Index_2024_Advanced-Frequency-Regulation-Strategies-in-Renewable-Dominated-P

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Index
Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures, t indicate tables, and b indicate boxes.
A
Activation function, 189–191
Active power control, 9, 24–25
Adaptive control scheme, 13, 176, 371
Adaptive intelligent model predictive control (AIMPC),
236, 346–347
Adaptive virtual inertia control (AVIC), 291–296
Alternating current (AC) synchronous generator, 171
Aqua electrolyzer (AE), 104
Area control error (ACE), 129, 153, 280, 348–349
Artificial neural network (ANN) observer, 189–192,
195–197
Asynchronous converter generator, 171
Automated voltage regulation (AVR), 174–175
Automatic generation control (AGC), 93, 125, 128–129,
314–316, 367–368
Availability based tariff (ABT)
Control loop, 151–152
B
Back-propagation technique, 195–197
Batteries, 10
Battery energy storage system (BESS), 45, 50f, 217–219
Supplementary frequency control, 53, 54f
Battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems,
38
Biomass energy, 4
Boost converter, 285, 286f
C
Cascade control, 346
Classical control, 346, 370–371
Coal-fired power plants, 29–30
Combined cycle gas thermal (CCGT) plant, 308, 314
Compressed air energy storage (CAES), 11, 45
Computational intelligence (CI), 25
Contract violation scheme, 138–139
Controllers, 220, 316–317
Cyberattack uncertainty representation, 186–189
constant time delay categorized attacks, 188
pulse-categorized attacks, 188
ramp-categorized attacks, 187–188
38
random-categorized attacks, 188
scale-categorized attacks, 187
varying time delay categorized attacks, 189
Cyber-physical power system (CPPS), 181–182
D
DC-to-DC converter, 286
Decentralized control, 372
Degree-of-freedom (DoF)-based control, 346
Deloading technique, 43–44
Demand response (DR), 8, 46, 256, 258–259, 258–259t
benefits, 266–267
functions, 272–273
implementation challenges, 267
Demand response modeling (DRM), 29
Demand-side management (DSM)
Diesel engine generator (DEG), 68, 85–88
Differential equation modeling, 348–349
Digital frequency relay, 177
Direct current-producing generator, 171
DISCO participation matrix (DPM), 128–129, 314–315
Distributed energy storage unit (DESU), 347–348
Distributed generator (DG), 261, 281–285
Disturbance observer (DO), 63, 69–70
Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), 48, 282
dynamic equation, 282
modeling, 282
turbines, 27
Droop control, 46
E
Electric vehicle (EV), 46, 236, 346, 349–351
aggregator model, 242–243
classification, 350t
frequency support, 247–248
lumped EV model, 350–351
Electrification, 15
Energy storage device (ESD), 125, 235–236, 242, 261
Energy storage system (ESS), 7, 24–25, 44–45, 49, 216–217,
220, 223, 279–280
chemical storage elements, 45
costs, 7
3
384 Index
Energy storage system (ESS) (Continued)
electrical storage elements, 45
mechanical storage elements, 45
modeling, 50f, 286–288
physical representation, 50f
technologies, 9–11
Error-back-propagation theory, 212–213
Evolutionary algorithms, 77–79
F
Fast power reserve, 47–48
Fitness function, 281, 289–290
Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), 9
Flow batteries, 11
Fly wheel (FW), 11, 45, 218
Fossil-fuel-based generations, 369
Fractional order controller, 63, 316
Free governor mode of operation (FGMO), 153
Frequency control, 43–48
Frequency regulation, 151, 217–219, 231
Frequency stability, 39–40
Fuel cell, 104
Full-order sliding-mode (FOSM) technique, 26–27
Fuzzy logic control (FLC), 13
G
Game theory method, 264
Generation rate constraint (GRC), 109–110
Genetic algorithm (GA), 63, 263, 373
Governor dead band (GDB), 109–110
Gradient-based optimizer (GBO) algorithm, 97
Grid codes, 40–42
Grid-connected wind energy system, 170, 170f
Grid flexibility, 7, 10
Grid integration, 168–169
H
Harris Hawks optimization (HHO), 316, 319–321
H∞ control, 12
Heuristic optimization-based methods, 237
Hybrid autonomous microgrids (HAMGs), 235
diesel generators, 241
electric vehicle aggregator model, 242–243
energy storage devices (ESDs), 242
frequency support via electric vehicles, 247–248
heuristic optimizers, 237–238
lightning attachment procedure optimization
(LAPO), 243–244
Hybrid energy storage system (HESS), 217–218, 220,
223–224
Hybrid power system
Hybrid wind-diesel system, 87–88
Hydraulic actuator, 86
Hydrogen energy storage (HES) system, 45
Hydroturbines, 50–51
I
Improved sine cosine algorithm (ISCA), 347, 355–358,
359b
Integral double derivative controller (IDDF), 125
Integral time absolute error (ITAE), 244, 281
Intelligent control techniques
Interline power flow controller (IPFC), 318
Inverters, 24–25
K
Kharitonov’s theorem, 74–75
L
Lead-acid batteries, 10
Levy flights, 357–358
Linear programming (LP) models, 265
Lithium-ion batteries, 10
Load disturbances, 83–84, 84f
Load frequency control (LFC), 97–98, 279–281, 298–299
Load scheduling approach, 263
Load side optimal control, 38
Lumped EV model, 350–351
Lyapunov stability theorem, 195–197
