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SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA:ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Aula 05: Research – part II
 
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Key Points:
Recgonize the types of research in the classroom field. 
Identify the right student-centered approach.
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
RESEARCH – PART II
Significant changes have been taking place in our society lately, and these include family configuration and/or dynamics, labor market insertion, access to information and technology, and human relationships in general, just to name a few. 
Due to these changes, the co-responsibility of the school and of the teachers in the full development of children and adolescents has increased, requiring these professionals to adjust their practices to these new social demands.
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
However, according to Oliveri, Coutrim and Nunes (2010), teachers do not usually think of themselves as producers of knowledge, instead, they tend to rely solely on the knowledge produced by researchers. This is due to the fact that their primary concern is usually with the action of teaching. 
 Ellis (1998) explains that the social world of a teacher and that of a researcher are usually very different. He argues that,
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
“Teachers operate in classrooms where they need to make instantaneous decisions regarding what and how to teach. Researchers, more often than not, work in universities, where a system of rewards prizes rigorous contributions to a theoretical understanding of issues. Teachers require and seek to develop practical knowledge; researchers endeavor to advance technical knowledge. This distinction, then, encapsulates the divide that often exists between the two.”
(Ellis, 1998:39)
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
 Besides, the ability to distance oneself from the often complex, dynamic and confusing environment of the classroom to reflect upon it and come up with solutions in order to improve it is part of maturing as a teacher. It is definitely not an easy process, because it demands sensitivity and commitment on the part of the practitioner.
 
 Nunan (2011) argues that it is extremely important that research in the classroom is not carried out exclusively by outsiders, but by teachers themselves. He explains that,
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
TYPES OF RESEARCH
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
 Ellis (1998) discusses three types of research:
Theoretical-pedagogical research (researcher-led) → the goal of this type of research is to develop technical knowledge by addressing theoretical issues of potential relevance to teachers. 
Action research (teacher-led) → it provides a more systematic means by which teachers can investigate the provisional specifications provided by theoretical-pedagogical research. (This type of research will be discussed in more detail in class no. 8.)
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Participatory research (researcher and teacher collaboration) → the researcher and the teacher work together inside the teacher’s classroom, pooling their expertise in such a way that it gives the teacher control over decision making.
 When teachers take part in the classroom studies they are able to interpret and personalize the findings in their teaching. Therefore, instead of simply acting on technical knowledge, they would be able to transform this knowledge through action.
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
FOCUS ON THE LEARNER
Traditionally there had been a focus on what teachers did in the classroom, instead of on what students were learning. Students used to be seen as passive learners who were not supposed to take responsibility for their own.
 More recently there has been a change from this traditional approach to one that focuses more on what the student is learning, how s/he is doing it and under what conditions. 
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
In this approach the teacher still has the functions s/he had in the teacher-centered teaching, “but also provides students with opportunities to learn independently and from one another and coaches them in the skills they need to do so effectively” (Felder, 1996). This approach has been called student-centered teaching / instruction. learning. 
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
techniques that focus on or accounts for learners’ needs, styles and goals.
techniques that give some control to the student (group work or strategy training, for example).
curricula that include the consultation and input of students and that do not presuppose objectives in advance.
techniques that allow for student creativity and innovation.
techniques that enhance a student’s sense of competence and self-worth.
(Brown, 2000: 46,47)
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
Objective needs → these needs can be diagnosed through the analysis of the students’ personal information associated with information obtained about their linguistic proficiency.
 
Subjective needs → these needs are the desire and expectations these students have. 
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
 Some authors believe that student-centered teaching is not appropriate to all and every situation, after all students have different learning styles and no approach could be optimal for everyone. However, a number of successful outcomes have been documented in the educational literature since this approach started being employed. Felder and Brent (1996) point out that student-centered teaching
“…increased motivation to learn, greater retention of knowledge, deeper understanding, and more positive attitudes toward the subject being taught."
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
 Thus, it can be said that in a student-centered class the students are more involved in the learning process than in the more traditional approach. Besides, since their talking time in the classroom is maximized through pair work and group work, they truly have a chance to develop their speaking and listening skills. 
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOSGet the Image!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N1I6sOhDiw
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
In this class, you:
Recgonized the types of research in the classroom field. 
Identified the right student-centered approach.
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos
Aula 05: Research – part II
SEMINÁRIOS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS
See you next class!!
Seminários em Língua Inglesa: Estudos Linguísticos