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Electronic waste, the national solid waste policy and the 2030 
Agenda 
 
Resíduos eletroeletrônicos, a política nacional dos resíduos 
sólidos e a agenda 2030 
 
DOI: 10.54033/cadpedv21n1-119 
 
Recebimento dos originais: 12/12/2023 
Aceitação para publicação: 15/01/2024 
 
 
Emanoelen Bitencourt and Bitencourt 
Master Student in Environmental Sciences 
Institution: Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA) 
Address: Tv. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, 2626, Marco, Belém – PA, CEP: 66095-015 
E-mail: bitencourtemanoelen@gmail.com 
 
Silvane Gonçalves and Gonçalves 
Doctorate Student in Natural Resources Engineering of the Amazon 
Institution: Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) 
Address: R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, Belém – PA, CEP: 66075-110 
E-mail: silvanegoncalves87@gmail.com 
 
Marcos Vinicius Afonso Cabral 
Master Student in Environmental Sciences 
Institution: Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA) 
Address: Tv. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, 2626, Marco, Belém – PA, CEP: 66095-015 
E-mail: marcos.vacabral@aluno.uepa.br 
 
Antônio Pereira Júnior 
Doctorate Student in Environmental Sciences 
Institution: Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA) 
Address: Tv. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, 2626, Marco, Belém – PA, CEP: 66095-015 
E-mail: antonio.junior@uepa.br 
 
Gundisalvo Piratoba Morales 
Doctor in Geochemistry from the Universidade Federal do Pará 
Institution: Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA) 
Address: Tv. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro, 2626, Marco, Belém – PA, CEP: 66095-015 
E-mail: gundymorales@yahoo.com.br 
 
 
ABSTRACT 
Electrical and electronic equipment is obsolescent and is therefore discarded in-
correctly, causing significant adverse effects on the environment. Faced with this 
issue, the objectives of this work were the identification of the environmental and 
 
 
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socioeconomic aspects related to electroelectronic waste, the way of managing 
this waste in Brazil, and whether or not it was in line with the goals set in the 
National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS) and the Sustainable Development Goals 
(SDGs – Agenda 2030). The methodology used was the bibliographic review, 
since in the data previously used in articles, theses, dissertations, books and 
electronic links, evidence was sought about the disposal and the problems that 
electronic waste causes to the environment. The data obtained and analyzed in-
dicated that there is a divergence between the PNRS and the targets set in the 
SDGs. Finally, the gap identified with regard to electroelectronic waste has shown 
that the efficient management of this waste requires the participation of all actors 
involved, from producers, consumers, recyclers, to the public authorities, scien-
tific institutions and civil society. 
 
Keywords: environment, recycling, agenda 2030, solid waste. 
 
RESUMO 
Os aparelhos eletroeletrônicos apresentam obsolescência programada e, por 
isso, são descartados de forma incorreta, provocando significativos efeitos ad-
versos ao meio ambiente. Diante desta problemática, os objetivos deste trabalho 
foram a identificação dos aspectos ambientais e socioeconômicos relacionados 
aos resíduos eletroeletrônicos, a forma de gestão desses resíduos no Brasil, e a 
consonância ou não com as metas estabelecidas na Política Nacional de Resí-
duos Sólidos (PNRS) e os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS – 
Agenda 2030). A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão bibliográfica, pois buscou-
se, nos dados pretéritos em artigos, teses, dissertações, livros e links eletrônicos, 
evidências sobre o descarte e os problemas que os resíduos eletroeletrônicos 
causam ao meio ambiente. Os dados obtidos e analisados indicaram que há uma 
divergência entre a PNRS e as metas estabelecidas nos ODS. Enfim, a lacuna 
identificada quanto aos resíduos de eletroeletrônicos mostrou que a eficiente 
gestão destes resíduos requer a participação de todos os atores envolvidos, 
desde os produtores, consumidores, recicladores, até o poder público, as insti-
tuições científicas e a sociedade civil. 
 
Palavras-chave: meio ambiente, reciclagem, agenda 2030, resíduos sólidos. 
 
