Neuroanatomia - Atlas

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Neuroanatomia 
Major functional areas of the cerebral cortex: (A) Lateral aspect of left 
cerebral hemisphere; 
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Major functional areas of the cerebral cortex: (B) Medial aspect of right 
cerebral hemisphere in sagittal section. 
Lateral aspect of the cerebral hemisphere showing major gyri and sulci. 
Median sagittal section of the cerebral hemisphere showing major gyri 
and sulci. 
The brain stem and cerebellum have been removed to show the inferomedial 
aspect of the temporal lobe. 
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Coronal section of the cerebral hemisphere. 
Coronal section of the cerebral hemisphere 
Coronal section of the cerebral hemisphere. 
Coronal section of the cerebral hemisphere. 
Coronal section of the cerebral hemisphere. 
Coronal section of the cerebral hemisphere. 
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Coronal section of the cerebral hemisphere. 
Coronal section of the cerebral hemisphere. 
Coronal section of the cerebral hemisphere. 
Coronal section of the cerebral 
hemisphere 
Horizontal (axial) magnetic resonance image of the living brain. 
Horizontal section of the brain. 
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Coronal magnetic resonance image of the living brain. 
Superolateral aspect of the left cerebral hemisphere. The frontal and 
parietal operculae have been removed to show the location of the transverse 
temporal gyri (Heschl’s convolutions) and the insula. 
Coronal section of the cerebral hemisphere. The diagram shows the 
location of the principal association, commissural and projection fibres. 
Principal association and commissural fibres of the cerebral hemisphere 
projected onto a median sagittal section. 
Dissection of the brain from the superior aspect revealing the corpus 
callosum. 
Diffusion MRI tractography reconstruction of the projection fibres 
passing 
through the internal capsule. Tractography measures the diffusion of water 
along axonal fibres and allows reconstruction of their trajectories in the living 
human brain. 
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Horizontal section of the cerebral hemisphere showing the parts of the internal 
capsule. 
Horizontal section of the brain showing the relationships of the corpus 
striatum. Mulligan’s stain has been used to increase the contrast between 
cell-rich areas (blue) and white matter. 
Coronal section of the brain showing the relationships of the 
corpus striatum. Mulligan’s stain 
Lateral aspect of the left caudate nucleus, putamen, amygdala and 
thalamus. The globus pallidus is obscured by the putamen. The course of 
the internal capsule is shown in red. The putamen and the head of the 
caudate nucleus are separated by the anterior limb of the internal capsule, 
except at their most rostral extent where the two are in continuity. The 
posterior limb of the internal capsule separates the globus pallidus and 
putamen from the thalamus. 
Schematic diagram illustrating the principal connections of the corpus striatum 
and related nuclei. Afferents to the striatum from the intralaminar thalamic nuclei and 
raphe nuclei have been omitted. For the sake of clarity, all efferents from the basal 
ganglia system are shown to originate from the medial segment of the globus pallidus, 
those from the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra being omitted. Similarly, efferents 
from the striatum are shown to originate only from the putamen and not from the 
caudate nucleus. 
Transverse section through the midbrain showing the substantia nigra. 
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Coronal sections through the corpus striatum and diencephalon. Loyez 
method for myelin. 
Coronal sections through the corpus striatum and diencephalon. Loyez 
method for myelin. 
Coronal section through the corpus striatum and diencephalon illustrating the 
efferent projections of the globus pallidus. 
A sagittal section of the diencephalon. The diagram shows the medial 
aspect of the hypothalamus. The approximate location of some of the principal 
hypothalamic nuclei is shown. 
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei projecting to the posterior pituitary via 
the hypothalamohypophyseal tract. 
Pituitary portal system linking anterior and posterior parts of the pituitary 
gland. 
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Coronal section of the brain showing the location of the amygdala and 
anterior commissure and their relationships with the basal ganglia. 
Mulligan’s stain 
Transverse section through the hippocampus and inferior horn of the lateral 
ventricle. 
The interconnection of limbic structures that constitute the Papez circuit. 
Dissection of the medial aspect of the diencephalon to show the 
relationships of the fornix, mammillary body and mammillothalamic tract. 
