pdfcoffee com_container-architecture-pdf-free

Prévia do material em texto

<p>container_</p><p>architecture</p><p>Building Systems Integration Case Study</p><p>William J Penland</p><p>November, 2008* image by photohome_uk, Flicr.com, april 2007</p><p>The objective of this document is to study the different ways in</p><p>which prefabricated elements of our global economic infrastruc-</p><p>ture (ISO shipping containers specifically) can be used as archi-</p><p>tecture after they have fulfilled their primary use in the shipping</p><p>industry, by providing places of habitation for multiple sectors of</p><p>the building industry.</p><p>* image by randomwire, Flickr.com, nov. 2006</p><p>table of</p><p>contents :</p><p>general...</p><p>shipping containers in america... 1</p><p>upcycling_W. McDonough...3</p><p>specifications_loads...5</p><p>massing...</p><p>kalkin house_adam kalkin...7</p><p>dwell home_ jpa...9</p><p>sanlitun south_lo-tek...11</p><p>nomadic museum_shigeru ban...13</p><p>connecting...</p><p>lateral connection_types...15</p><p>outfitting_finishing...</p><p>cutting openings...17</p><p>making them habitable...19</p><p>ii</p><p>shipping</p><p>containers</p><p>in america :</p><p>* image by So Cal Metro, Flickr.com, jan. 2006</p><p>In America we import most of our goods from other countries, many times hundreds or</p><p>thousands of miles away. These goods are typically shipped to our country using ISO</p><p>shipping containers, however, once they arrive and are emptied, these containers are</p><p>typically not refilled with goods and exported out to people around the world. Sadly,</p><p>they usually end up in one of two places; being stacked in storage in large ports or train</p><p>yards, filling up valuable urban land, slowly succombing to rust and weather, or they go</p><p>the the scrap yard, where they enter an extreemly energy intensive process of melting</p><p>them down to be recycled into useable steel.</p><p>Why does this happen? because it is actually cheaper for exporting countries to make</p><p>new ones for the next shipment instead of investing capital in transporting them back</p><p>overseas to be refilled. This leaves america and other net importers with huge surplus-</p><p>es of shipping containers that we have no use for.</p><p>*http://bp0.blogger.com/_pMscxxELHEg/R_uhbdDCIvI/AAAAAAAABz0/SWx81Dszc3o/s1600-h/ContainersFeb2008.jpg</p><p>* image by OneEighteen, Flickr.com, aug. 2007</p><p>* image by rustyjaw, Flickr.com, no. 2007</p><p>* image by myfear, Flickr.com, oct. 2006</p><p>2</p><p>upcycling :</p><p>* http://images.ted.com/images/ted/91_254x191.jpg</p><p>William A. McDonough</p><p>upcycling: the term “upcycling” was coined by William McDonough and Michael</p><p>Braugart in their groundbreaking book on ecologically-intelligent design, Cradle to</p><p>Cradle, published in 2002. In the simplest terms, upcycling is the practice of taking</p><p>something that is disposable and transforming it into something of greater use and</p><p>value.</p><p>* image by ubiquity_zh, Flickr.com, mar. 2007</p><p>* image by Val Ann, Flickr.com, aug. 07</p><p>* image by Vincent, Flickr.com, apr. 2008</p><p>* image by guitarchitect, Flickr.com, apr. 2008</p><p>this [architecture]</p><p>or</p><p>this [recycled]</p><p>or</p><p>this [wasted]</p><p>??</p><p>?</p><p>4</p><p>container specs_</p><p>measurements :</p><p>http://www.freightraders.co.nz/containerspecs.html</p><p>precise construction: standard ISO shipping containers are built to meet rigid</p><p>international standard dimensions. They come in an assortment of sizes and shapes</p><p>depending on the different types of freight needed to be shipped. The most popular,</p><p>and most readily acceptable 20’ and 40’ low and high-box [8’6” high and 9’6” high</p><p>respectively] are also the types typically used for container architecture</p><p>roof/uniform load</p><p>300 psf</p><p>[20 psf req’d by code]</p><p>floor/uniform load</p><p>101 psf</p><p>[40 psf req’d by code]</p><p>stacking/axial load</p><p>211,670 pound/post</p><p>[500 pound/post req’d]</p><p>racking/shear load</p><p>33,600 lb</p><p>[1,600 lb req’d by code]</p><p>end wall/lateral load</p><p>366 psf</p><p>[20 psf req’d by code]</p><p>racking/shear load</p><p>16,800 lb</p><p>[680 lb req’d by code]</p><p>sidewall/lateral load</p><p>234 psf</p><p>[20 psf req’d by code]</p><p>loads_forces:</p><p>6</p><p>point loads</p><p>adam kalkin_</p><p>Kalkin House :</p><p>* image from ‘architecture & hygiene’ [Kalkin, 2002] * image from ‘architecture & hygiene’</p><p>* image by chickpea studios, Flickr.com, aug.2008</p><p>description:</p><p>a 2-story, 20’x80’ pre-fab</p><p>shed houses 3 stacked ISO</p><p>shipping containers, creating</p><p>hybrid indoor/outdoor space</p><p>by opening up facades with</p><p>operable glass garage doors,</p><p>and balconies with metal</p><p>grids.