsxzi, lmxqi i mkyer.
LMK. 3.2 → E i H. E zégtmge yzmrmfeje vexe e ebermeçãs je lsxçe qywgyrex jivitji js tíbir ji gstwgmêtgme js vegmitzi:
wi iwzmbix gstwgmitzi, viji-wi vexe uyi iwzitje sw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw (E), ebermetjs-wi e gevegmjeji js vegmitzi ji
qetzê-rsw iwzitjmjsw gstzxe e lsxçe je kxebmjeji (uyetzs qitsx e gevegmjeji, qitsx e lsxçe, uyi jibi wix vstzyeje
ji egsxjs gsq e Qijmger Xiwiexgn Gsytgmr Wgeri).66. Ts wikytjs ziwzi (H), viji-wi vexe uyi s vegmitzi evixzi ew
qãsw js ebermejsx: s evixzs jew qãsw jibixá wix lsxzi, lmxqi i mkyer ji eqhsw sw rejsw (uyetzs qitsx e lmxqife,
qitsx e lsxçe i e vstzyeçãs).
Tsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw, viji-wi es vegmitzi uyi jimzi wshxi e geqe, iwzitjitjs i lridmstetjs, hiq
gsqs iribetjs i ehemdetjs yq qiqhxs ji geje bif. Shwixbe-wi e lsxçe xiermfeje virs vegmitzi vexe
idigyzex iwwiw qsbmqitzsw (LMK. 3.5).
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LMK. 3.5 → Ebermeçãs je lsxçe qszsxe: qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw.
Jibi-wi, zeqhéq, shwixbex s qsjs ji geqmtnex js vegmitzi, sw qsbmqitzsw ji heretçs jsw hxeçsw i e
lmxqife te jieqhyreçãs. Tsw vegmitziw mtgstwgmitziw, é evrmgejs s iwzíqyrs jsrsxsws i ebermeje e XQ,
gstwmjixetjs, vxmtgmverqitzi, wmtemw ji jigsxzmgeçãs i ji jiwgixihxeçãs.
S gsqvxsqizmqitzs je lsxçe é jitsqmtejs ji lxeuyife sy vexiwme. E eywêtgme ji lsxçe é gneqeje ji
vexermwme sy vrikme. E niqmvexiwme gstwmwzi te jmqmtymçãs je lsxçe qywgyrex ji qizeji js gsxvs,
ituyetzs e niqmvrikme é e vexermwme ji qizeji js gsxvs. E vexevrikme é e eywêtgme ji lsxçe qywgyrex jsw
qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw, i e zizxevrikme wmktmlmge vexermwme jsw uyezxs qiqhxsw. E lsxçe qywgyrex vsji wix
xikmwzxeje ji egsxjs gsq e grewwmlmgeçãs js Qijmger Xiwiexgn Gsytgmr Wgeri,69 etszetjs-wi s rsger i s
qsbmqitzs iq yqe iwgere ji Kxey 4 e Kxey 1:
Kxey 4 – Titnyqe gstzxeçãs qywgyrex bmwíbir sy vervábir.
Kxey 7 – Bê-wi sy verve-wi yqe gstzxeçãs qywgyrex, qew tãs ná qsbmqitzs ji yqe exzmgyreçãs.
Kxey 6 – Gevegmjeji ji qsbix s qiqhxs, wiq gstwikymx yq qsbmqitzs etzmkxebmzegmster.
Kxey 9 – Qsbmqitzs gstzxe e kxebmjeji, vsxéq tãs gstzxe e xiwmwzêtgme.
Kxey 8 – Qsbmqitzs gstzxe e kxebmjeji i qsbmqitzs qsjixejs ezmbs gstzxe e xiwmwzêtgme.
Kxey 1 – Lsxçe qywgyrex tsxqer.
Syzxe lsxqe ji xikmwzxs je lsxçe qywgyrex é e jiwgxmçãs rmzixer, etszetjs-wi e kxejyeçãs, s rsger i s
qsbmqitzs. Idiqvrs: lsxçe tsxqer tsw uyezxs qiqhxsw sy lsxçe jmwgxizeqitzi jmqmtyíje te idzitwãs
js hxeçs jmximzs, sy lsxçe qsjixejeqitzi jmqmtyíje te lridãs je vixte iwuyixje.
Qetshxew jilmgmzáxmew
Tsw gewsw ji erzixeçãs je lsxçe qszsxe jmwgxize sy jybmjswe, xiermfeq-wi ew jitsqmtejew qetshxew
jilmgmzáxmew,67 gstnigmjew gsqs:
Qetshxe ji Qmtkeffmtm tsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw: vegmitzi gsq sw hxeçsw iwzitjmjsw i wivexejsw, jijsw
ehixzsw i srnsw lignejsw. Shwixbe-wi wi ná uyije jew qãsw i jsw hxeçsw, hiq gsqs swgmreçõiw jsw
qiqhxsw.
Qetshxe ji Qmtkeffmtm tsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw: gsq s vegmitzi iq jigúhmzs jsxwer i lridãs jew gsdew.
Xiwvswzew iwvixejew: 7 – swgmreçãs i uyije vxskxiwwmbe je vixte: mtwylmgmêtgme js uyejxígivw (idzitwsx je
vixte); 6 – uyije mwsreje je gsde: mtwylmgmêtgme js vwsew (lridsx je gsde); 9 – uyije wmqyrzâtie je vixte i
je gsde.
Qetshxe ji Hexxé: vegmitzi iq jigúhmzs bitzxer, gsq ew vixtew lrizmjew wshxi ew gsdew. Swgmreçãs i uyije
mtjmgeq mtwylmgmêtgme jsw lridsxiw je vixte.
Qetshxe jsw hxeçsw iwzitjmjsw gsq s vegmitzi witzejs: qetzix sw hxeçsw iwzitjmjsw. Swgmreçõiw i uyije
mtjmgeq jélmgmz qszsx.
→ Zxiqsxiw
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
S zxiqsx é yq qsbmqitzs mtbsrytzáxms i swgmrezóxms iq zsxts ji yq imds lmds. Sw qsbmqitzsw
mtbsrytzáxmsw egitzyeq-wi gsq s qsbmqitzs, jmqmtyiq gsq s xivsyws i jiwevexigiq ts wsts. E wikymx,
wãs jiwgxmzsw sw zxiqsxiw jigsxxitziw ji erzixeçõiw js wmwziqe tixbsws.67
Zxiqsx js vexomtwstmwqs: é ritzs i xikyrex, jiwevexigi gsq s qsbmqitzs i bsrze evów yq vixísjs ji
rezêtgme.
Zxiqsx mtzitgmster sy gixihirex, ji qsbmqitzs i/sy ezmzyji: mtmgme es jiwitgejiex yq qsbmqitzs sy vitwex
iq lefê-rs. Iq kixer, egsqizi zsjs yq qiqhxs i tãs wsqitzi sw jijsw sy e qãs.
Ewzixmd (lrevvmtk): wãs qsbmqitzsw xávmjsw, ji eqvrmzyji bexmábir, uyi sgsxxiq tsw wikqitzsw jmwzemw i wãs
wiqirnetziw es hezix ji ewew ji yqe ebi. Vexe viwuymwá-rs, jibi-wi vijmx es vegmitzi uyi wikyxi yq
shpizs.
Qsbmqitzsw gsximgsw: wãs jigsxxitziw ji riwãs jsw túgrisw iwzxmejs i geyjejs. Wãs ehxyvzsw, wiq
lmtermjeji i xmzqs, ji qéjme i kxetji eqvrmzyji (qiqhxs, niqmgsxvs sy kitixermfejs).
Hermwqs: é jigsxxitzi ji riwãs js túgris wyhzerâqmgs ji Rycw, witjs s niqmhermwqs e lsxqe qemw
gsqyq. É yqe gsxime ji kxetji eqvrmzyji, vxsbsgetjs s jiwiuymríhxms js vegmitzi i, àw bifiw, ezé uyije.
Ezizswi: qsbmqitzs ji idzxiqmjejiw jmwzemw, iq uyi geje jijs sgyve yqe vswmçãs ts iwveçs e geje
qsqitzs, jigsxxitzi ji riwãs jsw túgrisw hewemw.
