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Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Day I – Prepositions, Conjunctions and Discourse 
Markers 
Container, Flat surface or Point? 
• a room 
• the beach 
• a plate 
• a bowl 
• a platter or a tray 
• a roof 
• a river 
• a shelf 
• a cabinet 
• a bank 
• a company 
• a tree 
 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Container, Flat Surface or Point? 
• Christmas 
• Weekend 
• Easter 
• The winter, spring, summer, fall 
• Sunday 
• Carnival 
• A fortnight 
• January 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Guess the preposition 
• You can buy batteries …… the corner shop. 
• David is studying ……. university 
• What's on ………. the cinema tonight? 
• Is Sam …… the basketball team? 
• The library is not ……. this side of the street 
• We sat …. the living room and watched a great 
classic movie. 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Guess the preposition 
• Mike worked ……… the airport for six years 
• Go back ………… bed! You should be asleep. 
• David is ……….. He is not at home 
• The burglar climbed …….. the fence and into 
the garden. 
• It's not far. We're getting …….. to the station 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Guess the preposition 
• Jack was leaning ………. the wall 
• I was …………. the impression that you liked it. 
• You are liable ………. your son's debts as he is 
under age 
• My mum went ...... hospital last week. 
• Traveling …….. your own car is better than 
going …….. foot. 
 
 Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Some simple prepositions raise a few doubts as 
to usage 
• Above X Over 
• Below X Under 
• Underneath X Beneath 
• Between x Among 
• Next to X Close to X 
Near 
 
• To X For 
• At X To 
• In X Inside 
• Near X Nearby 
• By X Until 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Under, underneath, beneath 
• Beneath and underneath can occupy final position in 
a sentence: 
– Who knows what lies beneath/underneath? 
• Beneath, under, and underneath function as the 
head of a prepositional phrase: 
– I can't find anything underneath/under/beneath all that 
mess. 
• Under can appear in final position when the 
accompanying noun phrase is omitted, but implied: 
– I come from the land down under. 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Between X Among: two or more referents 
• There is no difference between one and the other 
• It would seem we have a traitor among us. 
• Mastering a language can be the difference between 
landing a well-paid job, achieving job stability, 
working in a dead-end job or furthering a career. 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Next to X Close to X Near 
• Next to means the same as "at the side of", close to 
and near imply an indefinite proximity: 
– Come sit near /close to me (anywhere in the vicinity of) 
– Come sit next to me = Come sit beside me 
• Close to implies a more intimate position than near; 
near usually refers to buildings or locations 
– The closer I get to you, the more you make me feel. 
– The new mall is near the old train station 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
In X Inside 
• Inside can be used in final position of a sentence 
with the noun phrase omitted: 
– That's a big box. I wonder what's inside (it). 
– That's a big box. I wonder what's in it. 
• In can only be used at the end of the sentence if it 
precedes a noun phrase , NOT a pronoun: 
– Are you coming with us to the market? Hop in (the car)! 
• Inside is usually more specific or emphatic than in: 
– Get inside the house now! You could get shot! 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Near X Nearby 
• Near is only used as a preposition or adverb e.g. Is 
there a post office near here? 
• Nearby is an adverb, e.g. After the play, we can do 
some shopping nearby. 
• Nearby is also used adjectivally e.g. I'm trying to find 
a nearby service station. 
To x For 
– Could you send this invite out to everyone for 
me? Thanks so much 
– Could you send this invite out to everyone by the 
end of the day? 
– The notions of cartoon are important to Elena 
Sisto, in that images from popular illustration and 
comics come up in her paintings … 
– Dr. Benton claims that breakfast is extremely 
important for the elderly. 
– See here for more examples and further discussion. 
 Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
At X To 
 
– At: final point of movement, aggression: Don't 
raise your voice at me young man! 
– To: direction, destination, cooperation: Throw the 
ball to me, will ya? 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
By X Until 
By 
• The last moment in which 
something has to be done. 
• An ultimatum 
• At or prior to a given time. 
• The deadline itself. 
Until 
• The total amount of time to 
accomplish something. 
• A grace period 
• Prior to a time that follows 
• Lead-up to the deadline 
Any difference? 
• You have to get to school by 8:00 a.m. 
• You have until 8:00 a.m. to get to school. 
(until = no later than) 
 
