<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/8f636dea-1ee2-40c6-b431-5055239e9008/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws0"><span class="fc4 sc0">C</span><span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">M</span><span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Y</span><span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">CM</span><span class="blank _2"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">MY</span><span class="blank _3"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">CY</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">CMY</span><span class="blank _3"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">K</span></div><div class="t m1 x2 h3 y2 ff2 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws1">E<span class="blank _4"></span>c<span class="blank _4"></span>o<span class="blank _4"></span>l<span class="blank _4"></span>o<span class="blank _4"></span>g<span class="blank _4"></span>í<span class="blank _4"></span>a<span class="blank _4"></span> <span class="blank _4"></span>I<span class="blank _4"></span>:<span class="blank _4"></span> <span class="blank _4"></span>I<span class="blank _4"></span>n<span class="blank _4"></span>t<span class="blank _4"></span>r<span class="blank _4"></span>o<span class="blank _4"></span>d<span class="blank _4"></span>u<span class="blank _4"></span>c<span class="blank _4"></span>c<span class="blank _4"></span>i<span class="blank _4"></span>ó<span class="blank _4"></span>n<span class="blank _4"></span>.</div><div class="t m2 x2 h3 y3 ff2 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls3">Organismos</div><div class="t m2 x2 h3 y4 ff2 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws1">y poblaciones</div><div class="t m3 x2 h4 y5 ff2 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws1">Consuelo Escolástico León</div><div class="t m3 x2 h4 y6 ff2 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws1">M.<span class="blank _4"></span>ª <span class="blank _4"></span>de<span class="blank _4"></span>l <span class="blank _4"></span>P<span class="blank _4"></span>il<span class="blank _4"></span>ar <span class="blank _4"></span>C<span class="blank _4"></span>ab<span class="blank _4"></span>il<span class="blank _4"></span>do<span class="blank _4"></span> M<span class="blank _4"></span>ir<span class="blank _4"></span>an<span class="blank _4"></span>da</div><div class="t m3 x2 h4 y7 ff2 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws1">Rosa M.ª Claramunt Vallespí</div><div class="t m3 x2 h4 y8 ff2 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws1">Teresa Claramunt Vallespí</div><div class="t m0 x3 h5 y9 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls4"><span class="fc4 sc0">UD</span></div><div class="t m4 x4 h6 ya ff2 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws1"><span class="fc4 sc0">Ecología I: Introducción. Organismos y poblaciones</span></div><div class="t m5 x5 h7 yb ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls3">unidad</div><div class="t m5 x6 h7 yc ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls3">didáctica</div><div class="t m6 x7 h8 yd ff2 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws1">Ciencias Ambientales</div><div class="t m7 x8 h9 ye ff1 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls3"><span class="fc4 sc0">0160201UD01A01</span></div><div class="t m8 x4 ha yf ff3 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls3"><span class="fc4 sc0">0160201UD01A01</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y10 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws3"><span class="fc4 sc0">La Ecología es una ciencia </span><span class="fc4 sc0">multidisciplinar que </span><span class="fc4 sc0">se sustenta </span><span class="fc4 sc0">en un conocimiento científico riguroso.</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y11 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls5 ws4"><span class="fc4 sc0">El texto titulado </span><span class="ff5"><span class="fc4 sc0">Ecología I: Introducción. Organismos y Poblaciones</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> está dirigido a los estudiantes</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y12 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls2 ws5"><span class="fc4 sc0">de Primer Ciclo de la titulación en Ciencias Ambientales. Su objetivo general es el estudio de las</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y13 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls6 ws6"><span class="fc4 sc0">bases ecológicas, en lo que se refiere a los dos primeros niveles de la jerarquía biológica: organismos</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y14 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls3 ws1"><span class="fc4 sc0">y poblaciones, para la comprensión de los graves problemas medioambientales.</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y15 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls7 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">Los </span><span class="fc4 sc0">contenidos </span><span class="fc4 sc0">están</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">dist</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ribuidos</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">en </span><span class="fc4 sc0">dos </span><span class="fc4 sc0">unidades </span><span class="fc4 sc0">didácticas, </span><span class="fc4 sc0">con </span><span class="fc4 sc0">un </span><span class="fc4 sc0">total </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de </span><span class="fc4 sc0">ocho </span><span class="fc4 sc0">temas. </span><span class="fc4 sc0">La </span><span class="fc4 sc0">primera</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y16 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls6 ws8"><span class="fc4 sc0">desarrolla los conceptos generales de Ecología y aborda a continuación el estudio de los organismos;</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y17 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws2"><span class="fc4 sc0">la segunda trata de su agrupación en poblaciones y presenta las leyes que regulan su estructura y</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y18 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws9"><span class="fc4 sc0">crecimien</span><span class="fc4 sc0">to, destacand</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o el enorme</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> impacto de la especie</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> humana sob</span><span class="fc4 sc0">re las demás.</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> Se ha utiliz</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ado</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y19 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls3 ws1"><span class="fc4 sc0">para su elaboración la bibliografía más significativa.