</p><p>conclusions:</p><p>the skin within a skin motif used here makes sense from a ther-</p><p>mal comfort standpoint, especially with the addition of concrete</p><p>floors. The simple vertical stacking strategy used, takes most ad-</p><p>vatage of space and load distribution from each container down</p><p>to the foundation without the need for additional structure.</p><p>diagramatic model of</p><p>container massing</p><p>Kalkin [Collector’s] House</p><p>Shelburne Museum,</p><p>Shelburne Vermont [2001]</p><p>- simple vertical container stacking</p><p>- container skin housed within</p><p>industrial pre-fab skin</p><p>[increased floor area,</p><p>frames living spaces,</p><p>decreases ISO thermal load]</p><p>- garage door facades open to exterior</p><p>[cross ventilation,</p><p>blending of exterior & interior]* image from ‘architecture & hygiene’</p><p>8</p><p>jones partners</p><p>architecture_</p><p>Dwell Home :</p><p>* image from ‘el segundo’ [J.P.A. 2007]</p><p>* image from ‘el segundo’ [J.P.A. 2007]</p><p>* image from ‘el segundo’ [J.P.A. 2007]</p><p>Dwell Home</p><p>Pittsboro, NC [2003]</p><p>- uses J.P.A.’s PRO/con system</p><p>[20’ containers used as basic building</p><p>block to create an almost limitless</p><p>variety of dwellings]</p><p>- massing of containers around central</p><p>interior volume</p><p>[containers contain bedrooms/bath</p><p>rooms and enclose living spaces in</p><p>the void]</p><p>- container becomes a habitable wall</p><p>description:</p><p>utilizes ‘PRO/con’ system, built of 20’ ISO contian-</p><p>ers and steel framed infill panels for roof and floor</p><p>on driven steel piles; aluminum sliding glass door</p><p>and solid interior partition system.</p><p>conclusions:</p><p>the systematic approach presented by Jones Part-</p><p>ners attempts to use the container as a building</p><p>block within a larger, more complicated system.</p><p>Seemingly endless possibilities of spatial and struc-</p><p>tural articulation are made possible with the use of</p><p>a logical organization pattern.</p><p>diagramatic model of</p><p>container massing</p><p>* image from ‘el segundo’ [J.P.A. 2007]</p><p>10</p><p>lot-ek_</p><p>Sanlitun</p><p>South :</p><p>* image from lot-ek.com</p><p>* image from lot-ek.com</p><p>* image from lot-ek.com</p><p>Sanlitun South</p><p>Beijing, China [2005]</p><p>- contianers idependantly supported within</p><p>conventional structure</p><p>- containers become extrusions from fa</p><p>cade, providing for signage and retail level</p><p>pedestrian protection from precipitation</p><p>[seem to float out in space, visually</p><p>interesting but structurally intensive]</p><p>description: organized like a medieval</p><p>village with a dense fabric of narrow open-</p><p>air alleys [circulation channels] between</p><p>low-rise buildings connected by elevated</p><p>walkways and bridges throughout. with</p><p>shipping containers inserted randomly into</p><p>facades, functioning as canopies for the</p><p>floors and entrances below.</p><p>conclusions: The insertion of shipping con-</p><p>tainers into larger structures allows them</p><p>to be utilized for functions other than just</p><p>program. They can have multiple pur-</p><p>poses and operate in various ways at the</p><p>same time. Incorporating them with other</p><p>architectural moves [solar shade screens]</p><p>allows for passive cooling, reducing energy</p><p>consumption.</p><p>diagramatic model of</p><p>container massing</p><p>12</p><p>shigeru ban_</p><p>Nomadic Museum :</p><p>* image by PaoloMazzo, Flickr.com, sept. 2006</p><p>* image by PaoloMazzo, Flickr.com, sept. 2006</p><p>* image by PaoloMazzo, Flickr.com, sept. 2006</p><p>* image by PaoloMazzo, Flickr.com</p><p>* image by PaoloMazzo, Flickr.com, sept. 2006</p><p>Nomadic Museum</p><p>worldwide [debuted N.Y.C. 2005]</p><p>- staggered vertical container massing</p><p>[maintains point loads]</p><p>- containers and canvas sheets provide a</p><p>semi-enclosed exhibition space</p><p>- designed for mobility</p><p>[primary structure is shipping con</p><p>tainers and recycled paper collumns]</p><p>description:</p><p>designed as a temmporary structure to</p><p>house the Ashes and Snow photography</p><p>and film exhibition by Gregory Colbert</p><p>The museum is an on-going project that</p><p>changes and evolves as the years go by.