M
Mamdani-based fuzzy inference system, 98
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), 40, 47
Metaheuristic optimization algorithms, 100–101
Microgrids (MGs), 345–346
Model predictive control (MPC), 12, 290–291
Multi-loop fractional-order controller, 63, 69, 69f
Multimicrogrid (MMG) system, 347–351
N
National Energy Act, 270
National Energy Conservation Policy, 270
Natural gas power plant, 31
Nickel-cadmium batteries, 11
Nuclear power plants, 30–31
Nyquist and Bode plot technique, 370
O
Objective function (OF), 243
Optimal control schemes, 371–372
Optimization technique, 13–15, 13–14t, 70–73
P
Particle swarm optimizers (PSO), 237
Perturb and observation maximum power point tracker
(P&O MPPT) technique, 221, 223
385Index
Phasor data concentrator (PDC), 181–182
Phasor measurement unit (PMU), 181–182
Photovoltaic (PV), 141–144
Pitch angle controller, 53, 54f, 241, 247
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, 236
Polymer exchange membrane fuel cell
(PEMFC), 287
Poolco scheme, 135–136
Power station modeling, 280
Power-to-gas technology, 8
Price-based frequency regulation strategies
control scheme, 153–155
control strategies, 151–152, 164
in Indian electricity market, 149–150
issues and technical challenges, 152–153
in modern electricity market, 151
test system, 156
Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, 53, 55,
63, 125, 157, 238, 244–245, 280–281, 317
Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES), 45
Q
Quasi-oppositional-based squirrel search algorithm
(QOSSA), 69, 73, 74f, 79
Quasi-oppositional learning, 73
R
Radio terminal units (RTUs), 271
Ramp-categorized attacks, 187–188
Random-categorized attacks, 188
Random step load disturbance (RSLD), 109, 110f, 116,
117f
Rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), 40
Real-time pricing method, 151
Redox flow battery (RFB), 38, 314
Reduced-order models, 177
Renewable-dominated power systems
benefits, 5–7
challenges, 7–8
future prospects, 15
Renewable energy (RE)
capacity, 15
challenges, 4
contribution to global power generation, 2–3
contribution to India’s power generation, 3–4
Renewable energy (RE) integration, 4–8
benefits, 5–7
challenges, 7
energy storage technologies, 10–11
flexible AC transmission systems for, 11–12
frequency regulation issues, 8–11
Renewable energy penetration, 26–28
Renewable energy sources (RES) curtailment, 31
Renewable energy sources (RES), in frequency control,
21, 48–49
challenges, 38
deloading technique, 43–44
demand response, 46
energy storage systems (ESSs), 44–45, 49
growth, 21, 22f
modeling, 48–49
photovoltaic deloading, 43
photovoltaic system, 49
variable speed wind turbine, 48–49
variable speed wind turbines, 46–49
wind turbine deloading, 44
Renewable integrated power system, 109–110
Robust control scheme, 346, 372
S
Self-adapting variation control coefficient, 357–358
Self-healing
benefits, 302–303
characteristics, 301–302
concept, 301–302
definition, 301–302
impacts, 302–303
methodology, 303
strategies, 303
Self-tuning control (STC), 371
Sensitivity analysis, 109, 116
Single mass rotor dynamic, 241
Small-signal stability modeling and control
methodology, 66–70
diesel engine generator (DEG), 68, 85–88
disturbance observer, 69–70
multi-loop fractional-order controller,69, 69f
wind power generator, 66–70, 85–87
Smart grid, 15, 255–256, 267
Sodium-sulfur batteries, 11
Solar energy, 3
Solar photovoltaic (SPV)
Solar-thermal plant, 312
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), 125, 127, 142–144
Spotted hyena optimizer (SHO), 132–135, 139–140
Squirrel search algorithm (SSA), 63–65
State-space modeling, 85–87
Static reactive power compensator (SVC), 27–28
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), 12
Static VAR compensator (SVC), 12
Steam turbines, 50–51
Storage devices, 38
Supercapacitor (SC), 45, 217
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), 45,
50f, 314
Switched reluctance generators, 172
386 Index
T
Thermal plants
transfer functions of, 312
Thevenin model, 242–243
Thyristor controlled phase shifter (TCPS), 318
Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), 12, 318
Tidal power system, 283–284
Tie-line power exchange, 184–186
Tilt integral derivative (TID) controller, 69
Transfer function (TF), 280–281, 314, 315f
Transmission system operator (TSO), 266
Two-area power system, 53–55, 57
U
Unified power flow controllers (UPFCs), 12
V
Variable speed wind turbine (VSWT), 44, 239–240, 240f
droop control loop of, 46, 47f
hidden inertia controller for, 47, 47f
model for, 48, 49f
Variable structure control (VSC)
Vehicle-to-grid aggregators (V2GA), 236
Vertically integrated scheme (VIS), 128
Virtual inertia control (VIC)
Virtual synchronous generator (VSG), 38
W
Wide area monitoring system (WAMS), 181–182
Wind energy, 4, 168
Wind turbine generator (WTG), 86–87
Wind turbine model, 239–241
pitch angle controller, 241
single mass rotor dynamic, 241
variable speed wind turbine, 240
Z
Zinc-bromine batteries, 11
	Index