</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y1a ff2 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls8 wsa"><span class="fc4 sc0">Consuelo Escolástico León</span><span class="ff4"><span class="fc4 sc0"> es profesora contratada doctora con docencia en diferentes asignaturas</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y1b ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls0 wsb"><span class="fc4 sc0">de la titulación de Ciencias Ambientales y cuya labor investigadora ha dado lugar a publicaciones</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y1c ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls3 ws1"><span class="fc4 sc0">en revistas ISI y comunicaciones en congresos.</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y1d ff2 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls9 wsc"><span class="fc4 sc0">Pilar </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Cabildo </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Miranda</span><span class="ff4"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">es </span><span class="fc4 sc0">profesora </span><span class="fc4 sc0">titular </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de </span><span class="fc4 sc0">universidad </span><span class="fc4 sc0">y </span><span class="fc4 sc0">desarrolla </span><span class="fc4 sc0">su </span><span class="fc4 sc0">docencia </span><span class="fc4 sc0">e </span><span class="fc4 sc0">investigación</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y1e ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls2 wsd"><span class="fc4 sc0">en </span><span class="fc4 sc0">el </span><span class="fc4 sc0">ámbito </span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e </span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">as </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Ciencias </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Ambientale</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s </span><span class="fc4 sc0">y </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Q</span><span class="fc4 sc0">uímicas. </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Ha </span><span class="fc4 sc0">publicado </span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n </span><span class="fc4 sc0">r</span><span class="fc4 sc0">evistas </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de </span><span class="fc4 sc0">alto </span><span class="fc4 sc0">índ</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ice </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y1f ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls3"><span class="fc4 sc0">impacto.</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y20 ff2 fs7 fc3 sc0 lsa wse"><span class="fc4 sc0">Rosa María Claramunt Vallespí</span><span class="ff4"><span class="fc4 sc0">, doctora por las Universidades de Barcelona y Montpellier, es</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y21 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls1 wsf"><span class="fc4 sc0">catedrática de universidad, donde lleva a cabo tareas docentes e investigadoras en el ámbito de la</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y22 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls3 ws1"><span class="fc4 sc0">química orgánica, bioorgánica y supramolecular con resultados de proyección internacional.</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y23 ff2 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls6 ws10"><span class="fc4 sc0">Teresa Claramunt Vallespí</span><span class="ff4"><span class="fc4 sc0"> es catedrática de enseñanza secundaria en la especialidad de Biología</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y24 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 lsb ws11"><span class="fc4 sc0">y </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Geolog</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ía, </span><span class="fc4 sc0">y </span><span class="fc4 sc0">presidenta </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de </span><span class="fc4 sc0">la </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Sociedad </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Almeriense </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Historia </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Nat</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ura</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l.</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Ha </span><span class="fc4 sc0">sido </span><span class="fc4 sc0">discípula </span><span class="fc4 sc0">del </span><span class="fc4 sc0">profesor</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y25 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls3 ws1"><span class="fc4 sc0">Ramón Margalef.</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y26 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 lsc ws12"><span class="fc4 sc0">Todas son coautoras de textos y artículos relacionados con el Medio Ambiente y han impartido</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hb y27 ff4 fs7 fc3 sc0 ls3 ws1"><span class="fc4 sc0">conferencias en diferentes foros.</span></div><div class="t m0 xa hc y28 ff4 fs9 fc2 sc0 ls3"><span class="fc4 sc0">Editorial</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,-575.433000,-56.692900]}"></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w2 hd" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w2 hd"><div class="t m0 x5 he y29 ff6 fs9 fc5 sc0 lse ws19">Consuelo Escolástico León</div><div class="t m0 xb he y2a ff6 fs9 fc5 sc0 lsf ws13">M.<span class="fsa lsd v1">a</span><span class="lse ws19">del Pilar Cabildo Miranda</span></div><div class="t m0 xc he y2b ff6 fs9 fc5 sc0 lse ws19">Rosa M.<span class="fsa lsd v1">a</span>Claramunt V<span class="blank _5"></span>allespí</div><div class="t m0 xd he y2c ff6 fs9 fc5 sc0 lse ws19">T<span class="blank _6"></span>eresa Claramunt V<span class="blank _5"></span>allespí</div><div class="t m0 xe hf y2d ff6 fsb fc5 sc0 ls10 ws1a">ECOLOGÍA I: INTRODUCCIÓN.</div><div class="t m0 xf hf y2e ff6 fsb fc5 sc0 ls10 ws1a">ORGANISMOS Y POBLACIONES</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y2f ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls3 ws14">U<span class="fsd ls11 ws15">NIVERSIDAD<span class="blank"> </span></span>N<span class="fsd ls12 ws16">ACIONAL<span class="blank"> </span>DE<span class="blank"> </span></span>E<span class="fsd ls11 ws17">DUCACIÓN<span class="blank"> </span>A<span class="blank"> </span></span>D<span class="fsd ls11 ws18">IST<span class="blank _7"></span>ANCIA</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w2 hd" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w2 hd"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x11 y30 w3 h11" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/8f636dea-1ee2-40c6-b431-5055239e9008/bg3.png"><div class="t m9 x11 h12 y31 ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">ECOLOGÍA I: INTRODUCCIÓN. ORGANISMOS Y POBLACIONES</div><div class="t m9 x11 h13 y32 ff9 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b"> <span class="blank _4"></span></div><div class="t m9 x11 h13 y33 ff9 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b"> <span class="blank _4"></span></div><div class="t m9 x11 h13 y34 ff9 