LIVRO MODELS & PROTOTYPES...[página 01 a 50]

Prévia do material em texto

Clay, Plaster, Styrofoam, Paper 
Yoshiharu Shimizu, Takashi Kojima, 
Masazo Tano, Shinji Matsuda 
MODELS & 
PROTOTYPES 
Yoshíharu Shímizu 
Takashi Kojíma 
Masazo Tano 
Shinjí Matsuda 
5 
37 
83 
133 
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5 
37 
133 
CONTENTS 
CONCEPT SKETCHING 
6 Aboul concepl skelching 
6 Slyles of concepl skelching 
9 Techniques of concepl skelching 
10 Drawing melhods of concepl skelching 
13 Demonslralions of concepl skelching 
34 Malerials and lools used for lhe skelch demonslralions 
PAPER MODEL MAKING 
38 Basic course 
53 Produclion course 
53 Making combinalion furnilure ilems 
59 Making a digilal lelephone 
68 Making an aulomatic vending machine 
73 Making a facsimile machine 
83 CONCEPTS AND DEVELOPMENT THROUGH STUDY MODELS 
84 Plywood chair 
88 Folding chair 
94 Table lamp 
99 Water pitcher. 
111 Cutlery 
119 Bulh lub 
125 Eave gutter 
WITH REGARD TO CLA Y MODELLlNG 
134 Aboul clay modelling 
137 Clay modelling process tools 
138 Melhods for sharpening clay tools 
140 Basic shaving process 
143 Scale clay model of a Irain 
149 Scale clay model of a jet plane 
153 Scale clay model of a building 
156 Example of clay models 
APPENDIX 
AFTERWORD 
161 
165 
Book Design.- Shil/ju Onllki + Yoichi 110 + Keiko Takeda 
Phorographs. Masashi Kudo 
thh:tJ : -l*it~H Too Tel.03 (3440)8941 
Col/aboralion: Too Corporaliol1 
Models & Prololypes 
Copyrighl (Ç' 1991 by Graphic-sha Publishing CO.,Ltd. 
1-9-12 Kudan-kila, Chiyoda-ku , Tokyo 102, Japan 
Ali righls reserved . No parl of lhis publicalion may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means- - graphic, 
eleclronic. or mechanical, including pholocopying, laping, or information storage and retri eva l sys tems- - without 
written permi ssion of the publisher. 
First Pri nting, Dec. 1991 
Printed in Japan 
ISBN4-7661-0617-2 
COICIPT SKITCHING 
J Y t ) ~ À 1 ~ T 
~,v±~/~ 7J' (:::I/I=! 
Yoshihoru Shimizu 
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About concept sketching 
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A 7 'Y T 0: r.e o/I]i u ~ " ::::J ~ t -:1 i'- A 7 'Y T" (concept 
sketches) c':: J::/3\~roJtJ\~9'l* J ~ L\80 
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~< O)A 7'YT-+:t~-:1)[;0:j~if& ut.:: o 
Producl designers use models, plans and skelches lo develop and 
express lheir OLUn images based on delinile concePls, 
Above al!, lhe skelching melhod is lhe mosl ellicienl in lhe sense lhal 
il is lhe cheapesl and leasl lime,consuming, 
Two slyles 01 skelching are available, allhou.gh each slage 01 lhe 
design process Iws a diflerenl purpose and melhod 01 expression, One 
is known as lhe Ihumbnail skelch or memo skelc/z and is drawn by 
designers lo conlirm or develop Iheir own image or idea and which 
does nol need lo be delivered lo a Ihird party, The ~econd is known 
as lhe concePl render or rendering and Ihis is drawn by designers in 
order lo give a Ihird party a good idea 01 lhe concepl. 
The firsl slyle has no sjJec-ilic lechnique as such skelches are drawn 
lor one's own sake, bul lhe second style musl be drawn atlractively 
and be precise in shape, conslntclion, malerial and color lo ensure 
Ihal il can be underslood ai a lirsl glance, 
Recently lhe speed- 01 design developmenl cycles have been increased 
in accordance wilh diversificalions in design projects, Consequenlly, 
Ihere is an even larger lendem)' 01 skelches being omitled. In many 
cases lhe lime-consuming process 01 rendering is omitted and in ils 
place lhe linal value is added lo lhe aclual drawing 01 lhe concepl 
skelch under lhe name 01 a rendering or concepl render, 
Thus, Ihere is very little dislinclion-belween lhe concePl skelches and 
lhe renderings, BecatlSe 01 Ihis, perhaps, Ihere is a slrong lendency lo 
cal! all skelches lor producI design, wilh lhe excePlion 01 rendering 
skelches, 'concepl skelches', 
This volume conlains lhe largesl possible amounl 01 skelch samPles 
wilh lul! explanalions on how lo express lhe concePl skelches, 
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Styles of concept sketching 
-:10 -:y'? i'-T'-tj'-{ ~O)mj!iJjI.:<t:3 L \ ~ Id:, j'.'-tj'-{ ~O) §e1~p;jg, The slyles 01 skelches used in a producl design workshop wiU vary 
depending on lhe plllpose, conlenl and IYfie 01 design required, bul 
••1J:~I.:J::tJ~.~~1J:A7~TfflM~n8~, '::::'::::C'~~t, here I would like lo concenlrale on lhe mosl Iypical 01 lhe Ihree 
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6 
1) -Ifb.;?-.1' )v~/T'Y7-(thúmbnail sketch), 
)(~À/T'Y7-(memo sketch) 
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1) Thumbneíl sketch, memo sketch, 
A lhumbnail skelch is a small skelch drawn in lhe dimensions of a 
lhumbnail, and amemo skelch is a liny skelch used lo log records of 
images, 
Bolhare pari of lhe early slage in lhe drawing process for designers 
and are used lo confirm lheir own images as well as lo organize lhe 
rough design of lhe basic conslruclion, 
They are for lhe sole use of lhe designer and as long as he himself 
can undersland lhem lhey have served lheir purpose, 
li is nol necessary for a lhird parly ever lo view lhem, 
These skelches have no specific lechnique involved as thev are nol 
d-rawn for presenlalion, However, in some cases il mighl be- necessary 
lo inseri brief commenls if lhe skelch alone fails lo sum up lhe lrue 
inlenlions of lhe d-rawer, 
For quick free -hand skelches lo record flashed images, a ball-poinl 
pen, felt-liP pen, slender marker 01' a pencil are ideals lools, 
A spinning m,achine rePresenled in a Ihumbnail skelch, li is a 
free-hand d-rawing in a skelch-book ltsing a black ball-poinl pen and 
a marker, 
A lhumbnail skelch of a digital lelephone, No specific lechniques are 
required for lhumbnail skelches as il is nol necessary lo offer lhem 
for viewlng lo a lhird parly, This is a quick skelch which records 
inslanl images, 
A lhumbnail skelch of some slalionary_ Having compleled lhe tine 
d-rawing wilh a black ball-poinl pen and a waler felttip pen on !ayoul 
paper, marker has been used lo exjJress an fainl image of shading_ 60 
% of lhe skelch was compleled in lhe free-hand slyle, and lhe 
remainder wilh lhe use of a ruler, 
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(presentation sketch) 
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2) Presentetíon sketch, 
This slyle of skelch should be drawn lo ensure lhal a lhird party is 
fully aware of lhe conlenl and can compare lhe definile design 
varialions which tUere developed f;'om images based on lhe concePl of 
lhe designeI', This slyle is also known as lhe presenlation rough 
skelch, lhe idea presenlalion skelch and lhe concePl presentation 
skelch, and is probably lhe mosl popular drawing used in producl 
design.. 
Perspeclive is mainly used for presenlalion skelches, bul somelimes 
lhree-dimensional skelching can be used a/so, 
Whichever is chosen from lhese lwo melhods, lhe skelch musl conlain 
a delailed descriplion of lhe form, conslruclion and lexlure in order 
lo allow complele understanding from a brief glance, Producl 
designers are required lo produce many presenlation skelches, includ­
ing lhe occasional dramalic skelch, wilh excellenl results and as 
much appeal as possible wilhin a limiled lime period lhroughoul lhe 
reviewing stage of lhe design process_ 
In order lo work wilhin lhe above condilions, !ayoul papel', Vellum 
paper 01' colored paper is recommended for concePl presenlalions, 
Tool-wise, markers are lhe mosl frequently and praclically used, and 
should be ulilized lo draw lhe main skelch, Paslel can be used lo 
color in lhe seclions which have used lhe delail ellipsis melhod, 
This book concenlrales on offering as many skelch demonslralions of 
lhe mos I commonly used delail ellipsis melhod as is possible, 
7 
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{f G elffi < o)1J'-~ct l It':;:;-3o 
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'Y Tfi=1?IJ (À"T'YT-T''E:/Àr--[..,-:/03:/) ~y<~itGt.::o 
~~~M0)7[..,t:/T-::"'03:/À"T~T 
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<líi'i~;f1., ~O)~O)c~~~.~~m~1J:-::>"L 
l \.Qo 
A presenlolion skelch of o spinning mochine, 
This sketch has been drawn on A2 layout paper 
(while PM padJ wilh a black ball-poinl and water 
[elt-tip pen [ar lhe tine drawing, and marker lo 
express lhe SIUldow and values, 
The [ronl pari h.as been drawn in slighlly slender 
lines in arder lo achieve lhe design accenl, and 
lhe resl h.as bem drawn in lhe delail el/ipsis 
melhod, 
3) ::J/1z7"1//$"I)/~j' 
(concept rendering) 
[..,:/7~:/?c~, ~C'r=-T'+f-{ :/1J'~~G~.~l6cO)C'~ 
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~, tliji§, :::7'57 -( 'Y -:)tJc'1J'wm<!tl e L ItJl1tlrd'fJ0tJl 'o 
=O)ct-3l6m~{L~-mt~go)~L 1[..,:/3'1) :/::7'Id:, j"1j-{ :/0){1X 
M~r=mffiG~fJ, .~~~, ~~A~~l6cC-T'+f-{:/m~~ 
{Lx@t.::(/)I=ffbtl@o 
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@1J\ j~~I=ct-::>eld:.iEiID, {l!!~ iID, J:iIDO)ll:bfP@ "3iID[..,:/3' 
I) :/-~j'" c':'jlU~~@=c'5®@o 
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-ij"-{ -:) } [; '5~ < 16 fJ, -T'+j-{ -j--Id:À "T 'Y T 'J--:)I=B~jrrB~~®â: 
fJ ctll6 < tJ -::> e ~ e l,@o 
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r--7[..,t:/T-:/3:/À"T~T~7[..,t:/T-:/3:/À"T~TC, 
}I.'Y -:)Jj'5 r):/ r::~~TO)-T' -( T-)[; l6C'~t1il~t.:: Ge~~~~ 
M~~(/), ~tl~K~:/-E-:/r--[..,:/yr~:/?nc~@"T-À1J'~ 
x-:::)"J~@o 
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"J' 
A 3-lf-{ Ãld::Pr:'J r--,,-}'\-(PM }'\'Y r::S) 
I:7-fl-, }'\À -T )i.J1±..tI:t'o 
Wio15) ~o)7'V-$7)i.J-Tu'"7/t:';~~I:u"L, " 
-} \'-T 7%tJ'~1'F<!,;f1.t.::o 
A concepl rendering of o digital telephone, 
A3 layout paper (wh ile Pkl padJ, marker and 
paslel have been used, 
NB: This digilal lelePhone was used lo creale a 
paper model version, 
3) Concept rendering, 
Rendering is lo draw a conceplional skelch of lhe producl ai ils 
complelion, The form, lexlure, color, sln/clure and graPhics should 
Iherefore be drawn in greal delail lo ensure Ihal lhe design is readily 
underslandable, 
This kind of rendering, which requires a high visual qualily of 
communicalion, is used lo presen I lo lhe clienl or lhe peoPle con­
cerned lhe prodUCI design or produclion, 
ln cidenlly, in mosl cases perspeclive drawings are used for render­
ings, bul Ihere are also some cases in which Ihree-dimensional 
drawings wiU suffice for renderings_ 
As previously mentioned, lhe developmenl of design cycles is speed­
ing up in accordance lo lhe currenl diversily of products and 
designers cannol afford lo sPend 100 much lime on skelch work. 
Owing lo Ihis, many designers have slarled lo leave oul lhe lime­
consuming rendeling VJork and presenl lhe concepl presenlalion 
skelch or presenlalion skelches as concepl renderings by adding 
backgrounds and a few delails lo improvelhe overaU impression of 
lhe drawing 
8 
L 
::Jyt?:7f.À '7~T/~/*(J)NtQ
Techniques of concept sketching. 
::J /-E:11'-- A7'YTt~$(;t*JJIJ 9 -Qc. 5-1/ I' 0--1 /:J'. 
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~c~~ :1~~/~-~3/fflc~r~~~0@bn~~~~ 
t/, A7 ';; To)<§ffiã1~~L \bn-QJ:51;:tJ~ O:J'GI;t, iãitJ'n-Q 
.0)~~0)1,I) I-~3 /~m~~t.:0, BJ3IFa&U ill3tJc'~.~ 
r::tJOX8tJC'. ;\'.'Rtãia A7 'Y T ~~-::> r t,1w~lIDc'O)f1tJOflllj1~~ 
~~r, :1~~/~-~3/~~~~A7~TC9-Qm~m;tr 
at.:o 
ConcePI skelch lechniques are largely classijied in lo Ihree sly les: tine 
drawing, value skelching and high/ighl skelching. 
7) Line drowing sketch 
The tine drawing skelch is lhe mosl comm only u.sed skelch among ali 
skelches due lo ils simplicily. 
/n ilially, line skelches we1'e used mm'e oflen for perspective 
drawing or dmwing shapes lhan for presenlation purposes, bul since 
lhe lendency lo omil skelches began lO increase, a similar increase in 
lhe cases of line drawings being crealed wilh en ough qualily for 
presenlalion by adding more varialíons lo lhe /ines and including 
slw.ding and shadows Iw.s been noled. 
nli~w (7'f-1 /5 -( :,t) 1<1. < 
9~ 
TIU! ou/tine (design fine) sl/Ou/d 
be drawn in Ihick line~ . 
J\ -( 5 -( 1--5-( :,t 1(J:iti! ~ \~ c:' tâ1 < --, 
Us<' Ihick lines lar Il/glzlighling 
A 3 if1 Ãv1?'J I'--"-I,-(PM Ib 1'8) 
1:.~7./<'I'1if1/"/. ~-)v"/. *'lllãi~7-
n-fí..t110 
~~. ~l-\.td:cfoJli~tJ'O).~':: 'Y? ÀL., 
c:: lí\iltIcf, "1Y)91d: 9 "0)Ô5Q51 / À 7 'YTtJ' 
~J~L'~Qo 
Aline drowing of o digital te/ephone , 
D rawlI 0 11 A3 layoul paper (whi!e P/vI pad) LVi/h --cp uO);t~ O)$!í!c:'Iõi < 
blllck lvaler·color lell-tip pen, baU·point pen and Use semi·lhick tines. 
slender marker. 