 
1 INTRODUCTION 
The advancement of industrial technology, the shortening of the life cycle 
of portable and non-portable electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), has led 
to an increase in residual quantity that currently lacks a correct destination and 
final disposition and generates, on average, 44.7 million tons (Baldé et al., 2017; 
Oliveira; Miranda, 2019). One of the alternatives, in the developed countries, is 
to export this waste to those considered "poor" for recycling. However, this 
 
 
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measure is accompanied by increased vulnerability and health risk for 
communities that will act on the segregation of metals contained in this waste 
(Farias, 2019). 
In the European context, two countries, Sweden and Germany, stand out 
for applying a more viable alternative: reverse logistics, from residual segregation 
as occurs in China and the United States (Lucas et al., 2021). In Latin America, 
among the countries that produce this type of waste, Brazil, four years ago, 2019, 
was the largest generator, with average value per capita equivalent to 10.2 kg of 
electronic waste (Forti et al., 2020), and it should be noted that this country is still 
considered developing. 
In Brazil, electro-electronic devices are defined by the Brazilian Standard 
(NBR) of No. 16.156, item 3.12, as equipment whose functioning depends on 
electric and electromagnetic currents (Brazil, 2012). Already the Brazilian 
Association of Industrial Development (ABDI, 2013), identifies them from four 
categories, whose guideline involves the use: 1) Blue line (e.g. mixers); 2) White 
line (e.g. washing machines); 3) Brown line (e 4) (E.g. printer). 
Although electro-electronic devices are generally regarded as "durable 
consumer goods", the advancement of the technological field has created the 
"programmed obsolescence" of some of these devices (e.g. mobile phones), the 
inadequate disposal of which is causing the increase of waste globally, and 
consequent adverse effects on the environment (Peiter; Ferreira, 2021). Such a 
practice, in the context of consumer law, is already analyzed as an irreversible 
harm to him, because it becomes an abusive mechanism of consumption 
(Oliveira; Dutra, 2021). 
It can be seen that the planned obsolescence generates numerous 
challenges to be overcome, among which is identified the inadequate disposal of 
waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), which involves: 1) the 
effectiveness and efficiency of the recycling system as reverse logistics – LR 
(Cardoso et al., 2019); 2) the incentive for a more effective participation of 
cooperatives of waste recyclers (Araújo; Xavier, 2021). These challenges are 
aligned with Article 3, Section XII, of the National Policy on Solid Waste – PNRS 
(Brazil, 2010), regarding the implementation of the RL, which could become a 
 
 
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mitigating factor of adverse effects caused to the environment due to 
inappropriate disposal. 
Another challenge evidenced to be overcome is in the extraction of inputs 
for the production of EEE, from electrically conductive minerals such as Lithium 
(Li), present in rechargeablebatteries. In order to obtain this material, it is 
necessary to access pegmatitic rocks such as ambligonite, spodumenium (where 
Li is found), among others (Pinto; Braga, 2019). However, obtaining a mineral 
contributes to global warming, increasing waste generation, as well as increasing 
acidification and water eutrophication (the recovery process of this mineral 
consumes a large amount of fresh water) and soil upheaval, as it is extracted in 
underground plowing (Freitas; Marchesini, 2022). 
Other metals (Lead – Pb; Cadmium – Cd; Mercury – Hg; Lithium – Li) 
occurring in the battery composition of portable electronics such as notebooks, 
tablets and mobile phones, are subject to national legislation. Among them, there 
is the Resolution of the National Council for the Environment – CONAMA, No. 
424 (Brazil, 2010). In Brazil, the University of the State of São Paulo (UNESP) 
and the company Energy Source have a technology for recovering these metals. 
However, it is not yet in the public domain (Jorge, 2021). 
As regards the opportunity offered by WEEE, they are not yet effectively 
used, although they are already included in the PNRS, in the form of a social and 
solidarity-based economy and are associated with the Sustainable Development 
Goals (SDGs). This association can use tools as appropriate training for recycling 
from correct disassembly, as well as the correct destination of what is actually 
identified as "electronic waste" (Álvarez et al., 2020). Therefore, LR is an 
opportunity for the generation of both work and decent income in communities 
where economic hypossufficiency is present (Pessoa et al., 2022). 
Therefore, the social and environmental problems that REEs cause, are 
the justifications for carrying out this study and increase the relevance of this 
study as to the relationship between them, the PNRS and the SDGs. Therefore, 
the objective was to analyze the gaps between the situation of REEs in Brazil and 
their relationship with environmental and economic sustainability, in the light of 
 
 
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the National Solid Waste Policy and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 
2030 Agenda. 
 