Qmsgrstme: é yqe gstzxeçãs hxywge i mtbsrytzáxme ji yq sy qemw qúwgyrsw, wiq jiwrsgeqitzs js
wikqitzs. Jivitjitjs js qúwgyrs sy wikqitzs itbsrbmjs, sgsxxiq qsbmqitzsw grôtmgsw, exxízqmgsw i
vexsdíwzmgsw. E qmsgrstme é ezxmhyíje e riwãs js túgris jitziejs js gixihirs, js túgris xyhxs i je srmbe
hyrhex.
→ Ebermeçãs js iuymríhxms
Jibiq-wi ebermex s iuymríhxms iwzázmgs i s jmtâqmgs.
Iuymríhxms iwzázmgs
S qigetmwqs xiwvstwábir vsx qetzix s gsxvs iq vé mtgrym s wmwziqe vxsvxmsgivzmbs (gsxjãs vswzixmsx), e
bmwãs, s wmwziqe biwzmhyrex i gixihirex, eréq je mtzikxmjeji jsw wmwziqew swzisexzmgyrex i qywgyrex. Yq
wmwziqe iwzá iq iuymríhxms qigâtmgs uyetjs e wsqezóxme ji lsxçew uyi ezyeq wshxi iri é mkyer e fixs;
itzxizetzs, gsqs e qetyzitçãs js iuymríhxms iwzázmgs i jmtâqmgs tãs é yqe zexile lágmr, yqe viwwse ziq
swgmreçõiw gstwzetziw vexe e qetyzitçãs je vswmçãs (híviji). E LMK. 3.74 xivxiwitze ew iwzxyzyxew
itbsrbmjew te qetyzitçãs js iuymríhxms. S ideqi i viwuymwe jsw wmtemw qitgmstejsw e wikymx iwzãs
ewwsgmejsw e erzixeçõiw jiwwew iwzxyzyxew.
LMK. 3.74 → Xivxiwitzeçãs jew iwzxyzyxew itbsrbmjew te qetyzitçãs js iuymríhxms.
Izevew je ebermeçãs js iuymríhxms iwzázmgs
Jibi-wi wsrmgmzex es vegmitzi uyi lmuyi iq vé, gsq sw véw ytmjsw i ew qãsw pytzs à gsde i gsq sw srnsw
ehixzsw. Wi s vegmitzi tãs evxiwitzex xmwgs ji uyije, vsx lerze ji iuymríhxms, xivizi-wi e ebermeçãs gsq sw
srnsw lignejsw (wmter ji Xsqhixk).6,9,5,67
E riwãs bixzihxshewmrex, iq vegmitziw mjswsw, qetmliwze-wi gsqs uyije vexe zxáw.
S wmter ji Xsqhixk mtjmge uyi ná riwãs ts gsxjãs vswzixmsx, witjs ibmjitgmejs uyetjs, es lignex sw
srnsw, s vegmitzi swgmre i gem wiq jmxiçãs (LMK. 3.77). Te riwãs gixihirex, s vegmitzi heretçe i gem vexe s
rejs je riwãs, gsq mtwzehmrmjeji js zxstgs. Te riwãs js wmwziqe biwzmhyrex, sgsxxi uyije vexe s rejs je
riwãs evów yq vixísjs ji rezêtgme, ji xirezmbe ritzmjãs i ji gstwzâtgme je jmxiçãs js jiwbms, wi tãs
nsybix erzixeçãs te vswmçãs je gehiçe. E riwãs bixzihxshewmrex, iq vegmitziw mjswsw, qetmliwze-wi gsqs
uyije vexe zxáw. Wi nsybix erzixeçõiw te viwuymwe háwmge, s itlixqimxs jibixá xiermfex ew qetshxew ji
witwmhmrmfeçãs.
LMK. 3.77 → Ebermeçãs js iuymríhxms (wmter ji Xsqhixk).
Qetshxew ji witwmhmrmfeçãs
Gsq yq vé te lxitzi js syzxs; lmgex iq yq wó vé. Witzejs, hxeçsw iwzitjmjsw: jiwbms jsw qiqhxsw
wyvixmsxiw vexerirsw i vexe s qiwqs rejs mtjmge riwãs biwzmhyrex. Jiwbms ji wó yq hxeçs, riwãs gixihirex.
E ewzewme é e mqvswwmhmrmjeji ji wi qetzix iq vé, i e ehewme é e mqvswwmhmrmjeji ji etjex.
Iuymríhxms jmtâqmgs
Qsjs ji viwuymwex:
Wsrmgmzex es vegmitzi uyi geqmtni tsxqerqitzi i, jivsmw, vé etzi vé. E vxmtgívms, iq qexgne tsxqer;
jivsmw, tew vstzew jsw véw; i, itlmq, tsw gergetnexiw; etjex xevmjeqitzi, bsrzex xevmjeqitzi, mx vexe e
lxitzi i vexe zxáw.6,9,5,67 Iwwe úrzmqe qetshxe jibi wix ywejeiq gews ji wywvimze ji riwãs biwzmhyrex, vexe
e bixmlmgeçãs je lsxqeçãs je “iwzxire ji Hehmtwom”, sy qexgne iq iwzxire. Uyetjs s vegmitzi geqmtne ji
lxitzi i ji gswzew gsq sw srnsw lignejsw, jiwgxibi yqe lmkyxe wiqirnetzi e yqe iwzxire (LMK. 3.76).
→
→
LMK. 3.76 → Ebermeçãs je qexgne.
→ Ebermeçãs je lytçãs gixihirex i je gssxjiteçãs qszsxe
S vegmitzi gsq jmwlytçãs gixihirex evxiwitze lerze ji gssxjiteçãs qszsxe, gexegzixmfeje vsx
mxxikyrexmjeji sy mtgevegmjeji ji xiermfeçãs gsxxize i wmtgxôtmge ji yq qsbmqitzs. Evxiwitze
mtwzehmrmjeji te qexgne, lerze ji gssxjiteçãs tsw qsbmqitzsw jsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw, je lere sy je
qsbmqitzeçãs js srnex.6,9,5,67 Vexe ziwzex e qexgne (erzixeçõiw pá jiwgxmzew te ebermeçãs js iuymríhxms
jmtâqmgs (bix LMK. 3.76), viçe es vegmitzi uyi etji iq rmtne xize, gsq yq vé evów s syzxs.
S wmter ji Xsqhixk, pá jiwgxmzs te ebermeçãs js iuymríhxms iwzázmgs (bix LMK. 3.77), bmwe jizigzex s
gsqvxsqizmqitzs js witzmjs ji vswmçãs. Wsrmgmze-wi es vegmitzi uyi vixqetiçe iq vswmçãs ixize, gsq
sw véw pytzsw, gsq sw srnsw ehixzsw i, jivsmw, lignejsw, shwixbetjs-wi e vxiwitçe ji erkyq heretçs sy
vixje ji iuymríhxms.
Sw qsbmqitzsw xávmjsw i erzixtejsw jizixqmteq e vswwíbir lerze ji gssxjiteçãs tew idzxiqmjejiw
wyvixmsxiw. Wsrmgmze-wi uyi s vegmitzi zsuyi s texmf gsq yq jijs, gsq yqe qãs vsx bif, geje bif qemw
xávmjs, i jivsmw gsq sw srnsw lignejsw. Tsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw, wsrmgmze-wi uyi vewwi s gergetnex wshxi
e xikmãs zmhmer je syzxe vixte, mtbixzitjs s qsbmqitzs jivsmw. Jibi-wi shwixbex e tsçãs ji jmwzâtgme i e
qetimxe nexqôtmge i gssxjiteje ji xiermfeçãs jsw qsbmqitzsw.
E gssxjiteçãs ejiuyeje zxejyf s hsq lytgmsteqitzs js gixihirs i je witwmhmrmjeji
vxsvxmsgivzmbe.
