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LITERATURA INGLESA II
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LITERATURA INGLESA II
Class content:
Romanticism as a response:Theoretical and aesthetic aspects; Generations.
Romantic poetry and prose.
Realism
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HISTORY AND LITERATURE
Literature continues to reflect history, as history looks in the mirror that works of literature provide.
literature is used to report and represent history
The biggest difference between literature and history is that the latter posits itself as fact, while the former is taken to be an artistic form.
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
(Enlightenment)
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
ROMANTICISM
Romanticism was a literary movement that swept through virtually every country of Europe, the United States, and Latin America that lasted from about 1750 to 1870. 
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Romanticism - a literature of sensibility: a shift from faith in reason to faith in the senses, feelings, and imagination; a shift from interest in urban society to an interest in the rural and natural; a shift from public, impersonal poetry to subjective poetry; and from concern with the scientific and mundane to interest in the mysterious and infinite. Mainly they cared about the individual, intuition, and imagination.
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Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress), movement in German literature that flourished from c.1770 to c.1784. It takes its name from a play by F. M. von Klinger, Wirrwarr; oder, Sturm und Drang (1776). The ideas of Rousseau were a major stimulus of the movement, but it evolved more immediately from the influence of Herder, Lessing, and others. With Sturm und Drang, German authors became cultural leaders of Europe, writing literature that was revolutionary in its stress on subjectivity and on the unease of man in contemporary society. 
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Characteristics of Romantic Literature
Imagination and emotion are more important than reason and formal rules;imagination is a gateway to transcendent experience and truth.
2. Along the same lines, intuition and a reliance on “natural” feelings as a guide to conduct are valued over controlled, rationality.
3. Romantic literature tends to emphasize a love of nature, a respect for primitivism, and a valuing of the common, "natural" man; Romantics idealize country life and believe that many of the ills of society are a result of urbanization: a. Nature for the Romantics becomes a means for divine revelation; b. It is also a metaphor for the creative process
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Romanticism in England: Romanticism in English literature began in the 1790s with the publication of the Lyrical Ballads of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 
William Blake
Lord Byron
William Wordsworth
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
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Characteristics of Romantic prose:
Focus on nature. 
Departure from reason. 
Focus on the individual. 
Elements of the supernatural.
Writers in the Romantic Period were rather more concerned with subject matter and emotional expression than with appropriate style. They wrote for an ever-increasing audience which was less homogenous in its interest and education than that of their predecessors
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Jane Austen(1775-1817)
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Jane Austen's Writing Style 
Jane Austen writing tends to be witty and romantic. Though her name never appeared on her published books during her life, Austin's works rose to fame after her death in 1817. In fact, her popular books, such as Pride and Prejudice, have never gone out of print. She is now considered one of England's most famous novelists. Austen's writing style is a mix of neoclassicism and romanticism. Neoclassicism encourages reason and restraint in writing. It is logical and follows a structured form. Romanticism encourages passion and imagination in writing. It is emotional and follows a flowing form. Mixing these two styles may seem impossible, but layering neoclassicism and romanticism together was one of Austen's strong talents. 
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Sir Walter Scott 
(1771–1832)
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Sir Walter Scott is a storytelling author. The story is in third person, but when he wishes to explain something to the reader he breaks in and resorts to first person. His point of view is of one watching an exciting drama and relaying what he sees with suitable explanation so that none of the excitement is lost. He uses a disjointed flashback. He carries the action of one group to a certain point and then goes back to pick up another group to bring it into logical position. It is as though he were weaving together varied colored threads into one exquisite pattern. It is his task to put the threads together so that the finished piece of cloth is one carefully wrought, panoramic scene. Foremost are the figures, often in violent action, against a background of vivid natural beauty. 
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THE VICTORIAN ERA
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THE WORLD IN EFFERVESCENCE: Realism is a reaction against Romanticism. Realistic writers rebelled against the emotional writing of the Romantics and started a movement in search of a more realistic portrait of life. 
The transition from one movement to another, however, started during the Romantic years and some authors who are considered to be Romantics already bore features of Realism in their works. Such is the case of Jane Austen, whose works we studied as Romantic pieces but who is also considered by many to be a Realistic writer due to the detailed descriptions of the society of her time. 
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During the second half of the nineteenth century, the paradigm in novel writing was no longer the Romantic idealism of the earlier part of the century but a new approach to character and subject matter, a school of thought which later came to be known as Realism. Realism is exactly what it sounds to be: the attention to detail and an effort to portray the true nature of reality in a way that novelists had never attempted before. It was believed that the function of the novels was simply to report what happened, without any comment or judgment. 
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Reaction to Romanticism, a stress on reason and positivism, and a faith in the power of the artist to show reality. 
REALISM
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Realism was the literary movement that started in the 1850s as a reaction against Romanticism and aimed at showing "life as it was" in literature all over Europe. 
The concept of Realism is questioned by some critics 
General spirit of the second half of the 19th century 
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Realism is the creation of the effect of the representation of the concrete, historical nature of human life. Lilian Furst comments in her book Realism that "As an artistic movement realism is the product and expression of the dominant mood of its time [the mid- to late 19th century]: a pervasive rationalist epistemology that turned its back on the fantasies of Romanticism and was shaped instead by the impact of the political and social changes as well as thescientific and industrial advances of its day." In Realism the details of environment, of motivation, of circumstance, and of temporality with its cause and effect, become the context for the exploration of human values and fate. The emphasis of Realism tends to be on the individual, in her social environment. 
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Generally speaking, some of the features of Realism include:
Reality being rendered closely and in detail. It is described selectively with an emphasis on verisimilitude;
Characters being more important than the action or the plot and often having to deal with complex and ethical choices; they appear in their real complexity of temperament and motive and are in inexplicable relation to nature, to each other, to their social class, to their own past;
Social issues portraying different social classes; the novel served the interest and aspirations of a rising middle-class;
Plot dealing with plausible events which avoid the sensational and dramatic elements of naturalistic novels;
Language being natural, not poetic; being a real representation of the way people really spoke.
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The Brontë Sisters 
Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855), 
Anne Brontë (1820-1849)
Emily Brontë (1818-1848) 
Villette (1853), Jane Eyre (1847) 
Wuthering Heights (1847) 
The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 
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Charles Dickens
Tracing themes and motifs across Charles Dickens‘s novels can give insight into his personal and societal preoccupations. Following is a list of some recurring motifs that appear in several of Dickens's books.
Debt
Hypocrisy
Hidden/Secret Identities
Marital Mismatches
Older Man/Younge Woman Pairings
Social Climbing
Child Labor
Ineffective Government and Bureaucracy
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Dickens loved the style of 18th century Gothic romance,although it had already become a target for parody. One "character" vividly drawn throughout his novels is London itself. From the coaching inns on the outskirts of the city to the lower reaches of the Thames, all aspects of the capital are described over the course of his body of work.
His writing style is florid and poetic, with a strong comic touch. His satires of British aristocratic snobberys. Comparing orphans to stocks and shares, people to tug boats, or dinner-party guests to furniture are just some of Dickens's acclaimed flights of fancy. Many of his characters' names provide the reader with a hint as to the roles played in advancing the storyline. His literary style is also a mixture of fantasy and realism.
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