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Power Control in Isolated Microgrids with Renewable 
Distributed Energy Sources and Battey Banks 
 
José Gomes de Matos , Luiz Antonio de Souza Ribeiro 
Institute of Electrical Energy 
Federal University of Maranhão 
São Luís, Brazil 
gomes@dee.ufma.br, luiz_ribeiro@dee.ufma.br 
Evandro de Carvalho Gomes 
Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of 
Maranhão 
São Luís, Brazil 
evandrogomes@ifma.edu.br
 
 
Abstract—This paper presents a new strategy to control the 
power generation from existing energy sources in autonomous 
and isolated Microgrids. In this study, the Microgrid is composed 
of a power electronic converter, supplied by a battery bank, 
which is used to form the AC network (grid-forming power 
converter), an energy source based on a wind turbine and its 
respective power electronic converter (grid supplier converter), 
and the loads. The primary subject of the proposed control 
strategy is to keep the energy balance into the Microgrid, in 
order to control the battery bank state of charge even when more 
power can be generated than loads can consume. This goal is 
achieved controlling the generated power into the Microgrid, 
without using dump load or any physical communication with the 
power electronic converters or individual energy source controls. 
The electrical frequency of the Microgrid is used for dictating the 
amount of power the energy sources need to generate in order to 
maintain the battery-bank state of charge below its maximum 
permissible value. A modified droop control to implement this 
work is proposed. 
Keywords—isolated microgrids; power control; state of charge; 
battery banks; parallel inverters; renewable energy sources; 
I. INTRODUCTION 
Worldwide, a significant number of villages still have no 
access to electricity due to its remoteness. Fortunately, in many 
villages and other places, such as in oceanic islands, there are 
renewable energy sources, especially solar radiation and wind. 
These energy resources can be used to form isolated 
Microgrids to meet local energy needs, as reported in [1]-[3]. 
The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources (RES), the 
required operation availability, and the standalone operation of 
these systems need some kind of energy storage system (SES). 
Although there are several different SES, in practical 
applications battery banks have been used mainly due to 
economical reasons. A diesel generator set (DGS) is generally 
necessary as a backup source to supply power when renewable 
energy resources are limited and the battery bank state of 
charge (SOC) is in a critical situation. 
There are several types of topologies which have been used 
to assemble these isolated Microgrids. The connection of all 
energy sources with a concentrated DC bus, including the 
battery banks, is one possibility. The resultant DC voltage 
needs to be converted to AC voltage to form the local power 
distributed network. In this configuration, an AC/DC converter 
(controlled rectifier) is necessary as an interface between the 
DGS and the DC bus if the DGS is required to supply the loads 
and also charge the battery bank. This is a disadvantage of this 
topology, since this AC/DC converter increases the system cost 
and makes its operation and maintenance more complicated. 
Another possibility of isolated Microgrid topology is 
connecting all the existing power sources to a concentrated AC 
bus, instead of a common DC bus. In that case, at least one 
bidirectional power electronic converter, supplied by a battery 
bank, is necessary to form the AC bus and the local power 
distribution AC network. The DGS, when existing, can be 
synchronized with the AC bus using a conventional power unit 
control, not requiring an AC/DC converter. The topologies 
with concentrated or centralized generation, previously 
described, are not the most appropriate configurations for 
communities with consumers or energy sources spatially 
distributed. For these situations, an improvement can be 
obtained if the AC bus is distributed rather than concentrated, 
as illustrated in Fig. 1. The GFC is a grid-forming converter, 
GSC is a grid supplier converter, that is, a converter connected 
to a primary energy source, WT is a wind turbine, PV is a 
photovoltaic panel, BB is a battery bank, and is the line 
impedance between the and the buses. This topology allows 
connecting the power sources to the grid anywhere next to the 
generation area, reducing the costs with cabling to connect the 
generators with a distant and centralized AC bus. 
 
