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Func specified and that the exercise prescription match the patient’s functional needs. A basic pillar of exercise science is the SAID principle. This means that accomplishes this force transmission through its diagonal loops and slings (oblique abdominal/pectorals, gluteus maximus/latissmus dorsi) linking the hip to the shoulder girdle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Journal of Bodywork and Movement Ther 6(4), 248^254 doi: 10.1054/jbmt.2002.0311, available online http://www.idealibrary.com on This paper may be photocopied fo Craig Liebenson DC Private Practice, 10474 Santa Monica Boulervard CA 90025, USA. Tel.: +1310 470 2909; Fax: +1 E-mail: cldc@flash.net CL IN IC I AN ’ S INFORMAT ION FOR SELF - HELP PRO CEDURE S J Fu nc tio na lt ra in in g pa rt 1: ne w ad va nc es training causes ‘specific adaptation to imposed demands’ (Sale & MacDougall 1981). These adaptations are specific to the length, movement and speed of the exercise trained (Rutherford 1988). An example is that knee extensors (quadriceps) trained on the seated knee extension progressive resistance machine do not become stronger on a bicycle (Rutherford (see Fig. 2). The role of the trunk or ‘core’ in force transmission should not be underestimated. From the creeping and crawling of an infant, to the counter-rotation of pelvis and trunk during gait, to the full coil of a golfer diagonal, 3-D movements in functional activities are the rule (Lamoth et al. 2002). Yet, most modern activities which are 202, Los Angeles, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . apies (2002) at r educational use. 310 470 3286; OURNAL OF BOD tional train new advanc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Craig Liebenson Introduction Many exercises ‘isolate’ problem areas, but is this an ‘integrated isolation’ of functional activity (Gray 2001)? If strength training does not mimic the way muscles are used in the patient’s functional activities then it may have a cosmetic effect, but not an injury preventive or rehabilitative role. It is important that the goal of training is 1988). Gary Gray, PT has pioneered functional exercises such as 3-D lunges, single leg balance challenges, and squats (Gray 2001, Risberg 248 YWORK AND MOVEMENT THERAPIES ing part 1: es et al. 2001, Liebenson 2002). These utilize a ‘star matrix’ floor pattern so that tri-planar movement (sagittal, frontal, and transverse) can be trained (see Fig. 1). Nearly all functional activities involve the whole body. Therefore, functional training should also involve the entire locomotor system. The trunk transmits the energy from the lower quarter kinetic chain to the upper quarter. The trunk sedentary (e.g. sitting, standing, slow walking), and even health club exercises (e.g. sit-ups, biceps curls, leg raises) predominately involve only one plane of motion – the OCTOBER 2002 Clinician’s information for self-help procedures w ad va nc es sagital plane. Therefore, in order to ‘drive’ function, it is imperative to utilize full body motions utilizing rotation. Such training will automatically activate the deep ‘core’ trunk muscles such as the transverse and oblique abdominal muscles. This article is the first in a series of three on functional training. The follow-up articles will provide brief clinical notes and additional patient pages based on this initial article. Assessment How does a practitioner know if a patient’s stability during the performance of daily tasks has actually been improved? Can it be assumed that if manual therapy 9:00 6:00 3:00 12:00 Fig. 1 The star matrix of Gary Gray, PT (Liebenson 2002) releases trigger points, restores joint play, or improves range of motion (ROM) that function is automatically stabilized? Numerous studies show that ROM impairments correlate poorly with activity intolerances or disability (Klein et al. 1991, Waddell et al. 1992, Nattrass et al. 1999). Thus, more direct measures should be evaluated. More direct measures include the patients perception of their functional disability (i.e. activity intolerance questionnaires such as Oswestry), and tests of actual Fig. 2 Functional diagonal loops and slings. (A) Anterior chain and (B) posterior chain. 