The Papez circuit projected onto the medial aspect of the cerebral 
hemisphere. 
The hippocampus–fimbria–fornix system. The brain is viewed from above. The 
cerebral cortex and white matter, including the corpus callosum, have been 
removed to reveal the lateral ventricle and its contents. (A) Choroid plexus of lateral 
ventricle intact; (B) Choroid plexus removed. 
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Ventral surface of the brain. The illustration shows the olfactory bulb and 
tract, the lateral olfactory stria and the primary olfactory area of the cerebral 
cortex (uncus). 
 Areas 3, 1 & 2 – Primary Somatosensory Cortex (frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by convention) 
 Area 4 – Primary Motor Cortex 
 Area 5 – Somatosensory Association Cortex 
 Area 6 – Premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)(Supplementary motor area) 
 Area 7 – Somatosensory Association Cortex 
 Area 8 – Includes Frontal eye fields 
 Area 9 – Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 
 Area 10 – Anterior prefrontal cortex (most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri) 
 Area 11 – Orbitofrontal area (orbital and rectus gyri, plus part of the rostral part of the superior frontal gyrus) 
 Area 12 – Orbitofrontal area (used to be part of BA11, refers to the area between the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior rostral sulcus) 
 Area 13 and Area 14* – Insular cortex 
 Area 15* – Anterior Temporal Lobe 
 Area 16 – Insular cortex 
 Area 17 – Primary visual cortex (V1) 
 Area 18 – Secondary visual cortex (V2) 
 Area 19 – Associative visual cortex (V3,V4,V5) 
 Area 20 – Inferior temporal gyrus 
 Area 21 – Middle temporal gyrus 
 Area 22 – Superior temporal gyrus, of which the caudal part is usually considered to contain the Wernicke's area 
 Area 23 – Ventral posterior cingulate cortex 
 Area 24 – Ventral anterior cingulate cortex. 
 Area 25 – Subgenual area (part of the Ventromedial prefrontal cortex)[4] 
 Area 26 – Ectosplenial portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex 
 Area 27 – Piriform cortex 
 Area 28 – Ventral entorhinal cortex 
 Area 29 – Retrosplenial cingulate cortex 
 Area 30 – Part of cingulate cortex 
 Area 31 – Dorsal Posterior cingulate cortex 
 Area 32 – Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex 
 Area 33 – Part of anterior cingulate cortex 
 Area 34 – Dorsal entorhinal cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus) 
 Area 35 – Perirhinal cortex (in the rhinal sulcus) 
 Area 36 – Ectorhinal area, now part of the perirhinal cortex (in the rhinal sulcus) 
 Area 37 – Fusiform gyrus 
 Area 38 – Temporopolar area (most rostral part of the superior and middle temporal gyri) 
 Area 39 – Angular gyrus, considered by some to be part of Wernicke's area 
 Area 40 – Supramarginal gyrus considered by some to be part of Wernicke's area 
 Areas 41 and 42 – Auditory cortex 
 Area 43 – Primary gustatory cortex 
 Area 44 – Pars opercularis, part of the inferior frontal gyrus and part of Broca's area 
 Area 45 – Pars triangularis, part of the inferior frontal gyrus and part ofBroca's area 
 Area 46 – Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 
 Area 47 – Pars orbitalis, part of the inferior frontal gyrus 
 Area 48 – Retrosubicular area (a small part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe) 
 Area 49 – Parasubicular area in a rodent 
 Area 52 – Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the insula) 
Dorsal aspect of the brain stem. Lateral aspect of the brain stem. 
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Ventral aspect of the brain stem. Ventral aspect of the brain stem showing the decussation of the pyramids. 
Transverse section through the caudal medulla at the level of the 
decussation of 
the pyramids. The sections shown in Figs 9.5-9.13 have been stained 
by the Weigert–Pal method. 
Areas rich in nerve fibres stain darkly, while areas rich in cell bodies are 
relatively pale. 
Transverse section through the mid-medulla at the level of the great sensory 
decussation. 
Transverse section through the rostral medulla at the level of the 
inferior olivary nucleus. 
Transverse section through the caudal pons. 