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b"> <span class="blank _4"></span></div><div class="t m9 x11 h13 y35 ff9 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b"> <span class="blank _4"></span></div><div class="t m9 x11 h12 y36 ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12">Q</div><div class="t m0 x12 h12 y37 ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">uedan rigurosamente prohibidas, sin la</div><div class="t m0 x11 h12 y38 ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">autorización escrita de los titulares del</div><div class="t m0 x11 h12 y39 ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">Copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas</div><div class="t m0 x11 h12 y3a ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">en las leyes, la reproducción total o</div><div class="t m0 x11 h12 y3b ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio</div><div class="t m0 x11 h12 y3c ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía</div><div class="t m0 x11 h12 y3d ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">y el tratamiento informático, y la distribución</div><div class="t m0 x11 h12 y3e ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">de ejemplares de ella mediante alquiler</div><div class="t m0 x11 h12 y3f ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">o préstamos públicos.</div><div class="t m0 x11 h12 y40 ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">©<span class="blank _8"> </span>Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia</div><div class="t m0 x13 h12 y41 ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">Madrid, 20<span class="ff9">13</span></div><div class="t m0 x14 h13 y42 ff9 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b"> <span class="blank _4"></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h13 y43 ff9 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b"> <span class="blank _4"></span> <span class="blank _4"></span> <span class="blank _4"></span> <span class="blank _4"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x11 h13 y44 ff9 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b"> <span class="blank _4"></span> <span class="blank _4"></span> <span class="blank _4"></span> <span class="blank _4"></span>www.uned.es/publicaciones</div><div class="t m0 x11 h13 y45 ff9 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b"> <span class="blank _4"></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h13 y46 ff9 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b"> <span class="blank _4"></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h12 y47 ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b">©<span class="blank _8"> </span>Consuelo Escolástico León, M.<span class="fse ls13 v2">a</span><span class="v0">del Pilar Cabildo Miranda,</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h12 y48 ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls11 ws1b">Rosa M.<span class="fse ls13 v2">a</span><span class="ls12 ws1c v0">Claramunt V<span class="blank _7"></span>allespí y T<span class="blank _7"></span>eresa Claramunt V<span class="blank _7"></span>allespí</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h12 y49 ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12">ISBN<span class="ff9 ws1c"> electrónico</span><span class="ws1c">: <span class="ff9">978-84-362-6806-5</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h12 y4a ff9 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12">E<span class="ff8">dición</span><span class="ws1c"> digital<span class="ff8">: </span>noviembre<span class="ff8"> de 20</span>13</span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h12 y4b ff8 fsd fc1 sc0 ls12 ws1c">Quinta reimpresión: julio de 2007</div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y4c ff8 fsd fc5 sc0 ls12 ws1b"> </div><a class="l"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:77.675700px;bottom:345.004210px;width:112.970080px;height:10.556900px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w2 hd" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w2 hd"></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w2 hd" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w2 hd"></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w2 hd" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w2 hd"></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w2 hd" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w2 hd"></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w2 hd" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w2 hd"><div class="t m0 x17 h14 y4d ffa fsf fc6 sc0 ls16">ÍNDICE</div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y4e ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws1d">Prólogo<span class="blank"> </span>.............................................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">11</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h16 y4f ffc fs3 fc6 sc0 ls14">U<span class="fs10 ls17 ws1e v0">NIDAD<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ls3 ws1f v0">D<span class="fs10 ls17 ws20">IDÁCTICA<span class="blank"> </span></span>I</span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h17 y50 ffc fs3 fc6 sc0 ls18 ws26">INTRODUCCIÓN. ECOLOGÍA DE LOS ORGANISMOS</div><div class="t m0 x11 h17 y51 ffc fs3 fc6 sc0 ls18 ws26">T<span class="blank _7"></span>ema 1.<span class="blank _a"> </span>Introducción a la Ecología<span class="blank _b"> </span><span class="ffb fc5 ls10 ws21">............................................<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">15</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x18 h18 y52 ffb fs3 fc6 sc0 ls10 ws27">(Dra. D.<span class="fs11 ls15 v3">a</span><span class="ls18 v0">Consuelo Escolástico León)</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y53 ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws22">1.1.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Introducción<span class="blank"> </span>...........................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">17</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y54 ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">1.2.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Concepto de Ecología<span class="blank _d"> </span>............................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">17</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y55 ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">1.3.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Historia de la Ecología<span class="blank _d"> </span>..........................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">20</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y56 ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">1.4.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Divisiones de la Ecología<span class="blank _e"> </span>.......................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">23</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y57 ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws27">1.5.