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Materials Today: Proceedings 43 (2021) 2877–2881
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Materials Today: Proceedings
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Applications of nanomaterials in wastewater treatment
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.126
2214-7853/� 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Cutting-edge Research in Material Science and Chemistry (CRMSC-2021).
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: michelprabhu.inbaraj@jaipur.manipal.edu (M. Prabhu Inbaraj).
Priyanka Jangid a,b, Michel Prabhu Inbaraj b,⇑
aDepartment of Chemistry, Kanoria PG Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
bDepartment of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Available online 6 March 2021
Keywords:
CNTs
Nanomaterials
TiO2
Wastewater
The accessibility of good quality water is important for all living creatures in the world. The major
requirement in the present era is the treatment of wastewater due to scarcity of water resources.
Adsorption, flocculation, filtration etc., are some of the techniques but they are used only for primary
treatment of wastewater. It is required to develop techniques with low capital requirement and high effi-
ciency. The recent advanced technology, nanomaterials have attracted the attention for wastewater treat-
ment. Nanoscale properties of nanomaterials such as catalysis, adsorption, reactivity, greater surface area
makes them effectively useful for the treatment of wastewater. Various types of nanomaterials are being
used for the removal of different contaminants from wastewater. Activated carbon, carbon nanotubes,
graphene, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide are some examples of nano-adsorbents which are used for
the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. For the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from
water nanocatalyst such as electrocatalyst, photocatalyst have been potentially employed. This review
article is focused on the advancements which have been made in the area of wastewater treatment by
using nanomaterials.
� 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Cutting-edge Research in
Material Science and Chemistry (CRMSC-2021).
1. Introduction
Although 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, less
than 1% is available for human consumption [1]. Water is the basic
need and most vital substance required by all on earth. Due to the
rapid industrialization different contaminants such as heavy metal
ions, radionuclides, pathogenic bacteria, viruses are released into
water resources which makes them harmful to human health.
When the quality of water is degraded by industrial effluents,
organic pollutants or any other compounds then it becomes
wastewater. Some factors such as level of groundwater, land use
affect the composition of wastewater. Selective treatment should
be employed to filter water with the consideration of cost involved
in filtration process [2].
Selecting the most efficient method and the right material for
wastewater treatment is of utmost important, considering the effi-
ciency and the cost of the treatment. Hence, while selecting the
method of wastewater treatment, it’s efficiency, reuse of the mate-
rials used, eco-friendliness and cost effectiveness must be consid-
ered [3,4].
Conventional water treatment techniques like reverse osmosis,
distillation, coagulation-flocculation, bio-sand and filtration are
not capable enough in removing all heavy metal ions. As adsorp-
tion technology is cost effective, highly efficient, and easy to oper-
ate, it is regarded as an important method to remove heavy metal
ions from wastewater.
Zeolites, activated carbon, chelating materials, clay minerals are
some materials which are used to adsorb heavy metal ions from
the solution. But the low sorption tendency of traditional sorbents
restrict the use of these deeply [5]. Currently, nanotechnology,
known due to its unique physiochemical properties of nanomateri-
als, is emerging as a widely applied technology in different areas of
environmental remediation. For the elimination of organic and
inorganic pollutants, toxic metals wide range of nanomaterial are
being tested. Economically nanotechnology is helpful for the uti-
lization of water resources and energy conservation [6].
Nanostructured adsorbents are also used for wastewater treat-
ment as they exhibit much higher efficiency and reacts at faster
rate. For the adsorption of metals and organic compounds mag-
netic nanoparticles are being developed. Nanofiltration technique
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.126
mailto:michelprabhu.inbaraj@jaipur.manipal.edu
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.126
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http://www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
P. Jangid and M. Prabhu Inbaraj Materials Today: Proceedings 43 (2021) 2877–2881
is also used to remove industrial pollutants such as bisphenol-A,
phthalates, alkylphenols, etc. from groundwater. In the modern
era, a new term Green Nanotechnology is coined. The main aim
of green technology includes minimal health hazards, environmen-
tal risks etc. [7]. This review focuses on the use of various nanoma-
terials applied in the treatment of wastewater.
2. Nanomaterials
Materials with the dimension of 1–100 nm are categorized as
nanomaterials. The characteristic properties of nanomaterials such
as adsorption, high surface to volume ratio, catalytic activities and
reactivity make them significant. As nanomaterials are small in
size, the surface area of nanomaterials is greater which make them
highly compatible. Variety of nanomaterials are observed which
exhibit their own specific properties [8].
