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Mostly True Mostly Untrue
1. I usually go around feeling tired. ——— ———
2. I think I am working harder but accomplishing less. ——— ———
3. My job depresses me. ——— ———
4. My temper is shorter than it used to be. ——— ———
5. I have little enthusiasm for life. ——— ———
6. I snap at people fairly often. ——— ———
7. My job is a dead end for me. ——— ———
8. Helping others seems like a losing battle. ——— ———
9. I don’t like what I have become. ——— ———
10. I am very unhappy with my job. ——— ———
Critical Thinking Case
Managerial Leadership, Sustainability, and Responsible Management: Mindfulness at Google Inc.
Even though the outside appearance of Google headquarters may be filled with stereotypical visions of nap
pods and scenes from “The Internship,” there is still a lot of work that is accomplished by those working there.
With work, there can come stress, and job-related stress is a huge issue, with studies by the Behavioral Science
and Policy Association stating that working long hours has been shown to increase mortality by 20 percent. No
matter how many cushy perks you can get, they won’t make everyone happy, and Google is combating this
with creativity. They attempt to counteract the stress-related issues by offering specific classes—for example
Meditation 101 and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. They also encourage their employees to join their
online and in-person community called gPause. This specific group helps support and encourage meditation
practice. The key to this stress-reducing revolution at Google is that they have a company culture that supports
the behavior. The company also promotes day meditation retreats at a handful of their locations. This type of
creativity is sure to take hold at other companies across the globe.
Questions:
1. Google is one of the leading tech companies in the world. What do you think of their approach to
handling stress within the workplace? Do you think that this approach will be effective? Why or why not?
2. A company culture that supports stress reduction is key to the success of any program within the
company. What are some obstacles that can arise when handling stress within a workplace? What are
some methods that you would employ as manager to counteract these obstacles and implement stress-
reduction programs within your workplace?
Sources: J. Goh, J. Pfeffer, S. A. Zenios, “Workplace stressors & health outcomes: Health policy for the
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workplace,” Behavioral Science and Policy Association, February 15, 2017, https://behavioralpolicy.org/articles/
workplace-stressors-health-outcomes-health-policy-for-the-workplace/; J. Porter, “How Google And Others
Help Employees Burn Off Stress In Unique Ways,” Fast Company, November 16, 2015,
https://www.fastcompany.com/3053048/how-google-and-other-companies-help-employees-burn-off-stress-
in-unique-ways.
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Introduction
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you should be able to answer these questions:
What are some different types of entrepreneurship?
What characteristics lead individuals to become entrepreneurs?
How can the business model canvas help us to describe and assess a business model?
How do entrepreneurs finance their new business ideas?
How can entrepreneurs leverage design thinking to solve complex problems and navigate uncertain
environments?
How can government support entrepreneurship?
Exhibit 19.1 (Credit: Marco Verch /flickr / Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0))
Maria Rose Belding, MEANS Database
One day while volunteering at her local food shelter in Iowa, middle school student Maria Rose Belding
was forced to throw out hundreds of boxes of expired macaroni and cheese. While Maria carried the
boxes to the trash, she walked past hungry families waiting for food, and she considered the sheer size
of the world’s hunger problem. In the United States alone, over 133 billion pounds of food is thrown out
annually, and there are over 45 million Americans who do not have enough to eat. Belding’s experience
led her to create MEANS (Matching Excess and Need for Stability) Database, a nonprofit organization
that creates an online network for food pantries and shelters to communicate with anyone that may
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19
Entrepreneurship
Maria Rose Belding is one of millions of the world’s entrepreneurs—that is, individuals who recognize and
pursue opportunities, take on risk, and convert these opportunities into value-added ventures that can survive
in a competitive marketplace. Entrepreneurs hail from many backgrounds and age groups—with Belding
representing young middle school, high school, and college entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs have in common a
drive to achieve and grow and a willingness to take initiative and personal responsibility. Entrepreneurs
have extra food, such as restaurants, grocery stores, and caterers. Through MEANS’s app and website,
excess food that would be discarded is instead sent to a shelter or food pantry.
Belding knew that she needed to create a platform to connect food pantries to food surpluses, but she
did not know how. Grant Nelson, a law student at George Washington University, cofounded MEANS
with Belding. Nelson led the data science and technology components and built the cloud infrastructure
that MEANS needed to be successful in Belding’s goal of connecting people or organizations with extra
food to those who need it. MEANS Database uses cloud-based software and e-mail-based
communications to match food pantries with surplus food.
Many people donate food to shelters with good intentions, but it often is not the right type of food for a
certain shelter. For example, some shelters predominantly serve senior citizens with health issues such
as hypertension, mandating a low-sodium diet. When a food pantry receives a ramen noodle donation,
the staff should not give it to the elderly, and might instead throw the ramen away. MEANS allows pantry
staff to post the unwanted food so that another pantry can claim the donation. For both food recipients
and donors, the process is straightforward, and it is free to create an account with MEANS. The shelter
provides its location, needs, and distance willing to travel for a food dimension. On the donation end, a
shelter, restaurant, or any other potential donor of extra food can report the type and amount of food
they are trying to give away, and MEANS e-mails the local pantries looking for that type of food. The
MEANS technology enables the transactions in which both parties must agree for the food to be
transferred.