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Transverse section through the mid-pons at the level of the trigeminal 
nerve. 
Transverse section through the rostral pons. 
Transverse section through the brain stem at the level of the pontine–
mesencephalic junction. 
Transverse section through the caudal midbrain at the level of the 
inferior colliculus. 
Transverse section through the rostral midbrain at the level of the superior 
colliculus. 
The base of the brain illustrating the locations of the cranial nerves. The 
points of attachment are shown, except for the trochlear nerve, which arises 
from the dorsal aspect of the brain stem. 
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The brain stem 
viewed from the 
dorsal aspect. The 
diagram illustrates the 
locations of the 
afferent cranial nerve 
nuclei (left) and the 
efferent cranial nerve 
nuclei (right). On the 
right, nuclei shaded in 
the same colour share 
a common 
embryological origin. 
Ventral aspect of the brain showing the points of attachment of 
cranial nerves I, II and III. 
Dorsal aspect of the 
brain stem, after 
removal of the 
cerebellum, showing 
the origin 
of the cranial nerve 
IV. 
Ventral aspect of the brain showing cranial nerves III, IV and V. 
Ventral aspect of the brain showing the points of attachment of cranial nerves 
VI to IX. Ventral aspect of the brain stem showing the points of attachment of cranial 
nerves VIII–XII. 
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Lateral aspect of the brain stem and cerebellum, showing the cerebellar 
peduncles. Parts of the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes have 
been removed to display the peduncles more clearly. 
Superior surface of 
the cerebellum. 
Posterior aspect of the 
cerebellum 
Anteroinferior aspect of the 
cerebellum 
Schematic representation of the cerebellum in which the peduncles have 
been cut and the surface flattened out. The relationships between the 
anatomical and functional divisions of the cerebellum are shown. 
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Parasagittal section through the cerebellum. Mulligan’s stain. 
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Coronal section of the brain at the level of the dentate nucleus; myelin stain 
Horizontal section through the cerebellum and brain stem at the level of the 
fourth ventricle, showing the cerebellar nuclei. 
The cerebellar cortex. Diagram shows afferent and efferent connections and 
their relationships to the principal cells of the cerebellar cortex. 
Ventral aspect of the diencephalon. 
Median sagittal section of the brain showing the relationships of the 
diencephalon. 
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Coronal sections through the diencephalon. Luxol fast blue stain for 
myelin. 
Dorsal aspect of 
the 
diencephalon. 
The choroid 
plexus has been 
removed on the 
right side. 
The left thalamus 
viewed from the 
anterolateral aspect 
(A,C) and in coronal 
section 
(B,D) showing the 
principal nuclear 
groups (A,B) and the 
divisions of the lateral 
nuclear group 
(C,D). 
Organisation of thalamic nuclei and their principal relationships with the 
cerebral cortex. The thalamus is viewed from its anterolateral aspect (A) and 
in coronal section (B). Colours indicate the relationships between thalamic 
nuclei and corresponding cerebral cortical regions on the lateral (C) and medial 
(D) aspects of the cerebral hemisphere. 
8 segmentos cervicais, 12 segmentos 
torácicos, 5 segmentos lombares, 5 
segmentos sacrais e 1 coccígeo. 
 Intumescência cervical  Plexo braquial 
 Intumescência lombossacral  Plexo 
lombossacral 
Cone medular  filamento terminal (cauda 
equina) 
Termina em L1-L2 
Nervos espinais: 31 pares 
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Nervos 
• Radículas  Raízes nervosas anterior e posterior 
 (forame intervertebral)  gânglios  ramo 
posterior e ramo anterior 
Possui as três meninges; a pia-máter 
forma uma continuação membranácea 
plana entre as raízes anteriores e 
posteriores – ligamento denticulado 
Transverse section through the thoracic region. The diagram shows the 
relationship between the spinal cord, spinal nerves and vertebral column. 
MR image of the vertebral 
column and spinal cord in 
the living subject. 
The relationships between spinal cord segments, 
spinal nerves and vertebral column. 