COlIslrasts lvilhin lhe tine drawing can be en· 
joyed by aóding variatiuns lo lhe tines, 
Use Ihick tines lo druw llie . 
oI/tine (design lines). \ 
A 3 if1;(Ld?'J r-"-I,-(PM I 'i. 'y 1'8) 
--"'IIIIIJ!!!(
1:'!la7./<11if1 /,,/, *'lllãi~7-:n-j±..t110 
.~~~~~0)~L'lãi~ttkÀ7~T~. ~ 
im8"rt'lt:tJI:'~ltQo 
~l- \It. tpiIlO)~ , *'IIl- \ .td:cfoJli~fjtJ'O)~ 
IE~?ÀL.,C::Ií\i~~ ?r-5?~ -( 7~À7 
'YT~ml:.td:Qo 
Aline sketch of O personal computer . C:Pffi:0):t: ~(J)11lc:'j < --""/----""
DralVl! 0 11 A4 layoul peper (while Plvl pad) wilh Use semi·thick /ines. ~~~iíl~ ~~A'o/j -'l: IJj VC:: . /\'.J.::J Y'E~? black waler·colol" lelt ·liP pen and slender mar/ler. L\~lIifii~~!Jl9 ~oNB: Lines 01 lhe some thickness wiU make lhe A~Iél.EU' .1,t 1J'tJL \, (~. 1,t
skelclz plaill alld tlnal/rac/ive. t':~1d:L \)Tlze skelch !ViII be improved by adding varialions 
lo lhe lines; tlzick tines, semi·llzick tin es, slender 1\ -( "5 -1 r- "5 -( :,t I;); IIIIl \ ~IM<---~..".."/r--/ Drow h'l a persol1 ft.s;ng lhe 
lines. 'Use I"in tines lar lhe lúghlighls. /Jersonal computer. Omit delails 
such as _It.":j and Ilose (facial 
leall/res are nol neededj. 
2) Vo/ue skefch, 
Under normal condilions a value skelch is a solid delinalion 
produced by adding shading 012 each surface of lhe object, bul here it
rJy I) ~ - A 7'YTC (;t. ~r~9 -Q !It1f:;$;O)§[Eii I;: ~n.z:nBJ31Fa indicales an aUroclive presenlalion skelch wi/h a sly/ized refleclion, 
0)j!~~ljülf:;$;~l~98A7'YTC'®8tJ\ = = ~L \5,:)'y I) shadowing and a background lhal tuas bn'efly added aparl from lhe 
shading. ~ - A7'YTI;tBJ3IFa~.\l:~~-::5ljO)(a:tJ'I:, ~~1~~nt.:H9( 0 =J7.( I) In fac l, use a ball-poin l pen and felt- lip pen lo complele lhe line 
7V?Y3/), ~t'I'':), I b?-::7 5,:) / I'~.;~I;:m-C:Ànt.: drawing, and Ihen u.se lhe so·called mix medium lools such as 
marker, paslel and colored pencils lo fill in lhe faces and lhe delails ' )'t--5?T 17tJ:1v~ /~-~ 3 /À7'YT~ L \5 0 by freely using lhe omil melhod, 
~~I: I;t , ~-)v~::';~-1)-1 /~/~5-1 / I' 0--1 /:J' ~, 
7-:tJ-. I n ~)v, ê*B~~c'L \b~-Q':: 'Y ? A X 7" 1 )7@j;P.t 
"C, íliEM~~~fie ~ rlID~7" 1 ~-)v~tãi -c:S = ~ r L\< o 
9 
A va lue skelch o f a iel pla ne . 
Tilis tuas dra", ,, IJII AS l'e/um paper wilh 
markers, {{ tauei! 0/ pastel a1l(} white ca/a red 
penei!. 
5i-? tJ5 - r-z-)'\-I:, )\-í 5-í ~5-í /~T'-If -í /5-í / 
(9Hl~" ) 1J:c'~~~ Vl:"~õMrrz:i*f(JI::Nm98A7'YT{! L\5 0 
iilm, ~§0)~õ5~A7'YT98C~lcI:~§O)tJ5-r-z-)\-, 
~§0)~õ5~A7'YT98~i5 I: rcl: - § O)A 5- r-z-)'\-{!í~L \, 
80)§~a "5-í/1'0--í:';?'u , ~-tJ-, )\AT )V, "'A 
5' -tJ 5 -1J: c'L" B ;W; r: BJ3IFa, ') 7 v? SI 3 :.;, :,; V I' ') {!1ã3~ 
i\nc~m980 
;:::O)J: 5 1:, A7'YT 9 8~õ50)§cl5J§O)tJ5-r-z-)\- r: 
)\-í 5-í ~1ã3~98t.::60, 8 L \*EtI:lã3 < J: ~=FruJ 1:J" ~ lj , 'f:0),3; 
fv~ < ~Uf;lc~8fUB1:J'®80 
? ')- j--0)) \ -í5-í ~A7'YT 
A 3-1f-{;( ) ~:.; ~ :.; :tJ5-"'-) \- (51"-77 
)[;-) r:::7-:tJ -, Ê'fO))CZT)[;, á:tJ5 ­
"'/Y)[;-cre3 t.J'n c::: l \~ o 
A highlighled ske lch of a vacuum clea ne r . 
T/ús lias been d)'(/wII on A3 Punlone culor papel' 
(dark blue) wit" markers. (l 10/.lel, 0/ pastel and 
while colol'ed penei!. 
3) High/ighf skefch 
This is a Ihree-dimensionat skelch 0/ a produCI drawn on dark 
colored papel' by emphasizing lhe highlighl and design tines (oul ­
lines), 
Nonnally red papel' would be used to draw a red producl and blue 
for a h/ue product, While colored !Jencil is used lo complele lhe tine 
draw ing, and markers, pastel and posteI' colors to express lhe brief 
shades, reflections and shadows. 
This sketch has the advanlage of reducing lime-consuming c%ring 
over skelches drmm on while papel' as lhe papel' is lhe same CO/OI' as 
lhe product. 
::JYt?7f.;z 7~7(7'!f~)r7)I!iff!-JJ 
Drawing methods of concept sketching (Rough plans and drawings) 
~-If-í j--~ , .~~c~'f:O)~-If-{ j-Q~~.MC'~ , uh 
~~*~0)®87v~:';T- :'; 3:'; A7 ~T, ~ :.; t7~v/5I 
Designers are required lo draw elear and appealing presentalion 
skelches and conce{JI renderings 50 lhal anyone can understand lhe 
conlents in lhe shorlesl period of lime. 
') :.;?'{!~RB?frJl C'!831:J'1J:(jn(d'fJ:G1J:L \0 
u1:J'u , =F~ilncL \tJ:L \~O)1J:c' {!jã3 < c~I: , ~ Cf~ ' 
However, il is difficull and inefficienl lo skelch somelhing you are 
nol used lo wilhoul a rOl/gh ptan (rough skelch, under/ay) even for 
expelienced ex{Jerls. 50, we are broughl lo lhe conelussion lhal lhe 
? :';5I-v-í l ~1J:<A7~T98;:::C~ffi~O)H~.C'~~ u 
< ~*~®1:J'GtJ:L \O)c', ~lcI:~ª~ctJ:8m!&{!**1:J\1:5-í 
mosl common way is lo produce a rough line drawing of the basic 
shape and ptace a piece of layoul papel' on top of il lo work on the 
design variatíons. 
:.; I' o--{ :';?u, 'f:0)J:1: v-í?,) ~ r-z -)\--:--{! mt1L , T' Here are some examjJles of rough drawings of basic shapes. 
-If-í:'; ) ,') I-:'; 3:'; A7 'YT{! !83L \cL \< O)1:J" , ~~-~f(Jc 
~ ~~9L \:NIYJ1J$cLIX. 80 
;~I: , 'f:0)~~c1J:81l~~O)r jji(] (T'~ l O)~IYJ1J${!L\J< 
1:J'i1!A(C<b < o 
70 
·~m~~C~m9 -Q (perspective) 	 • Perspective. 
Pers/Jeclive drawing is lhe lechnique 01 reproducing a uisible shape on 
a plane. ~m~$~~, bnbn0§~~~~~0~e~~~~, ~~ Many kinds 01 melhods are auailable in /Jers/Jeclive drawing, bul /zere 
we inlroduce Iwo exarnjJles 01li1'le drawing work based 012 lhe lall/nus ro~c~0**~mT~~~=~~~~~o 
simple perspecliue melhod by jay Doblin which is seemingly lhe mos I 
~m~$C~.q~~$~~~~, ~~~~ , ~~S< 7D~ popular m elhod used amongsl prodl/.cl designers. 
~t--T1f-{~~1*~i~bnLL\~~~bn~~:gtJ, cJay Ooblin 
rorm~~m~$I:: !l! -:i' e, ~õ505-{ ~ I' D--{ ~~::i ~=-:Ji'J -:> 
L~t::. o 
07.l<~.ti (§O)~~ . mso 1.isl~, ~15l::jf 
~O) 2§, (*l,'i'? c L \5) VP-L, VP-R 1.i:lEõ!:> 
tO)$IL.\1.i VC C 9-@ o 
8 VC 1.J'SETO)~m'1.i-:>ltL.ti1.isl~, VP 
-L, VP-R 1.J'S ;::O)~;j~.ti...tC'xp-@ jf~o)~ 
mJ;::~m.ti1.isl~, ~ifr~N1.i:lEõ!:>-@ o 
8N1.J' Sjf~0)~~o)c;:: c,1;::n~.ti1.isl~, 
~m.ticxp-:>k§'1.iD, WC9-@o 
D, W J:f'J~m.ti1.isIL\L:i17Jj*0)~iãiO)~m 
~1.J\C·~-@o 
A) A drowing of o peneil shorpener using o 45' 
ongle perspeclive . 
Draw a horizonlal !ine (including lheey .levei / 
visual poinl.» and decide on Iwo poinl$ 011 lhe 
line . olle 0 11 lhe lell, lhe olheI' on lhe righl . and 
mil Ihem respecliuely Vp·L and VP·R . The poinl 
mid·/Uay beltuLclI is lhe Vc. 
Select a s/ighl angle and draw a line Irom lhe 
VC poiul, Ihen draw a Perspecliue /ine lo lhe 
arbilary angle wlzere lhe diagonal tines drawn 
11'0111 lhe VP-L and VP·R pO;1I ls meel. Tlz is poinl 
is kno1UlI as N. 
Drml' a diagonal /ine Irom N lo lhe VP poinls, 
and /(lhere lhe /)(!r"peclive f!Oinls meel On Ihis 
line, mark Ihem as D and W. Using lhe D and 
W poin ls. dralll perspectiue tines lo mal'R oul lhe 
bas oi lhe shape. 
07.l<~~1.isl~, ~15I;::jfJ!o) 2 §, VP-L, VP 
-R 1.i:lEõ!:>-@o 
8 VP-L, VP-R 0)$1L.\1.i;)l~,'i'? MP-L, MP 
-L C VP-L O)$IL.\~ VC Cu, VC C VP­
L O)$IL.\I;::;JlIL'i'? MP-R 1.i:lEõ!:>-@o 
8§' VC J:l']m@.ti1.i<l3c,u, m§'1.J'S{f~o) 
ÜLill;::@7Jj* (FAX) O)~i1Í~N1.i:lEõ!:>, N1.i 
im-@;jlIJ~ ML 1.i 51 < o 
O N J:1']@7Jj* (FAX ) O)~~1.ic I'] H 1.i:lE 
~-@o 
oN 1.J'S ;p.~.ti ML ...tI;:: FAX O)~1.ic f'J W C 
u, I5Jml= N 1.J'S FAX O)~B~1.icf'J O C 
9-@o 
8) 	A drowing of o focsimile using o 30' - 60' 
ongle perspeclive dro wing melhod. 
Draw a horizonlal line (visltal poin/) and mark 
Iltr 11"0 VP·L alld VP·R poinls anywhere along 
il: olle On lhe lell, lhe olher 0/7 lhe nglzl. 
Mark lhe middle poinls 01 lhe tine belween lhe 
\lP·L a'/ld VP·R poinls as IVlP·L, lhe /inc ' belween 
MP·L and VP·L as VC, and lhe line belween VC 
alld VP·L as MP·R. 
Lo/Uer a I:erlicle !ine Irom poinl VC to lix lhe 
l1ealT!J>l angle N 01 lhe hexahedron (fax) any· 
wherc Irom lhe uiewpoinl and draw a laleral tine 
MC Ihrouglz N. 
Fá lhe hrigM 01 lhe hexahedron (fax), H Irom 
N. 
Decide on lhe widlh 01 tlle lacsimile on lhe 
laleral tine M Irom N and mark il as W. Do lhe 
same lar lhe deplh and mark il as D. 
N 
45°~m~$C'{'F~~tLt.:TI:m*1.iI\-7. Cf~ ' 
l'~) I;:: u LIiii1.J'tLt.:~B~lt9'· f'JO)7.7 '/ Tf9~o 
Th is Pe neil sharpener has beeu drawn over 
lhe CIIbic base (rougil drawiu.q, rOllgh plan) wlzich 
was conslrucled by lhe tlSi! 01 lhe 45 ' angle 
perspeclive drawing melhod. 
3D'-6D'~m~i!~®m,*, (FAX) ~tm< o 
A hexahedron dra;vinf{ using lhe 30' - 60' 
angle perspeclive drawillg melhod. 
0N, H1.J'S~m.ti~sl< o 
f) MP-R C W, MP-L C O 1.ittL-f·tL;t,ã 
~~ ~m.ticO)x§'~FAXO)~c~B~C'~ 
-@o 
Q.iãio)~-~-~Sm@.ti1.ikLL @~~ 
(FAX) 1.i~~9-@o 
7 7 
4~~m~$~Q~~(ffi.~~~) ~tm< 
A drall'ing 01 o solid body lIsi'lg a 45 ' angle 
perspeclil'" melhod. 
OTI:~~o)~iãi(~~ffi ) O)ª~-~-~sm 
@,~1.it,:L -@o 
0D1.J' S45'O).ti1.i sl~, W1.i@]fii~ttL §,E ~ 
:lEõ!:>-@o 
0§' E 1.i~-@*SjZ.ti 1.i 51 ~, TI:~j;t;;O)~;j~iãi1.i 
~õ!:>-@ o 
f)ª§'1.i~-@~m~1.i 51 L \ L TI:m*1.J' C'~ ...t1.J' 
-@o 
Q~~ukTI:~~1.i I\-7. (l'~.l'.) ~u 
Lm~tl~f'J1.i.tiIiii~7.7~T9-@ o 
Pull 11/' ocrliele lines / mm each con/{{r 01 lhe 
cubic baSe. 