249 JOURNAL OF BODYWORK AND MOVEMENT THERAPIES OCTOBER 2002 Fu nc tio na lt ra in in g pa rt 1: ne functional tasks such as squatting, lunging, balancing, loaded reaches, etc. (Simmonds & Lee 2002). This ‘functional diagnosis’ can be combined with the patient’s structural diagnosis (e.g. pain generator) to guide the clinician in selecting what treatments are most effective in patient care. For instance, a patient with a structural diagnosis of a herniated disc who has a functional diagnosis of pain with prolonged sitting and an inability to perform a forward lunge without flexing their trunk and hip will require training which facilitates lunging and kneeling while maintaining the lumbar lordosis (see Fig. 3). The single leg squat will be presented in detail as an example of how the functional ability of the lower quarter can be screened. Ask the patient to perform a single leg Asymmetry of depth indicates any of the following: poor balance; weakness of the quadriceps and B Liebenson 2002) and (B) Trendelenberg sign. Fig. 5 Hip flexion (Liebenson 2002). Fig. 6 Tibial torsion. Liebenson Fu nc tio na lt ra in in g pa rt 1: ne w ad va nc es squat and compare one side to the other looking for: asymmetry of depth, Trendelenberg sign, hip flexion, tibial torsion, or hyperpronation (see Fig. 4). Fig. 3 Forward lunge with hip and trunk flexion. JOURNAL OF BOD A Fig. 4 (A) Single leg squat test (from Fig. 2 of 250 YWORK AND MOVEMENT THERAPIES OCTOBER 2002 Clinician’s information for self-help procedures es gluteus maximus; or knee instability. The Trendelenberg sign indicates weakness of the lateral hip stabilizers, in particular the gluteus medius (see Fig. 4B). Hip flexion indicates weakness of the hip extensors (see Fig. 5). Tibial torsion is a sign of knee instability and could be secondary to either hyperpronation in the subtalar region or gluteus medius insufficiency (see Fig. 6). Fig. 7 Hyperpronation (Liebenson 2002). Hyperpronation is a sign of subtalar instability (see Fig. 7). Training The basics It is important to have a way to ‘audit’ if your manual therapy has successfully restored function. An audit in the practice setting takes the form of post-treatment checks of relevant functional deficits that have been identified. If manual therapy does not restore function, then functional training is indicated. There are two basic principles to follow when prescribing a new exercise. The first is the McKenzie principle that the movement should centralize rather than peripheralize This begins on the floor and then on the Stability Trainer (see Fig. 9). It is performed repetitively in the direction on the Star Diagram (front, side, and back) that optimizes function (i.e. decreases hyperpronation, tibial torsion, etc.). When 12 repetitions can be performed slowly without jerky JOURNAL OF BOD Fu nc tio na lt ra in in g pa rt 1: ne w ad va nc symptoms (McKenzie 1981). If a patient has symptoms of sciatica that are aggravated by trunk flexion movements then after performance of 8–10 repetitions of a new exercise the trunk flexion sensitivity should be diminished. Second, is the cognitive-behavioral principle that ‘hurt does not necessarily equal harm’ (Indahl et al. 1998). The patient should be informed that light activity would not injure them and that deconditioned tissues are typically uncomfortable to move because they arestiff. The patient should be regularly reassured with each visit that increases in symptoms are not signs of re-injury or confirmation of pathological tissue. Rather, ‘flare- ups’ are considered transient ‘spasms’ which will run a course and are better with light stretching and gentle activity than with immobilization. Additionally, the patient is educated that anxiety over symptoms increases muscle tension and reduces the pain threshold. Therefore, it is best to learn how to cope with symptoms by remaining active. Functional training involves a variety of exercises which resemble the functional activities the patient engages in regularly. It requires very little equipment and uses common activities such as balancing, reaching, kneeling, and squatting as part of the exercise. Generally, the training is