Dorsal aspect of 
the spinal cord 
caudal to T9–
T10. The 
dura/arachnoid 
mater have 
been cut 
longitudinally and 
reflected to 
reveal the spinal 
cord and nerve 
roots within the 
subarachnoid 
space. 
Ventral aspect of the spinal cord, showing relationships of the spinal nerve 
roots and the meninges. 
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Lateral aspect of the spinal 
column in the lumbar region, 
illustrating the intervertebral 
foramina and the emerging 
spinal nerves. 
Sulco mediano anterior; fissura anterior 
Sulco lateral anterior; sulco lateral 
posterior 
Sulco intermédio posterior (cervical) 
Canal central (contínuo com o sistema 
ventricular) 
 
Transverse section through the spinal cord showing the general disposition of 
grey and white matter. 
Substância cinzenta formando o “H medular” 
Colunas anterior, posterior e lateral (apenas 
em origem de plexos) 
Funículo anterior (entre a fissura mediana e o 
sulco lateral anterior), lateral (entre os sulcos 
laterais) e posterior (entre os sulcos lateral 
posterior e mediano posterior – é dividido 
pelo sulco intermédio posterior em fascículos 
grácil e cuneiforme) 
Transverse sections through the 
spinal cord at (A) cervical, (B) 
thoracic, (C) 
lumbar and (D) sacral levels. The 
histological method employed 
(Weigert–Pal) stains white matter 
(myelinated nerve fibres), leaving grey 
matter (nerve cell bodies) relatively 
unstained. 
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Lamination of spinal grey 
matter (Rexed’s laminae). 
 
 Posterior/dorsal horn: I-VI 
 Lamina I: marginal nucleus of spinal cord or posteromarginal nucleus 
 Lamina II: substantia gelatinosa of Rolando 
 Laminae III/IV: nucleus proprius 
 Lamina V: Neck of the dorsal horn 
 Lamina VI: Base of the dorsal horn, 
 Intermediate zone: VII and X 
 Lamina VII: intermediomedial nucleus, intermediolateral nucleus, nucleus 
dorsalis of Clarke in the thoracic and upper lumbar region[3] 
 Lamina X: central gray matter i.e. neurons bordering Central canal; Grisea 
Centralis[3] 
 Anterior/ventral horn: VIII-IX 
 Lamina VIII: motor interneurons; Commissural nucleus[3] 
 Lamina IX: lateral (in limb regions) and medial motor neurons, also phrenic 
and spinal accessory nuclei at cervical levels, and Onuf's nucleusin the 
sacral region 
 Centrally 
 Lamina X: Central Zone, grey matter surrounding the central canal 
A section through the skull, illustrating the relationships between the 
meninges and the CNS. 
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Floor of the skull showing the three cranial fossae and principal foramina. 
Cranial cavity showing the arrangement of the dura mater. 
Paramedian sagittal section of the head, showing the disposition of the brain 
and meninges. Cisterna magna. 
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Resin cast of the ventricular system. (A) Lateral view; (B) posterior view. 
Median sagittal section of the brain showing the ventricular system. 
Dorsal aspect of brain stem illustrating the floor of the fourth ventricle. 
Cerebellopontine angle. The point of 
continuity between the lateral recess of the 
fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid 
space is indicated by a small tuft of choroid 
plexus, which 
protrudes through the lateral aperture. 
Posterior view of 
the brain. The 
cerebellum and brain 
stem have been 
slightly 
separated to show 
the median aperture 
of the fourth 
ventricle. 
Superior aspect of a dissection of the cerebral hemispheres in which much 
of the corpus callosum has been removed to reveal the lumen of the lateral 
ventricles. 
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Sagittal T2-weighted MR image of the brain demonstrating CSF within the 
ventricular system and subarachnoid space. The cerebral ventricular system and its relationship with the 
subarachnoid space. The circulation of cerebrospinal fluid is indicated by 
arrows. 
Transverse section through the superior sagittal sinus showing arachnoid 
villi. 
Superior aspect of the 
cerebral hemispheres 
showing arachnoid 
granulations on 
the right side. On the left 
side, the arachnoid mater 
has been removed. 
The arterial supply and venous drainage of the spinal cord. The arrangement of arterial vessels on the base of the brain. The 
diagram shows the circulus arteriosus (circle of Willis). 