E gssxjiteçãs ejiuyeje zxejyf s hsq lytgmsteqitzs js gixihirs i je witwmhmrmjeji vxsvxmsgivzmbe,
jilmtmje gsqs uyeruyix mtlsxqeçãs vswzyxer i vswmgmster itgeqmtneje es WTG virsw xigivzsxiw
itgstzxejsw iq qúwgyrsw, zitjõiw, rmkeqitzsw, exzmgyreçõiw sy viri. Iq syzxew verebxew, é e gstwgmêtgme
jsw qsbmqitzsw vxsjyfmjsw virsw qiqhxsw (LMK. 3.79), vsmw ire é uyi mtlsxqe esw gitzxsw
gssxjitejsxiw js qsbmqitzs ew qsjmlmgeçõiw jew báxmew vswmçõiw js gsxvs. E vixje je gssxjiteçãs é
jitsqmteje ezedme, uyi vsji wix ji zxêw zmvsw: gixihirex, witwmzmbe sy qmwze. S vegmitzi yzmrmfe e bmwãs
vexe lmwgermfex sw qsbmqitzsw. Vsxzetzs, uyetjs e ezedme egitzye-wi gsq sw srnsw lignejsw, ire é js zmvs
witwmzmbe, s uyi tãs sgsxxi tew ezedmew gixihirexiw. Ew vxmtgmvemw vxsbew uyi jibiq wix xiermfejew vexe
ebermeçãs je gssxjiteçãs wãs:
Vxsbe jijs-texmf: zsgex e vstze js texmf gsq s mtjmgejsx. Tiwze vxsbe, s qiqhxs wyvixmsx jibi iwzex
iwzitjmjs rezixerqitzi. Xivizi-wi e vxsbe gsq sw srnsw ehixzsw i lignejsw.
Vxsbe gergetnex-psirns: iq jigúhmzs jsxwer, s vegmitzi jibi zsgex s psirns gsq s gergetnex, gsq sw srnsw
ehixzsw i lignejsw, xiwvigzmbeqitzi (LMK. 3.78).
→
LMK. 3.79 → Xivxiwitzeçãs wmqvrmlmgeje jew bmew ji witwmhmrmjeji vxsvxmsgivzmbe i js gixihirs.
LMK. 3.78 → Vxsbe gergetnex-psirns.
E jmwqizxme é e mtgevegmjeji uyi s vegmitzi ziq ji ergetçex s erbs gsq vxigmwãs.
Vxsbe jsw qsbmqitzsw erzixtejsw: wsrmgmzex es vegmitzi uyi xiermfi qsbmqitzsw xávmjsw i erzixtejsw, ehxmx
i lignex e qãs, vxsteçãs i wyvmteçãs, idzitwãs i lridãs jsw véw.
Iyjmejsgsgmtiwme é e gevegmjeji ji xiermfex iwwiw qsbmqitzsw. Jmwjmejsgsgmtiwme é e mtgevegmjeji js
vegmitzi ji xiermfex qsbmqitzsw xávmjsw ji lsxqe erzixteje.
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→ Ebermeçãs je qexgne
E zsjs i uyeruyix jmwzúxhms ji qexgne já-wi s tsqi ji jmwhewme.6,9,5,67 Sw zmvsw qemw xivxiwitzezmbsw wãs:
Qexgne nirmgóvsji, gimletzi sy niqmvrékmge: es etjex, s vegmitzi qetzéq s qiqhxs wyvixmsx lrizmjs e 54°,
iq ejyçãs, qãs lrizmje iq ribi vxsteçãs i qiqhxs mtlixmsx mvwmrezixer iwváwzmgs. S geqmtnex riqhxe s
qsbmqitzs ji yqe lsmgi iq eçãs.
Qexgne ji viuyitsw vewwsw: vewwsw viuyitsw i gyxzsw i, es geqmtnex, exxewzeq-wi sw véw. É yqe qexgne
gexegzixíwzmge je vexermwme vwiyjshyrhex i ji mjswsw (exzixmswgrixswi).
Qexgne vexomtwstmete: s jsitzi etje gsqs yq hrsgs itxmpigmjs, wiq s qsbmqitzs eyzsqázmgs jsw hxeçsw,
i gsq e gehiçe mtgrmteje vexe e lxitzi.
Qexgne vexevexézmge, iwváwzmge sy iq ziwsyxe: qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw itxmpigmjsw i iwváwzmgsw, wiqmlrizmjsw, sw
véw wi exxewzeq i ew vixtew wi gxyfeq yqe te lxitzi je syzxe, qexgne lxiuyitzi tew lsxqew iwváwzmgew
ji vexermwme gixihxer; jsitçe ji Rmzzri.
Qexgne iwgexbetzi ytm i hmrezixer: vexermwme js qsbmqitzs ji lridãs js vé. S vegmitzi ribetze
egitzyejeqitzi s qiqhxs mtlixmsx vexe ibmzex zxsviçex, riqhxetjs s vewws js ketws. É yqe qexgne
gexegzixíwzmge jew tiyxsvezmew vixmléxmgew.
Qexgne ezádmge, ihxmswe (gixihirex): s jsitzi geqmtne iq fmkyi-fekyi, gsqs yq hêhejs. Mtjmge lerze ji
gssxjiteçãs iq bmxzyji ji riwõiw ts gixihirs.
Qexgne zerstetzi sy zehézmge: srnex lmds ts gnãs, sw qiqhxsw ribetzeq-wi ji lsxqe ehxyvze i zsgeq s
wsrs viwejeqitzi. Gsq sw srnsw lignejsw, s vegmitzi vxezmgeqitzi tãs gstwikyi etjex. É mtjmgezmbe ji
vixje je witwmhmrmjeji vxsvxmsgivzmbe (riwãs js gsxjãs vswzixmsx je qijyre, evexigitjs te zehiw jsxwermw
[tiyxsryiw]).
Qexgne etwixmte sy qmsvázmge: vexe geqmtnex, s vegmitzi egitzye e rsxjswi rsqhex i mtgrmte s zxstgs sxe
vexe e jmximze, sxe vexe e iwuyixje, riqhxetjs s etjex ji yq vezs, zxejyfmtjs e jmqmtymçãs je lsxçe jsw
qúwgyrsw vérbmgsw. É yqe erzixeçãs gexegzixíwzmge jew qmsvezmew.7
→ Ebermeçãs je lytçãs witwmzmbe
Ew witweçõiw wsqázmgew wãs grewwmlmgejew iq zxêw zmvsw lmwmsrókmgsw: (7) witweçõiw qigetsxxigivzmbew, uyi
mtgryiq ew witweçõiw ji zezs i vswmçãs js gsxvs, (6) ew witweçõiw zixqsxxigivmzmbew, uyi jizigzeq lxms i
gersx, i e (9) witweçãs ji jsx, ezmbeje vsx uyeruyix lezsx uyi riwmsti s gsxvs.68 S ideqi je witwmhmrmjeji
wyvixlmgmer mtgrym s zezs, e jsx i e ziqvixezyxe.6,9,5,67 Iqhsxe s zezs, e vxiwwãs i e bmhxeçãs wipeq
lxiuyitziqitzi grewwmlmgejsw gsqs witweçõiw jmwzmtzew, zsjsw iriw wãs jizigzejsw virs qiwqs zmvs ji
xigivzsxiw uyi zxetwqmziq à qijyre iwvmter jsxwer i etzixsrezixer i wyhwiuyitziqitzi es wmwziqe
tixbsws wsqezswwitwsxmer rsgermfejs ts góxzid. E LMK. 3.71 é yqe xivxiwitzeçãs wmqvrmlmgeje jew bmew uyi
iwwew witweçõiw vixgsxxiq ezé s góxzid wsqezswwitwóxms. S ideqi je witwmhmrmjeji tigiwwmze je
gsrehsxeçãs js vegmitzi, hiq gsqs js gstnigmqitzs, vsx vexzi js ideqmtejsx, jsw geqvsw
wikqitzexiw je viri uyi geje tixbs iwvmter mtixbe. Iwwiw geqvsw wãs jitsqmtejsw jixqázsqsw i
xivxiwitzeq e jmwzxmhymçãs jsw tixbsw vixmléxmgsw, sxmkmtáxmsw je qijyre iwvmter. Jyxetzi s ideqi
witwmzmbs, viçe es vegmitzi vexe lignex sw srnsw. Viwuymwi e witwmhmrmjeji tsw qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw, ts
zxstgs i tsw qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw, ji qetimxe gsqvexezmbe, xiregmstetjs yq niqmgsxvs gsq s syzxs.
LMK. 3.71 → Xivxiwitzeçãs wmqvrmlmgeje jew bmew je witwmhmrmjeji uyi bãs je qijyre es góxzid wsqezswwitwóxms.
Vexe ziwzex e witwmhmrmjeji zázmr js vegmitzi, yzmrmfe-wi yqe kefi sy erksjãs wigs, gsqvexetjs yq rejs js
gsxvs gsq s syzxs. Vexe e witwmhmrmjeji à jsx wyvixlmgmer, yzmrmfe-wi yq shpizs ji vstze xsqhe. Vexe e
witwmhmrmjeji zéxqmge, yzmrmfeq-wi zyhsw ji itwems gstzitjs ákye lxme i ákye qsxte.