2 METHODOLOGY 
For the preparation of this study, a qualitative methodology was used in 
conjunction with the investigative methods of bibliographic and documentary 
research. The main objective was to present theoretical knowledge from 
secondary data such as scientific articles, books, official government 
documents/reports, relevant to the subject in question. The focus of the research 
was to explore concepts and data related to REEs, PNRS and SDGs, and to 
establish connections between these themes. 
According to Pereira and Galvão (2014), the use of bibliographic research 
emerges as a crucial methodology for academic advancement, offering a solid 
basis and theoretical grounding for the research themes to be explored. Thus, 
this research has explanatory and descriptive qualities, since it aimed to explore 
real-life phenomena and collect information on the subject investigated, exploring 
the link between the life cycle of WEEE and its correlation with PNRS and SDGs. 
The study started with extensive research for a comprehensive 
understanding of the concepts and national context that involves WEEE LR. This 
involved consulting various sources such as websites, government documents, 
books and scientific journal articles, consulted in the Scientific Electronic Library 
Online (SciELO) virtual libraries, the Periodicals Portal of the Coordination for the 
Training of Personnel with Higher Education (CAPES), Science direct and others. 
In order to present current and consistent data, the priority was to use 
publications from the last five years, although some are older, due to the 
relevance of the content. 
In addition, the search covered terms in Portuguese and English, 
specifically "waste electrical and electronic equipment" in Portuguese and 
"electronic waste" in English. The search was conducted from August to 
December 2023. After a thorough review of the literature, objectives 2, 3, 6, 8, 
10, 12 and 13 of the 17 SDGs were selected as they were closely aligned with 
the proposed discussion. These targets particularly addressed solid waste 
 
 
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management and quality of life. Subsequently, a bibliographic analysis was 
carried out to examine the national adherence to the SDGs in relation to the 
WEEE destination paradigms and how the country has been working to achieve 
the SDGs under the NSRP. 
 
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
3.1 REE'S – BRAZIL 
The data obtained and analyzed indicated that one of the most frequent 
REEs in the national territory, comes from the sale and disposal of mobile phones 
and computers which, between 2017 and 2021, was equivalent to 250 million and 
32 million, respectively (ABINEE, 2022), whose life cycle is exhausted between 
two and five years (ABDI, 2013). In this way, it can be observed that the presence 
of precious metals, including Au, Ag, Cu, Pt and Pd, as well as large quantities of 
Fe and Al, and various types of recyclable plastics, add significant commercial 
values to the materials recovered in the WEEE recycling processes. 
As to the relation of the disposal of these devices or the application of LR, 
whose term is defined in the PNRS Law No. 12.305 (Brazil, 2010), Chapter II, 
Article 3, Section XII, it is not complied with! Therefore, it is not the legislative 
force that will fill the gap between the residual generation and obedience to this 
law. The determination as to collection, transportation and final destination are 
still unknown by manufacturers, importers, distributors, traders and consumers 
(Paixão; Oliveira, 2023). 
From the lack of knowledge of LR, PNRS, it appears that the gap tends to 
suffer greater distancing as far as Goal 3 of the ODS-Agenda 2030 is concerned, 
because there will be no healthy life if the metals contained in cellular devices 
(e.g. Ni) are discarded inadequately into the environment and promote the 
release of toxic metals that jeopardize the health of the community where this 
occurred. For Santos and Stange (2020), one of the compromising ways for 
human health is in the production and release of methane gas (CH4), one of the 
effective components of the increase in the temperature in the greenhouse effect, 
which does not meet the 13th objective of the SDGs. 
 
 
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There is a prospect of reusing EEE components, through LR, such as 
plastics, ceramics, metallic and non-metallic minerals (Copper – CU, Aluminum 
– Al, Iron – Fe), noble metals (Gold – Au; Silver – Ag) and rare earths (Gallium, 
Tantalum and Platinum) (Rautela et al., 2021; Roy et al., 2022). When this 
happens, Nascimento and Barreto (2019) state that there will be a new economic 
spindle in action: urban mining. It is tied to the circular economy, where the advent 
of the three errors is present: reuse, recovery and recycling. 
According to the authors, the effectiveness of the recycling of these EEE 
inputs will meet the requirements contained in Goal 12 (sustainable development) 
and, consequently, there will be applicability of Goals 12.1, 12.2 and 12.4, i.e. 
global and local actions, efficient use of natural resources and appropriate 
handling of chemical waste, respectively. Currently, these gaps between these 
targets are stillextensive. These facts also widen the gap in poverty eradication 
(Goal 1 – SDG – Agenda 2030), from segregation of residual EEE components. 
 