Draw O li1ll.' Irnm poinl D ai ali angle 01 45 
aJld sei poinl E by rolaling il in a -tS angled 
are Irom poinl W. 
Drau' a horizonlal tine Ihmugh poin l E lo lix lhe 
diagonal plane 01 lhe cube. 
j oin 011 lhe poinls ",ilh Penpecliue tines lo com· 
plete lhe cube. 
Using Ih is compleled cube as a base, sl/elch lhe 
Ipeneil silO/peneI' wilh lines. 
Drow a perspeclive hl/e lrolll /li and H. 
j oin ali lines belween Ilze poillts MP·R and vV, 
and MP·L. The juncliolls 0/ lhe lines lOitll lhe 
perspecliue !ines indicale lhe widlh and deplh 01 
Ih" lacsimile. 
Pul lIP fili es 11'Om cacl! corner 01 lhe b{/se lo 
complele lhe hexahedrull (facsil//ile). 
Using Ihis he:cahedron as a base (rough plan, 0~.~~~E~~~-~(T~·TM) ~~ 
rough drawing) draw a tine skelch 01 lhe lacsim ­
ile.L FAX ~~liii~~7'YT9~o 
* TILis skelch 01 a lacsimile lIas been dracwn 
over lhe hexahe dron which was conslrucled by 
30'-60o~m~ffil:"f'F~~fl~~E{*~~-~ 
(TM ' T~) I::: ~ Lliii1.J'flt.: FAX (J)~7 'Y use 01 lhe 30· - 60' angle perspeclive drawing 
melhod_ 
NB : A paper madel was made 01 lhe lacsimile 
T19lJo 
~~)=(J)FAX(J)~~~~~~-~~~L~ Iusing Ihis design as a relerence, 
- J\-'E~)v1.J\~i'F~nt.:o 
n~~(J)~im(J) ilÍ~ N 1.J\~~I:::tJ:-::>n\~~ 
L\Jím~(J)~JC'®~o 
~m, ~ilÍ~ N r;t90°l-)..t(71)-J\~t'J\-~ 
(J)~;3t:. [§] L.;) r::: c t)tJ: ItnlttJ: t) 1J:L \c<!fl 
LL\~o 
1Fm~) mil:~r;tm)~ (i'F~~(J)§(J)irl~· VC) 
~t)~n~~~~~-::>L, ~(J)~*(J)~~~§ 
rr-::>L<~(J)l:", 1J:~~<m~(J)ilÍ<~irl~9 
~(J)1.J\~*~L\o 
* This is a bad aample 01 o pe rsp~c1ive draw­
ing as lhe nearesl base a ngle 01 lhe objecl has 
been drawn ai an aUlle angle. 
Usually lhe maresl allgle N SILOlIld be more lhan 
90 (whiclz also applies lo Iree,lzand dro-wing) ~L.;*~<!(J)n~~l:"t:., *~~ (m~·§(J)
NB: 11 is advisable lo conslmcl a perspecliVi' 
 ~<'!) c:I: IJ ..tffilr:::irl~9nrt*~ < JE;t. TBBdrawing nol 100 lar Irom lhe view poinl (lhe 
eye-Ievel 01 lhe designa, VC) as lhe lurlher lhe l;::irl~9nlá/J\~ < JE;t~o 
dislan,e Irom li/e view painl, lhe worse lhe shape 
=(J)c:I:-5r:::, x1~~I;tJE~§(J)~<!r:::c:I: -::> Lf).'ill becü/ltl!, [§] L.;*~<!(J)~c' t:., ~7-)v~1.J'i!b L < ~o 
7D~~~~~~~-~.<~~~~-.~ 
~nlà:c:*~ < l;t tJ: L\(J)Z:, *~~c:I: IJ Tffilr::: 
irl~<!ttL~m9~(J)~~~l:"®~-50 
* The same objecl /ViII look bif!/? r if il is 
conslntcled above lhe horizonlal tine (view poinl, 
eye -Ieuei) /lum below, 
Thus, lhe scale 01 lhe impression receiued lor lhe 
same objecl can be difleren l depending 071 lhe 
levei 01 lhe eyes. 
ObjecIs drawn by produCI destiners are visuaLly 
nol SO big. 
Therelore il is more aPPropriale lar Ihem lo be 
drawn below lhe horizontal tine_ 
eExpression by free-hand perspective (sensuous perspective). 
Wilh lhe free-hand perspeclive, one needs lo guess lhe size of lhe 
objecl and draw lhe vanishing poinlfrom one's own expen"ence, This7 1) - } \ '/ t<}'\ - A cid:, i1i3 <):g~~~O)*~<!~;i1'l,<;?,tcJ:C'~ "tcJ: lakes a little praclice unlil one can allain a visually reasonable shape"
n" I;: J:-::> C:: "Hm V 1J:1iGíi'i3 L \ c:: L\< 1Ji!C', ,m,~fl{J l=ttJj~~ Tlze besl pralice for tlzis is lo draw many hexahedrons freehand fro m 
various angles wilhoul depending on lhe horizonlal line 01' vanishing LI~tt1J: L\f~}jl C~I~9 -Q 1;:1d:~1-\O)~~~J* tcJ: l:tn l;:t'tcJ: G1J: poinls, 
L\0 In facl, free-hand perspeclive drawing is one of lhe indispensible 
melhods for skelch work in aclúal produCI design workshops dl/e lotflC ld:fI~1i.j:\0)ª.<f:'C'i.ls-Q:rr7Jj;$:~, 7..k:qz~ , ;/ál,<;?,0) ' ct.::: lhe facl Ihal il requires only a short pen"od of lime lo conslrucl 
J: G 9-'C 7 1) -} \'/ t' C', L\~ L\~O)í'El~h'G~~ji'i3 < =c1:J' ­ perspecliue drawings and offers free angle seLling lo enable one lo 
choose lhe mosl altraclive angle of lhe objecl lo draw.~L \L \~~1JiM'=~ 50 NB: /vIosl of lhe examples shown in Ihis book are based on lhe 
1C;: ~C, 7 ) -}\'/ t'}'\- A Id:, ~.f~~1ti §]9 -Q-=FFe h'h' free -rwnd perspeclive melhod. 
h'G1J:L \O)c, :fH~9-Q):1~1tM;~ V <~;:t-Q y,/:;')vo)~:iE~ 
fig~Cc~-Q;:c~G , $~0)7D ~~~~if~'/m.co)A 
7 'Y T'J-~ 1;:1d:~h'tttcJ:L \~l~7J$O)-JC'i.ls~ 50 
1Wti~) /.15: . I;: · ttC::i.ls-Q A7';lTi'F1?uo)~< Id: , 7 1) - }\,/ t'} ,\ 
- Ah'Á,.-AC1J:-::> c:: L\-Qo 
e Expression of obiects refering to photographs or prints" 
11 is nol easy lo draw such objecls as aiplanes which one does nol gel 
lhe chance lo draw oflen. 50, wiLh lhe use of a pholograph OI'=F- ~lIIn c:: L\1J:L \m1'JtiVcJ:C'~ ji'i3 < j~Êl. "fí'@:'ttcJ: < ~J~9 -Q = calalogue of airplanes, draw in lhe leasl amounl of necessary tines, 
cld:g~C'Id:tcJ:L \0) C', mi'J~tcJ:c'O)~~. 11$1 O ~~i1J:c'~",­ place a piece of layoul paper on lop of il and express lhe varialions 
in design skelches, A I;: , !.fi</J\~N I=~\~tcJ:Ktll! O)Jjc'-T~ ("f~ . y,/-:y'-v~) ~J 
< ':::l, tO)-.tI= v~y'J ~"'-} \-1J:c' ~ ;QC::~-lj'~ ':/ }'(I) I 
- ~ ::3 '/ ~7 ';I T ~ ::t{IJjl V c:: L \ <o 
72 
Demonstrations of concept sketching 
/\/T'f~!J-7-~Ã7!:179~ 
A 3 -if-1 Ã' v -1?r) ~I'\.-J\-(PM Jb ~'8) 
~~7:J\G5'U:::J\~T'1' -7 I) -j--Ji!/J\('s: <tÊÊi~l \nt.:::7:J\ =n 
I:J:-:) LJ\~T'1' -7 I) -j--(7)i~g~(7)T"+j'-1 ~7:J\*ã;'7:J\I:I~~~C' 
~~o 
ã;'t.:::. 2 'J(7)-7 I) -j--Ji! J'\ ';J -7 :J5r) ~ I'J®I~I: J:: '='-c :;:3 
-1 ~ ~('s:tt. Ã~ ~~~~.~I: "~~»Ji!~~~~o 
OYY9~-~-1 (T~·T.)0~~~-1Y 
?~"'-J\- (PM J'\-:J 1'8) €m~. 5-1 ~ 
f)5-11---1'~-11.J 5-"'Y~ )[;I;::J:: --::l <::ra'dJ'n1'~-1:tJ5-"'Y~ )[;C'7'-tf'-1 Y5-1 YtJC:'€ 
t.:::J\Y7'1'? 1)-j--05-1 Y I' 0--1 y/j7..L\;f'1.<:::L \<o 
7'Y7-0 
OPlace a piece 01 layoul paper on lop 01 lhe 
Imderlay (roughp!an, rough drawing) and draw f)A line drawing ske/ch 01 lhe handy cleanf!Y i-n 
il/ lhe design tines in lighl grey colored peneil, lighl grey colored pe-neil. 
Skefch af O hondy c1eoner 
A3 loyou' paper (while PM pod) 
A "ma!! skelch 01 lhe rear view 01 l/te hand)' 
âeaner ,= been {[dded. T /tis w;!! e-nable olte lo 
gain a rough idea ai lhe design on lhe rear area, 
Movemenl ,= also bet'rl ai/ded lo l/ze cons/ruc· 
lio-n 01 lhe ske/ch by joil/ing lhe Iwo c/caners 
wilh a background /realm enl, 
~?-)[;/j~-1y-:tJ-No 5 - 8 C'7.. ~ 5 'Y::t 
gB7t1:J' GnBL \<:: L \ <o 
€)(Ise coai grey nUlykers NO.5 ·S lo slorl drawing 
in lhe slrap paris. 
O?-)[;~;f~-1y-:tJ-No 7 -fft.y-1.J-7::Jí, 
'Y?75?YI'€~.Qo 
2-:;0? I) -j--€J\ 'Y? /j'5? Y I' C':J 3 
1Y~~tt. 7..7~7-~~.~~·~~n€~ 
t::.:t.Qo 
J'\-:;?:f5? Y r-::€~--::lt::.~. fft.*IIInB~Y­
:tJ-c''T 1' T-)[;€nBL \<::L \ <o 
OPainl lhe backgrou-nd in coai grey marker No. 
7 al/d b/ack marmarker. 
Join lhe Iwo c1earler.; wilh lhe background lo add 
 0?-)[;/j~-1Y-1.J-. fft.Y-1.J-7::nB1:J'tL 0A skelclt 01 lhe hand)' c!em-u'r drawn ill coai 
some movelllelll lo lhe conslmcllon 01 lhe skelch. grey and black marker Ali marlzer tuork is nolOt::.J\ Y'T l' ? 1)-j--07..7'Y7-o cmnplele. 
y-:tJ-9IHlIlN§7o 
73 
0fJitl::f: LIi'::5'-?~l/-{ J'i.AT)l;~, JtmiT 
fJ l.J1::71' '.:I Y;:J."Z-J'\-iH;:f;tS*)l;f;:-:)(t, 
itt7'1' -o)im~~-:><::L \< o 
flApply pO/l'dal'd dart.·g},y pasltl lo (l dOIlMl'· 
/olded pieCt ,l [Ia /ll/c/ lo dmll.' lhe body, 
iiiI!~) ,,*~*o)J\A7Jv~*7Jf;::-g-@n$o 
A) ~ l/-Y:;~""-J\-o).tZ:-' Jn7)V~~ 
-g-:>nnf;::-g-@o 
B)~~~-~-{7~~-:><::~~-g-@0 
N B __ How lo pou'der slick Ilasle!. 
A) Rub lhe slic" pastel againsl a Piece 0/ lracing 
paper lo powder. 
B) Use a culler I,,"fe lo pozvder. 
C) Rub againsl a wire nel lo powder. 
I4IDA :1l/-7-1 =t-if:f--7c:J\A7 )v\'JY-~ 
-~rEfti-g -@o 
G!>Apply fixaliue sf)my lo sei lhe Paslel and 
mm'ke r work. 
0a~-@L \1) 7l/? Y 3 :;gB7tt>J\-{ 5-{ ~ 5-{ 
:;~, ffiM~~l.J~b, ~fJ~~ ~l.J~b~ 
~L\J\A7)l;~13\~t: -:> <::fiiit±J-g-@o 
0 U.-;e a peu";l L'ms'-". knwded mbber ar eraser 
lo express lhe lighl reflecliol1 and lhe Júghlighl 
/ines by wiping 01/ lhe paslel. 
74 
8~0))\.:A.TJl!C', :; Ij-j--(J);j\7"1' -~;\:Jll 
I;::i'd-.J"Lft < ;\:Jll~51 < o 
ODmw a lighl tine in black paslel along lhe 
ridge line <%( l/e cleaner body. 
~) \:;Z TJ(;C';\:Jll~51<tJ7JtJ\;\:JllLU~PJ , i:n 
~FsC'td:-z:'J L~,~(J)IiftJ' u~~m9~o 
G)SO)tl5-"'Y~Jl!C', )\-{5-{ t'-5-{Y, 
)\-{5-{t'-:;Z;j\'yt'-, 7"-!j'-{Y5-{Y, 7"1'T 
-Jl!~lâi < o 
~~.~~~Y~~Y~tl-7~m~@J~ 
1;:?tJ\lâi~t->9L \ 0 
• tl'ork 01/ lhe higlz/ighl !ines, lhe highlíghl s/Jols, 
lhe desígn /ines and Ilze delails in while pená!. lt 
is casier lo dl'aw lhe ClIl'vcd !ines wilh a 1'ender· 
illg curve rufe,'. 