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Relación entre la Ecología y otras ciencias<span class="blank _f"> </span>..........................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="ls10 v0">23</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y58 ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">1.6.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Niveles de organización<span class="blank _10"> </span>.........................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">25</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y59 ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws27">1.7.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Concepto de ecosistema, hábitat y nicho<span class="blank _a"> </span>.............................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="ls10 v0">28</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y5a ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">1.8.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Método científico<span class="blank _d"> </span>...................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">31</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y5b ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws23">1.9.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Modelos<span class="blank"> </span>...................................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">34</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y5c ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">Ejercicios de autocomprobación<span class="blank _f"> </span>....................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">37</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h17 y5d ffc fs3 fc6 sc0 ls18 ws29">T<span class="blank _7"></span>ema <span class="blank _6"></span>2.<span class="blank _d"> </span>Interacciones organismo-medioambiente. Factores</div><div class="t m0 x18 h17 y5e ffc fs3 fc6 sc0 ls10 ws24">climáticos<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb fc5 ws25">.........................................................................<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">39</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x18 h19 y5f ffb fs3 fc6 sc0 ls10 ws27">(Dra. D.<span class="fs11 ls15 v3">a</span><span class="ls18 v0">Consuelo Escolástico León)</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y60 ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws22">2.1.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Introducción<span class="blank"> </span>...........................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">41</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y61 ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">2.2.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Concepto de homeostasis<span class="blank _d"> </span>......................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">42</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y62 ffb fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws2a">2.3.<span class="blank _c"> </span>T<span class="blank _7"></span>olerancia ambiental y punto óptimo...................................<span class="blank _11"> </span><span class="ls10 v0">45</span></div><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[12,"FitH",683]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.784500px;bottom:407.830580px;width:354.329900px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[14,"FitH",568]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:93.774990px;bottom:357.773440px;width:294.359270px;height:25.872050px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[16,"FitH",683]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.789020px;bottom:318.789350px;width:354.329890px;height:25.838990px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[18,"FitH",683]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786940px;bottom:295.767620px;width:354.329900px;height:12.660850px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[18,"FitH",495]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:282.754470px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[21,"FitH",589]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:269.741320px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[24,"FitH",613]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:256.728160px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660850px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[24,"FitH",287]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:243.715010px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[26,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:230.701860px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[29,"FitH",425]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:217.688710px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[32,"FitH",449]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:204.675550px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660850px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[35,"FitH",449]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:191.662400px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[38,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:178.649250px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[40,"FitH",613]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:119.612030px;width:354.329690px;height:38.841060px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[42,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786940px;bottom:96.614620px;width:354.329900px;height:12.660850px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[43,"FitH",566]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:83.601470px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[46,"FitH",425]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:70.588320px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w2 hd" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w2 hd"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x11 y63 w3 h1a" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/8f636dea-1ee2-40c6-b431-5055239e9008/bg9.png"><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y64 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws27">2.4.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Clima y tiempo<span class="blank _a"> </span>.......................................................................<span class="blank _11"> </span><span class="v0">48</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y65 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">2.5.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Radiación solar<span class="blank _b"> </span>.......................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">49</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y66 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws27">2.6.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Balance de energía de la T<span class="blank _7"></span>ierra<span class="blank _e"> </span>.............................