• I am to finish a task by sundown. 
• I can finish a task until sundown. 
Simple prepositions – formation 
• Prepositions formed by prefixing a-: aboard, above, 
about (from Old English abutan), across, against 
(from Old English gean, from the verb gan "to go"), 
along, amid, amidst, among (from Old English 
onmang, from the verb gemengan "to mingle"), 
amongst, around, athwart 
– amid = amidst = among = amongst (the first two are more 
formal and more literary) 
– Athwart = in opposition to, contrary to; from side to side 
 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Simple prepositions – formation 
• Prepositions formed by prefixing Old English be-: 
before (replacing the older afore and tofore), behind, 
below, beneath, beside, besides, between, betwixt, 
beyond 
– Please find the aforementioned list in the attached file 
– Betwixt (in an intermediate position, indecisive or middle 
position): She found herself caught betwixt her loyalty to 
her friend and the need to do the right thing. 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Simple prepositions – formation 
• Prepositions formed by compounding two 
prepositions, or a preposition and an adverb: into, 
throughout, toward, towards, underneath, until, 
unto, upon, within (also inwith in older works), 
without (also outwith in older works) 
– He climbed upon his horse and rode off into the horizon 
– Upon seeing her (When he saw her) after all these years, 
he burst into tears 
– Once upon a time = There once was a time (on the 
occasion of) 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Simple prepositions – formation 
• Participles that became prepositions: bating, barring, 
concurring, during, excepting, notwithstanding, 
regarding, respecting, touching, considering, 
excluding, failing, following, pending, and saving, 
concerning, considering, given, granted, pending, 
including– Given the time it will take to thaw we can run off to the 
store and get the wine. 
– Barring the Supply Manager, everyone seems to be in 
agreement about the campaign . 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Complex prepositions 
• Adverb/Preposition + Preposition: along with, as for, 
away from, out of, up to 
• Verb/Adjective/Conjunction + Preposition: owing to, 
due to, because of 
• Preposition + Noun + Preposition: by means of, in 
comparison with, in front of 
Simple prepositions – formation 
• Imperative verbs used as prepositions: save, except 
– The trip went smoothly, save the airport delays (but for) 
• Adjectives used as prepositions, implying a following 
to: nigh, near, next, opposite 
– Repent for the end is nigh. 
• Conjunctions used as prepositions: but 
• Loanwords used as prepositions: vis-à-vis, anti, 
versus 
– Vis-à- vis the current economic storm, cutbacks will have 
to be made 
 Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Complex prepositions 
• In the interest of 
• In the interest 
• In need of 
• In lieu of 
• In quest of 
• In place of 
• In respect of 
• In search of 
• In settlement of 
• In spite of 
• In view of 
• In accordance with 
• In aid of 
• In line with 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Complex prepositions 
• By courtesy of 
• By dint of 
• By means of 
• By permission of 
• By reason of 
• By virtue of 
• In consideration of 
• In danger of 
• In favor of 
• In front of 
• As well as 
• Thanks to 
• In addition to 
• Due to 
• Contrary to 
• Owing to 
 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Why treat them as semantic units? 
• Direct equivalence, e.g. 
I'm in! 
• Transferred meanings 
e.g. Are we on for 
tonight? 
• Possibility of 
compounding e.g. He 
was up and about soon 
after the surgery. 
• Incorporation of verb 
meaning e.g. Up from 
down Under 
• Idiomatic nature e.g. 
I'm into you, I'm on the 
case 
• Lexicalizing nature e.g. 
The firefighters had 
some trouble outing 
the fire. 
 Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise: prepositions and meaning 
A) ending B) reducing C) improving D) solving 
• I'm taking evening classes to brush up on my 
Spanish. 
• Turn down the music, will you? It's way too 
loud. 
• When I figured out how much I owed my best 
friend, it really hit me. 
• It's taking much longer to do up the house 
than I expected. 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise: prepositions and meaning 
A) ending B) reducing C) improving D) solving 
• I was just about to finish the deal with the 
delegates on the phone when the call was cut 
off. 
• My dad's got a job now, so now things are 
probably going to pick up again. 
• The USA has broken off relations with Cuba 
since the Bay of Pigs incident. 
• We need to sort out this problem soon 
 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Syntactic function 
• Many prepositions function as other parts of 
speech in English, in particular as adverbs. 
• When a word is functioning as a preposition, it 
is followed by a noun phrase. 
• When used by itself, this word is able to 
inform us how, where and when. In other 
words, it works as an adverb of manner, place 
or time. 
In English, the same word can function as 
preposition and adverb, depending on its position 
in the sentence 
 