4 INFLUENCES ON THE ENVIRONMENT 
4.1 NEGATIVE IMPACTS 
Analysis of the data obtained indicated that REEs are currently recycled in 
two ways, and one of them tends to cause these types of impacts, especially on 
the health and quality of life of recyclers and waste pickers. In this context, Huang 
et al. (2018), in the study conducted in Qingyuan City (Guangdong Province, 
South China), used primitive and low-tech techniques in family workshops, 
resulting in the extensive and severe release of persistent organic pollutants 
(POPs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). 
For this type of influence, the analysis of the data obtained indicated that 
some types of flame retardants present in electro-electronics and other types of 
devices were added to the list of Persistent Organic Pollutants – POPs (UNEP, 
2019), which have characteristics such as persistence, bioaccumulation and 
toxicity. Because of this, Poma et al. (2019) state that certain types of brominated 
flame retardants have been replaced by others with the same function: 
organophosphates. 
 
 
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However, the data obtained also indicated that the quantities of potentially 
toxic chemical components present in EEE are high because they are above the 
permitted level of resolution 401 (Brazil, 2008). This was confirmed in the account 
by Wagner et al. (2022). They stated that only in the year 2019 it was estimated 
that the electroelectronic waste discarded by 13 Latin American countries 
contained at least: 2.2 t of Hg, 0.6 t Cd, 4.4 t of Pb and 4 t of brominated flame 
retardants. After the inappropriate disposal of WEEE, it is spread in the 
environment and contributes to the propagation and potentialization of soil, flora, 
fauna and water sources contamination. 
According to Garcia and Azevedo (2019), Hg, due to its molecular weight 
being 13 times higher than that of water, is deposited in the sediment. Cd also 
bioaccumulates in aquatic plants, invertebrates, fish, and mammals, and can 
cause mortality and food poisoning in humans when exposed to high 
concentrations of this metal. Ávila-Campos (2020) considers this metal to be an 
environmental micro-contaminant, which is present in NiCd-type batteries, and 
contributes to environmental pollution and loss of water potability, besides having 
a biological average life, in the environment, between 10 and 30 years. 
When this occurs, gaps in the objectives of Nos 2 (zero hunger and 
sustainable agriculture), 3 (health and wellbeing) and 6 (drinking water) are 
expanded, as the damage to the quality of life of aquatic communities and fish 
consumers is evident. Such statements are similar to the one described by 
Franzoni, Souza e Silva (2020), regarding the components for "sustainability": the 
social, the environmental and the economic. So two of them are already affected 
by the inadequate disposal of WEEE in Brazil. 
Another two negative impacts on the national territory are associated 
with: 1) informal and low technology recycling; 2) partnerships between the 
productive sector and the cooperatives of residual recyclers. On recycling, 
Giese, Lins and Xavier (2021), explain that it is currently called "Urban Mining", 
whose reception sites are known as "urban mines", and that the recycling 
carried out in this type of mining is still incipient, because the recovery 
techniques applied are not adequate. 
 
 
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With regard to partnerships, the data contained in the Recycling Yearbook 
published by Pragma (2021) were analyzed to better identify partnerships. These 
data indicated that the numbers of existing partnerships between cooperatives 
and EEA retailers are still rare. In addition, the remuneration for the collection of 
WEEE becomes a ‘donation’ of the material to be recycled. In this case, the 
economic bias is not in line with Goal 8 (Decent work and economic growth) and 
Goal 10 (Reduction of inequalities) of the 2030 Agenda. While the application of 
the provisions of the PNRS, Article 33 has been made. 
Still in the socioeconomic context and the SDGs – Agenda 2030, about 
the gap caused by inadequate remuneration to waste pickers of WEEE, in Brazil, 
a portion of them, which according to Pragma (2023) currently amount to 86,878 
workers, fix residences in the very places where the urban mines were 
established. But, according to Bouvier and Dias (2022), there are those who do 
not live in these areas, but in urban roads like streets and avenues, and the 
"average salary/month", in Pará, corresponds to R$ 850.00. 
In the case of pregnant women and women living in urban mines, the 
negative impact can be even more serious, in view of the exposure and counted 
directly on the Pb. In two studies conducted on women in this state, by the World 
Health Organization (WHO, 2021) and Ankit et al. (2021), they concluded that 
fetuses and newborns of these pregnant women may present Attention Deficit 
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), behavioral and child temperament changes, 
problems with sensory integration, and low cognitive and linguistic scores. 
 