4f)t3(J);j\:;Z 57-tl 5-~j~J LJ\-{ 5-{ t'- 5-{ 
y, )\-{5-{ t'-:;Z;j\'y t'-, 7"-!j'-{f5-{Y~~ 
~9~0 
fmj~) ;:::;::: c'Ij:, t3(J);j\:;z 57-tl 5-~~L \t.: 
~, .~.~.fmju~~(J)~~~
*, ••@, 
§ < ~t1)I;::, :;z T l' 'y :;:jj;:C'.~c~iill. O(J)t3;j\:;z 
57-tl5-Y'-tl-~@J"L)\-{5-{ t'-5-{ y, 
)\-{5-{ t'-:;Z;j\'y t'-tJ:C:'·~L\nt.:o 
75 
4f) Use while poslel' colar lo emplwsi21! lhe higlz· 
lighl !ines, lhe design lines and lhe delails. 
NB: A slick·lype 1.0 Ihicklless ",hile posler 
colar mariler has been IIsed Itere lo draw in lhe 
highlighl tines and desi!!t/ lílles in arder lo 
eliminale lhe bolha of IhimiÍng lhe IVliile poslel' 
colar and preparing ",ale r, a pall'lIe and a jar in 
which lo rinse bmshes. 
I~The cvlllp/el skl'lch vi lhe handy cleaner. 
@tiãlo)/\ -(5-( I- '51' './ fq ------ á O)iK.::z5' - h'5- I:::&:Q/\1''5 -----. ------ /'\'/7 75"'./1'0) ~f.iI:::li: 
l' l-.::z iK ·) l- r:J!J: I. li'J\ ;:;: L'r 2~O)7 I) ­lE~~ &'L \ , S0:t.!5-"''./Y)[, ""'. 
T-~/\') 775" './ 1'L':J3 './ 
-C/ái < "'" colar. 1' 1- <!ttC:~{l~ L.,. illl~ r:::"l!J
A highlighl spol in !<Ihile posler 
an eliptical lemplale and 
/"hil (olor peneil for lhe high· ê'" ~Cl5t::~1:::o -? - }[;? I./1'v 
ligMs 0>1 lhe rolaling area. -tJ-Nu 7-IO~~fll 
Tilere is no definilion of how 
lhe background shollld bc 
drown. bul heI" il has b" n 
7-J('7 v1' v-;lJ-1tl.5 -8~ ---~­
Ifl. \, ::<, 5')7~5 75";d'L' drown lo join lhe Iwo cleal/ers. liii < giLling a sens 01 m OlJeménl lo 
DTatC fhe ~trap witlz a rUIf!?h lhe skelch. Caol grey markers 
touel? in coo / grey markers belween NO.7·1O hOlle been 
bel", " No.5·B. used. 
iKT1'-l: !lS <m.) 0) /\1''51' ­
1- '51''./Q.S0n'5-''''./Y)'''. ~.Sirt ::<, 5'-n'5-L'iíi < I. \tLQ 
U ,,'Mie colored peneil and 
Idzilt co lored poster (nlo r to 
shorply illsal lhe IIig"';g'" 
li",'.' an Ih .. IIpper pari of lhe 
body (ridge lil/e) 
;f,7''1' - O)B)l{)1. \BIl7tom. ~Il (T 
'11' './ 51' './J I 5 1' 1- 7 1./1'tJ 'OL---- lMiK- )[;"''./\'>~\Umláiê'v- ;lJ­5 - "''./YJIIL'. li!l <. ~ <L \:h 
{) "C. Yv - 7t 1)7L.-7Y 3 './ 
iKT -í -51' './ r':!lIl V"Q&:5 1:::Til" uulli,, 1' (design lines) of lhe L\:t1.Qlight pari uf I/u' body sllOl/ld be 
drawn IlIillncr (Jud more lightly Use o black bol/·pai"l pen OI' o 
/('ilh liKhl grey calored peneil. fine m arker lo drOLl' in a sharp 
re/leclion in ha nnonv ll'i /h Ihft 
body line. ­í'll r;::L., .: :7- 7 ::11.--1' ",1::1 
/UTJ"'{t . ~lJí 'JL.,1:::T'1" Y 
Y ;1 "'-/~-rJ t':r:'?lt. iKT-í BIl{)l\ 'J7 L-7Y 3 './ r'H l ~;j!J 
-o)im~i!Q L., ti L'. /\ ::<' TJ[;~ ,3,;:; c? 'C 
IM 9QApply pOl('dered darl, grey VI' 
Moek past.-! lo o dOllble folded Use (J penei! eraser Iv expres.s 
l is.'iu(, paprl' lO painl in lhe lhe "ilIl refleclion by mbbing 
bod)'. 0 /11 lhe ~/el. 
76 
High/ighted sketch of a handy c1eaner 1\/7',,~!J-T-~/\'f:;7'f"Ã7-:179~ 
A3 Po nfone c%r paper (dark b/ue).A 3 1'\'/ I'-- '/ :tJ 5-"'- 1\ - (-$1' - -:7 ::I }[;- ) 
1\>=71 -:7 1) -T-O)-f.fi~Bjj G t-:=L \11\7' 1 - O)jii;fv!:j:l , j fF Th e skelcll Iws been drawu lVilll lh e in lelll ion of 
stighlly emPhasiúllg lhe dclails of li/(' area§B7tJêJillO)T 1' j' - } [;, I) 7 0 -:7:/:=3:/, 1\1' 5 1' 1'-- 5 1' :/1J:c aroll lld lhe operalillR !Nuls, li/{ ' "fli'elious alld 
lhe Izigh!lgh l on lhe cNller of lhe body, lhe mosl ~)g~á"lI:'\'J'\'J 59:l~G<:JffiL \<: ®-8o imporlaul pari of alI. 
GtdJ' -:J <:, ®* IJ jEtt1J: < <:nd::: L\-to) ft!l O)gB51O)~JIj*"iHT T herefore , lhe ouiline (des;z;n fines) and hi~lt . 
!igM !ines and olher paris ",hicII ha",,, reducrd 
-I:f1''/51' :/) '(-l/ \1' 51' 1'-- 5 1':/1J:clci:, K:IIl < ~ < L\tL, !B\~ 	 imporlonc'e Iwve bcell purposely drawn in lhilll/l!r 
and lighler,ttl: l: jffi~i6 (h. i~~ tcn \d::: 51: G t-:=o 
The en lire skelch lool? approximalely 50 minules, 
7. -7 'Y 711\j~' lci: 5 0511lL o 
OtJ5-I'\-I '\ -0) ..U:, 8Jl.QL \1\7. 'T }[;O)-::J 
L\t;:""F1i!il (WiIiJ l;:/ \ À'T}[;<m7:l1,r-::Jlj.Q) 1,rm 
::!d, ;j\-}[;I'\ '/~Z'T'-tj1 '/51 '/ ( 9f-11~~' 
fãill**) , T' l' 'T-}[;tJ:c'1g~~g-.Qo 
;~I;:, ?-}[;-7'Ld'Y-tJ-No. 7 c~~li'i'i~ 
y-tJ-, ~'Y-tJ-tJC' 1g~L \À I'-- 5 'Y 7, 
Itj"FOO5fO)T'1''T-}[;, 1)7l//y03'/, I\'Y 
?~i5"'/i'1,rli'i'i< o 
OPlace a rOl/fIl1 plane powdered LVi/h a lighl 
/Xislel (úPI)ly lhe I)owdered paslel lo lhe reuerse 
side) OI!. lop of a picee of colar papa and use a 
bal/'1JOilll PCll lo lra ll.~rer lhe de, i!; lI tines (lhe 
cxlcl'iwl lilles, ollltines) aud lhe de/ails, 
USillJ; o No ,7 !;rcy marker, (/ slender marker 
alld a b/aci< mar;" 'r, draw in lhe slrap, lhe detai/s 
011 Ilze olN raLingpari. lhe refleclion and Lhe 
bllL'kground, 
8?-}[;-7Ld'Y-tJ-, ~~li'i'i~'Y-tJ-, 
~'Y-tJ-tJ:cl;:J::-:J 'Lli'i'it.J';tlt;:/\/7"1'? I) 
--j--O)À'T 'Y To 
f)A skelch of 1Iz(' lza ndy cleane r drawn in coai 
grey marker. slender black mar/ler and black 
nUi7'ker, 
i.~~I;: L,f::~/~À 'T} [;1,r , mmfí'1J L..d;:'T l' 
';J:; ~I'\-/~-*t;:I;:l:S*}[;I;:-::Jlj'L? I)_-j­
-0);j\7' 1-iHi1,rt.J'~ <~-:::> 'LL \ <o 
I I~;z,T }[;O)I;:l:õ'7t.= L.., , SJl.QL \ I) 71..--? Y 3/ ~~~c~~IJ~b, ~L..,~bZ'~~c.Q o 
I 
OÀ 71..---71' .=t:-lJ'T-7Z'I\À 'T}[;1g:iEi&g­
~o 
IO Apply fixa lio" spray l o sei lhe paslel. 
fj App!y powdered b/ael, paslel lo a double/orrlel! 
11\,ue papa ar /JÍeec 0/ J7ann cl lo painl lhe body 
of lile c/caner leilh gel1 l/c louclléS, 
Use a kuearled l'llbber O I' crasa lo IriPe off lhe 
excess puu'der aurl lhe liglzl ref/eclioll parI. 
77 
0~o)J\;z T Iv91l!I!1J' ~tJ-:J t=-J\/T -(? 1)­
T-O);Z 7 -Y'h 
o TI" .,Itl'l,.h /l' illl li" b/OCR prlô lC/ pruass com, 
plele, 
0SO)tl 5-1'( / Y Ivc. J\-15-1 I--- 5-1/. 
J\-15-1I---;z;K-y 1---. T '1J'-1 / 5-1/. T-(T 
-lv1rli'â<o 
tó:<t:3. T1J'-1/5-1/. J\-15-11---5-1 /1;:1: 
L.- / -$11) / ?tl - ':;iXE:m1r. r:gg~7ttó:clctmr:g 
XE:j~1rtn~tU~-:J L:'jlH~~-Qo 
Ci)Drau' in /I" higi!lir; iII !ille.' . lhe h(/th/(,!hI 4)01,. 
lhe design line,' olld 1/" details il/ {chile co/urcd 
peneil. /lddil iolla fl.\' 11 -'" a I'l!lIder i'l'lg curve rula 
lo dra/.( · lhe de.<ig n lú " s oud h igliligli! /ines (1II d 
ali e!ipl ieal lemp/ale f or lhe l'oul/d paris. 
I0 80)tl'7-I'(/ Y Jvl=J: -:J L J\-15-1 I--- 5-1 
/. T 'lj'-1 / 5-1 /. T-( T-Jvtó:c'1J':'jlU~~ 
nt=- J\/T -(? I) -T-O)J\-15-1 I---;Z 7 -Y 7- o 
fi TI/e s;'I'Ich lI'illl lhe Itig MilJ1lf. fi lle,,- Ih(' dc·--,igll 
fin es a1/d lhe delails expressed /(·il h lcllile colorC'd 
fJéllcil. 
(;)SO)~;z5'-tl 5-1rfib L J\-15-1 I--- 5-1 
/ . J\ -1 5-11--- ;z ;K-Y l---. T '1J'-1/5-1/, :J 
57 -( -Y? -1 YT-( 7-Y :3 /1rL. \n-Qo 
0('·" l!'/lile fJu sla colol' lo i ll.-;; 1'1 lhe higlil /:fJht 
!ines. lhe hilihligh! --'tiOls. lhe dc.'I'g n li lltS and lhe 
g rafJhic indicaliolls. 
78 
.. 
I	O~IiXG;tJ\:;T1'? I) -T-O)J\-{ 5-{ ~À 7 ':/ 70 
10 The comt>leled sI,elch of lhe lumdy cleaner. 
;<'1--5';,<1 , ?-)[,,?l/-1'Y'­
;/J-~ 7 -JOlct f!!!::o l:5 7$> '/7 
C'._ JJI ~~ 
Use c% rs bctlt'cen (00/ grl'y S l])ilt ;<'$> - ;/J 5-1::: J;~1\ 1' 5No. :;-? lo dra/c in lhe slrap 
-1' J-.-;<. ;tt ,/ I-­using a rough tOlfch. 
The high/igh/ spol m(lde tvi/h 
;1(71'- 8B (b1 ,) 1])1\1'51' while poster color. 
t--51' /fd;Bl])jJ 5-~ Y Õ/)[' , 
8m;<'5'-:tJ5 -C'I.\;ttQ 
l/S( fi /cJu'/f: uJ/nred penói and 
posta color to dnllc in Jll(~ 
hiliMiglit lillcs 011 lhe Ilpper 
bod.r Iridp,c /i" ). l/,l,1])"Y-;/J-7;':' cl'77$>'/7'<:' 
J\'/ ? ~5?:'- i'J;! lf9~ 
Treal lhe backgrOlll1d lI 'ilh ~6:8B5tI])I\1' 5 1' t-- 51' :/1;:;:, 
mugh 10uclIC.' of black marku.Pl m{!í~l\SI])t.J5-~YY 
Iv, Bilt;<'5'-;/J5-y-;/J-C' 
L\fl~ S I])7J'5- ,,\YYlv ,(,7'"lf1' Y5 
Th/) ltighlight on lhe Tolllling 
-1'Y ~ <, 59'<cI;ttQ 
II/W sholllJ b mserled wilh lhe DraH' in lhe ul'slj{n /inl' lIúnner 
l I; (; 01 nu cliNicaI lempl.(llc, a 
aad lighl!)' ",ilh a I<'hile coloredll'11l/' c%ru/ p nól lInd a pen eif.Ifhite po'Sler {"()/or mllrkc:J'. 
',A;:LI,,~ IO,7')["{! , tllIT ~~ t, I'J 7 [; ? Y :3 Y (7)1l!l;.r1 , 
0uI.:7 1')fÕ/~~-J ~-I:::JI1 , ia !I'l;j!j l,, ::rM .. ~Z', J~ ;<' T)[, 
61J' iltT 1' - !Fiilctlãi < {!:13'l!c-:> Iãltl:l~~ 
Use a pc:ncil f' rtlSer lo expn:ss 
a dOllble/old"d /(""N "nd drall' 
Ilpply /10/('''0"<'(/ black /XL,ld lo 
l/te liJ:III rt'llection ar eus b\ 
in lhe smoolh sUJ/act of lhe U'ipil/.'( ofl tI;e pasle/. . 
/K!d,\'. 
õ'5', -O)fil\ l)7 l..- ?Y '3 Y I-+ , I ~Y I--Y JJ 5-A.,-) i- (';1-?;T,-)[,"\Y , iãjl!G , :l{lilIhii 
7 J\'- ) f~ffleY'-;/)-'(' >:) J I3i9 
Par//(/Jw ('do r papo' rc!ul'k bllle)r.'l' a b/(fck h(l/l.pOllll Pé 1t lo lul.:) bum USe d.dUlIr 111 tines o/ lhe n..~nc:clio}J 
fUI lhe hody aJld /XIinl il ou/ 
11 illl fl s/tuder black mar/?er. 