2.1. Silver nanomaterials
Silver nanomaterials are widely used as in the form of colloidal
silver. Silver nanomaterials has proven to be used as antimicrobial
agents and have extensively used against naturally occurring
microorganisms [9]. Vital cellular components of microorganism
are disturbed by silver nanomaterial which results in death of
pathogenic microorganism. Nanomaterial binds on the cell mem-
brane leading to cell lysis. For community water, in hospitals silver
nanomaterial are used for water purification. They have been used
as a substitute for chlorine in filtration technique [10]. Silver nano-
materials are potentially used in reducing the biofouling and as an
effective disinfectant in sewage and wastewater treatment for the
removal of E. coli and other pathogen [11]. Ag nanomaterial are
used with increased efficiency by inserting high porosity filters
[12].
Pathogenic bacteria are killed by silver nanomaterials by induc-
ing physical perturbation with oxidative stress through distur-
bance of vital cellular component. They are cost effectiveness
possessing high antibacterial activity which have been considered
as the most promising for water disinfection [13]. Polyethersul-
phone (PES) microfiltration membranes was used for incorporating
silver nanomaterials synthesized by chemical reduction and the
microorganisms present nearby the membrane were not active
enough [14]. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World
Health Organization (WHO) has put forward that the standard
for silver in drinking water was greater than the silver loss from sil-
ver nanomaterials [15].
2.2. Carbon nanomaterials
Carbon nanomaterials prepared from most abundant element
carbon are extensively used for the purification of water. Carbon
nanomaterials have the capability of regeneration by which the
adsorption capacity of carbon spent can be recovered through
which the economic application of activated carbon can be deter-
mined. But during regeneration some percentage of adsorption
capacity will be lost [16].
The discovery of the first fullerene in 1985 has opened a new
horizon for the synthesis of carbo nanotube (CNTs) [17]. The first
CNTwas fabricated in the year 1991 [18]. CNTs are synthesized
from graphite using arc discharge; laser ablation; or by chemical
vapor deposition from carbon-containing gas. Owing to their
hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, ion exchange, elec-
trostatic interactions with the pollutants of wastewater, CNTs have
gained considerable interest in recent years. Researchers are now
focusing on the incorporation of CNTs in several devices due to
their outstanding adsorbance of organic and inorganic pollutants.
2878
CNTs have been reported as strong sorbents for 1,2-
dichlorobenzene [19], atrazine [20], butane [21],
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) [22], dioxin [23], peptone
and a- phenylalanine [24], and other polar and nonpolar organic
chemicals. Synthesized CNT-based membrane filters consisting of
hollow cylinders coupled with radially aligned CNT walls have
been effectively used to remove bacteria and viruses from contam-
inated water [25].
Heavy metals which are discharged into aquatic environment
and absorbed in living tissues are to be removed from water and
this can be achieved by using multi-walled CNTs whose adsorption
capacity can be increased by oxidizing it with nitric acid [26]. CNTs
possesses high capability as sorbents for organic compounds such
as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, endo-
crine disrupt compounds and antibiotics [27]. For some pharma-
ceuticals compounds like diclofenac sodium, carbamazepine,
CNTs exhibit good mechanical strength, high sorption capacity,
hydrophilicity and during regeneration process these compounds
can be decomposed [28]. For improving the properties of CNTs
sometimes they are mixed with other metals by which the number
of oxygen, nitrogen or other groups increases on the surface of
CNTs which enhances their dispersibilty and results in the
improvement of their specific surface area [29–31]. The interstitial
spaces and grooves present in the CNTs are sites of high adsorption
for organic molecules and because of larger pores in bundles of
CNTs they have high adsorption capacity for bulky organic mole-
cules [32]. Due to short intraparticle diffusion distance and highly
accessible adsorption sites, CNTs are used as better adsorbents for
heavy metals [33].
2.3. Iron nanomaterials
Iron nanomaterials are widely used in wastewater treatment.
The treatment done by using iron nanomaterials is mostly based
upon reductive dehalogenation reaction. Iron nanoparticles are
cost effective and on reaction with contaminants they are con-
verted into hydroxides which works as flocculant, used in the
removal of inorganic and organic contamination [34]. The
hydrophobic membrane which is present around the nanomaterial
of zinc act as a protective covering for it which otherwise might
react with the contaminants and decreases the capacity of nano-
material [35]. Iron oxide nanomaterial which possesses large sur-
face area and high reactivity bind with the solid and colloidal
impurities of water by acting as a solid sorbent. Elemental iron
in combination with metal catalyst such as nickel, palladium, plat-
inum forms bi metallic nanomaterial which increases the kinetics
of redox reaction [36].