Belding continued to build MEANS Database during her high school studies and later as a premedical
undergraduate student at American University. She received several honors for her efforts, including
L’Oréal Women of Worth and one of CNN’s top ten recipients of “Hero of the Week” of 2018. Belding
plans to pass daily management of MEANS to her staff and remain on the board during her medical
school studies. MEANS Database has moved over two million pounds of food across 48 states and is
exploring international possibilities.
Sources: Maria Belding, “Math matters (but actually): We Can Solve Hunger With Numbers,” December
02, 2015, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/maria-rose-belding/math-matters-but-
actually_b_8698146.html; Ykaie Du, “Feeding the Hungry with Data Science - The Possibility Report,”
2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/sponsored/vmware-2017/hungry-data-science/1796/; Nancy
Dunham, “How a Once-Bullied Student Created a Network to Feed Thousands: 'We Want to Get Wasted
Food to People Who Need It,'” March 17, 2016, http://people.com/human-interest/maria-rose-belding-
bullied-student-created-a-network-to-feed-thousands/ Ron Fournier, “Fighting Hunger the Millennial
Way,” December 22, 2015, Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/
fighting-hunger-the-millennial-way/461856/Terrence McCoy, “The revolutionary technology helping to
fight food waste,” December 6, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/the-
revolutionary-technology-thats-helping-end-americas-chronic-food-waste/2015/12/06/
0a491cb8-9a9c-11e5-8917-653b65c809eb_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.d4f9663f5cfc MEANS
Database - a nonprofit food rescue platform, 2019, https://www.meansdatabase.com/
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frequently require other resources such as cofounders and teams, and then must build a large network of
customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders. While MEANS Database is a registered nonprofit, MEANS has
many for-profit competitors and partners.
19.1 Overview of Entrepreneurship
1. What are some different types of entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship is a global phenomenon, with individuals all over the world at various stages of the process.
While there are many definitions of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship, we consider the scholarly field as
defined by Shane and Venkataraman1 that seeks to understand how opportunities are discovered, created,
and exploited; by whom; and with what consequences. When most people think of entrepreneurship, they
may think of individuals such as Maria Rose Belding, as well as Jeff Bezos (Amazon) and Elon Musk (Tesla and
SpaceX). However, there are many other types of entrepreneurship that we will explore in this chapter. MEANS
Database is an example of social entrepreneurship—that is, creating innovative solutions to immediate social
and/or environment problems and mobilizing resources to achieve social transformation. MEANS Database
illustrates how social entrepreneurs often solve problems more effectively than the government.
Entrepreneurs can also operate inside existing organizations: corporate entrepreneurship involves the
creation of new products, processes, and ventures within large organizations. Another prevalent type is family
entrepreneurship—that is, when a business is owned and managed by multiple family members, usually for
more than one generation. Serial or habitual entrepreneurship refers to individuals who start several
businesses, simultaneously or one after another. Entrepreneurship can also be classified according to the
desired goals—for example, individuals who pursue lifestyle entrepreneurship typically create a venture to
suit a personal lifestyle and not for the sole purpose of making profits. High-technology entrepreneurship
involves ventures in the information, communication, and technology space, which typically have high
expectations for revenue growth. Entrepreneurs can also be classified according to the stage of their venture
development, as outlined in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research program in the next section.
Global Entrepreneurship Prevalence
Each year, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)2 study gathers data from 60+ countries to determine
how many individuals are engaged in various phases of entrepreneurship. The first phase captures potential
entrepreneurs who believe that they have the capacity and knowledge to start a venture and don’t fear
failure. If you are reading this book and believe that you are developing the skills necessary to someday start
your own company, and you believe that the risk-reward payoff is promising, then you fit this definition of a
potential entrepreneur. The next GEM category is nascent entrepreneurs who have set up or are in the
process of setting up a venture that they will own/co-own that is less than three months old and has not yet
generated wages/salaries. New business owners operate a business for over three months but less than
three years. And finally, established business owners actively run a business that is over three and a half
years old. GEM researchers calculate a Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rate, which is the percentage of the
adult population (ages 18–64) who are either nascent entrepreneurs or owner-managers of a new business.
Exhibit 19.2 provides an overview of the GEM model to measure entrepreneurial activity in a given economy.
As shown, GEM data captures attributes of the individual entrepreneur, industry sector, and expected impact
in terms of potential business growth, use of innovation, and share of international customers. Exhibit 19.3
shows the most recently available rates of entrepreneurial activities across geographic regions. These regions
are classified by their development status, with factor-driven countries the least developed; these countries
Chapter 19 Entrepreneurship 615
	Chapter 18. Stress and Well Being
	Critical Thinking Case
	Chapter 19. Entrepreneurship
	Introduction*
	19.1. Overview of Entrepreneurship*