79 
~/ffj89,,'-~~Ã7':179-lj 
A 3 -If-{ .::Z'~-{Y'J t'--I'\. - }'\- (PM },\'y 1' 8 ) 
~Ele~ t'-b:í:Pfo)T'-if-{ ':/tJ\t <I!M!lc'~~J: 51': ,~1l!N}'\- 7-.. 
c~m, ;:::O)L$I.:kir8/J\~{r~Gl..t C7-.. 7 'y -f-iIIDiIDtJ'~~I':1d:~0) 
{r IlfjL \t..:o 
~H":~~El 1;f0)T'-if-{ ':/ }'\ ') I-:/ 3 ':/O)~mJ{r l..t cL \~ ~~~á 
0)7-..7'Y-f-t,J..O)C·, fcjJ fHlO)I~ ijHii3~Id:!B\~CfcJ:L \0 
O Selecl lhe perspeclive angle 01 lhe muLti­
pU/pose dome - an angle Irom which you leel il 
would be besl depicled - and draw a rough 
O~§9IJ t--:-bO)~;ttt.::L \e: ;:-31,t1l[S/': G c::: 
},- ÀJ7,:/ ~;fJI.;1,tiJ;!õ1). ~0)1J5-1'\.,:/;:';JI.;C' 
Sketch of a multi-purpose dome 
A3 layoul poper (whi le PM pad) 
A birds-eye view perspeclive is used lo draw Ihis 
skelch in arder lo oller a cLear design 01 lhe 
muLti-purf;ose dome. A 
plain appearence in lhe skelch has been avoided 
by drawing a scale-down 01 lhe dome. 
This is only lhe slage 01 working on lhe design 
varialions 01 a building, so il is nol necessary lo 
draw in lhe surrounding descriplions. 
**~~J7':/9-~-{ ( ~~.~.) 1,tm<o 
0?-JI.;~~-{~-1J-Nn 5 - 7 m1,t~":) c::: I) 
7l/?;:'; '3 ':/, 'fO)fl!lO)l1n;t1,t!ii'iL \n \< o 
underlay (rough plan. rough drawing) in bLack 
colored penei!. 
0 Use cool grey markers belween No.S-No.7 lo 
draw in lhe remainder. 
8~~0)..t.1':~-{79 t'--"'-}'\- (PM } 'i. 'y t--: 
á) 1,t~IHd, O . 2~ IjWMO)~7.I<ttif-{ ':/"'':/C' 
9l-1f~~( 7'-ij-{ ':/5-{ ':/), 7'1' T-JI.;1,tmL \ c::: 
L\ <0 
8 Place lhe layoul paper(while PM pad) on lop 01 
lhe underlay and draw in lhe exlernal /ines 
(design lines) and lhe delails wilh an O.2mm 
Ihick black waler-color lell- liP peno 
0m~m~~-1J-~ ~-bO);:';~~9, ;t 
~u~tJ:C:T'1' T-JI.;1,t~m9Qo 
(i) Use a slender black marker lo express lhe 
delails such as shadows and parlilion /ines. 
f)? -JI.;?~-{~-1J -, ~~-1J-C'~m~ 
tlt.: ~§9IJ r: - bO)À7'Y T o 
o The skelch 01 lhe Inlt Lti-purf;ose dome expressed 
wilh cool grey markers and a black marker. 
20 
"Tile line drawing skelch 01 lhe mulli·purpose 
dome. 
o r::-b.lil1i/J\~li1ig~51~ ff~l:::v .:;z:f"//j.L., C, 
J,\'y":; /j =Y:J"Y r::;IlH~~9~o 
;::;::C"Iã:, ":;-)[;/j· v1'v-:tJ-No. 4 - 6~ 
lliL \m®i'JIÔJO).:;z I--- D-,,:;c·fi'ilL V:::. o 
O Mask lhe scaled·down dome and work on lhe 
background. Here lhe background has been lreal· 
ed wilh vertical sll'okes lIsing lhe colar scheme 01 
coai grey rnarkers belween NoA·No.5 . 
• • (J.)J~;l,T)[;Z.'r::-b.o)T'i:f1' "/-51' "/1:::i8 
5cl:5 I::: L., nI<**~51< o 
J~;l,T)[;Z.'**~51< c:;mtN'~LI:::?!O, t-n 
~mZ:~~?Cm~(~40~~~~) ~~L., 
~9~o 
J~;l,TMl\l!tN*v?t:::.S , X7'v-71' :f 
iff--7Z.'H.:;zT )[;~:a: 7Ii9~o 
eDraw in a gentle tine along Ih design tine 01 
Ifte dome ill black pasle/. 
C a !inger lo smear lhe powder Ie/l on lhe line 
lu sllllde Toll lhe ridge line (Ieaving a good 
IftÍck ness). 
II ?/ n Iile paslel process is complele, use a lixaliue 
S/lray lo pem llll/eJ/tly a lix lhe pastel. 
0 Alter lhe highlighl /ines. lhe design /ines and 
lhe delails have been drawn in wilh while colored 
080):tJ-5-I'\"/::,t )[;C", J\ 1' -5 1' 1----51'"/, 
T'i:f1' "/ -51'"/ , T' 1' T-)[;~lãiL\t:::.~C: , 8 peneil. go over Ihem wilh while posler colar lar 
addilional emPhasis. O)~.:;z57-:tJ-5-Z.'J\1'-51' 1----51'"/, J\1'-5 
1'1---.:;z~ ~ I---, T'ij1'"/ -5 1' "/~57 ~ f-? ~ 7 
L.,C~~9~o 
27 
§§iJlJl' -1,o)liI!lj\6!l~f'JIXJl" - ­ §§iJlJl'-1,f(1*o)7'~-í / ;IJ'd:: !f:@O)illlil~Y À~/~V , ?­
À7 ';; 70)tJllil;'Ir~ "~ ') ')" ~ < UC:'-'Qd::5r:: , J~-À )lt~L"..í -:lJ-t1l 4 - 6 ~ ~\ , 
?/ i5. ~!Q;r'9~ jff -lJIcJO)À I--O- ? I\';; ?~ 
A scoled-dOl('U dome lias been A birds-eye v/c/(' INrsP<'clivf! 5"/ 1'~i1ii < 
odded lo oJJer mudlll.nlioJI lo lhe melhod /{'as ftse.d lo gil/c a d e(lY Ma.sk an arbilarv ruVl ond 
conslruct;oJ1 of lhe S/<dc!l . /(Iork 0 11 /lu ' backgrVl/lld ,álhvicIO 0/ t/w {Infire dome. 
lhe colorsNo.4·No.6 eMI 1fT"". 
7I<11-+;->{"'/ (O.?~ I) Wl!t J 
C:5 -í / i'O--{ /?9t;, 
A'9', . l1"m\'>t." / $1') /~t.J 
-/)Êm"<i~-:>'C7-{ / "o--{ 
/~9i5 
U.'~e fi black H'ofer-('olol' ,i !I·/i/J 
pCII (0.2/11m1 for Ih, /i",' dl'{//(" 
i1Jg. lIse a s/ral,!?ItI rlfler IOzd ti 	 "­
.... 
rcnderiuj.( CIIYI.lf ({'lu'n II {'("('S­	 -- -- .o)l!BIiit~Y-i.l- ' -1,0) 
.<ary. ?t!y..",,7' l' T-)V~~lJl9~ 
/ 
/80);J 5-"'/y)("~/\-í5 :' r-- o)J~ À T)L-L' '-1,O)ll!3ilii l.::;e 	 Draw in fi Reul/e tiue along lhe 
cny'l.:cd suiface ol tll(' dome' lei/h7-{/ g;;~~ -Q 	 5 -51::i.'J1,tt? < '3I < 
block pastel.l~ÀT) (., ê'~J,!'m \t::0cr::~1J'Inser/ lhe h;glifigltl . .; /1'1111 rcllile !:3O)!rtÀ 9-1J5- "Cl\-{ '5 -{ r-. 	 Smear lhe pastel IOIPards l/te§!:') , t- mc:tJ.t' -:> 'C 1' - 1,colnred PUlei/. À / ~'~ t-:~l 'n?:> 	 lefl of lhe lil/e " 'ilh a /il/Kf r 0)IiIlfliiO)Iil':f}'v~9 i5 dun"ng tlzÚI /Jro("~~s In slmdf' 01/
In :;erl lhe highliglJt -"puls wilh IIle curl.Jed surjncC! of IIIr' dom( '. 
lchih' posteI' color. 
~~) ~ro~§~~-bro~~~~~~-~~ 
UC. -:7 Ld 'ET')ldJ\:~HF~nt~o 
fD T il e compleled ,kelch (J( 'he mlllli ,pllrpose 
dome. 
NB : Tile desig/l 0/ Ihi, m/llli.pll rpose dome /Um 
IIsed l o make a ela)' modd 
22 
T:)'$'JbTv77t/'§/\'f?'f"Ã7-:J79~ 
A 3/\:/ r-- :/1J5 - ",-J'\ - (::1'1) - :/) 
;::0);A:7'/ 7'-1d:::I 1) - :/ (IEâ<7'y5' )[; -)'-L--"7 ;;t:/<':: FoJê) O) 
1'1:/ r--:/1J5 - "'-J\- [: , 8 0)1J 5-"':/Y)[;L'5-1' / 1'0­
1:/?lA.:ilS<'::, y - 1J-L I) "7 L--? Y :3 :/ , Y '\7 I'~td:cld:m 
~L\t1L~m Gt.:o 
A highlight sketch of O digital telephone , 
A 3 Panlane color paper (green) 
This sketch [('as }Jwr!(! 0 11 gr( (! ll (lhe "OH/( color n... 
tlle d~gila/ 1"I ..pllUlI(') PalllolU' colar pal,rr I(·ilh a 
tehi" colorcd pf'ncil for lhe !in!' drrm'ill!! proa 's, 
fol/ul!'cd by mari<er 111 pxpress lhe rel/cclinll" al/d 
shadol!'.~, 
T"e "/?elel, Ivvi< a/J/Jmxinudely 50 millll les , 
87'V9 )[;T I.--7;;t :;0)7 1) -1 \:; t'~m~~ 
11<. 
ff@(J)Sl \ml::, ~:tJ'5-"':;:,; )[;, ~if1 
I:""':tkJ:c:Iâ'i~~l \[!jjt-n:', 7'V"Y )[;T I.-- 7;;tI:t1J\-*~G < ~x.~} '\-A:p:;~;i')v~jgU, 
I ")I)_}\:; I'}'\-A (I~~fj{J1::9lH!9~~m~ 
in) L'**1J'I::51 :; I' 0-1 :;?'~9~o 
e nnlll' {/ /rec·/i(/IId perS/Jt'CIÍt;e oi li" digital 
1,!tI,Iume, 
Seltct lhe besl {/I/gle fo r Ih.. pho1le and make lhe 
IIII'gh /ille dratcillg on al/y while /JajJer wilh 
,vlmdhillg Ihfll i,\ easy In drazo wilh. sIIch as blaei< 
mlllt, d pel/eil ar fdi-lip jJell , lI"ing lhe Iree,/u1'I1d 
p.' 'fi' dil'(, /l/{'I/wd (pasMclice ill/lolving mle's 
lIlfl, ~ t!.l\{'s). 
.TI" mmp/('/cd I'fllIgl, P/1I1I of lhe digilal le/e· 
/lhm., 
0} \ AT)[;0):rn1J\ffillcttJ: l\ct51::, T1' '/:'; :1 
"'-},\-kJ: c:. c', }\AT)V~ ~-:Jt.:::ffil5t~;:::9 
O<D~x. <:<D <o 
8 7 1) -} \:; t' c 'fiii1:J'tLt.: 7' V 9 )v7' 1.--7;;t :; 
O)~m~O)..tc, " L--- :,;:;?"'-I'\-~ ~, 
~0):tJ '5-"' :;:'; )v~C'iEDitJ:~m~I::~x. <: 
l \< o 
O Place a pil'cr oI Imeii/!! papa 0>1 Iv/J 0/ I I/~ 
{ree·hand perspeclh'l' drau'illIJ alld adjllsl il lo a 
corr('rl perspeclivt: /l'iLh a b/acll r%red !Jellcil, 
0Hold Lhe pasleI PiJIl'der ali lu Lhe paper by 
rubbing /I/ e arca paioled /{'ilh pasle/ !)fllcder lo 
prel'enl il /rom I/yillg 01/ 
23 
- --------------------------------------~ ------
0:tr5-I'\-J'\-0)...U:::. JUT)vO)-:Jllt.:r 
~~J!tl. nlil \~fl~1J\J/\-)vl'\'JL'9f.If~~. T' 
1T-)vtJ:C· ~tJ:i:IJra'i~ (tli~) 9~o 
0Place lhe rOl/gli skelch lVilh lhe paslel on lup of 
lhe color paper and lrace lhe exlernal !ines and 
elail., ",ilh a Iwrd peneil or ball·poin/ pen lo 
Iral/4er lhe "ílelch. 
4DJ\À T)v9iH!1J'~:tJ?t':TV57 )vTL--7 /t 'J 
O)7,.'7 ") 'r o 
I,rr/iesl,rlch wilh lhe pas/tI Ircalmeu l complele. 
f)~~~ 1d:1:J'"g-o 
59< tli~~tLt.:T'V57 )vTL--7 /t 'J0)T'-+f 
4El80):tJ5-I'\ 'JY)vL'. T·-+f1'J51'J. J\ 
151 t--51 'J. T'1T-)V~ra'i<o 
J\151 t--51'J. J\151 t--::;Z1~ 'Y t--tJ:C 
8~~l \g~5t1d:8~5$< l \tL L~JJil9 ~o 
(!j Drau' iu lhe design /ines. lhe IlIiJhhih/ /ines 
and lhe delails ",ilh a ",ilile colored Penei!. 
The /Iglller paris. sl/ch flS lhe higliliffhl !ines and 
. llle high/ighl .Ipols. SllOl/ld be expre.lsal b)' em­
phasizil/g lhe Ic/li/e. 
24 
O Pecl off Ih rol/g" skelch. 
11w vague design lines of lhe digital lelephone 
afler being I ransfered. 
I48À 7L---71 :t--lf'r-7L'JUT)[,~:lE~9 
~o 
~Use a spra)' fixa /iae lo p<:ymanenlly afix lhe 
paslel 
Q~ro~m~~-~-~ ~7~~~3Y~~ 
l' A!'- ~1' t'.,tJ:c·~m < o 
(j)Draw in Ih, reflecliollS and lhe casl sfUldow 
wilh a slender black markcr. 