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Arteries on the base of the brain. The arterial system has been injected 
with a red resin. 
Carotid angiograms. Radio-opaque material has been introduced into the 
internal carotid artery in order to display its intracranial course and the 
distribution of its branches. (A) Left carotid, lateral view; (B) Right carotid, 
frontal view. 
The cerebral cortical 
distribution of the anterior, 
middle and posterior cerebral 
arteries. (A) Lateral aspect; (B) 
Medial aspect. 
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Vertebral angiograms. Radio-opaque material has been introduced into the 
vertebral artery in order to display its intracranial course and the distribution of 
its branches. (A) Lateral view; (B) Frontal view. 
‘Time-of-flight’ MR arteriograms. The scans were performed on a 3.0T MR 
scanner. This method does not require the injection of contrast media into the 
patient; rather it relies on complex MR sequences to produce signal from 
structures with flow, while suppressing signal 
from stationary tissues. (A) Lateral view; (B) Frontal view. 
The deep cerebral veins. The brain is viewed from above and the corpus 
callosum has been removed to reveal the third and lateral ventricles. 
Venous drainage of the brain. (A) Lateral view; (B) Sagittal view. 
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Phase contrast MR venograms. The scans were performed on a 3.0T MR 
scanner. (A) Lateral view; (B) Frontal view. 
Transverse section 
through the cavernous 
sinus. 
Ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord. All ascending and descending 
tracts are present bilaterally. In this figure, ascending tracts are emphasised on the left 
side and descending tracts are emphasised on the right side. In addition, the location of 
Lissauer’s tract and the fasciculus proprius (which contain both ascending and 
descending fibres) are shown. 
The dorsal 
columns. The 
central pathways 
carrying conscious 
proprioception and 
discriminative 
touch are 
illustrated. 
The spinothalamic 
tract. The central 
pathways for pain, 
temperature, touch 
and 
pressure are 
illustrated. 
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Corticospinal 
tracts. 
Rubrospinal tract. 
Tectospinal tract. 
Vestibulospinal tracts. 
The stretch reflex and 
reciprocal innervation. 
(A) The quadriceps 
stretch reflex is 
illustrated, whereby 
striking the patellar 
tendon elicits extension 
of the knee; (B) 
Reciprocal 
innervation. While 
stretching of the 
quadriceps muscle 
causes its reflex 
contraction, the motor 
neurones of antagonistic 
muscles (knee flexors) 
are inhibited by 
interneuronal connection 
within the 
spinal cord. 
Gamma reflex loop. 
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Flexor reflex and crossed extensor reflex. 
Connections of the archicerebellum. Contralateral projections of the 
fastigial nucleus are not shown. 
Connections of the paleocerebellum. 
Connections of the neocerebellum. 
Transverse section through the midbrain at the level of the superior 
colliculus. 
The diagram shows the origin and course of oculomotor nerve fibres within 
the brain stem. 
Superficial distribution of sensory fibres in the three divisions of the 
trigeminal nerve. 
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The brain stem indicating the location of the trigeminal sensory nucleus and its 
major connections. 
Transverse section through the pons. The diagram shows the origin and 
course of the motor fibres of the facial nerve. 
Principal ascending 
connections of the 
auditory component of 
the vestibulocochlear 
nerve. 
The caudal medulla and rostral spinal cord. The diagram illustrates the 
origin and course of the motor fibres of the vagus and accessory nerves. 
Transverse section through the medulla. The diagram shows the origin and 
course of the fibres of the hypoglossal nerve. 
Transverse section through the caudal pons. The diagram shows the 
location of the abducens nucleus and the course of abducens nerve fibres. 
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Component fibres of the facial nerve and their peripheral distribution. 
(Red, motor; blue, sensory; purple/orange, parasympathetic.) 
Schematic representation of a transverse section through the most 
rostral part of the midbrain. The diagram shows the pathways involved in 
the pupillary light reflex. 
Transverse section through the midbrain at the level of the inferior 
colliculus. 
The diagram shows the location of the trochlear nucleus and the course of 
trochlear nerve fibres.