Iron nanomaterials can be used for the treatment of contamina-
tion depending upon their mobility; mobile contaminations and
immobile contaminations. For static contaminant body, mobile
iron is used and is directly injected upstream for treatment [37].
When immobilized into iron surface some contaminants such as
Ar(III/V), U(VI), Se(VI) can be reduced to lower oxidation state
[38]. Under anaerobic conditions, oxidation of Fe0 can be done by
H2O or H+ that produce Fe2+ and H2 which are used as potential
reducing agents for contaminants [39]. Halogenated organic com-
pounds [40], nitroaromatic compounds [41], metalloids [42], inor-
ganic anions such as phosphates and nitrates [43] have been
successfully removed with the effects of adsorption, reduction,
precipitation and oxidation by iron nanomaterials.
2.4. Iron oxide nanomaterials
Strong sorption capability, simple to operate, resourcefulness,
and availability have attracted the attention towards the use of
iron oxide nanomaterials in wastewater treatment. Magnetite,
P. Jangid and M. Prabhu Inbaraj Materials Today: Proceedings 43 (2021) 2877–2881
maghemite and nonmagnetic hematite are most common forms of
silver oxides [44]. Physical properties of contaminants in water can
be influenced by magnetism which is an exceptional property that
helps in water purification. When magnetic separation is combined
with adsorption then it has been extensively used in the treatment
of water and cleanup of environment [45]. To increase the adsorp-
tion capacity of iron oxide nanomaterials various ligands such as
ethylenediammine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), L-glutathione, mercap-
tobutyric acid (MBA), meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid are being
incorporated [46]. Magnetic properties of iron oxide in combina-
tion with adsorption performance should deal with wastewater
treatment at promising approach. The physical, chemical and mag-
netic properties of iron oxide nanomaterials make it more efficient
and cost-effective approach when compared to other conventional
methods [47].
Iron oxide nanomaterials by absorbing visible light can act as a
good photocatalyst. The generation of electron-hole pairs through
the narrow band gap is attributed to the photocatalytic activity
of iron oxide nanomaterials [48]. Iron oxide nanomaterials synthe-
sized by thermal evaporation and co-precipitation results in pho-
todegradation of Congo red dye which is an example of
photocatalysis for safe and effective wastewater treatment [49].
Immobilization can also be done by using iron oxide nanomaterial.
Iron oxide nanomaterial possesses chemical inertness and favor-
able biocompatibility due to which they have been widely used
in immobilization technique [50]. Various phenomena such as
electrostatic interaction, selective adsorption, ligand combination
and surface binding explain the mechanism of removal of contam-
inants by iron oxide nanomaterials [51]. For inorganic and organic
contaminants adsorption occurs via surface binding mechanism in
which the contaminants diffuse into the adsorbent or are adsorbed
for additional interaction [52]. The properties of iron oxide nano-
materials have shown a highly potential substrate in combination
with biotechnology [53].
2.5. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials
TiO2 nanomaterials are currently used for the removal of differ-
ent types of contaminants from wastewater that are comparatively
less expensive than other nanomaterials. TiO2 nanomaterials do
have a few favorable characteristics like high photosensitivity,
availability, nontoxicity and eco-friendly [54]. TiO2 nanomaterial
are less toxic to human beings and generate photocatalytic reactive
oxygen species. Nanotubes, nanowires can be prepared with the
help of TiO2. The antagonistic effect of TiO2 are shown at the min-
imum concentration of 0.1 to 1 g in 1L [55].
Titanium dioxide can be synthesized by:
� Metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD)
� Sol-gel process
� Wet chemical synthesis by precipitation of hydroxides from
salts [56]
Photocatalytic oxidation in addition to filtration of organic con-
taminants can be done by TiO2 nanowire membrane. TiO2 micro-
sphere, a new type of catalyst which was prepared by a sol-
spraying calcination method, can easily settle in its aqueous sus-
pensions under gravity. These TiO2 microspheres were found to
be efficient in the photodegradation of salicylic acid (SA) and sul-
fosalicylic acid (SSA) and were reported to have a high potential
for application in wastewater treatment [57].