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">52</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y67 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">2.7.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Circulación atmosférica<span class="blank _f"> </span>.........................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">54</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y68 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">2.8.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Corrientes oceánicas<span class="blank _a"> </span>..............................................................<span class="blank _11"> </span><span class="v0">57</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y69 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws2b">2.9.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Altitud<span class="blank"> </span>.....................................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">58</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y6a ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws2c">2.10.<span class="blank _12"> </span>Relieve<span class="blank"> </span>.....................................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">59</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y6b ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws27">2.11.<span class="blank _12"> </span>T<span class="blank _7"></span>emperatura del aire y humedad<span class="blank _10"> </span>..........................................<span class="blank _11"> </span><span class="v0">59</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y6c ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws2d">2.12.<span class="blank _12"> </span>Precipitaciones<span class="blank"> </span>.......................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">61</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y6d ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws2e">2.13.<span class="blank _12"> </span>Luz...........................................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">62</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y6e ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">2.14.<span class="blank _12"> </span>Clasificación de los climas. Biomas<span class="blank _f"> </span>......................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">63</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y6f ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws27">2.15.<span class="blank _12"> </span>Efectos del cambio climático sobre los organismos<span class="blank _f"> </span>............<span class="blank _11"> </span><span class="ls10 v0">65</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y70 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">Ejercicios de autocomprobación<span class="blank _f"> </span>....................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">68</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h17 y71 ffe fs3 fc6 sc0 ls18 ws26">T<span class="blank _7"></span>ema 3.<span class="blank _a"> </span>Factores hidrográficos. Factores edáficos<span class="blank _a"> </span><span class="ffd fc5 ls10 ws2f">.................<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">69</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x18 h15 y72 ffd fs3 fc6 sc0 ls10 ws27">(Dra. D.<span class="fs11 ls15 v3">a</span><span class="ls18 v0">Consuelo Escolástico León)</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y73 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws27">3.1.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Factores hidrográficos<span class="blank _a"> </span>...........................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">71</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y74 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws27">3.2.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Estructura química del agua<span class="blank _13"> </span>.................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">72</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y75 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">3.3.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Propiedades físico-químicas del agua<span class="blank _b"> </span>...................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">73</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y76 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws30">3.4.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Ósmosis<span class="blank"> </span>...................................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">78</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y77 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">3.5.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Sales y gases disueltos en el agua<span class="blank _a"> </span>.........................................<span class="blank _11"> </span><span class="v0">80</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y78 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws27">3.6.<span class="blank _c"> </span>pH del agua.............................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">83</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y79 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">3.7.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Agua y suelo<span class="blank _b"> </span>............................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">83</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y7a ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">3.8.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Factores edáficos. Concepto de suelo<span class="blank _10"> </span>...................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">85</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y7b ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws27">3.9.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Factores formadores del suelo<span class="blank _d"> </span>..............................................<span class="blank _11"> </span><span class="v0">87</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y7c ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">3.10.<span class="blank _12"> </span>Procesos de formación del suelo<span class="blank _f"> </span>...........................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">88</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y7d ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">3.11.<span class="blank _12"> </span>Perfil del suelo y horizontes<span class="blank _a"> </span>..................................................<span class="blank _11"> </span><span class="v0">90</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y7e ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws31">3.12.<span class="blank _12"> </span>Nutrientes<span class="blank"> </span>...............................