4.2 POSITIVE IMPACTS 
During the data collection, it was identified that one of the positive impacts 
as an alternative to avoid and minimize environmental pollution is the recycling 
of WEEE. In Brazil, this waste is the object of reverse logistics – LR, as 
established by art. 33, of the National Policy of Solid Waste: 
 
Art. 33. Manufacturers, importers, distributors and traders of: 
I, II, III, IV, V – (...) VI – electroelectronic products and their components 
(Brazil, 2010). 
 
 
 
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From an evolutionary point of view, especially for the state of Rio de Janeiro, 
half the number of cooperatives that handle the components of WEEE act 
exclusively with this type of residual material. In this context, Araujo, Ottoni and 
Xavier (2020) conducted research on such cooperatives in Rio de Janeiro – RJ, and 
concluded that due to the monthly volume having relative frequency, this results in 
a fixed gain to the cooperatives. In addition, Freire and Xavier (2021) state that, 
urban mining is one of the most effective methods to prevent and mitigate adverse 
environmental effects, such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. 
Another positive impact was the growth of both the number of waste 
collectors and the cooperatives with which they are associated. Data 
contained in the annual reports of Pragma (2017-2018), state that this activity, 
through Decree n. 7.405 (Brazil, 2010), is active in the five Brazilian regions, 
with higher labor concentration in the southeast region (53%), and in 2022 
(Pragma, 2022), these cooperatives reached 1.996 units in 1.032 of the 5.570 
Brazilian municipalities. 
The data for the residual quantity of EEE produced at the national level are 
disclosed by the Brazilian Association of Public Cleaning and Special Residues 
Companies (ABRELPE), which publishes annually the Panorama of Solid 
Residues in Brazil. According to the studies, Green Electron collected and 
correctly disposed of 342.9, 88.7 and 715.8 tons of electronic waste for the years 
2019, 2020 and 2021 (Table 1). 
 
Table 1 – Data about the management of electronic waste in Brazil between 2020 and 2021. 
 20192020 2021 
Waste — (in t) — 
Ferrous and non-ferrous 
metals 
100 34 327 
Plastic 
 
47.5* 
 
22.3* 
121 
 NUMBER OF UNITS 
Voluntary Delivery Points 
(ENPs) 
104 731 811 
Number of municipalities; 
states concerned 
— 
188; 12 and the 
Federal District 
225;14 and the 
Federal District 
*2019, there was 69 t less CO2 released; 2020, the decrease reached 195 t. 
Source: ABRELPE/GREEN ELECTRON. 
 
 
 
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Table 1 shows that the efficiency of WEEE management in terms of 
consumer cooperation from ENPs has been positive in terms of municipal quantity 
since 2019. About this evolution, ABRELPE (2022), reported that the number of 
ENPs, increased, from 811, in 2021, to 3,417 (+40%), in 1,224 municipalities 
(22.9%) of the 5,570 component municipalities of the national territory, besides the 
Federal District. The quantity of WEEE collected and destined in an environmentally 
sound manner for recycling in 2021 was equivalent to 1,245 tons. 
Besides the recovery of WEEE, the data obtained indicated that there was a 
recovery of the packaging of the appliances (paper and cardboard) of 22,336.65 t 
and 8,194.43 t post-consumption. According to Parreira, Oliveira and Lima (2009), 
despite the efforts to expand the recycling of this waste, it is important to highlight 
that the PEVs installed in the country generally collect mobile phones, batteries and 
other small equipment. In the municipality of Belém-PA alone there are 42 collection 
points for batteries, under the responsibility of the GM&C recycler (2023). 
 
5 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS 
The present study addressed the issue of electronic waste in Brazil, 
emphasizing the challenges and opportunities presented to the country in the 
search for sustainable development. 
A bibliographic review on the environmental and socioeconomic aspects 
related to electroelectronic waste was carried out, as well as an analysis on the 
management of such waste in Brazil, considering the National Policy on Solid 
Waste and the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. 
The study concluded that the efficient management of electronic waste 
requires the participation of all actors involved, from producers, consumers, 
recyclers, to the public authorities, scientific institutions and civil society. 
Furthermore, the importance of recycling was highlighted as a way to reduce 
environmental impacts and generate economic value from electronic waste. 
Finally, it was pointed out that Brazil has the potential to become an 
example of sustainability in the management of electronic waste, provided that it 
commits itself to the implementation of the current legislation and to the fulfillment 
of the goals of the 2030 Agenda. 
 
 
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