Figure 1. Microgrid with the power sources distributed along an AC bus. 
978-1-4799-1464-7/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE
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A crucial issue related to these autonomous and distributed 
Microgrids is to control the power internally generated to 
maintain the system energy balance in order to keep the 
terminal voltage of the battery bank limited to a safe value and 
consequently its state of charge (SOC) under control. This is 
not a simple task if the system has distributed energy sources 
located far from the battery bank. One possible solution to this 
drawback consists of using centralized or distributed resistive 
dump loads that burn the eventually excess power generated, 
as presented in [4]-[5]. This solution has the disadvantage of 
using additional components, generally with the same rated 
power of the renewable energy sources, which increases the 
system costs, reducing its useful lifetime, making its operation 
and maintenance more complicated. Another possibility is to 
use physical communication (wiring) among the converter 
control systems in order to control the energy balance into the 
Microgrid, and the amount of power that each of them must 
generate to keep this energy balance under control. Despite its 
simplicity, this solution has the disadvantage of reducing the 
system reliability since it is dependent on the operation of a 
physical system of communication. 
This paper proposes an alternative strategy to control the 
power generated from an isolated Microgrid with distributed 
RES. The proposal is controlling the terminal voltage of the 
existing battery banks below or equal to its maximum 
permissible value. This is done limiting the amount of power 
that each energy source can generate at each instant, using a 
modified droop control strategy. The battery banks terminal 
voltage control implies indirectly in their SOC control. This 
solution does not use neither dump loads to dissipate the 
excess power generated, nor wired communication with the 
energy sources and the energy storage systems. 
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 
Fig. 2 illustrates the simplified diagram of a standalone 
Microgrid used to explain the control strategy proposed in this 
paper. It is composed of a grid-forming converter (GFC), a 
grid supplier converter (GSC), a battery bank, and the loads. 
The renewable energy source, in this particular study, is a 
variable speed wind turbine coupled to a permanent magnet 
synchronous generator (PMSG) [6]. The simplicity of this 
system is useful to show the feasibility of the proposed control 
strategy without loss of generality. 
The grid-forming converter is a bidirectional converter 
composed of a PWM inverter, and a DC-DC converter that 
works in a buck or boost mode. The grid supplier converter is 
used to control the power that is generated from the renewable 
energy source. In this particular example, the grid supplier 
converter is composed of a grid side PWM inverter (GSI) and 
a wind turbine side PWM inverter (TSI). 
A. Grid Voltage and Frequency Controls 
In the grid-forming converter, the PWM inverter controls 
voltage and frequency of the Microgrid.The grid voltage 
controller uses a traditional configuration implemented on a 
synchronous reference frame, synchronized with the grid 
voltage vector. The model of the LC filter in delta side of the 
 transformer (see Fig. 2), implemented in the dq 
synchronous reference frame, is used to design the control 
loops of the grid-forming converter. The block diagram of this 
model is presented in Fig. 3, where is equivalent series 
resistance of the inductor. Based on this model, an inner 
current loop and an outer voltage loop were designed, as 
depicted in Fig. 4. In this figure is the frequency of the 
local grid, the superscript “ ” denotes synchronous 
reference frame, “^” denotes estimated quantity, is used 
to decouple the disturbance caused by the load currents and 
, and the cross coupling disturbance of and , which is 
introduced by the model, is the per phase equivalent 
filter capacitance which value is , and means “Zero 
 
Figure 2. The simplified diagram of studied Microgrid. 
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Order Holder”. The current on the inductance is controlled 
to regulate the voltage on the capacitance [7]. The current 
and voltage controllers were tuned for 1 kHz and 200 Hz 
bandwidths, respectively. 
 
Figure 3. Block diagram of the LC filter in the synchronous reference frame. 
 
Figure 4. Block diagram of the microgrid voltage controller (GFC voltage 
controller). 
The grid frequency reference value is calculated using the 
power control strategy into the Microgrid and it will be 
explained later. 
The voltage reference value can be equal to the rated 
Microgrid voltage or it can be calculated as a function of the 
reactive power at the grid-forming converter terminals, as 
reported in [7], [8]. The reference frame is aligned with 
grid terminal voltage vector, thus the value of is imposed 
to be zero, while is equal to the grid magnitude voltage 
value previously explained. 
B. Bidiretional DC-DC Converter Control 
In the grid-forming converter, the DC-DC buck or boost 
converter is used to control the voltage in capacitor . The 
control action of the voltage controller in the DC-DC 
converter can be equivalent to connect a controlled voltage 
source, with average value , between the terminals of 
the converter circuit, as shown in the Fig. 5(a) and Fig. 5(b). If 
the losses in the converter are neglected, the voltage on 
will only depends on the difference between the power on the 
battery bank terminals ( ) and the power on the PWM 
inverter terminals ( ), as shown in Fig. 5(c). So, the 
dynamic equation of can be written as (1), where is a 
state variable defined as 
 (1) 
From (1) and Fig. 5(c), the DC Bus voltage controller can 
be designed using an inner loop to control the battery bank 
current, and an outer loop to control the voltage level on the 
capacitor , as depicted in Fig. 6. The bandwidths for the 
inner and outer loop are 500 Hz and 50 Hz, respectively. 
 
Figure. 5. The DC-DC converter: a) original circuit, b) equivalent average 
circuit model, and c) DC bus average model. 
 