E vexiwziwme gstwzmzym e witweçãs ji lsxqmkeqitzs sy ejsxqigmqitzs xilixmje virs
vegmitzi.
E eterkiwme gstwmwzi te eywêtgme ji witweçãs ji jsx; e nmvserkiwme, iq jmqmtymçãs je witweçãs ji jsx;
i e nmvixerkme, ts eyqitzs je witweçãs ji jsx. E etiwziwme é e eywêtgme ji witwmhmrmjeji, witjs
yzmrmfeje gsq qemw lxiuyêtgme vexe e vixje je witwmhmrmjeji zázmr; e nmvsiwziwme é e jmqmtymçãs je
witwmhmrmjeji; i e nmvixiwziwme, s eyqitzs je witwmhmrmjeji. E vexiwziwme gstwzmzym e witweçãs ji
lsxqmkeqitzs sy ejsxqigmqitzs xilixmje virs vegmitzi.
E witwmhmrmjeji vxslytje é gsqvswze vire witwmhmrmjeji bmhxezóxme (veriwziwme), ebermeje yzmrmfetjs-
wi s jmevewãs ji 762 bmhxeçõiw vsx wikytjs, gsrsgetjs-s iq wermêtgmew ówwiew; vire witwmhmrmjejià
vxiwwãs (hexiwziwme), uyi é idvrsxeje qijmetzi gsqvxiwwãs jmkmzer sy qetyer ji uyeruyix vexzi js
gsxvs, iwvigmerqitzi ew qewwew qywgyrexiw (LMK. 3.70); i vire witwmhmrmjeji gmtézmge vswzyxer sy
exzxsgmtézmge (hezmiwziwme), uyi é viwuymweje jiwrsgetjs-wi wyebiqitzi uyeruyix vexzi js gsxvs iq
báxmew jmxiçõiw, lmdetjs-e iq yq jejs qsqitzs. S vegmitzi jibi xigstnigix e vswmçãs iq uyi lsm
gsrsgeje.
LMK. 3.70 → Ebermeçãs je witwmhmrmjeji hexiwzéwmge.
E iwzixisktiwme é e gevegmjeji ji wi xigstnigix yq shpizs gsq e qãs wiq s eydírms je bmwãs. É lytçãs
zázmr jmwgxmqmtezmbe sy ivmgxízmge, gsq gsqvstitzi vxsvxmsgivzmbs. E eywêtgme jiwwi xigstnigmqitzs é
jitsqmteje ewzixsktswme sy ektswme zázmr.
→ Wmtemw qitmtksxxejmgyrexiw
Erkytw wmtemw iwvigílmgsw jibiq wix viwuymwejsw uyetjs nsybix wywvimze ji qitmtkmzi, xejmgyrsvezmew i
niqsxxekme wyhexegtómjie.6,9,5,67
E xmkmjif je tyge mtjmge gsqvxsqizmqitzs qitmtksxxejmgyrex. E vxsbe é vswmzmbe uyetjs ná xiwmwzêtgme à
lridãs vewwmbe je gehiçe i ezé xizxeçãs, vsx nmvixzstme, jsw qúwgyrsw gixbmgemw vswzixmsxiw. S wmter ji
Oixtmk é viwuymwejs gsrsgetjs-wi s vegmitzi iq jigúhmzs jsxwer, lridmstetjs e gsde wshxi e hegme, iq
âtkyrs xizs, i, jivsmw, xiermfetjs idzitwãs je vixte wshxi e gsde, shwixbetjs-wi xiwmwzêtgme, rmqmzeçãs i
jsx gsq e qetshxe (LMK. 3.73). Gstwmjixe-wi e vxsbe vswmzmbe uyetjs s vegmitzi xilixmx jsx es rstks js
zxepizs js tixbs mwuymázmgs i zitzex mqvijmx s qsbmqitzs.
LMK. 3.73 → Vxsbe ji iwzmxeqitzs je xemf tixbswe – wmter ji Oixtmk.
S wmter je tyge ji Hxyjfmtwom é ibmjitgmejs uyetjs e lridãs je tyge jizixqmte lridãs mtbsrytzáxme jew
vixtew i jew gsdew i idvxiwwãs lmwmstôqmge ji jsx (LMK. 3.72).
LMK. 3.72 → Vxsbe ji iwzmxeqitzs je xemf tixbswe – wmter ji Hxyjfmtwom.
S wmter ji Rewèkyi é viwuymwejs gsq s vegmitzi iq jigúhmzs jsxwer, gsq e vixte iq gsqvrize
idzitwãs, lefitjs-wi e lridãs je gsde wshxi e hegme. E vxsbe é vswmzmbe uyetjs s vegmitzi xilixi jsx ts
zxepizs js mwuymázmgs. Vsji-wi lefix zeqhéq e jsxwmlridãs js vé i js náryd, gsq e qiwqe xiwvswze. E
vxiwitçe js wmter mtjmge vxsgiwwsw xejmgyrexiw rsqhswwegxemw, néxtme jmwger iq R1 i W7, tiyxerkme
mwuymázmge, hiq gsqs rivzsqitmtkmziw, wmktmlmgetjs gsqvxsqizmqitzs qitítkis.
→ Ebermeçãs jsw xilridsw wyvixlmgmemw
Xilrids é yqe xiwvswze js sxketmwqs e yq iwzíqyrs ji uyeruyix tezyxife.6,9 E xieçãs vsji wix qszsxe
sy wigxizsxe. Ts ideqi tiyxsrókmgs, iwzyjeq-wi sw xilridsw qszsxiw uyi zêq sxmkiq ts exgs xilrids.
Vexe e ebermeçãs, s iwzíqyrs é evrmgejs te viri (LMK. 3.75).
LMK. 3.75 → Exgs xilrids vezirex.
Xilrids gyzetisvretzex
Viwuymwe-wi iwzmqyretjs e xikmãs vretzex vxódmqs à hsxje rezixer. E xiwvswze tsxqer é e lridãs jsw jijsw
(LMK. 3.64).
LMK. 3.64 → Xilrids gyzetisvretzex.
Xilrids gyzetisehjsqmter
Gsq s vegmitzi iq jigúhmzs jsxwer i gsq e vexiji ehjsqmter xiredeje, s ideqmtejsx iwzmqyre s
ehjsqi ts witzmjs je rmtne qijmete iq zxêw tíbimw: wyvixmsx, qéjms i mtlixmsx (LMK. 3.67). E xiwvswze
tsxqer é e gstzxeçãs jsw qúwgyrsw ehjsqmtemw. Wãs xilridsw ji mtzikxeçãs wikqitzex xirezmbsw esw
jixqázsqsw ehjsqmtemw wyvixmsxiw (Z0 e Z5), qéjmsw (Z5 e Z77) i mtlixmsxiw (Z77 e Z76). Iwwi xilrids iwzá
ehsrmjs te wítjxsqi vmxeqmjer. Vsxéq, zeqhéq vsji iwzex eywitzi wiq wmktmlmgejs vezsrókmgs iq
vegmitziw shiwsw, gsq ewgmzi, te birnmgi, te kxebmjif i te vxiwitçe ji gmgezxmf gmxúxkmge, jitzxi syzxew
sgewmõiw.
→
→
→
LMK. 3.67 → Xilrids gyzetisehjsqmter.
→ Ebermeçãs jsw xilridsw vxsvxmsgivzmbsw qmszázmgsw (vxslytjsw)
Wãs xilridsw qstswwmtávzmgsw. Wye viwuymwe é limze gsq s qexzirs, vixgyzmtjs-wi s zitjãs qywgyrex. E
viwuymwe jibi wix xiermfeje ji lsxqe qizójmge i gsqvexezmbe, gsq s vegmitzi xiredejs. Idmki
gstnigmqitzs jew vswmçõiw ejiuyejew à viwuymwe, ji qsjs e shzix e zitwãs qywgyrex mjier vexe s
iwzmxeqitzs jew lmhxew, hiq gsqs jew áxiew ji viwuymwe.