4ID~ro/n 7"-)1; C', TV9 )1;7"- ~ 7;:t Yroll\T 
l' -roffl**I:!d::l <::H< **~51< o 
/\A7"-)I;C'~~51< ctn:t.N&...tI:~ifJ, tt\. 
~ffi~ml~C'tJ:-t:'::l <::ffl~rol;f:f.J\G~9~n 
I .~H;;I: Gt.:á/\AT)I;~, mtHfTfJ Gt.:7"-1' 
':J~.:J.,,-/\-*t.:Id:S.f.)I;I:Jlj, i!iI&ó1)<::1m'1 1 1:/\151 !'-OO71~m~9~o 
eApply POlUdfred w/lile paslel lo a double-/olded 
li,ul' paper ar piecc 0/ /Ia/mel and draw in lhe 
highlighl seclioll ve /y brie/ly. 
" Use a blacll paslel lo drate a genlle line along 
lhe ridge 
tine 0/ lhe digital lelepho/le body. 
Follow lhe powder le/I 0/1 t/te sur/ace tuilh a 
fillger lo slrade 0// lhe ridge li/l i'. 
41)E~ro*A9-~:J-~~::l<::/\ -{ 5-{ !'-5-{ 
Y, /\-{5-{ !'-Ailb!'-, T-!j-{Y5-{Y~S$ 
mJ9~o 
~~,*g~71Id:~51 ~ro~;n~~::l <:: ~ l' - :11: 
JIi3 <o 
t9 Use while posler co/ar lo cmphaRiu lhe high· 
lighl !ines. /lighlighl .\pols aud design !ines. USi: a 
slolled mieI' lo drOl" in lhe shalp Slraighl Ihws. 
~ The skelch 0/ lhe digilal lelephone wilh lhe 
highlighl /ines. lhe design !ines and lhe delails:I. 7"11 /51/, T1'7"--)l;tJ:C::f.J\Id:l\::l 
comPleled wi/h while colored pe/lcil. 
t7~$7)VTV7;:ty(J)/\151 !'-A7'Y7o 
25 
I~J'CI5!U':TV5' )l"TL-7:>t Yo)J \1' 51' 1'--7.. 
7'Y7-o 
Ilighlighl sketch of lhe digilal 
8 0)7] 5--"'/~ )[' 7'1'1' / 5 
1:;;Ziãl< 
Dmu' in lhe cI ign finc' lt'ilh 
ldú/r colon'd p nó/. 
f;:.U.:ElI\Ã 7Iv<! . 
1firJ GT.:T1' ';I ~ .:l -"'-/~- r.:? 
Ij.•- d.>C:: 1::) \15-1 I--Bil~ 
'li !ll.Y-Q 
Ap/)/y !)I}f('d I"{'d Ir/ti/e paslel lo 
u dOl/bI .(oldr d liss/I<' aI/li 
tX"y('~' I/l~ Itighlig ht ;'Wclir'IfS 
ffl)! brh:fl.' . 
8(7);t( ~ 5'-t.)'5- Z:><:~~~ In 
Q 
: ) =(7)1' /717- ;'; :1/1 
111' r:: 
Insu'/ Ihl ' Icften /(";111 Idllk 
pO$/cr colo r. 
NB : The lel/er ind;((llioH.\ 
sl/ll/(/ú be "/I báe! 
/\/1'--:/7) 5--"'- /'- ( '7 
'
)­
/) {>~~l 
p(Ju/m1I' color I}(lpcr (greell) lias, 
bC(11 IfS('U. 
71 ~ 7L..-1' 8Il"",~ t>ÀI--~ t.: 
" rJcld:, .. (7)1ilIliii~v- ;I) ­
Iél < 
Use o slender black morker lo 
drol.. lhe d':,Play {/Iul (a.\1 
shado//'. 
;1(7 -í -{7) O')IiflJ'GIá: /~ 7-. 
9)VC~JJf§"Q 
l~kTIVCWJ,!sl < c ' 'l9IJ:l:: 
~I) . ~n>:fllfl':tJ~-:> C ~@(7) 
1a: 1.J'lA!~ Q 
Use bk/t k IXIslel lo s/lOúe o// Ihe 
ridge /ine o/ ti/f bnd\'. RI/li o 
jillger %flg 11/1' Posl~/ lille lo 
shode 011 lhe ridge. 
EI(7);j(~ 5'-;I)5-1::J:QI\4 5 
1'1--54 / 
Tire Itiglllighl /in es in ("ltife 
poster color. 
26 
~JI/Y~Ã?-':I~g~ 
A 31f1:;Z~1y,) ~ ~-J'\- (PM J'\-y I'S) 
~O)t)"5-~YSl Jl/c 5 -1YI'D--1Y:;'O)®c , y - 1J - , J'\ 
ÀT) ~cliJ& 69"LI~n'n::: I) 7 ~ ~:/:3 Y~4=-t' 7... ~:/t' l'')tJC'l,r 
Iffi~L \nt.: '::;f y I) ~ - 7...7'y-rC®80 
~!M~I';j'~g~ u"LO) UOXfc tÊiiL \t':Jt, fJ t::'fJ\ t~;*~~lt l,r 
ij3u~~69~, 7...7~-r~~<~~ko 
l emO)SL \*lII:, J\IilO)l'(IIlãl~-V-1J-t->J\Iilt5 
*l. L'. ?lv-V1:fP ~ 5?T1' 71:~x.~J'\­
Ã)1:;~lv~~:lEl.J, 7 Ij - J\Y 1'L'1>:ã;1:J'I: 
••~9"~o 
e Sellcl l/te mo~/ allractive perspeclive angle for 
IIu: «Ir alld /l se lhe Iree·hand me/hod lo creale a 
mlll/I! lille drmril/l[' 011 ali.\' while pape r ",ilh a 
s/fnd. / hlack /lu,,!.'er IIr a blatk colored pená/. 
07 Ij-J \ Y l' L'lãi1:J';f'1t.:::d Y i' 0-1' >'7 
O)..tl: I-- ~-:;Y'J' '''-J '\-~~;td., l/ y~lj 
Y'J'1J- -:;j':lE m;1,ti~L \ (7 1)-J\ Y 1'L''bJ:: L \) 
f1i!.0)1J 5-'" Y:; IvL'ff~j;$:~f&x.n \<o 
O Place a sheel of lracing paper on lop of lhe 
free, hand tinedrawing and use a rendering 
curve ",ler (also possible by free·/umd) and a 
black colored peneil lo adjusl lhe slUlpe, 
Sketch of O cor 
A 3 (ayout poper (white PM pod) 
Th is is G value skelch wilh a vel)' simPle exprl'S· 
sion of lhe ,'eflecliol1 and shadow added I/sing 
marker and paslel af/er lhe black colorecl pmcil 
Iine drawing proce,,~, 
My inlenlions were lo produce a free and easy 
drawing using an abridged melhod, bul unforl", 
nolely lhe skelch has lum ed oul lo appe01' hard. 
Maybe I LVas concious of lh e fac! lhal my draw , 
;ng lechniques would be published, 
6)B/J'~I::!l?:\~tcJ:!Illlt.::ltL'jCP! l.J f:::.Y Y~-l/ 
-10 CflID' l'~) 
ê The co fnpleled underlay wilh lhe leasl neces, 
sal)' tines, 
,-­
/.
./ ~ .~ 
---~ ~ 
''':;$1-1/1'O)..tl: l/1'J'rJ I--"'-J'\- (PM 
Ibl'S) ~.~, J\Iil1J5-"'Y:;lvL'TiJ'1' 
/51':;, :f1> Ã 1--:;1> I'rJ1J:c:;1,t~lãl~9~o 
;1(7'1' -O)BJ.I~L \ílll?tO)1tiJ1l!llllt->J\ l' 51' ~ 
51':;~IiB< 59"< L\;h~o 
e Plan a pi." ui layo/ll papa (while PM pad) 
DI! /ofI of Ilu IIl1dala." alld u'ork on lhe line 
_';"1/ dl'Sil/lI Ih/,'s alld shad"ws wilh a black 
cvlrmYl flelleil, The ollllil1es of lhe lighle,' pari of 
'''' 1!vJ,' alld Ih,' higldighls s/lImld be drawn 
l/ti,,/y IIntl /,{l.li/lLly, 
/' 
0~0)1J'7-'" Y:;Iv l:J:: ~ C::lãl1:J';f'1t:::. ? Iv-V 
0)51' Y 1'0-1' :';'J'À7 'YTo 
27 
o The tine drawing skelch of lh e car in black 
colored pen ei!. 
1 0~-JIJ:1~-1~-~-N(l4 ~tr-T~ -0 1) 7 
I~~~.3Y, -1YT~Y, T~T-JIJ1.im'l~I;: &<0 
0 Use a coai grey rnarker NO.4 lu draw in lhe 
reileclion. inlerior and details bnelly. 9mE&~~-~-~~~Y~-0~7~~~ 
.3Y, :t-t>:::ZI--~t>~~, T~T-JIJ1.i&<o 
~ ~ Y ~-I;: I) 7 ~~ ~.3 Y0À":,f.:gjl~Id:, 
~ JIJ~0-1 YTI)Y1h2!l:n:~;l.Q~-5I;:lâ'i<0 
fi)Draw in lhe refleclions on lhe window, lhe cast 
shadow and lhe delails in a slender black 
marker. 
-r---­
0~-JIJ:1~-1~-~-, m~-~-I;:J:.Q91!> 	 0The skelch wilh lhe coai grey marker and 
black nulrker work complete. Jf1:J\~t>-:,f.::::Z '7 'Y70 
4ID$l'-~~' ~-10J\:::ZT JIJ1.i!l9l~I;: lt, mtl}fí 
IJ ltt':T~ 'Y ~ .lA\-J\-â'J.:Id:t3.:f.JIJI;:-:)lt 
L, ~~y~-jji][§jI;:1:J\.Q<1)7~~~.3/~ 
C\:t1,.Qo 
~ IJ :::JL, ;~ lt::jL".tcJ: c:'~J\:::ZT JIJ01d:itJ.t.: 
lt1.i,3\~C .Qo 
4D>Apply powdered dark grey pastel lo a double­
lolded li.55ue or piece 01 Ila>!>!el lo inseri lhe 
rellection on lhe Ironl window with a gelltle 
10l/ch. 
Wipe 011 lhe excess pastel with a kneaded rubber 
ar eraser. 
28 
I 
le;ilP,Eu1.::::? JL'-V(J)À7 'Y T o 
.~) ~(J)? }Vy(J)"T-lj"{:.I {t r\.- À I::: u l:. 
? [",,-1 ~"T}Vt.J\~HF(}"nt.:::.o 
• The comPleled skelch of lhe caro 
NB : Til is d igll was used lo make a clay 
model. 
,--- "'1' ~ i'-0) 1) 7 t...-'7Y3 ~ o 7)­1q)t.J 5-"'~:; JVL'. T"f"{:.1 ------~ 
/ I;>. ~P'J;lJ' rj "C SU.i5J::?I~:<;<51' / (~/!lW ) . :fv:;q,:; v i' 
"~~~71~ 1'0- 1 ~~9 i5 m~~ 
Tllc d"s(nplion of fi,e infernal )l(r~-o)~~L\l!!l7)-O) .!IB -\':> paris SllOUld be drawn on lhe M51':-'51~I;>ii <. 51 <Ll lcindoll' lo offerre!lecliou (I 
M. lransparenl look 
1'11 Q black colored peneil for 
• Uni drawing and df:~i,"ti 
fnIi< (IXI mal lines) (/nd lhe 
llttuloo·. 
n. "utlill c:J ui lhe /iíi'" areas
" o.. b«!.,. an" higMight lines 
_ Id I!t. Ihill allIl mguc. 
1:~ I:: 'JI.O)?I-'7~["1 / ~ 
"7Jv~. j,1'J v~'T 1 ';:Y 
:l1'(-/~- r.;. C,~ ""),:t . 1b <:: 1I 
., • .lt<~ililO)')7["'7:; Y-:iJ- ~:fl" Ar. :;-V 9'2 ~0)1tII!oii;3 Y-h-'L' 'T1 'T -I!, '7 -)1.<7 [.,1 '7-}J- 4 iJ{7' 
:I :;~I$< Lm. imimi'ii:'1Ii:!It1ld)i5 '(0/'-9-1 :"-'751 "...11. C' ~'{jj < 1'-0) ') 7[,,'7 :; ~ li'Ll:t1.i5 
AHI> a IItlle /J01t'''er"d d" rk Dral/' in lhe ca~1 :ihndo/f' lei/h (f Use " slelldcr h/m:J: }}1ark(.'r lu Use eool g n ) mllrÁ'êl ' No. ',f lo 
f>i1>M lo /I double fuldcd blllcft morker lo lig""'" IIP lhe drme in lhe de/ail, (md lhe draH' in thf1 Y(-·flccNol'I ou li/e 
.... Qlfd à/ale' ;', lhe refleclion pidllre . pt'r~"eclill(f tiue:>" bod.\'. . 
.. lIr Inmt zá m/oH' Fe ly britf­
29 
;;I':I".eÃ7':17-9~ 
A 3 -ij-{ J: '~:J I 5bME(VR ME) 
-11 1d: ~;j\' - J[;I'( ::; , m. 7l< tt-ij -{ ::; I'( ::; C '5 -{ ::; I' O - -( ::; /j O) 
asc, y-jJ-, ETO)J'\A TJ[;c'rm~I: llflFeO)~1d:-::J11 LJi3'iL \ 
t::. ':;J)' I).:L - A 7 ") =J- C'65-8 o 
1'll~i!it';y -jJ-0)I;f't)\ G~ IJ tJ'C·tf -8~ C c, MEO)iill.irm (me 
~) jã'itfc'fI&~j,'1J:J \-7f---::;~mtJ'G~9L\~cfJ\G , '::h5 
b {f:ft1d:fse -:> t::.o 
SJ:i;' ;§1d: ffltf.fl G Llã'iL \tdFH~B"Jt.;::; I 'Y f--mfO)A 7 'Y =J­
t::'fJ\ j'-lj-{ ::; i1âfl~9lH~0)~~l:ld::J: L\~Mc'6505o 
A7 ,y =J-8~~ 1;:j:507JüIo 
Sketch of a iel plane 
A3 Vellum pape' (VR pape,) 
This is a valué ""etc h wilh brief shading added 
with a marker and a 10lleh of pastet after the 
completi(>!l of the tine drawillg sketeh of lhe 
ailplane wilh a blae" ball-poinl peno 
The Vellurn paper was c.\pecially ehnsen here (($ 
il allows a S/Jecia l shade- off leclmique wi/h 
markers lo lake plaee. IVilh lhe USe of delieate 
drawing on bolh sides of Ilu' paper, half 101lus 
can also be easily expresscd. 