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">91</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y7f ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws27">3.13.<span class="blank _12"> </span>pH del suelo<span class="blank _f"> </span>............................................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">94</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y80 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">3.14.<span class="blank _12"> </span>Degradación de los suelos<span class="blank _d"> </span>.....................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">95</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y81 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">Ejercicios de autocomprobación<span class="blank _f"> </span>....................................................<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="v0">07</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h17 y82 ffe fs3 fc6 sc0 ls18 ws34">T<span class="blank _7"></span>ema 4.<span class="blank _d"> </span>Adaptación y respuesta de los organismos a los fac-</div><div class="t m0 x18 h17 y83 ffe fs3 fc6 sc0 ls18 ws26">tores ambientales. Especiación<span class="blank _b"> </span><span class="ffd fc5 ls10 ws32">....................................<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">99</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x18 h15 y84 ffd fs3 fc6 sc0 ls10 ws27">(Dra. D.<span class="fs11 ls15 v3">a</span><span class="ls1a ws33 v0">M.<span class="fs11 ls15 v3">a</span><span class="ls18 ws2a">Pilar Cabildo Miranda)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y85 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">4.1.<span class="blank _c"> </span>¿Qué es adaptación?...............................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">101</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y86 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws27">4.2.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Adaptaciones a factores ambientales abióticos<span class="blank _b"> </span>....................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">104</span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h15 y87 ffd fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws27">4.2.1.<span class="blank _3"> </span>Adaptaciones a factores climáticos<span class="blank _f"> </span>............................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">105</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h1b y88 ffd fs7 fc5 sc0 ls19">8<span class="fs12 ls1b ws35">ECOLOGÍA I: INTRODUCCIÓN. ORGANISMOS Y POBLACIONES</span></div><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[49,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.784500px;bottom:598.237630px;width:354.329900px;height:12.660810px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[50,"FitH",378]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.784520px;bottom:585.213580px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660810px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[53,"FitH",495]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.784520px;bottom:572.189530px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660810px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[55,"FitH",332]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.784520px;bottom:559.165480px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660810px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a 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data-dest-detail="[62,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.784520px;bottom:494.045210px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[63,"FitH",589]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.784520px;bottom:481.021160px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660850px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[64,"FitH",519]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.784520px;bottom:467.997120px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[66,"FitH",495]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.784520px;bottom:454.973070px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[69,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.784520px;bottom:441.949020px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[70,"FitH",613]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.784520px;bottom:393.844650px;width:354.329880px;height:25.895230px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[72,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786940px;bottom:369.809490px;width:354.329900px;height:12.660850px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[73,"FitH",589]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:356.785450px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[74,"FitH",332]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:343.761400px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[79,"FitH",308]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:330.737350px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[81,"FitH",613]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:317.713300px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660850px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[84,"FitH",659]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:304.689250px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660850px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[84,"FitH",472]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:291.665210px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[86,"FitH",683]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:278.641160px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[88,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:265.617110px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[89,"FitH",495]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:252.593050px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[91,"FitH",613]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:239.568980px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660850px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[92,"FitH",287]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:226.544920px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[95,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:213.520860px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[96,"FitH",613]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:200.496800px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[98,"FitH",659]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:187.472730px;width:354.329880px;height:12.660850px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[100,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786960px;bottom:126.360660px;width:354.329690px;height:38.902940px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[102,"FitH",683]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.781070px;bottom:102.325520px;width:354.329710px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[105,"FitH",495]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.781070px;bottom:89.301450px;width:354.329710px;height:12.660850px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[106,"FitH",402]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:92.128190px;bottom:70.612400px;width:325.982590px;height:12.660840px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w2 hd" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w2 hd"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x11 y63 w3 h1a" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/8f636dea-1ee2-40c6-b431-5055239e9008/bga.png"><div class="t m0 x19 h15 y64 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws27">4.2.2.