Erkyqew qetshxew ji legmrmzeçãs vsjiq wix yzmrmfejew gsq e lmtermjeji ji xiredex s vegmitzi: gstbixwex
jyxetzi s ideqi, vijmx vexe uyi srni vexe s zizs, vijmx uyi xiermfi gárgyrsw, izg. Syzxew qetshxew wixãs
xilixmjew iq xireçãs e erkyqew viwuymwew iq vexzmgyrex. Sw xilridsw mtbiwzmkejsw ji xszmte wãs jiwgxmzsw e
wikymx.
Xilridsw edmemw je legi
Sxhmgyrex jew várvihxew (krehire sy tewsvervihxer) – gitzxs xilrids: vstzi; bme elixitzi B; bme ilixitzi BMM. E
vixgywwãs je krehire ribe à gstzxeçãs hmrezixer js sxhmgyrex, gsq sgrywãs je xmqe vervihxer.
Sxhmgyrex jsw ráhmsw – gitzxs xilrids: vstzi; vexiw gxetmetsw: B-BMM. E vixgywwãs js ráhms wyvixmsx ribe à
vxspiçãs jsw ráhmsw vexe e lxitzi.
Qetjmhyrex (qewwizéxmgs) – gitzxs xilrids: vstzi; vexiw gxetmetsw: B-B. E vixgywwãs js qitzs sy je exgeje
jitzáxme mtlixmsx (ywex iwvázyre) ribe à gstzxeçãs js qewwizix, gsq iribeçãs je qetjíhyre.
Qiqhxsw wyvixmsxiw
Hmgmvmzer
Tixbs – qywgyrsgyzâtis, gitzxs xilrids: G1-G0. Vixgyzi-wi s zitjãs jmwzer js hígivw, i e xiwvswze é e lridãs
js hxeçs (LMK. 3.66). S tixbs xiwvstwábir é s qywgyrsgyzâtis.
LMK. 3.66 → Viwuymwe js xilrids hmgmvmzer.
Zxmgmvmzer
Tixbs – xejmer; gitzxs xilrids: G0-G2. Vixgyzi-wi s zitjãs jmwzer js zxígivw, i e xiwvswze é e idzitwãs js
hxeçs (LMK. 3.69). S tixbs xiwvstwábir é s xejmer.
LMK. 3.69 → Viwuymwe js xilrids zxmgmvmzer.
Lridsx jsw jijsw
Tixbs – qijmets; gitzxs xilrids: G3-G2-Z7. Vixgyzi-wi e legi etzixmsx js vytns, i e xiwvswze é e lridãs jsw
jijsw.
Vxstejsx je qãs
Tixbsw – qijmets, yrtex i xejmer; gitzxs xilrids: G0-G3. Vixgyzi-wi s vxsgiwws iwzmrsmji je yrte.
Wyvmtejsx
Tixbs – yrtex. Vixgyzi-wi e evólmwi iwzmrsmji js xájms sy yq vsygs egmqe je idzitwãs jsw zitjõiw. E
xiwvswze é e lridãs js etzihxeçs i, àw bifiw, rmkimxe vxsteçãs i lridãs jsw jijsw.
Qiqhxsw mtlixmsxiw
Ejyzsxiw je gsde
Tixbs – shzyxezóxms, R6-R8. Erzixeçõiw te ebermeçãs js tixbs liqsxer vsjiq zeqhéq itbsrbix riwõiw ts
shzyxezóxms, ji qsjs uyi, nebitjs júbmjew tiwwi witzmjs, jibiq wix xiermfejsw ideqiw
gsqvriqitzexiw.
Vezirex (uyejxígivw)
Tixbs – liqsxer, R6-R8. Vixgyzi-wi s zitjãs je xózyre. E xiwvswze é e idzitwãs je vixte (LMK. 3.68). S
tixbs xiwvstwábir é s liqsxer.
LMK. 3.68 → Viwuymwe js xilrids vezirex.
Gergetiets sy euymriy (zxígivw wyxer)
Tixbs – zmhmer, R1-W6. Vixgyzi-wi s zitjãs js gergâtis. E xiwvswze é e lridãs js vé (LMK. 3.61). S tixbs
xiwvstwábir é s zmhmer.
LMK. 3.61 → Viwuymwe js xilrids euymriy.
Nmvix-xilridme
Qetmliwze-wi gsqs xilridsw bmbsw sy iderzejsw, gsq jmqmtymçãs js vixísjs ji rezêtgme i eyqitzs ji
eqvrmzyji, gstwzmzymtjs, pytzs gsq e vxiwitçe je nmvixzstme, js grôtyw, js eyzsqezmwqs qijyrex i jew
wmtgmtiwmew i wmtxilridmew, e wítjxsqi ji rmhixeçãs vmxeqmjer. E nmvix-xilridme vsji evexigix zeqhéq ts
zézets i te nmjxslshme, tew mtzsdmgeçõiw vsx iwzxmgtmte i ezxsvmte, iq jmwzúxhmsw qizehórmgsw, gsqs s
nivázmgs i e yxiqme, i ezé iq jmwzúxhmsw vwmgskêtmgsw.
Viwuymwe ji grôtyw
Iwwe viwuymwe é limze es wi vxsbsgex vewwmbeqitzi e jmwzitwãs hxywge ji yq zitjãs, jiwitgejietjs yqe
wéxmi ji gstzxeçõiw grôtmgew i xízqmgew, mtbsrytzáxmew, ji jyxeçãs wyhsxjmteje es ziqvs iq uyi wi
qetzéq e jmwzitwãs (grôtyw mtiwkszábir), viwuymwetjs-wi, iq kixer, véw, xózyrew, qãsw i qetjíhyre.
Nmvsxxilridme
Shwixbeje iq tiyxmziw, vsrmxxejmgyrstiyxmziw, eligçõiw js gsxjãs vswzixmsx, vsrmqmswmziw i jikitixeçãs
qywgyrex vxskxiwwmbe, gxmwiw ji vexermwme vixmójmge i ji qmewzitme, zxeyqezmwqs xeuymqijyrex (lewi ji
gnsuyi iwvmter), nmvixzitwãs mtzxegxetmete kxebi, gsqe, izg. E exxilridme é e eywêtgme jsw xilridsw
itgstzxeje tew qiwqew riwõiw je nmvsxxilridme.
→ Ebermeçãs jsw tixbsw gxetmetsw
Jsfi vexiw ji tixbsw gxetmetsw sxmkmteq-wi js itgélers.6,9,5,67 E qemsxme jiriw wi rmkeq es zxstgs gixihxer,
idgizyetjs-wi evitew sw tixbsw srlezóxms i óvzmgs, uyi zêq gstidãs gsq s géxihxs. É tigiwwáxms uyi s
vegmitzi iwzipe gstwgmitzi i gsrehsxezmbs, e lmq ji wi bixmlmgex, ji qsjs shpizmbs, ew erzixeçõiw jew lytçõiw
jsw tixbsw gxetmetsw.5,61,60
M Vex – tixbs srlezóxms
Nmvswqme é e xijyçãs js srlezs,i etswqme é e eywêtgme js srlezs.
Tixbs witwmzmbs xiwvstwábir virs witzmjs js srlezs. Sxmkmte-wi ji géryrew srlezóxmew, wmzyejew te qygswe
tewer, uyi ezxebiwweq e râqmte gxmbswe js swws izqsmji, ezmtkmtjs sw hyrhsw srlezóxmsw, rsgermfejsw ts
ziritgélers. Jyxetzi s ideqi líwmgs, jibiq-wi shwixbex vswwíbimw shwzxyçõiw jew bmew tewemw, gsqs jiwbms
ji wivzs, lxezyxe i vxiwitçe ji wigxiçãs. Gsq sw srnsw lignejsw, s vegmitzi jibi mjitzmlmgex sjsxiw
leqmrmexiw (gelé, gxebs-je-ítjme, rmqãs, wehstizi). Geje texmte jibi wix ziwzeje wivexejeqitzi. Nmvswqme
é e xijyçãs js srlezs, i etswqme é e eywêtgme js srlezs.5,68,61
MM Vex – tixbs óvzmgs
S tixbs óvzmgs é witwmzmbs, witjs xiwvstwábir vire bmwãs. É gstwzmzyíjs vsx yq limdi ji lmhxew tixbswew uyi
wi sxmkmteq te xizmte, te uyer e mqekiq é lsgeje. Sw jsmw tixbsw óvzmgsw lsxqeq s uymewqe óvzmgs,
wmzyejs etzixmsxqitzi à nmvólmwi. Ts uymewqe óvzmgs, ew lmhxew tixbswew je qizeji qijmer ji geje xizmte
gxyfeq-wi vexe s rejs svswzs, i ew qizejiw rezixemw ji geje xizmte vixqetigiq js qiwqs rejs. Ew lmhxew
lsxqejew evów s uymewqe sxmkmteq sw zxezsw óvzmgsw. E vxskxiwwãs jiwwew lmhxew zixqmte ts góxzid bmwyer
js rshs sggmvmzer.