1/ is a skelch of an unscienlific jel Plane drawn 
wilhoul reS/Jecl lo ils cnnstruclion, bul Ihis is 
good practice for lhe formalive process of a 
design , 
T he sketch look approximalely 50 minules_ 
OY~9-~-{ (~•. ~~) 0~L~I7b 
M~m~, ~Jt\-)[;"'~, ~7./<'11-ij-{~"'~<::' 
~tiii~~]'"-Qo 
Mf:<f'0Sjj-QL \g[l~09j.if~** (T'"if-{ ~5-{~) 
r>J\-{5-{ I---- 5-{ A:l:l\III< 5]'"< L \tl-Qo 
7Ij-J\~ ,,<::'m~l:: <L \**I;:I::tJ-75:Effltó: 
C~~-:>L~m]'"-Qo 
OPlace a sheet of Veltllm papel' on lop of lhe 
II lldcrlay (rough skelch, rough drawing) and use a 
black bal/-poinl pen and a waler colar felt -lip pen 
tu do lhe tine drawing. 
The extemal shape /ines on lhe lighl areas of lhe 
piaI/e and lhe highli!fht /ines should be drawn in 
wilh IlIil/ and vague /ines. 
Use a wrw d ruler lo draw lhe /ines which are 
di;J/C/l1t lo allain free -hand. 
0$f-??,~-{y-:tJ-No. 71;::ct-QJ\'y?~~;f7 
~~ t'gJ].I1~7 o 
mII:i5) JÇoy ?-:75~~ "0rain'n-I::5:E'l1lI;:l:t';L \ 
t3', ~ ~L"1;:I:=-=>0V I 'Y I----mt~J\'Y ?-:7'5 ~ 
~"L"V3-{~I----~ttL~r~l;, "~~I;:I:~"c 
"ttJ~" 011B-QimiiHimJJ!l;:: l; t~o 
0 Tlw backgrUlInd prucess wilh lhe dark grpy 
marker NO.7 is tlO/IJ complete. 
NB: Tlwre is 110 def/ni/ion of hoU' lhe back­
ground slwl/ld be drawlI, bul here I have joined 
the Iwo plaues wilh lhe backgrou nd lo produce a 
lIlodlllalion and movemenl lo lhe piclure. 
, 
______________ ----1i 
(i)5'·-??,~-{y-:tJ-No. 7<::, gJ]. I1lA.:J\ 'Y ? 
?'5~~"0~~G. ~G~~y-:tJ-~~~ 
imiiHi:í:J;fi:1d: si ~W~~o 
(i) Use a black mar!.:er lo painl over lhe back­
grnund wlz ich MS alrl'ady been Irealed wilh darl, 
g rey mar!.: )' NO.7 in arde r lo I,ghlen up lhe 
fI/ tire skelch. 
G The backgrOllnd pron s-' wilh black mark!!r is 
nU/(I complele. 
30 
______________~......L__________________________________ 
If)'01I '7bld!<1l!!lílilde O;t-?"H ,,-!J ­
€~-@o 
7-tJ-(J) fãi~C::, ~~'!,'tJ/\-7 r---::';€ 
~m9-@o 
fj {/Sf' o dorl, g rey m arker lo poil/I .ri'o m lhe boek 
side oi lhe Vellllm paper lo express IIl e delicale 
/zalf lones. 6/\ 'Y -? -7':;>,,::'; 1'~18i <o -51--?-7~-{7-tJ-No. 7C::1f!ê.I:/\'Y?-7 
5"::'; I'~~-@o 
GOraI!' in I/lI' backgrol/nd. 
Use dark grt'J' morker No,7 lo painl lhe baek· 
ground i ll rmy sly/e reql/irl'd . 
.,.,. I :;>.6.!'dO)~ [§jir~ 1\\1.h':!Ilfãi~7 - tJ - c:: , 
.~O)FaL\gjl7t"\'=>:ft' 7.. r--yt' 1''', 71T­ ~~---
Jv~!1ii<o 
.W"I:7-tJ-0);g~U (5-{5' -71"-{ )v*t.: 
;)D-77..5'-?~::';~-) ~~~~~~* 
ttQo 
OlJip ali opplicalion Q. TiJ) gcnl/y inlo a nUlrker 
VJ/lfliol/ i/igM!'r oil 01' Flo·Masla C/eanser). 
IflD Til e backp rOllnd proce,s COIl1P/l'Il'. 
07-tJ-(7);g~U€ ~~~ *ttt.:*Jll~C::, /'\'Y 
-?~5"::';I'(7)ff@<7).7t~~~~, ~(7)-{~ 
-V~~1~9-@o 
o (ls, lIu Q. Tip {("illi il" marku ,011/1iO Il lo 
exprc" an imaR" 01 c/o"d, by ;;//{/ding of!, au)' 
area <Jf lhe backgrolllld. 
37 
~~-~-m~o).b-::>k7.~ ~~~~~~~ 
tJJ,~\~1J\®nld:=F~1JD;:t ~o 
~~c~, ~~m~~-~-~~-::>e, T'~ 
l' Y51' Yo)-lill~5$~ ut': o 
4D Tak" 011 ouerall vieU' of lhe skelcli wilh lhe 
comPleled markcr IVor!? and add exlra ",or!? if 
nece "sa rv. 
Here f ' Iwve IIserl a slender black morker lo 
elllphasize a pari of lhe dcsign /ines. 
4f)~0)) \ 7.T)[; C', :; I 'y f--li:l!l\T' -i -O)~,~ 
1;::;8-::> e1J\~< ~~51 <o 
1Fm015) 7 1) -)\Y t'c'J\ÀT)[;0)~~51~1J~~ 
uItnlcf, )Effl~~ -::> em <o 
fjDraw a genlle til/I' alung lhe ridge tine oi lhe 
body oi lhe jel piaI/e wilh black paslel. 
NS: Use a mler il il is dillicuLt lo draw lhe 
p(L)lel ridlte line Iree-Iw1Id. 
CI))\À T)[;C~~51 <C, :fím -z-O)~.t-';::J!IJ, 
-z-n~rnC~-::>C~~~C, ~~O)~~u~~ 
~I;::c~~o 
"'Draw a finga along lhe paslel ridge lim and 
smear lhe lell-over paslel lo lhe lell of lhe /ine. 
411)\7. T )[;0) Id:<h t.::: Gt>@ilmO)j1jn~ ;1ll G:::JL 
t>~IJ:::JL cJ3\~C~o 
(J)Ru b oul lhe excess paslel and any slains nlll!!{ 
01'1 lhe skelch lVilh an eraser ar kneaded rubber. 
T'~1' Y51' Y~L \;tl~o 
T~1'Y51'Y, )\1'51' f--51'YId:L--~$1 
I) >~~-:;)')Effl~~-::>em< o 
lo draw in lhe 
11)7. 7[",-7 -i =t--+f~-7c'J\7. T)[;~)Er.1i~ 
tt~o 
Wlo15) ~~ cid:, ~-~-o)~IJ<tGflJJltfflo) 
~-~-7.7L---7-i=t--+f~-7 (BLAIR­
MARKER FIX) ~~-::>t.:o 
~Spray fIxa li"l' lo hold lhe pastel. 
NS: A marker li-wlil1e -'pro)' lo preveni an 
IIncue" coai was IIsed here (Slair Marker Fix). 
4D~.i±LI1'o 
So)~7.5'-~5-c', )tRL\)\1'51' f--lill51, 
)\1'51'f--51'Y, )\1'51'f--7.~'yf--, T'~ 
l' Y51' YtJ:C:~L\n~o 
fjThe linal proce.'<S. 
Use while paslo' co/OI' lO draw ill lhe sharP 
highlighls, lhe highlighl /ines, lhe highlighl spols 
(llld lhe design /illes, 
32 
leTile comple/ed skelch 01 lhe je / plane. 
/ 
S'-? ~v1E!ãH'!7-1.J-O)jiIij 
li ~irii• • iIii) !i~~. 
1!Pr.J,/I- 7 f.. - /'l!!êltl:l"9 Q 
Erpr. I/re de/ieale /1I1// IOlles 
Ir! tlrawing O{/ bolh ..ides 0/ lhe 
/lGtltr ",Ih {/ sle"der dark gr.y 
...",,,. 
9Q)il(;Ã :)7 - 1.J5-~J\1' 5 ,,0 , 
Ãilb "'iW1Q 
AdiI Ih. higlrlighl spol wilh 
/tltite PQsler colar. 
IO,)/~Ã7 }~L'. :J I 'Y"!lt1{T~ 
o(-Q)U~;e ?Z:1M'l!5 1 < . li! 
.tr='!? 1::jUTJ[,o)~'l!!ª~tJ: 
~?!UQ)Iift.)'u'l!"9Q 
0.... Q black (laslel line along 
,. ridtt 0/ I/re jel plane 's body 
.. ffSt Q lillger lo slll1de 0// 
/IIt 1Dr. by s'HüJring lhe powder 
ti lIIt I.ft 0/ 111, poslel line. 
33 
2 -:;JO)Y I 'Y I'-lJi 'l!j\'Y-?~ 57 
/ 1' Y 3 1'/I'-i!'!tQ ;:: C L'. 
À7'Y'r' ~t.J'], I'-5?T-f7I ::: 
tJ:Q 
l oin lhe backgrollnd lo make o 
mosl al/raclive conslruclion 
allraclive ske/ch. 
j'(.y-? ':157 / r: 1;l:-? - J[,?u1' 
7 -1.J-t.n7c 7-1.J-'l!~? 
OUl!"9Q 
Us coai gre)' IlIllrker No. 7 and 
a bÚJck marker lO expr.:;:; lhe 
background. 
7-7J-O);g~J (51' 5' - 7[1' Jv 
;J: 1::/;l:70-7À5'--? v/+j'-) 
'á L- ~ ;:' ;J:'!tt.:BiI~~ . j~,y-?? 
5 7 / r:O)ff.o) ll!l~ 'á:/ir1J\ L- . 
1t001'X-:J7i. t.:"9 
Shade of! any area lilol/gM 
nw !.o;,;f/ry /.Ui lh a Q. Tip dipped 
in a solulion (o il lil1Mer flllid / 
Flo·Masler Cler/llsa) lo atole 
an image 0/ clol/ds . 
80)1.J5- "/:--J[, ~j\1' 51' I'­
5 1' /'á: lili < 
Dral(' lhe ilighilght li". in IUhil. 
wlored peneil. 
::; r.. ~-:SI ::;/j«- ),\­
~~G~g-l \O)~ . ~7 'Y ~O)rji'ii~tJc'I;:IcJ:R~\tttJl \0 
'à::t.::, )'\~T)V~*7)1;:g--@I'(-~cGt.::~, v~~//j'I;:~51J: 
c'!fl~ 1cJ:IL: l \0 
o PM) \-;; 1'11\']-1 r.. 
v-h-, )\~T)vffl l;: OO§t c:-nt.::~-1Yr) r..«-)'\-~, ~I!!' 
O)W~c:-, li~C:-h'il5-@t.::~l:v-h -, )'\~T) VO) .J 1)~\J:l\o (B 
2-8 5~-1 :;Z''à::c') 
')) "tJf5it!l(', ) '\~~)vO)~ ~.:: éJf{;: R~\ttfcJ:l \0 
.~) T~ 'y:Sl ~«-)'\-:t,)\~ ~ )v0» * ~ '::éJf {;:~G~ l \~o 
'1-V-?I)-T- (~O =1L) 
Ã7 ':;TimiiID~)\~~)v~J3\~c -.:>t.::~, )\-15-1 HlB51~;f!í G 
• 	 Eosy-cleoner {kneoded rubber} markers and paslels s/;read well_ 
(Sizes /rom 82 lu 85 are availaMe), A handy luol lo wipe olll paslel un skelches ar 
express ltighlighls /;y erasing Ihem, Vellum Papel' (VR Pad) 
Having an excellenl lransparenl qtUllily, Vel­
• Peneil Eroser lum is ideal/ar lracing. Delicale holf-Iones 
This is suilable lar expressing delails. lúgh­ccm easily be ex pressed by l/sing bolh sideslighls and design tines, 
u/ lhe papel' /ur mal'ker work 
• Sketeh Pods 	 (Sizes Irom B2 lo 84 are available). 
O T racing Paper O Panlone Colar Papel' 
/1 n indispensible 1001 for drawing ruugll Nu IIneven marks will be le/I un Ihis lop 
skelches as objecls ClJ17 be lraced wel!, qualily papel' wlzich is mosl suilable /01' lúgh­
1I also lUIS a luide range 01 app /icalions sllch liglt! skelches, (743 colon). 
as being used as a base lo f,owder /){del ar 
moslúng. 
C While PM Pad 
Hauing been especial/y developed lar marlier 
and paslel use, l/tis layoul paper Iws a cerlain 
roughness (md IUlrdness in qualil)' wlzich maltes 
35 
rlàlt±\Gt.::og--@O)~~~ljo 
71T-)["-\'J)\-15-1 r.. 5-1 / , 717-1 /5-1 /tJC'~;f!í G~}i'ii 
l~O)l;:~G~ L \~o 
can be spread 
(~ o::JI 5 L *!f (VR )\-;; 1') 
o::J'I 5L*!flcJ:~Bfl~~\9<'n~l \~O)c'i~r~W' G~9l \0 'à::t.::,
• BLAIR ~-tJ-À 71/- -:; l' ::f--ifT--:; V -h -~O) iID!ll11ll1 ~iYí~91>tJ) \ - 7 r.. - /O)*m :t, ti.'ll5\@. I;: ~~ 
~o (82 -8 ~ ~-1 :;Z''à::c')~-~-~~h~~~~L5~~~7~-7~~~~- 70 
~ =.7 - "'::; :SI)VO).J I) :t, Wli~e1 J: l \ o 
,- )'\/r../h5-«- )'\­
..t~Mt {;:.\llIJ 0nt'::t,O)c , fE, L 5~"1J: < , )\1' 5-1 r.. ~ 7'Y~{;: 
lcJ: mii&iO)!flMtc l \;t ~o 
(:i:7~3§) 
m~~~~~<~J:<O)~ B§:t, §~~~~~o ~~O)~~~ 
:n:::fJ-:)~l \~~'. 7051':7 r.. ~7'Y7~ji'ii< ~~IcJ:, )'\~ ~)v 
~ t!:; 1;: G~f~50 
(l êêtz 'y r..-96§iZ 'y r..) 
T'tii'i~, 5-{ / I' D--{ >7, ~'JI~~"9 ~8i!jI.:f5e50 (:~~40-E 
/=f, :P~I))[;~, ~f-;j~) 
iEBfl~f~t::'=-)[;~c', fIlO)~m~~ml':lctJU:l'tt1J:L \:<Emo tli: 
w.~P'l15·-60'~ c20~*§.tJ'f5eL \t:> "9L\0 
ffIltJ?O)~Ij6I':lctJZtJ'tt1J:L\:<Emo (A~, B~, C ~tn-t'nlO 
~*§.) 