performed in an upright position with gravity as the main form of resistance. However, tubing, cables, hand weights and other simple devices can also be utilized. Exercises are progressed from simple uniplaner movements to whole body tri-planer movements. Examples of the exercises utilized are shown in Table 1. Labile surfaces such as gymnastic balls, rocker boards, and stability trainers are used to specifically challenge stability mechanisms during these 251 YWORK AND MOVEMENT THERAPIES exercises. This amplifies the training effects of the exercises (Janda & Va’vrova’ 1996, Liebenson 2001). Balogun demonstrated that by exercising on a balance board lower extremity strength improved more than if four separate resistance machine exercises are performed (Balogun et al. 1992). Similarly, Vera-Garcia showed that trunk curl-ups on a gymnastic ball increased the oblique abdominal activity four-fold vs. floor training (Vera-Garcia et al. 2000). The Exercises Single legbalance The patient should start with his eyes open and attempt to perform a 10 s hold. Six repetitions twice a day is the goal. Arms should be relaxed at their sides. If necessary they can reach out for balance. This can be progressed to performance with eyes closed. The next progression is to balance on one foot on the Stability Trainer (see Fig. 8). Again perform it first with eyes open and then once mastered, with eyes closed. Always progress to the next level of exercise when six repetitions with 10 s holds/repetition are achieved. Lunge Table1Functionalmovements trained K Single leg balancing K Lunges K Squats K Whole body and ‘tri-planer’ exercises K Functional activities such as tennis backhand, golf swing, etc. OCTOBER 2002 movements then it can be progressed to lunging on the Stability Trainer. Squats Training squats is valuable for improving lower quarter and trunk function. A seemingly difficult exercise – the single leg squat – can be modified so that it is performed with appropriate stability. Weight should be back on the heels and the knees should not drive forward beyond the toes. With fingertips on a wall it becomes a novel way to reeducate appropriate functional movement patterns (see Fig. 10). It should be performed with eyes open until 12 slow repetitions can be controlled, then it can be progressed to eyes closed. Finally, it can be performed on the Stability Trainer. Whole bodyand‘tri-planar’exercises Single leg balance, lunge and squat exercises can become ‘tri-planar’ exercises (movement in all three planes of motion) by adding arm reaches. The correct arm motion will and should be searched for when patients have difficulty stabilizing any link (i.e. ankle, knee, etc.) in the kinetic chain. As an example if a person’s forward lunge occurs with excessive hip or trunk flexion raising the arms overhead will automatically drive extension (see Fig. 11). If subtalar hyperpronation is present an arm reach across the body during performance of an oblique or lateral lunge will automatically facilitate supination (see Fig. 12). The addition of arm movements to a trunk or lower quarter exercise instantly makes an exercise much more functional. Punches teach the patient to ‘learn’ how to transfer their weight from back to front leg (see Fig. 12). The weight transfer facilitates the lower quarter kinetic chain to generate power which the trunk transmits to Fig. 8 Single leg balance on the stability trainer (Theraband stability trainer available from The Gym Ball Store, San Diego, www.gymball.com.). Liebenson Fu nc tio na lt ra in in g pa rt 1: ne w ad va nc es Fig. 9 Dynamic lunge on the Stability Trainer. JOURNAL OF BOD improve squat or lunge performance Fig. 10 Single leg squat facing the wall. 252 YWORK AND MOVEMENT THERAPIES Fig. 11 Forward lunge with arms overhead. OCTOBER 2002 Fig. 13 (A and B) Punches. Clinician’s information for self-help procedures Fig. 12 Lateral lunge with arm reach. the arm. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) patterns such as the ‘sword’ or ‘seatbelt’ are also utilized to reeducate tri-planer coordination (see Figs 13 and 14). Bands, cables or hand weights are the only equipment required. Functionalactivities The final common pathway for functional exercises are movements which mimic the sports or activities an individual performs. The Stability Trainer is ideal for challenging the balance, coordination, strength and endurance of the individual in these functional positions and movements (see Fig. 15). Summary Improving stability during performance of daily activities is the final goal of rehabilitation. Fig. 14 (A and B) Sword (Reproduced with permission from DeFranca C, Liebenson C. The Upper Body Book, 2002, The Gym Ball Store, San Diego, www.gymball.com.). 253 JOURNAL OF BODYWORK AND MOVEMENT THERAPIES OCTOBER 2002 Fu nc tio na lt ra in in g pa rt 1: ne w ad va nc es body movements coupled with progressive balance challenges trains the deep ‘core’ muscles. REFERENCES Balogun JA, Adesinasi CO, Marzouk DK 1992 The effects of a wobble board exercise training program on static balance performance and strength of lower extremity muscles. Physiotherapy in Canada 44: 23–30 Gray G 2001 Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. Functional approach to musculoskeletal system II Seminar, October. For further information – wynnmarketing.com Liebenson CS 2002. Advice for the clinician and patient: functional exercises. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 6: 108–116 McKenzie RA 1981 The lumbar spine. Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy. Lower Hutt, New Zealand Spinal Publication Nattrass CL, Nitschke JE, Disler PB et al. 1999 Lumbar spine range of motion as a measure of physical and functional impairment: an investigation of validity. Clinical Rehabilitation 13: 211–218 Risberg MA, Mork M, Krogstad Jenssen H, Holm I 2001 Design and implementation of a neuromuscular training program following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. JOSPT 31: 620– 631 Rutherford OM 1988 Muscular coordination Liebenson Fu nc tio na lt ra in in g pa rt 1: ne w ad va nc es Manual therapy and non-weight- bearing exercises are frequently catalysts in this process. However, functional training does not necessarily need to follow these other approaches. As the saying goes ‘begin with the end in mind’. Functional whole Fig. 15 Golfer exercise with stability trainer. JOURNAL OF BOD Indahl A, Haldorsen EH, Holm S, Reikeras O, Hursin H 1998 Five-year follow-up study of a controlled clinical trial using light mobilization and an informative approach to low back pain. Spine 23: 2625–2630 Janda V, Va’vrova’ M 1996 Sensory motor stimulation. In: Liebenson C (ed.) Spinal Rehabilitation: A Manual of Active Care Procedures. Williams & Wilkins,Baltimore Klein AB, Snyder-Mackler L, Roy SH et al. 1991 Comparison of spinal mobility and isometric trunk extensor forces with electromyographic spectral analysis in identifying low back pain. Physical Therapy 71: 445–454 Lamoth CJC, Meijer OG, Wuisman PIJM, van Diee¨n JH, Levin MF, Beek PJ 2002 Pelvis–thorax coordination in the transverse plane during walking in persons with nonspecific low back pain. Spine 27: E92–E99 Liebenson CS 2001 Advice for the clinician and patient: sensory-motor training. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 5: 21–28 254 YWORK AND MOVEMENT THERAPIES and strength training, implications for injury rehabilitation. Sports Medicine 5: 196 Sale D, MacDougall D 1981 Specificity in strength training: a review for the coach and athlete. Canadian Journal of Sports Science 6: 87 Simmonds MJ, Lee CE 2002 Physical performance tests: an expanded model of assessment and outcome. In: Liebenson C (ed). Rehabilitation of the Spine: A Practitioner’s Manual, 2nd edn. Baltimore: Lippincott/Williams & Wilkins (sched pub) Vera-Garcia FJ, Grenier SG, McGill SM 2000 Abdominal response during curl- ups on both stable and labile surfaces, Physical Therapy 80: 564–569 Waddell G, Somerville D, Henderson I et al. 1992 Objective clinical evaluation of physical impairment in chronic low back pain. Spine 17: 617–628 OCTOBER 2002 Introduction Figure 1 Assessment Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Training The basics Table 1 The Exercises Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Summary Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 REFERENCES
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