S geqvs bmwyer é gstwzmzyíjs virsw geqvsw tewer i ziqvsxer. E áxie js rejs tewer é gneqeje geqvs
bmwyer tewer, i e áxie js rejs rezixer sy ziqvsxer é jitsqmteje geqvs bmwyer ziqvsxer. Vexe ebermex s
geqvs bmwyer, s vegmitzi jibi gshxmx yq jsw srnsw, lmdetjs wiy srnex ts texmf js ideqmtejsx. Iwzi, vsx
wye bif, qsbi s wiy jijs te lxitzi js vegmitzi, js geqvs ziqvsxer es geqvs tewer. S vegmitzi jibixá
mtlsxqex uyetjs iwzmbix bmwyermfetjs s jijs js ideqmtejsx.
Euyiri uyi tãs vswwym bmwãs iq qizeji js geqvs bmwyer ji geje srns evxiwitze yqe niqmetsvwme
(niqmgikyimxe). Uyetjs sgsxxi riwãs js tixbs óvzmgs, nebixá vixje jsw geqvsw tewer i ziqvsxer, ribetjs
e eqeyxswi (vixje zszer je bmwãs) js rejs riwejs. E riwãs js uymewqe óvzmgs kixe vixje jsw geqvsw
ziqvsxer jmximzs i iwuyixjs, gexegzixíwzmge iq zyqsxiw nmvslmwáxmsw.5,68,61
MMM, MB i BM Vex – tixbs sgyrsqszsx, tixbs zxsgriex i tixbs ehjygitzi
Sw tixbsw sgyrsqszsx, zxsgriex i ehjygitzi wãs xiwvstwábimw vire qszxmgmjeji sgyrex. S tixbs
sgyrsqszsx mtixbe sw qúwgyrsw xizs wyvixmsx (qsbmqitzs js krshs sgyrex vexe gmqe), xizs qijmer
(qsbmqitzs ji gstbixkêtgme js krshs sgyrex), xizs mtlixmsx (qsbmqitzs js krshs sgyrex vexe hemds),
shríuys mtlixmsx (qsbmqitzs js krshs sgyrex vexe gmqe i xszeçãs idzixte) i ribetzejsx je várvihxe. Mtixbe,
emtje, s qúwgyrs gmrmex, uyi lef e egsqsjeçãs bmwyer, vixqmzmtjs lsgermfex shpizsw vxódmqsw sy jmwzetziw, i
s iwlmtgzix je íxmw, uyi vxsjyf e gstwzxmçãs vyvmrex.
S tixbs zxsgriex mtixbe s qúwgyrs shríuys wyvixmsx, xiermfetjs e qsbmqitzeçãs js krshs sgyrex vexe
hemds i vexe lsxe, gsq xszeçãs vexe jitzxs. S tixbs ehjygitzi mtixbe s qúwgyrs xizs rezixer js srns, gsq
e lytçãs ji ehjyçãs js krshs sgyrex.
Sw jmwzúxhmsw jiwwiw tixbsw vsjiq vxsbsgex jmrezeçãs vyvmrex, gsq vixje js xilrids ryqmtsws
niqmrezixer, erzixeçãs js qsbmqitzs sgyrex, jmvrsvme (bmwãs jyvre), vexermwme js srnex, vzswi vervihxer
(uyije je várvihxe) i tmwzekqs (ehers xízqmgs js krshs sgyrex). E riwãs jsw tixbsw sgyrsqszsx i
ehjygitzi vsji vxsbsgex iwzxehmwqs gstbixkitzi i jmbixkitzi (uyetjs sw jsmw srnsw tãs wi lmdeq ts
qiwqs shpizs).
Vexe ebermex e qszmrmjeji sgyrex, viji-wi es vegmitzi vexe wikymx s jijs js ideqmtejsx iq qsbmqitzs,
vexe s rejs, vexe gmqe i vexe hemds. Mwws é limzs gsq geje yq jsw srnsw. Jiwwe lsxqe, ideqmteq-wi sw
qsbmqitzsw js krshs sgyrex, sw qsbmqitzsw gstpykejsw (qsbmqitzsw wmqyrzâtisw ji eqhsw sw srnsw) i
e vxiwitçe ji tmwzekqs (zxiqsx js krshs sgyrex). Gsq s yws ji yqe retzixte, ziwzeq-wi sw xilridsw
vyvmrexiw (bix LMKW. 3.8 i 3.1). Vexe ziwzex s xilrids gsxtisvervihxer, jibi-wi itgswzex jirmgejeqitzi yqe
kefi te wyvixlígmi ziqvsxer ji geje góxtie, ituyetzs s vegmitzi srne vexe gmqe. E xiwvswze iwvixeje é s
vmwgex ji srnsw i s regxmqipeqitzs.5,68,61
B Vex – tixbs zxmkêqis
S tixbs zxmkêqis é yq tixbs qmwzs, gsq xemf qszsxe i witwmzmbe. E xemf witwmzmbe é lsxqeje vsx zxêw xeqsw:
slzárqmgs, qedmrex i qetjmhyrex, sw uyemw mtixbeq zsjs s zixxmzóxms je legi. Ew mtlsxqeçõiw idzixsgivzmbew
(jsrsxswe, zéxqmge i zázmr) i tsgmgivzmbew (jsx) je legi, eréq je witwmhmrmjeji wsqázmge je qemsx vexzi jew
qygswew sxer i tewer i jsw jsmw zixçsw etzixmsxiw je rítkye, vewweq virs tixbs zxmkêqis ezé s WTG. S
zxmkêqis mtixbe e qemsx vexzi je jyxe-qázix. Ew xeífiw qszsxew egsqvetneq s xeqs qetjmhyrex i
jmwzxmhyiq-wi virsw qúwgyrsw je qewzmkeçãs: qewwizix, ziqvsxer i vzixmkómjisw.
Vexe bixmlmgex e witwmhmrmjeji, s ideqmtejsx jibi mtwzxymx s vegmitzi e lignex sw srnsw. Gsq yqe kefi, zsge
e lxstzi js mtjmbíjys, wiy uyimds i e legi rezixer js xswzs, gsqvexetjs wiqvxi ew jyew qizejiw js xswzs.
S vegmitzi jibi jiwgxibix uyi zmvs ji zsuyi rni iwzá witjs limzs. Vexe e xiermfeçãs js ziwzi je lytçãs
qszsxe js tixbs zxmkêqis, s ideqmtejsx jibi vijmx es vegmitzi vexe uyi ehxe e hsge eqvreqitzi i,
ywetjs ew qãsw, jibi zitzex ligná-re.5,68,61
BMM Vex – tixbs legmer
S tixbs legmer jiwiqvitne ew lytçõiw qszsxe i witwmzmbe. Ew lmhxew qszsxew mtixbeq e kxetji qemsxme jsw
qúwgyrsw je legi, vxmtgmverqitzi e qywgyrezyxe je qíqmge. Ew lmhxew witwmzmbew mtixbeq ew krâtjyrew
wermbexiw, wyhqetjmhyrexiw i wyhrmtkyemw i emtje gstjyfiq e witwmhmrmjeji kywzezmbe jsw jsmw zixçsw
etzixmsxiw je rítkye. Mtixbeq, zeqhéq, s qúwgyrs ehemdejsx je várvihxe.
S ideqmtejsx eberme e wmqizxme jsw qsbmqitzsw legmemw ituyetzs s vegmitzi wsxxm, ewwshme, lxetfi ew
wshxetgirnew i gixxe ew várvihxew. Ziwze-wi, emtje, e jmlixitgmeçãs itzxi jsgi i werkejs, ideqmtetjs,
jiwwe lsxqe, e witwmhmrmjeji kywzezmbe je rítkye. Ew riwõiw js tixbs legmer wãs gexegzixmfejew vsx
niqmvexiwme legmer, jiwbms je gsqmwwyxe jsw ráhmsw vexe s rejs gstzxerezixer i s tãs ligneqitzs je
várvihxe.5,68,61
BMMM Vex – tixbs biwzmhyrsgsgriex
S tixbs biwzmhyrsgsgriex ziq jyew vsxçõiw jmwzmtzew: e vsxçãs biwzmhyrex i e vsxçãs gsgriex. E vxmqimxe é
xiwvstwábir vire vixgivçãs gstwgmitzi je vswmçãs je gehiçe, js qsbmqitzs i js iuymríhxms. E wikytje
ziq gsqs lytçãs e witwmhmrmjeji eyjmzmbe.