Figure 6. Block diagram of the bus voltage controller in the DC-DC 
converter. 
The controller output voltage ( ) is the reference value 
for the PWM block which is used to generate the control 
signals to and switches, as shown in Fig.7 [4]. If 
is positive, the battery bank will supply the load and the DC-
DC converter operates on boost mode using switch and 
diode . On the other hand, the DC-DC converter operates on 
buck mode using switch and diode . 
C. Grid Supplier Converter Control 
In the grid supplier converter, the GSI is used to control 
the grid current and the DC link voltage (see Fig. 2). The 
controller is implemented on a synchronous reference 
frame, with an inner current loop to control the grid current, 
and an outer voltage loop to control the voltage on the 
capacitance [7]. This controller is designed and 
implemented in a similar way as the controller depicted in Fig. 
3. The inner and outer loop bandwidths were set to 500 Hz and 
10 Hz, respectively. 
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The TSI controls the power generated, using an algorithm 
to extract the maximum power from the wind turbine (MPPT) 
[9]. The TSI controller is implemented on synchronous 
reference frame aligned with the rotor of the turbine generator. 
Based on the references adopted in this work, the d-axis 
current of the generator ( is controlled to be zero. Thus, in 
steady state, the generator torque is proportional to q-axis 
current ( ) component, as shown in (2) [10], where is 
given by (3), is the number of the generator poles, and 
is the generator permanent magnet flux. 
 
Figure 7. Block diagram of the voltage controller of DC bus in the grid 
former converter. 
 (2) 
 (3) 
When the wind turbine works on its maximum power 
point, the mechanical torque ( ) is proportional to the square 
of the rotational speed ( ), given by (4), where is a 
constant that depends on the physical and operational 
characteristics of the wind turbine, and the air density. The 
value of may be obtained experimentally or by 
computational simulations based on mathematical models 
[11], [12]. From (3), (4), and , the reference value for 
-axis current controller of the generator ( ) is given by (5). 
The reference value for -axis current component ( ) is 
imposed to zero. The current controller bandwidths for -
axes are equal to 10 Hz. 
 (4) 
 (5) 
III. STRATEGY TO CONTROL THE GENERATED POWER AND 
BATTERY STATE OF CHARGE 
In standalone or isolated Microgrids there is no available 
commercial grid. Therefore, the power generated from 
distributed energy sources needs to be controlled when the 
load demand is less than the amount of power that could be 
generated from the energy sources. This control is necessary 
to keep the energy balance in the Microgrid and to keep the 
battery bank voltage less than or equal to its maximum 
permissible value. 
The proposed control strategy uses the grid frequency 
value to characterize whether the battery bank SOC has the 
tendency for its maximum permissible value or not. Based on 
that information, the amount of power that can be generated 
from the primary energy sources connected with the system 
should be restricted. The grid frequency control is 
implemented in the grid-forming converter. 
When the battery bank SOC is not in its maximum limit, 
the grid frequency is determined according to the conventional 
droop control principle, described by line in Fig. 8 [7], [8]. 
In that case, there are no restrictions on the amount of power 
that can be generated, and the existing renewable energy 
sources operate on their maximum power point. Obviously, 
this is true only if the battery bank has been designed with 
sufficient capacity to absorb all power that the renewable 
sources can produce in a particular instant. If the battery bank 
SOC is in its maximum limit, the grid frequency is imposed to 
be always greater than the value , and the droop control 
will track the line shown in Fig. 10. In that case, restriction 
on the amount of power that can be generated from the 
renewable sources is necessary, otherwise the integrity of the 
battery bank is at risk. The amount of power that must be 
reduced from the maximum power that can be generated is 
proportional to the difference between and (see Fig. 8). 
 
Figure 8. Frequency versuspower in the grid-forming converter according to 
proposed power control strategy. 
The battery bank SOC is detected using battery voltage 
( ). A PI controller is used to regulate the battery terminal 
voltage less than or equal to its maximum value . The 
output of this controller is the incremental frequency ( ) that 
must be added to in order to get the new reference value 
of the grid frequency. The value is proportional to the 
amount of power that must be decreased from the power 
generated in order to control the battery bank terminal voltage. 
This is illustrated in Fig. 9, where is the slope of or 
lines in Fig. 8. 
The grid frequency is measured in the controller of grid 
supplier converter. If its value is great than , the battery 
bank SOC is close to its upper limit, the GSC controller 
decreases the current reference that has been calculated on the 
maximum power point tracker algorithm, reducing the power 
that could be generated from wind turbine, and controlling the 
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SOC and the battery bank terminal voltage. This is illustrated 
in Fig. 10, where is the amount of power that must be 
reduced, is the generator rotational speed, is the 
generator torque variation, and is the generated power. 
 