• Delegates were asked to kindly wait outside the 
hall before being called. 
•Question: where did they have to wait? Outside 
the hall 
 
• It’s 5 p.m. and there are still more than 40 
candidates waiting outside. 
•Question: where did they have to wait? Outside 
Exercise 4: adverb or preposition? 
• Have you ever seen a live college basketball game 
before? 
• A sign outside the arena said my two favorite teams 
were playing inside. 
• Come along; let's get to our seats before the game. 
• The teams came out to warm up before the game. 
• Two aggressive players fouled each other 
throughout. 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise 4: adverb or preposition? 
• At half time, one team was ahead by eight points. 
• A player threw the ball in from the sideline. 
• We talked around during halftime. 
• After the game, the winners were given the 
championship trophy inside the locker room. 
• Despite losing in the playoffs, that team had a 
winning record for the season. 
 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Dependent prepositions 
• Like in many languages, the use of a given 
preposition is determined by other word classes, 
namely verbs, adjectives and nouns 
• The choice of a given preposition is generally 
semantically driven, although the relationship 
between the word and its corresponding preposition 
may not be clear, e.g. worried about 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Dependent prepositions 
• From one language to another, there is no guarantee 
of direct equivalence, which calls for more attention 
on the part of the learner 
– Get married to »» se casar com 
– Fall in love with »» se apaixonar por 
• There are several combinations that seem to come 
naturally and the learner intuitively tells whether the 
form is corect or not. This so-called knowledge 
comes with practice and exposure to the language 
 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise 4: Adjective + preposition 
• My granddad is very dependent _____ my parents. 
• The film is based _____ a novel by Virginia Woolf. 
• I know it's rusty and everything, but I'm so attached 
____ it. 
• Bill is emotionally detached ________ his parents. 
He hardly chats with them. 
• MacDonald's has become synonymous ________ an 
unhealthy diet. 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise 4: Adjective + preposition 
• The employees kept quiet _______ the case of 
creative accounting that was unearthed last week. 
• You can't say anything to her. She's impervious 
_____ any sort of criticism. 
• The working hours are incompatible _______ family 
life. 
• His unruly behavior at school is indicative ______ a 
deeper psychological problem. 
• It is the teacher's duty to be concerned ________ 
the weak students. 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise 5: Forming three-word phrasals 
• I think we've just run out _____ coffee. We will have 
to get some in the morning. 
• Does anybody feel up _____ Mick's party tonight? 
• My boss asked me to stand in _____ him during his 
week off from the office. 
• Being a father has helped him learn to face up 
_______ his responsibilities. 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise 5: Forming three-word phrasals 
• The Chief of Staff has been coming in _______ a 
shower of criticism for the way he has tried to make 
little of the accusations against him of fraud and 
embezzlement. 
• I don't really go in ________ team sports; give me a 
tennis racket or a pair of trainers any day! 
• The troops plan to pull out _______ the occupied 
territories for economic reasons.Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Verb + preposition 
• The state-funded health service accounts ________ 
85% of public spending. 
• In times of trouble, you can always turn _________ a 
friend. 
• His conviction for reckless driving counted 
_____________ him when he tried to renew his car 
insurance. 
• Sometimes it seems almost impossible to keep up 
______ the latest news. 
 