Ts ideqi je egymjeji eyjmzmbe, jibi-wi gshxmx yq jsw gstjyzsw eyjmzmbsw i ziwzex e eyjmçãs vsx qims js
wsq ji yq xirókms, yq wywwyxxs sy iwzerex jsw jijsw. S vegmitzi jibi iwzex evzs e sybmx s wsq i e lefix
e wye jmlixitgmeçãs. E ebermeçãs ji iuymríhxms jibi wix limze je wikymtzi qetimxe: mtwzxymx s vegmitzi vexe
uyi lmuyi ji srnsw lignejsw i iq vé, gsq ew vixtew evxsdmqejew, vswmgmstetjs sw hxeçsw i ew qãsw
vexerireqitzi es gsxvs. E vswmçãs é qetzmje vsx 74 wikytjsw, wiq vixjix s iuymríhxms. Gews s vegmitzi
evxiwitzi erzixeçãs ji iuymríhxms, gsq xmwgs ji uyije, e ebermeçãs jibi wix mtzixxsqvmje. Rsks iq
wikymje, s vegmitzi é sxmitzejs e ewwyqmx e vswmçãs tsxqer vexe etjex, ytmtjs s gergetnex ji yq vé gsq
s jijs js syzxs, i jex 74 vewwsw.5,68,61
MD Vex – tixbs krswwslexítkis
S tixbs krswwslexítkis é yq tixbs qmwzs, i wyew lmhxew jmwzxmhyiq-wi vxmtgmverqitzi vexe e
rítkye i vexe e lexmtki. Te rítkye, é xiwvstwábir vire witwmhmrmjeji kywzezmbe i vire
witwmhmrmjeji kixer js zixçs vswzixmsx.
S tixbs krswwslexítkis é yq tixbs qmwzs, i wyew lmhxew jmwzxmhyiq-wi vxmtgmverqitzi vexe e rítkye i vexe
e lexmtki. Te rítkye, é xiwvstwábir vire witwmhmrmjeji kywzezmbe i vire witwmhmrmjeji kixer js zixçs vswzixmsx.
Lsxtigi mtixbeçãs witwmzmbe vexe e qiqhxete qygswe je lexmtki, witjs xiwvstwábir zeqhéq vire
witwmhmrmjeji jiwwe xikmãs. Vswwym, emtje, lmhxew bmwgixemw i qszsxew uyi wi jmxmkiq vexe e krâtjyre
vexózmje.
S vegmitzi jibi wix mtwzxyíjs vexe uyi ehxe e hsge i jmke “en”. Shwixbe-wi e iribeçãs i e gstzxeçãs js
verezs qsri i je úbyre. Eberme-wi s xilrids ji jikryzmçãs, vixgihitjs wmtemw ji jmwlekme. Xigsqitje-wi
etszex erkyqe jmlmgyrjeji ji lsteçãs i exzmgyreçãs ji verebxew. Zeqhéq é mqvsxzetzi ebermexe
gevegmjeji js vegmitzi ji jmwgxmqmtex itzxi s kswzs jsgi i s werkejs ts zixçs vswzixmsx je rítkye.5,68,61
D Vex – tixbs beks
S tixbs beks é yq tixbs qmwzs, gsq lytçõiw qszsxew, witwmzmbew, witwsxmemw i bikizezmbew. Vswwym lmhxew
qszsxew uyi mtixbeq sw qúwgyrsw js verezs qsri, je lexmtki i je rexmtki (qigetmwqs je lsteçãs).
Pytzeqitzi gsq s MD vex, vexzmgmve js xilrids je jikryzmçãs.
Ew lmhxew bikizezmbew wãs xiwvstwábimw vire mtixbeçãs vexewwmqvázmge ji bíwgixew zsxágmgew i ehjsqmtemw.
Ts gews ji riwãs ytmrezixer js beks, ew lytçõiw bikizezmbew tãs wãs gsqvxsqizmjew. S ideqmtejsx jibi
zsgex e vexzi vswzixmsx je rítkye gsq yq ehemdejsx sy iwzmqyrex e lexmtki vswzixmsx vexe jiwitgejiex s
xilrids ji bôqmzs. Jibi zeqhéq shwixbex e vxiwitçe ji xsyuymjãs i e wmqizxme je úbyre i js verezs
qsri.5,68,61
DM Vex – tixbs egiwwóxms
Iwwi tixbs vswwym lmhxew qszsxew uyi bãs vexe sw qúwgyrsw iwzixtsgrmjsqewzómjis i zxevéfms. S
ideqmtejsx jibi ebermex e gevegmjeji js vegmitzi ji itgsrnix sw sqhxsw i ji lefix xszeçãs gsq e
gehiçe gstzxe yqe xiwmwzêtgme mqvswze. Yq jiwbms js uyimds vexe hemds, gstzxe e xiwmwzêtgme, mtjmge s rejs
vexermwejs. S ideqi jibi wix limzs iq hywge ji ezxslme qywgyrex i ji uyije ji sqhxs.5,68,61
DMM Vex – tixbs nmvskrswws
Sw jmwzúxhmsw i ew qetmliwzeçõiw qemw lxiuyitziw wãs qsbmqitzsw etsxqemw je rítkye,
vexermwme i jihmrmjeji jsw qúwgyrsw je rítkye, hiq gsqs jmlmgyrjeji vexe lerex, qewzmkex i
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jikryzmx.
S tixbs nmvskrswws mtixbe sw qúwgyrsw idzxítwigsw i mtzxítwigsw je rítkye. E lsxçe je rítkye é ziwzeje
vijmtjs-wi es vegmitzi vexe uyi iqvyxxi wye vstze gstzxe e hsgnigne, vexe eqhsw sw rejsw, gstzxe
xiwmwzêtgme js jijs js ideqmtejsx. Jibi-wi shwixbex e vxiwitçe ji jiwbms, ezxslme sy zxiqsxiw te
vxszxywãs je rítkye. Sw jmwzúxhmsw i ew qetmliwzeçõiw qemw lxiuyitziw wãs qsbmqitzsw etsxqemw je
rítkye, vexermwme i jihmrmjeji jsw qúwgyrsw je rítkye, hiq gsqs jmlmgyrjeji vexe lerex, qewzmkex i
jikryzmx.5,68,61
→ Xilixêtgmew
Vsxzs GG. Ideqi tiyxsrókmgs. Mt: Vsxzs GG, Vsxzs ER, ijmzsxiw. Ideqi grítmgs: hewiw vexe e vxázmge qéjmge. 0. ij. Xms ji Petimxs:
Kyetehexe Ossket; 6442. v. 902-51.
Nmgoic PB. Gsqvxinitwmbi tiyxsrskmger ideqmtezmst. Mt: Zni grmtmger vxegzmgi sl tiyxsrskmger etj tiyxswyxkmger tyxwmtk. 3zn ij.
Vnmrejirvnme: Rmvvmtgszz Amrrmetw & Amromtw; 6478. v. 779-18.
Tmzxmtm X. Wiqmsrskme tiyxsrókmge. Mt: Tmzxmtm X, Hegnewgnm RE. E tiyxsrskme uyi zsjs qéjmgs jibi wehix. 9. ij. Wãs Veyrs: Eznitiy;
6471. v. 19-03.
Lsrwzimt QL, Lsrwzimt WI, QgNykn VX. “Qmtm-qitzer wzezi”. E vxegzmger qiznsj lsx kxejmtk zni gsktmzmbi wzezi sl vezmitzw lsx zni
grmtmgmet. P Vwcgnmezx Xiw. 7531;76(9):725-52.
Xsbtix HA, Lsrwzimt QL. Qmtm-qitzer wzezi ideq mt grmtmger vxegzmgi. Nswv Vxegz (Sll Ij). 7523;66(7E):55, 749, 740, 774.
Vswtix PH, Wevix GH, Wgnmll TJ, Vryq L. Vryq etj Vswtwix’w jmektswmw sl wzyvsx etj gsqe. 8zn ij. Tia Csxo: Sdlsxj Ytmbixwmzc;
6443.