Figure. 9. Block diagram of the frequency control in the grid former-forming 
power converter 
 
Figure. 10 Block diagram of the power control in the grid supplier converter 
The tuning of the SOC controller in Fig. 9 needs to take 
into account the dynamic of the battery bank. One possible 
model for lead-acid battery is shown in Fig. 11, where is 
the battery open circuit voltage, is the equivalent series 
internal resistance, and model the overvoltage or 
undervoltage arising from the battery charging or discharging, 
 is the resistance due to natural losses, and models the 
battery capacity to storage energy [13]. Normally, the natural 
losses has a very high time constant, such that its effect can be 
neglected for the purpose of this work. The experimental 
voltage and current waveforms of a 30 Ah/12 V lead-acid 
battery during the tests to estimate the parameters of the 
battery equivalent circuit are presented in Fig.12. The 
estimated values of the battery parameters at the end of the 
charge cycle are 8.7 m , 430 m , 60 F, and 
 44.000 F. From these data it can be seen that the lowest 
time constant related to the battery dynamic behavior is 
approximately 25 seconds ( ). 
 
Figure 11. Battery equivalent circuit. 
 
Figure 12. Experimental wave forms of voltage and current during the tests 
with a 30 Ah 12 V lead-acid battery: a) Currente and b) Voltage. 
The variation in the grid frequency, shown as the output 
of the SOC controller in Fig. 9, means a decrease equal to 
in the overall power generated in the microgrid, as depicted in 
Fig. 10. Assuming that the load power does not change and the 
variation in the system losses can be neglected during the 
control action, can represent the amount of power that will 
not be delivered to the battery bank in order to keep its terminal 
voltage ( ) less than or equal to its maximum value ( ). 
A variation equal to in the battery input power means a 
variation equal to in battery current, which is 
approximately given by (6). 
 (6) 
Thus, the block diagram for analyses and tuning of the SOC 
controller can be depicted in Fig. 13, where is the 
transfer function , and is the transfer 
function that relates the current and voltage at the battery 
terminals. Normally, is much faster than , so it 
can be equivalent to . The relationship between and 
 is given by (7). 
 (7) 
 
Figure 13. Block diagram for analyses and design of the controller of power 
genareted and battery bank state of chage.. 
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS 
Simulation results of the Microgrid shown in Fig. 1 are 
presented in Fig.14. The system rated power is 15 kW. The 
battery bank is compound of 60 lead-acid batteries of 12 V -
220 Ah, connected in 3 parallel lines, each line with 20 
batteries in series. The maximum permissible terminal voltage 
of the battery bank is 280 V. The wind speed is defined equal 
to 11 m/s. The PI controller in Fig. 13 was tuned with a 
bandwidth of 0.036 Hz. The grid frequency range is 59.4 Hz up 
to 61.2 Hz and the SOC controller is activated when the 
frequency is greater than 60.6 Hz. The simulation was 
implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The 
converters are modeled as ideal controlled voltage sources. In 
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the beginning of the simulation, the battery bank voltage is 
equal to 275 V (see Fig. 14a). and the system is supplying a 
load of 10.9 kW (see Fig. 14e and 14f). At the instant 100 s, the 
wind turbine is turned on and produces 10.1 kW (see Fig. 14g). 
Thus, the battery is still supplying the difference between the 
power consumed by the load and the power produced from the 
wind turbine. At the instant 210 s, the load is turned off and all 
power produced from the wind turbine is used to charge the 
battery bank (see Fig. 14a). The battery terminal voltage 
increases quickly and gets 280 V at 310 s. At this time, the 
power controller starts to operate and the battery bank terminal 
voltage stops growing. The Fig. 14b presents a continuous 
voltage at the bidirectional converter terminals showing that it 
was perfectly controlled by the voltage controller depicted in 
Fig. 6. The Fig. 14c presents the frequency variation. From 0 s 
to 300 s, the frequency changes according to the conventional 
droop control law, and after 300 s, it changes according to the 
proposed control strategy. 
 
Figure 14. Simulation results: (a) the battery bank voltage; (b) the DC bus 
voltage of the GFC; (c) the grid frequency; (d) the generated power by the 
turbine; (e) the output power of the GFC; and (f) the power at the battery bank 
terminals. 
V. CONCLUSIONS 
 
This paper presented a strategy to control the power 
generated in order to regulate the battery bank state of charge 
in standalone Microgrids with distributed renewable energy 
sources. Simulation results have demonstrated the effectiveness 
of the strategy. This strategy need neither wired 
communication with the distributed renewable sources nor 
surplus power dissipation into dump loads. These technical 
advantages make the proposed strategy a promising tool to 
increase the viability and reliability of renewable power 
generation system in isolated and remote communities. 
Although a wind turbine has been used to demonstrate the 
validity of the proposed strategy, it is also valid regardless the 
type and number of power sources existing in the isolated 
Microgrid. The proposed strategy calculates the amount of 
power that must be generated from all sources, at each time, to 
keep the balance of energy in the grid. 
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