High oxidative potential, biological and chemical inertness are
some other properties possessed by TiO2. Various organic pollu-
tants such as pesticides, dyes, polymers, phenolic contaminants
have been decomposed by photocatalysis using nano-sized TiO2
under the influence of solar as well as artificial light [58].Ultravi-
2879
olet radiations are required for excitation for inducing charge sep-
aration within the particles by TiO2. Since TiO2 possesses low
selectivity, it has the capability to degrade all kinds of contami-
nants [59]. For improving the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 metal
doping has been demonstrated and silver has attracted the atten-
tion for doping [60]. However, doping with anions is considered
as much cost effective and suitable for industrial applications
[61]. Engates and Shipley have reported that at pH 8, TiO2 nanopar-
ticles have the capability to adsorb metals such as Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn,
and Ni [62]. In the last decade, visible light activated TiO2 nanopar-
ticles have gained much attention [63]. For example, visible-light
photo induced degradation of organic compounds by mesoporous
Au/TiO2 nanocomposite microspheres has been reported [64].
2.6. Other nanomaterials
The biocompatible and biodegradable pristine cellulose nano-
materials (CNMs) and succinic anhydride functionalized cellulose
nanomaterial (S-CNM) adsorbents prepared from Millettia ferrug-
inea were found to be effective in removal of Cr(VI) ions from
wastewaters [65]. Nanoporous carbon xerogels, nanostructured
black carbon and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) have
been proposed for aqueous sorption of organic contaminants, aro-
matic compounds and phenolic compounds [66,67]. Hierarchical
SiO2@c-AlOOH spheres synthesized by using silica colloidal
spheres have been used as adsorbents to remove Cr(VI) ions from
wastewater [68]. Researchers have started working on developing
bio-inspired nanoscale adsorbents and catalysts for the removal
and degradation of a wide range of water pollutants. Spherical
shaped iron nanoparticles with rhombohedral phase structure
was prepared from the leaf extract of Amaranthus spinosus and
were found to be applicable in photocatalytic degradation of aque-
ous solutions of methylene blue and methyl orange [69]. As(III) and
As(V) were sequestered from wastewater using) iron nanoparticles
synthesized from fresh mint leaves extract [70]. Synthesized palla-
dium nanoparticles prepared from a fermentative cultivated mixed
bacterial population has been found to be effective in the degrada-
tion of diatrizoate in wastewater [71]. Silver nanoparticles synthe-
sized from A. agallocha leaves juice, iron nanoparticles synthesized
from aqueous green tea extract were used for the removal and cat-
alytic degradation of victoria blue, bromothymol blue and mala-
chite green respectively [72–74].
3. Conclusion
Nanomaterials possesses a variety of physical and chemical
properties which make them potential applicants for water purifi-
cation. Locality, availability, feasibility, economic conditions are
considered on choosing the type of nanomaterial employed for
wastewater treatment. Nanomaterials overcome the difficulties
faced during traditional and conventional methods by possessing
cost-effectiveness, ecofriendly, environmentally friendly and time
saving approaches. As sorbents nanomaterials are useful in remov-
ing heavy metals at high concentration, high selectivity. These
properties make them fruitful in treatment technology. Larger con-
taminated sites can be cleaned up by nano remediation which
reduces the cleanup time and contaminant concentration also.
Metal oxide containing nanomaterial are considered as good tool
as they are considered as immobilization carriers in biosensors
and biosorbents.
Acting as sensors due to their size and other characteristics,
nanomaterial have the property of detecting pathogens and some
newly discovered substances in wastewater. Nanocomposite mate-
rial is one more application of nanomaterials in which advantage
to both host as well as nanomaterial is provided. Polymers, bio-
P. Jangid and M. Prabhu Inbaraj Materials Today: Proceedings 43 (2021) 2877–2881
polymers, activated carbons, minerals can act as host which facili-
tate the stability and dispersion of loaded nanomaterials. Further
work is being done to understand the interaction between immo-
bilized nanomaterials and host and designing of nanomaterials of
multifunctionality. Looking towards the current speed of develop-
ment, nanomaterials are extremely promising for wastewater
treatment.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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	Applications of nanomaterials in wastewater treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanomaterials
	2.1 Silver nanomaterials
	2.2 Carbon nanomaterials
	2.3 Iron nanomaterials
	2.4 Iron oxide nanomaterials
	2.5 Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials
	2.6 Other nanomaterials
	3 Conclusion
	Declaration of Competing Interest
	References