 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Prepositions in compound adjectives 
• We had lunch at a _______-market restaurant the 
other day. Not surprisingly, the food was 
horrendous. 
• Renowned linguist, Noam Chomsky is now a very 
_______spoken critic of the government's foreign 
policies. 
• The army has been accused of using 
______whelming force to quell the protests. 
• After the corruption scandal that rocked the market, 
the company now faces a (n) ______hill struggle to 
avoid further losses. 
 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Prepositions in compound adjectives 
• I just received a _______dated pay award, so this 
month's salary is a little larger than usual. 
• Could you provide some ______ground information 
on the company? 
• Stop behaving like a (n) _________grown boy, act 
your age! 
• She had the nerve to accuse me of stealing her 
purse. The very thought is _____right outrageous! 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Prepositions in idioms 
• As mentioned before, several idiomatic expressions 
are catalogued based on the head preposition e.g. 
at, in , on 
• It would be best to learn them as chunks, although 
the semantic content may/may not be evident to or 
felt by the user 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise 6 – Use the words in brackets to make 
idioms for the underlined words 
• He claimed he hadn't done it intentionally. (purpose) 
• We admire her because of her intelligence. (account) 
• I don't want you to sympathize with me. (sorry) 
• If you're not sure about what to write, it's best to 
make notes beforehand. (doubt) 
 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise 6 – Use the words in brackets to make 
idioms for the underlined words 
• Love letters will never be outdated because people 
will always feel enamored. (fashion, fall) 
• I know the person from appearance but not from 
what he/she's called. (sight, name) 
• She's working much too hard causing harm to her 
health. (expense) 
• I wonder if you know what's on at the cinema, 
perhaps? (chance) 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise 7 – Form idioms with the parts 
underlined and the preposition "at" 
• The winners are selected without any plan by a 
computer. 
• It was a wonderful show – anyway I enjoyed it. 
• It was a difficult problem and I was uncertain what to 
do. 
• I'm sure that our friends will arrive very soon – 
anyway I hope so. 
• If you need to stay overnight, please book a hotel 
room and we will pay. 
 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise 8 – Form idioms with the parts 
underlined and the preposition "at" 
• The hero was rescued a moment before it was too 
late. 
• The show closed because it was running without 
making a profit. 
• We were talking about different things but didn't 
realize it. 
• It's impossible to get tickets for such a popular show 
without previous warning- you need to book no less 
than six months in advance. 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise 8 – Form idioms with the parts 
underlined and the preposition "on" 
• (At a restaurant) There are so many desserts 
___________________ but I won't have anything 
because I'm ____________________. 
• I would like to thank you ______________________ 
the entire sector and the board. 
• He promised to help me 
________________________ I returned the favor 
some other time. 
• It was a long drive so we stopped 
________________________ to have a meal. 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Exercise 8 – Form idioms with the parts 
underlined and the preposition "on" 
• How much does a bus driver earn 
______________________ in your country? 
• Did you see the news ___________________ last 
night? 
• Trains leave every hour _______________________. 
• It takes much longer to get there 
_________________ than by bus. 
• No, I don't dislike Chaplin at all; 
________________________; I admire him greatly. 
 
Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua 
Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - 
Gramática II 
Conjunctions 
 Syntactic (grammatical) elements used to link 
ideas in a particular so as to portray contrast, 
coordination, explanation, concession etc. 
 Elements that link ideas beyond the scope of the 
noun or prepositional phrase, i.e. sentence, 
paragraph and whole text 
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas 
Tecnologias - Gramática II 
Coordinators and Subordinators 
• For (Reason) 
• And (Addition) 
• Nor (Negative Addition) 
• But (Contrast, concession) 
• Or (Choice) 
• Yet (Contrast with 
unexpected result) 
• So (Result or consequence) 
• Because (Reason) 
• While 
(Simultaneity/Contrast) 
• If (Condition) 
• Although (Concession) 
• Since (Explanation) 
• Unless (Negative 
Condition) 
• Whereas (Contrast) 
• Whether (Condition) 
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas 
Tecnologias - Gramática II 
Coordinators 
• Linking of elements of same syntactic status 
(nouns, adverbials, adjectives) 
 
Paul and David 
cold and wet 
tired but happy 
slowly but surely 
tea or coffee 
hot or cold 
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas 
Tecnologias - Gramática II 
Coordinators 
• This also applies to longer units 
 
We can eat now or wait till later 
 
I love tennis but (I) don't play well 
 
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas 
Tecnologias - Gramática II 
Coordinators 
• Must appear between the elements 
coordinated: Paul plays football and David 
plays chess 
• Can have the order of the coordinated 
elements reversed, without changing 
meaning: David plays chess and Paul plays 
football 
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas 
Tecnologias - Gramática II 
And x But x Or? 
• To join a final thing to the rest of a list. 
– When I visited India, I went to Mumbai, Delhi … Bangalore. 
 