<span class="blank _3"> </span>Adaptación a factores hidrográficos<span class="blank _10"> </span>..........................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">114</span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h15 y89 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws27">4.2.3.<span class="blank _3"> </span>Adaptación a factores edáficos<span class="blank _b"> </span>...................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">114</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y8a fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws3d">4.3.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Estrategias de adaptación en el proceso de fotosíntesis:</div><div class="t m0 x19 h15 y8b fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws27">Fotosíntesis C3, C4 y CAM<span class="blank _d"> </span>....................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">115</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y8c fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws31">4.4.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Coevolución<span class="blank"> </span>............................................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">120</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y8d fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws23">4.5.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Especiación<span class="blank"> </span>.............................................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">121</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y8e fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">Ejercicios de autocomprobación<span class="blank _f"> </span>....................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">124</span></div><div class="t m0 x1a h17 y8f ff10 fs3 fc6 sc0 ls3 ws1f">U<span class="fs10 ls17 ws36 v0">NIDAD<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="v0">D<span class="fs10 ls17 ws20">IDÁCTICA<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ls1c">II</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1b h17 y90 ff10 fs3 fc6 sc0 ls18 ws26">ECOLOGÍA DE POBLACIONES</div><div class="t m0 x11 h17 y91 ff10 fs3 fc6 sc0 ls18 ws26">T<span class="blank _7"></span>ema 5.<span class="blank _a"> </span>Dinámica de poblaciones<span class="blank _13"> </span><span class="fff fc5 ls10 ws37">..............................................<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">127</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x18 h15 y92 fff fs3 fc6 sc0 ls10 ws27">(Dra. D.<span class="fs11 ls15 v3">a</span><span class="ls18 v0">Consuelo Escolástico León)</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y93 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws22">5.1.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Introducción<span class="blank"> </span>...........................................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">129</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y94 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws27">5.2.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Conceptos básicos de la dinámica de las poblaciones.........<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">129</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y95 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">5.3.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Estadísticas vitales<span class="blank _a"> </span>.................................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">133</span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h15 y96 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws27">5.3.1.<span class="blank _3"> </span>T<span class="blank _14"></span>ablas de vida<span class="blank _13"> </span>..............................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">133</span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h15 y97 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">5.3.2.<span class="blank _3"> </span>Índices de crecimiento<span class="blank _f"> </span>................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">137</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y98 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws27">5.4.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Modelos matemáticos del crecimiento de poblaciones<span class="blank _10"> </span>.......<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">140</span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h15 y99 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws3e">5.4.1.<span class="blank _2"> </span>Crecimiento de poblaciones con generaciones dis-</div><div class="t m0 x1c h15 y9a fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws38">cretas<span class="blank"> </span>............................................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">141</span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h15 y9b fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws3f">5.4.2.<span class="blank _2"> </span>Crecimiento de las poblaciones cuando las genera-</div><div class="t m0 x1c h15 y9c fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">ciones se solapan<span class="blank _f"> </span>.........................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">143</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y9d fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">5.5.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Interacciones entre las especies<span class="blank _a"> </span>............................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">145</span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h15 y9e fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws27">5.5.1.<span class="blank _3"> </span>Modelo matemático de Lotka y V<span class="blank _14"></span>olterra<span class="blank _13"> </span>...................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">147</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y9f fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls18 ws40">5.6.<span class="blank _2"> </span>Evolución de la capacidad competitiva: selección-K y selec-</div><div class="t m0 x14 h15 ya0 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws39">ción-r<span class="blank"> </span>........................................................