7.. -7 'Y =f0)5-{ / I' O --{ /-7 I.:fse50 
1j"-{ /""/ J: fJ ME L\t'F~ 'J I<C: ~~ Ictlt\'-)[;",,/0)13:5 n'J: L\0 
=f ~- ::J5'-{ 7, 7..-7'Y=f(7)~~f±..t11H~C', /\-{5-{ r--5-{ 
/, /\-{5-{ r--7..ltb r-- tJc'(7)t1ilttl':fse50 
.~ 
rnltEll ~- 3~, 7..-7 'Y =f~~f±..t11HIl"~C', /\-{ 5-{ r-- 5-{ /, 
/\-{5-{ r--7..ltb r-- tJc'oA18tt l':fse50 
JE;n'~Gn'L \0) C', y-tl -tJ c'c't18 L \t.::..tn' Gc't,§n'O) fJ, 
7.. -7'Y=f~~I±..tlj-'O)5' 'Y =f y 'Y ::11:: IctJZn'tttJL \0 (12§-E 'Y r-­
-72§-E'yr--) 
/'\7.. T )[;C7)~ fJ ~Jj, :<Em~tJc'(7);'5n~titL \t.:: fJ, t(7)m~lct 
JL: L\0 
7..-7~=f(7)5-{/I'D--{ /~t:>T'.~~~m"9~0 (02~~~ 
O.3~ ')n' 5-{ / I'D--{ /:J'I.: Ictfse L\t:>"9L \) 
• Aery/ie Straight Ruler 
This is used lor rough skelches. line drawings 
and slotled ruler dratvings. 
• E/iptieal T emplate 
This is a clear polyvinyl-chloride n tler indis· 
pensible lar expressing circles ar perspecli've 
drawings. This example LUilh Iwenly lemplales 
in a sei conlaining lhe projeclion angles Irom 
15' lo 60.' is recommended. 
• Rendering Curve Ruler 
Anolher indispensible 1001 lar expressing 
curves. There are Ihree types . A. B, C . and 
one sei comes wilh 10. ntlers re speclively. 
• Berol Eagleeolor Peneil 
lndispensible lar Ihose linal louches on a 
skelch as lhe lead is soll and Ihey draw well 
on lop 01 markers, 
(12 COlOI'S to 72 colors in one sel)o 
• Water-eolor Blaek Feft-tip Pen 
Used in line drawing 01 skelches and rough 
drawing. (0..2mm·o.3mm Ihickness is suilable 
lar tine drawing). 
• Bafl-point Pen (slender) 
Used lar tine drawing in skelches. 
Ball-poinl pens are more suilable lar drawing 
slender tines lhan lell·lip penso 
• Bunny Masking Tape 
Semi·lransparenl, lhe widlhs available are 
Irom 9mm lo 4Omm. 
36 
• White Poster Color 
A lube type which is used lo express highlighl 
lines and highlighl $pois on lhe linal slages
01 a skelch. 
• Brushes 
Available in sizes ranging Irom No,1 lo NO.3 
and used lo express highlighl tines and high· 
lighl spols dun'ng lhe linal slages 01 a skelch. 
• Tissue Paper 
Tissue paper has a tviderange 01 appticalions 
such as being used lar coloring ar wiping 01 
lhe marker slains' sluck onlo rulers. 
• Knife (NT euHer) 
~ 
, PAPER "ODEL IAJIIG 
I ' 
I
'1\ - J\ -
I 
T ;7 ) li 
X :to ') Ij'I ­
( 
IJ\~ ~ 
Takashi Ko;ima 
hl 
~ 
3 , / 
h· 
h. 
s 
if 
I . 
I 
Ditf6 Basic Course 
j'-'-i:f-1 /-:10"2 :AO)r:pC"j'-'-i:f-1-r-Id:ã5Jo)-1 X - V , 7-1 j'-'-( 
7;t,!~=:~",,8{Júir=:1Zix.8=F- ~§):7J\~\~ctd:'@0 T-O)~O) =F-~§):c l.; 
C::v*,-~ , :A7'Y T, ~im, -tj'-')[.,cL\-:Jt.:::7J$7J'cSn80 
7-1j'-' -(70)~Jt1t;I =SI:t8:A T'Y-:1cl.;C::fl~:jj\ , !~, ~~T­
l.; c::§~tcJ:c'+im8{J~I~7J\S:rrW8{J~I~ I=~rrl.; c:: -tj'-'I) /~I= 
~8-1x-Vo)~~~úi~7J'rrbn80*~~8C-t~[.,r=:~~ 
~GO)~~7J'®80 
I , -1 x-V-tj'-'J lr--j'-'+f-1-r- ã~o)-1 x-V, 7-17'-( 70) 
~#Hi~FF.lo 
2, "57-t 'Y?7'Y -:1-tj''J lr---1 x-V, 7-1j"-( 70)~w1t;~ 
ttti ' ~81 , 6i~FF.I -tj' )[.,o :A57j'-'-(-tj")["C-'bL\-3o 
3, -:1v-E /T-Y:3 /-tj" ) lr--t1l1~FF.I-tj")[., C"~81 , úi&E, iR 
~""O)~jí*T-t:f-1 /-tj'-')[.,0 
4, -:1 O ~ 57 -1 -:1-t j'-'J lr--~65t,!lll~;t,! jfrlí X. t.::: rgj 6515J ~o)h1fF 65 C" 
'J-=t: /~~:7' -tj')[.,c -'b L\-3 0 
-t ~[.,~T-O)tt~~~~r=~-:JC::~FF.I~n8~~~~~0)~~M 
r=3?!.\0)~tcJ:7J"S~~W:l: [;8t.:::&0 , T-O)~qO)§t8~~d<j::r=:j§; 
bttt.:::~~O)j!HR , 1JDI7J$C"O)-tj'-')[.,ffiUfF7J\~\~C tcJ:80 
r-.::.-J'\--tj'-') [.,1d:-1 X - V -tj" )[." "5 7-t'Y ?7'Y -:1-tj'')[.,r=~ 
l.;1±J:1:f7Jr=: ~-:J c:: -:1v-E / T- Y :3 /-tj")["I= -'b tcJ:80 ~t.:::, 
1lEO)-tj'-') [.,f-3~ 1= tt«1JDIttr=: @;ln'f.!j9*i'J:~jfrlí~ I~-'b 1'~C', 
tf1J:C"=F-HI=, llª-< ffiU1'FC"~80 HL \t.::: &0j~~ ii U-'bFiil~C"%pfT 
;t,! ~ I;;:9'~81úm~7J'C"~80 
l.;7J\ l.; r-.::.-J '\--t7%I=SL \c:: -'b1'j~=F- tcJ:c = 07J'®IJ, ? v-1 
-tj")[.,c::"Id:ttti8{Jg~r= C'~8~j§; R tcJ:c'=:;j(ff!3imO)-tj'-'lj /~' 
7J'~U \0)C"®80 T-n;t,!tili-3t.:::&0r=r-.::.- J'--tT)[.,O)~j§; , :A 
57-1077t-,L E K, §ê~r)v57/, §ê;§7?'))[.,i'J:c'c*-E!J:j.j§; 
btt8=Cr=~IJ =:;j(ff!3 imO)-tj'-"j /~r=X1JiEíc::"~80 ~SI= -t 
TI)/~'O)~, ~FF.lC"~T--3tcJ:I~65('YY''::: , :A-1'YT, LED tcJ: 
c ') 1d:T-0)~ ~~,§J:j.i6t c~ L\0 ~t.::: , ~,§ J:j. IZ:C:: t.:::~r=1: [;8J,\­
'Y ~O):F,.,'Y -:1tcJ:c'r= Id:7/ Htt -1"5:A ~ V - Y ::3 / ;j\'- f'tcJ: 
c'O)Mt~~O)~J:j.;t,!fIjFF.l~8 c1~fUc::"®80 
=0)~-3I=~jfrl=®8~~, t~65;t,!J:=F-r= ;5FF.1~8= c -'b-tj'-')[., 
'J-?;t,!~~m=~&08t.::: &0I=~\~C" ®80 
;$:. I=SL \c:: Id:~~ cffiU1'F~0)=g3m~ r=: tcJ:-:J c:: S IJffiU1'F~Id: 
~Ó)E o)JiEíFF.lC" , ~9'Id:~~I=~ ;t,!1õJM-'b~~l.; c::~r=::::>I:t 
8=C;t,!S~&0~80T-nr=:~IJ~ãO)§t8~.~r=:j§;-:J~r-.::.­
J'\ --tj" )[.,x -=t: /~'o)Sj~I= :rrc::nl;;:* L \C"®80 
:jê~ATO-}[.,o)iiIli(§jI:~Él1f5Y? 57 HtVHtS~ êbttt.::J/{- f' 
~, tJ'Y5'-T -1 7~0)1J 'Y ~ ~*ffO)!f.UtJ'l.;, l7A I) '1f/ f'r.:.- J'\-I:: 
J:~i!lU~tcJ:c'c'}fi~fIIlI1'~ Rjn~~I:~GtL, ~(§j~I'=DA:1v-~~' 
!ii IJ ~~~t.fiSJ/jg~, lllJ*ffrd:=DeJ: ~ 1J 'Y 7 -( >:7Y-~·A? ')-/~­
/O)~~~~-1/A5'/~V5'~/~O)~~.~cfr~~~J:?C~ 
g~"ET}["I::=DtcJ:~ 3~0 
Making a paper model 
In the course oi a design process, a designer inevitabty need means 
to convey his image 0 1' idea to others in an accurate and precise 
manner, Such means include reports, sketches, drawings or modets. 
The step to lotlow in the embodiment oi ideas witl start witlI 
shapes, volume, qualities, and colo-rs. which should be -relerred to as 
undimensional expressions. The next step will be to develop and 
verily the images by means oi a modeling techniques. which should 
be relerred to as a multi-dimensional expression. 
Modeling witl be summarized unde!' the lotlowing categories : 
1. Image models--Ior development and verilication of a designer' 
s own images or ideas 
2. Rough mock-up models- -Io-r uisualizing, comparing, studying, 
or verilying images or ideas 
3, Presentation models--models lor exhibition pm'jJoses which 
should provide information to linalize studies, conlirmation and 
decision ·making 
4. Prototype models--they are also .called working models, zuhiclz 
are made on an experimental basis but equipped lull product lunc· 
tions. 
The levei oi perfection oi a model vmies depending on lhe leatures 
it carries o-r the materials available at the time oi production. It is 
necessary to use maten'als and employ processing methods that are 
best suited lor particular objectives or existing conditions, 
Paper models can be used as presentation models il processed by 
adequate linishing methods to create image models or rough mock.up 
models (study models). In addition, paper models haue superior 
machinability as comparecl whith other model materiais, and do not 
need any special equipment or tools. Paper models excel any other 
model materiais in the speed and ease oi the Pl'Oduction. They do not 
stain you-r hands. They are so light th.at the)' can be carried anywhere 
with no limitation as to the places zuhere designers can get together 
and discuss with the models visualized in Iront oi them. DesjJite all 
tlzese advantages that 'paper models can o/fer, there is oue point in 
which paper models are weak. lt is a modeling work oi lhree, 
dimentional curvature such as a combination oi multiple Rs, which 
can easily be handled by clay modeling, but poses some dilliculties to 
paper modeling. In order to compensate lor this deliciency, paper 
materials al'e combined with such materiais as styroloam EKs, ureth· 
ane loam, acrylic loam to make the models equipped with the three· 
dimentional curvature. 
As more hints and tips which will help do your paper modeling 
work, we l-ecommend the use oi actual components such as knobs, 
switches, LEDs and so lorlh il their sizes sit zue!1 with your model 
size, li there is any gap between integral parts alter assembly, you call 
make use oi the thickness oi paper materiais such as Kent paper OI' 
illustration boards. Using such .materials which are readily avaiabl 
arozmd as will lacilitate the speed oi paper modeling work, 
This book is made up oi two paris; Basic Course and Production 
Course. In the Production Course, the techniques in the Basic Cours 
are expanded to a wider range oi applications, I recommend, there· 
lore that you lirst learn the procedure and make models yourselj in 
the Basic Course, As you learn lhe basic knowledge and apply the 
knowledge to a lurther advanced levei oi paper modeling, I am SUI'e 
that paper modeling will be able to meet your purpose and dillerent 
condilions, and make a powerful tool lor you, 
Proper/y of model boords 
A model board has a kind oi laminated stmcture; a styroloalll 
board sandwiched in between top and batiam pieces oi pure·whit 
bleached cralt paper, lt allows cutling with a cutter kni/e, paper 
peeling, slu:wing with a lile or a sandPaper, bending. lonning oi 
curved surfaces and so on, lt alsa allaws surface linishing Óy spray 
painting as well as brush painting. It can be used even as a linal 
model il combined with the ovel'lay oi cutling sheets, screen tone ar 
instant letlering. 
38 
B 1 !fU(800 x I lDo~ I)) Size 	 Bl size (800 X 11 00mm) 
B 2 'fiJ(55o x 8oo~ I)) 	 B2 size (550 X SOOmm) 
B3 size (400 X 55Omm)
B 3 'fiJ(4oo x 550~ I)) 
Thicknes : l mm,2mm,3mm,5mm,7mm 
Producl orienla/ion : 
l.2 .3.5. 7~ I) 
1<1:0-1[;]J[ô]I;::ffIli'J1.Q 
tendenq lo curve ioward Lhe 
\:: rolled direclion 
paper las lhe J",lu" woks Ihin· slyrofoam (you wilt [ind lexlure 
Imed. il is Iht papel" '$ b)' peeling off lhe PDI}er) 
orienta/rimal direc:lion) ~;2lATO-I"'(;\;ft1J: ~Ut:J'"9 C Elt:J'bi'J' .Q) 
;\;ft papa 
800 
1100 
Characfer;st;cs of model boards 
'!fiifltM 0.5~ l)f~J~W~OJIm 	 Dimenlional availabilily available Irom lhe lhickness O. 5mm 
Flalness good .lJlilitt rc,~Jmt,J:L- Quadric smface hardly any problem 
=~lIIIlii là:cfucro~~t,J: < Z:~.Q Cubic surface jJossible lo a certain degree, bul a 
combinalion wilh olher malerials will =~lIIIiii ~';!}I<1:OJImz:S.Qi'J\ "ET)[;/;:: J: -"J "L/<1:ft!lO)M become necessary in some cases. 
'\SIcO)N:Ilihí3btti'J'~'~C'S.Q