 
And x But x Or? 
• To join two ideas, opinions or facts which are 
different in a sentence. 
– I’ve been to Thailand, …. I haven’t been to the Philippines. 
 
 
And x But x Or? 
• To join two adjectives which seem to be opposite in 
meaning. 
– My hotel room was clean … uncomfortable. 
 
 
And x But x Or? 
• To connect different possibilities, or the last thing in 
a list of possibilities 
– I don’t know why Sayed hasn´t come to class; he may be 
ill, …. he may be too busy. 
 
 
 
And x But x Or? 
• To mean one thing and also not the other in a 
negative sentence 
– I haven’t been to Korea …. Thailand. 
 
 
 
Correlative conjunctions 
• Both . . . and . . . 
• Either . . . or . . . 
• Neither . . . nor . . . 
• Hardly . . . when . . . 
• If . . . then . . . 
• No sooner . . . than . . . 
• Not only . . . but also 
• Rather . . . than 
• Scarcely . . . when 
• What with . . . and• Whether . . . or 
• Hardly had the men started training than they were sent out 
to fight. 
• Hardly had she opened her mailbox when she got a 
notification of the message. 
• No sooner had I walked the door than the phone rang. 
• Not only can he make people laugh but can also do very 
dramatic roles. 
• Not only can he make people laugh but he can also do very 
dramatic roles. 
• (What) with one thing and another, I didn’t go to bed till after 
two in the morning. 
• He was determined both to beat the record and to win over 
the crowd. 
 
 
 
 
Subordinators 
• Linking of unequal syntactic status 
 
I left early because I had an interview early the 
next day. 
 
We visited Madame Tussaud while we were in 
London 
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas 
Tecnologias - Gramática II 
Subordinators 
• Do not need to occur between the connected 
items: Because I had an interview the next 
day, I left early. 
• When there is a change of order in the 
connected items, there is either a change in 
meaning or a dubious sentence: I had an 
interview the next day, because I left 
early. 
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas 
Tecnologias - Gramática II 
As head of the subordinate clause 
• She used to call me "Tiny" although I was as tall 
as she was. 
• Three more nuclear stations were built 
despite/in spite of widespread opposition 
• Even though I have a degree in Business 
Administration, I can't fill out a tax form. 
• Much as she loved her son, she could not accept 
his choice of career. 
• Doctors' salaries have risen considerably 
whereas/while nurses' pay have dropped. 
 
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas 
Tecnologias - Gramática II 
Dependent on punctuation 
• Car crashes have become rare; even so, there 
should be stricter safety regulations 
• Prices have been rising. It is unlikely, however, 
that this increase is going to continue for long. 
• It is a grueling competition. Nevertheless, 
thousands of runners take part every year. 
• Urban expansion would be a good thing. On the 
other hand, it would be sad to lose the 
countryside atmosphere. 
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas 
Tecnologias - Gramática II 
Revise the following sentences. 
• The last storm to come through the area ripped galvanized sheets 
off of houses like someone tearing pieces of paper. Residents 
visited hardware stores and invested in storm-proofing materials. 
• Enrollment in universities has been increasing steadily. Facilities 
have been lacking proper maintenance. 
• Plans for renovating downstairs into an upscale shopping center 
were finalized. Discussions began on budgeting city funds for the 
project. 
• Vincent had prepared and practiced for the presentation 
thoroughly. The projector died and the presentation was a 
complete flop. 
• I had to hand the project over to Max. You didn't respond to any of 
my e-mails. 
Discourse markers 
• Show relationships between what is being/will be 
said and what was said. 
• Reveal the speaker’s attitude and/or intentions 
• Connect at sentence, paragraph and text level 
• Can be words (like adverbs, conjunctions, 
prepositions) phrases or idiomatic expressions 
• Can be organized according to the 
relationship/function they perform: see this site 
here. 
Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas 
Tecnologias - Gramática II