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">149</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 ya1 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">Ejercicios de autocomprobación<span class="blank _f"> </span>....................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">152</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h17 ya2 ff10 fs3 fc6 sc0 ls18 ws41">T<span class="blank _14"></span>ema <span class="blank _15"></span>6.<span class="blank _a"> </span>Relaciones intraespecíficas. Cooperación. Compe-</div><div class="t m0 x18 h17 ya3 ff10 fs3 fc6 sc0 ls18 ws3a">tencia.<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fff fc5 ls10 ws3b">...............................................................................<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">153</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x18 h15 ya4 fff fs3 fc6 sc0 ls10 ws27">(Dra. D.<span class="fs11 ls15 v3">a</span><span class="v0">T<span class="blank _14"></span>eresa Claramunt V<span class="blank _7"></span>allespí)</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 ya5 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws22">6.1.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Introducción<span class="blank"> </span>...........................................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">155</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 ya6 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">6.2.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Relaciones de cooperación<span class="blank _a"> </span>....................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">155</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 ya7 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">6.3.<span class="blank _c"> </span>Relaciones de competencia<span class="blank _d"> </span>...................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">161</span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h15 ya8 fff fs3 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws28">6.3.1.<span class="blank _3"> </span>T<span class="blank _14"></span>ipos de competencia<span class="blank"> </span>.................................................<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ls18 v0">163</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h1b y88 fff fs12 fc5 sc0 ls1b ws3c">ÍNDICE<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fs7 ls3">9</span></div><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[115,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:92.131000px;bottom:598.193620px;width:325.982590px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[115,"FitH",355]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:92.131000px;bottom:585.081620px;width:325.982590px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[116,"FitH",449]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.783870px;bottom:553.302570px;width:354.329530px;height:25.706890px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[121,"FitH",589]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.783690px;bottom:540.190570px;width:354.329710px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[122,"FitH",472]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.783690px;bottom:527.078570px;width:354.329710px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[125,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.783690px;bottom:513.966570px;width:354.329710px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[126,"FitH",589]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:155.386930px;bottom:469.682560px;width:171.123550px;height:25.946940px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[128,"FitH",566]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.778900px;bottom:434.500660px;width:354.340610px;height:25.941950px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[130,"FitH",683]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786940px;bottom:412.335650px;width:354.329700px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[130,"FitH",402]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786930px;bottom:399.223650px;width:354.329710px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[134,"FitH",613]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786930px;bottom:386.111650px;width:354.329710px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[134,"FitH",613]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:92.134050px;bottom:367.334640px;width:325.982590px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[138,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:92.134050px;bottom:354.222610px;width:325.982590px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[141,"FitH",425]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786930px;bottom:335.445600px;width:354.329710px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[142,"FitH",659]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:92.134050px;bottom:303.666520px;width:325.982770px;height:25.706890px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[144,"FitH",402]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:92.134230px;bottom:277.552440px;width:325.982770px;height:25.706900px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[146,"FitH",287]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.787290px;bottom:258.775440px;width:354.329710px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[148,"FitH",402]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:92.134410px;bottom:239.998430px;width:325.982590px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[150,"FitH",542]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.787290px;bottom:208.219350px;width:354.329710px;height:25.706890px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[153,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.787290px;bottom:195.107330px;width:354.329710px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[154,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.787290px;bottom:137.777650px;width:354.340640px;height:38.981520px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[156,"FitH",636]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786940px;bottom:115.612660px;width:354.329700px;height:12.704810px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[156,"FitH",472]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786930px;bottom:102.500640px;width:354.329710px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[162,"FitH",566]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:63.786930px;bottom:89.388630px;width:354.329710px;height:12.704810px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a><a class="l" data-dest-detail="[164,"FitH",332]"><div class="d ma" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:92.134050px;bottom:70.611620px;width:325.982590px;height:12.704820px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div>
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