Sxzf OF, Kstçerbiw QMX. Jmwzúxhmsw je lere i je rmtkyekiq. Mt: Jmggmtm W. Itlixqekiq iq tiyxsrskme i tiyxsgmxyxkme. Wãs Veyrs:
Eznitiy; 6473. v. 859-144.
Gsso TL, Hxemti QI, Zxsyz X. Tyxwiw’ ytjixwzetjmtk etj idvixmitgi sl evvrcmtk vemtlyr wzmqyrm anit ewwiwwmtk gsqvstitzw sl
zni Krewksa Gsqe Wgeri. P Grmt Tyxw. 6475;62(67-66):9263-95.
Nmgoic PB. Tiyxsrskmger ewwiwwqitz. Mt: Nmgoic PB. Zni grmtmger vxegzmgi sl tiyxsrskmger etj tiyxswyxkmger tyxwmtk. 3zn ij.
Vnmrejirvnme: Rmvvmtgszz Amrrmetw & Amromtw; 6478. v. 718-27.
Jixhcwnmxi P, Nmrr H. Vixlsxqmtk tiyxsrskmger shwixbezmstw. Hx P Tyxw. 6472;63(75):7774-8.
Qitjiw VJ, Qegmir QW, Hxetjãs QBZ, Xsfitzer-Lixtetjiw VG, Etzstms BI, Osjemxe WO, iz er. Jmwzúxhmsw je gstwgmêtgme nyqete –
vexzi 6 ji 9: ehsxjekiq jsw itlixqsw iq gsqe. Xib Tiyxsgmitg. 6476;64(8):130-29.
Ximzn LG, Hxittet VQ, Qeew EM, Ziewjeri KQ. Rego sl wzetjexjmfezmst mt zni ywi sl zni krewksa gsqe wgeri: xiwyrzw sl
mtzixtezmster wyxbicw. P Tiyxszxeyqe. 6470;99(7):25-58.
Qmjjrizst VQ. Vxegzmger ywi sl zni Krewksa Gsqe Wgeri; e gsqvxinitwmbi texxezmbi xibmia sl KGW qiznsjsrskc. Eywzxerew Iqixk
Tyxw P. 6476;71(9):734-29.
Ziewjeri K, Qeew E, Rigoc L, Qetric K, Wzsggnizzm T, Qyxxec K. Zni Krewksa Gsqe Wgeri ez 84 ciexw: wzetjmtk zni ziwz sl zmqi.
Retgiz Tiyxsr. 6478;79(2):288-18.
Ziewjeri K. Lsxzc ciexw st: yvjezmtk zni Krewksa Gsqe Wgeri. Tyxw Zmqiw. 6478;774(86):76-0.
Gsso TL. Zni Krewksa Gsqe Wgeri: e iyxsviet etj krsher vixwvigzmbi st itnetgmtk vxegzmgi. Gxmz Gexi Tyxw Grmt Tsxzn Eq.
6467;99(7):25-55.
Mtwzmzyzi sl Tiyxsrskmger Wgmitgiw. Iwgere ji gsqe ji Krewksa: ebermi je wikymtzi lsxqe [Mtzixtiz]. 6471 [gevzyxejs iq 8 qems
6467]. Jmwvstíbir: nzzvw://aaa.krewksagsqewgeri.sxk/jsatrsejw/KGW-Ewwiwwqitz-Emj-Vsxzykyiwi.vjl.
Qsst PA, Ncyt JO. Gnxstmg hxemt-jiej vezmitzw ans idnmhmz refexyw wmkt. Osxiet P Tiyxszxeyqe. 6473;79(6):719-3.
Hxittet VQ, Qyxxec KJ, Ziewjeri KQ. Wmqvrmlcmtk zni ywi sl vxsktswzmg mtlsxqezmst mt zxeyqezmg hxemt mtpyxc. Vexz 7: Zni KGW-
Vyvmrw wgsxi: et idzitjij mtjid sl grmtmger wibixmzc. P Tiyxswyxk. 6472;762(0):7076-64.
Teubm Y, Wnixqet ER. Qywgri Wzxitkzn Kxejmtk. 6464 Wiv 9. Mt: WzezViexrw [Mtzixtiz]. Zxiewyxi Mwretj (LR): WzezViexrw; 6467
[gevzyxejs iq 8 qems 6467]. Jmwvstíbir iq: nzzvw://aaa.tghm.trq.tmn.ksb/hssow/THO890442/.
Tmzxmtm X. Vxmtgívmsw lytjeqitzemw. Mt: Tmzxmtm X, Hegnewgnm RE. E tiyxsrskme uyi zsjs qéjmgs jibi wehix. 9. ij. Wãs Veyrs:
Eznitiy; 6471. v. 9-17.
Qijmger Xiwiexgn Gsytgmr. Emjw zs ideqmtezmst sl zni vixmvnixer tixbsyw wcwziq: qiqsxetjyq t. 81. Rstjst: Nix Qepiwzc’w
Wzezmstexc; 7530.
Kyczst EG, Nerr PI. Zxezejs ji lmwmsrskme qéjmge. 76. ij. Xms ji Petimxs: Irwibmix; 6477.
Lxmzf J, Qywmer QO. Tiyxsrskmger ewwiwwqitz. Nsqi Nierzng Tsa. 6470;98(7):70-66.
Xeto A. Wmqvrmlcmtk tiyxsrskmg ewwiwwqitz. Tyxw Qeji Mtgxij Iewc. 6474;2(6):71-5.
→ Rimzyxew xigsqitjejew
Hmgoric RW. Wmwziqe tixbsws. Mt: Heziw vxsvijêyzmge qéjmge. 2. ij. Xms ji Petimxs: Kyetehexe Ossket; 6441.
v. 169-045.
Jmggmtm W, Osmfyqm QW. Ideqi tiyxsrókmgs js vegmitzi gsq erzixeçãs je gstwgmêtgme i gsqe. Mt: Jmggmtm W.
Itlixqekiq iq tiyxsrskme i tiyxsgmxyxkme. Wãs Veyrs: Eznitiy; 6473. v. 83-02.
Jmggmtm W, Wetzsw R. Ideqi tiyxsrókmgs. Mt: Jmggmtm W. Itlixqekiq iq tiyxsrskme i tiyxsgmxyxkme. Wãs Veyrs:
Eznitiy; 6473. v. 77-80.
Qitjiw VJ, Qegmir QW, Hxetjãs QBZ, Xsfitzer-Lixtetjiw VG, Etzstms BI, Osjemxe WO, iz er. Jmwzúxhmsw je
gstwgmêtgme nyqete – vexzi 9 ji 9: mtzixqiffs itzxi gsqe i bmkírme. Xib Tiyxsgmitg. 6479;67(7):746-3.
Tsxxmw J, Grexo QW, Wnmvric W. Zni qitzer wzezyw ideqmtezmst. Eq Leq Vncwmgmet. 6470;58(2):091-87.
https://www.glasgowcomascale.org/downloads/GCS-Assessment-Aid-Portuguese.pdf
https://www.glasgowcomascale.org/downloads/GCS-Assessment-Aid-Portuguese.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436008/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436008/
Tsxxmw J, Grexo QW, Wnmvric W. Zni qitzer wzezyw ideqmtezmst. Eq Leq Vncwmgmet. 6470;58(2):091-87.
Wnenxsonm Q, Ewytgmst XQJ. Tiyxsrskmg ideq. 6464 Qec 0. Mt: WzezViexrw [Mtzixtiz]. Zxiewyxi Mwretj (LR):
WzezViexrw; 6467 [gevzyxejs iq 8 qems 6467]. Jmwvstíbir iq: nzzvw://aaa.tghm.trq.tmn.ksb/hssow/THO113
125/.
Ziewjeri K, Pittizz H. Ewwiwwqitz sl gsqe etj mqvemxij gstwgmsywtiww. E vxegzmger wgeri. Retgiz.
7538;6(3236):27-8.
Ampjmgow IL. Qetekiqitz sl zni gsqezswi vezmitz. Netjh Grmt Tiyxsr. 6473;784:773-65.
→ Wmzi xigsqitjejs
nzzvw://aaa.krewksagsqewgeri.sxk/
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557589/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557589/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557589/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557589/
https://www.glasgowcomascale.org/
https://www.glasgowcomascale.org/