</p><p>The design discussed here is the origional.</p><p>conclusions:</p><p>the clever staggering of the containers in the hori-</p><p>zontal while maintaining the integrity of the axial</p><p>point loads provides a unique opportunity to pay</p><p>equal attention to the mass and the void.</p><p>the use of used container adds an extra layer</p><p>of depth and meaning to the temporality of the</p><p>structure.</p><p>diagramatic model of</p><p>container massing</p><p>14</p><p>connecting</p><p>multiple</p><p>containers :</p><p>how are containers connected together</p><p>to allow for structural stability through-</p><p>out the entirety of the structure?</p><p>- connectors are used at adja</p><p>cent corner fittings to clamp adja</p><p>cent container together. these</p><p>are used at each connection to tie</p><p>together individual neighboring</p><p>units [in the vertical and/or the</p><p>horizontal] and provide stability to</p><p>the whole stack.</p><p>- various tyes of connectors may</p><p>be used depending on project</p><p>requirements.</p><p>see ‘container connector clamps’</p><p>http://www.tandemloc.com/ for</p><p>additional examples of container</p><p>connectors</p><p>* image by sixbysixtasy, Flickr.com, sept. 2008</p><p>basic screw-type container</p><p>connector clamp</p><p>16</p><p>perforating the</p><p>container_</p><p>cutting holes:</p><p>how are habitable spaces made within</p><p>the fairly constrained interior dimen-</p><p>sions of the shipping container?</p><p>- sometimes larger spaces are</p><p>required by program than can</p><p>be provded by one container.</p><p>when this happens, cut desired</p><p>opening into corrugated metal</p><p>facade and frame with structural</p><p>steel.</p><p>[framing required due to</p><p>loss of lateral stability in</p><p>facade due to cut opening]</p><p>- this same approach is taken for</p><p>cutting all types of openings</p><p>[doors, windows, & room</p><p>expansions]</p><p>- where framing is not applicable</p><p>[the removal of an entire facade],</p><p>tie structural member of neighbor</p><p>ing containers together, or [in the</p><p>case of replacing with a glass cur</p><p>tain wall] add tension bracing to</p><p>achieve lateral stability.</p><p>* image by j_mills, Flickr.com, mar. 2008</p><p>structural framing around</p><p>container openings</p><p>18</p><p>finishing out the</p><p>container_</p><p>making it habitable:</p><p>* image by petraalsbach, Flickr.com, mar. 2007</p><p>how are habitable spaces made within</p><p>the fairly constrained interior dimen-</p><p>sions of the shipping container?</p><p>- sometimes larger spaces are</p><p>required by program than can</p><p>be provded by one container.</p><p>when this happens, cut desired</p><p>opening into corrugated metal</p><p>facade and frame with structural</p><p>steel.</p><p>[framing required due to</p><p>loss of lateral stability in</p><p>facade due to cut opening]</p><p>- this same approach is taken for</p><p>cutting all types of openings</p><p>[doors, windows, & room</p><p>expansions]</p><p>- where framing is not applicable</p><p>[the removal of an entire facade],</p><p>tie structural member of neighbor</p><p>ing containers together, or [in the</p><p>case of replacing with a glass cur</p><p>tain wall] add tension bracing to</p><p>achieve lateral stability.</p><p>*note: see compact disk [included] for</p><p>closer details of digital container models.</p><p>tie with</p><p>connectors</p><p>extruded foam</p><p>insulation</p><p>gypsum board</p><p>floated floor</p><p>[wood stud]</p><p>container structure</p><p>cap void between</p><p>containers</p><p>example container building</p><p>elevations [front, side]</p><p>example container building</p><p>sections [front, side]</p><p>tie with</p><p>connectors</p><p>extruded foam</p><p>insulation</p><p>gypsum board</p><p>floated floor</p><p>[wood stud]</p><p>20</p><p>container structure</p><p>cap void between</p><p>containers</p><p>example container building</p><p>digital model</p><p>bibliography :</p><p>architectureandhygiene.com</p><p>firmitas.org</p><p>flickr.com</p><p>Jones, Partners: Architecture, “El</p><p>Segundo”, Princeton Architectural</p><p>Press, NY, 2007</p><p>jonespartners.com</p><p>Kalkin, Adam “Architecture & Hygiene”,</p><p>BT Batsford, London, 2002</p><p>Keetwonen -</p><p>http://www.tempohousing.</p><p>com/projects/keetwonen.html</p><p>Lot-ek.com</p><p>shigerubanarchitects.com</p>