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T U B O S , M A T E R I A I S E P R O C E S S O S D E F A B R I C A Ç Ã O I n s t r u t o r e s : J o r i v a l d o M e d e i r o s J o r d a n a L u i z a V e i g a T h i a g o P e r e i r a d e M e l o S e t e m b r o d e 2 0 0 9 1 M Ó D U L O S 1 - T u b o s , M a t e r i a i s e P r o c e s s o s d e F a b r i c a ç ã o . 2 - M e i o s d e L i g a ç ã o e n t r e T u b o s 3 - C o n e x õ e s . 4 - V á l v u l a s . 5 - A q u e c i m e n t o e i s o l a m e n t o t é r m i c o . 6 - P u r g a d o r e s . 7 - N o r m a s T é c n i c a s . 8 - P a d r o n i z a ç õ e s d e M a t e r i a l d e T u b u l a ç õ e s . 9 - D o c u m e n t o s d e P r o j e t o d e T u b u l a ç õ e s . 1 0 - T r a ç a m e n t o e D e t a l h a m e n t o d e T u b u l a ç õ e s . 1 1 - S u p o r t e s d e T u b u l a ç ã o . 1 2 - I n s p e ç ã o , M o n t a g e m e T e s t e s . 1 3 - D i m e n s i o n a m e n t o M e c â n i c o . 1 4 - N o ç õ e s d e F l e x i b i l i d a d e 2 1 Leonardo Retângulo D E F I N I Ç Õ E S • T U B O S : – “ T u b o s s ã o c o n d u t o s f e c h a d o s , d e s t i n a d o s p r i n c i p a l m e n t e a o t r a n s p o r t e d e f l u í d o s . T o d o s o s t u b o s s ã o d e s e ç ã o c i r c u l a r , a p r e s e n t a n d o - s e c o m o c i l i n d r o s o c o s . ” – T u b u l a ç õ e s I n d u s t r i a i s – P e d r o C . S i l v a T e l l e s • T U B U L A Ç Õ E S : – C o n j u n t o d e t u b o s e s e u s a c e s s ó r i o s , t a i s c o m o v á l v u l a s , c o n e x õ e s , f i l t r o s , f l a n g e s , e t c . E m u n i d a d e s d e p r o c e s s o , s ã o o s e l e m e n t o s f í s i c o s d e l i g a ç ã o e n t r e o s e q u i p a m e n t o s ( v a s o s d e p r e s s ã o , r e a t o r e s , t a n q u e s , b o m b a s , t r o c a d o r e s d e c a l o r , e t c ) p o r o n d e c i r c u l a m o s f l u í d o s d e p r o c e s s o e u t i l i d a d e s . 3 C L A S S I F I C A Ç Ã O Q U A N T O A O E M P R E G O T u b u l a ç õ e s I n d u s t r i a i s T u b u l a ç õ e s d e n t r o d e i n s t a l a ç õ e s i n d u s t r i a i s T u b u l a ç õ e s d e P r o c e s s o T u b u l a ç õ e s d e u t i l i d a d e s T u b u l a ç õ e s d e i n s t r u m e n t a ç ã o T u b u l a ç õ e s d e t r a n s m i s s ã o h i d r á u l i c a T u b u l a ç õ e s d e d r e n a g e m T u b u l a ç õ e s f o r a d e i n s t a l a ç õ e s i n d u s t r i a i s T u b u l a ç õ e s d e t r a n s p o r t e A d u ç ã o T r a n s p o r t e D r e n a g e m T u b u l a ç õ e s d e d i s t r i b u i ç ã o D i s t r i b u i ç ã o C o l e t a 4 2 C L A S S I F I C A Ç Ã O Q U A N T O A O F L U I D O C O N D U Z I D O � T u b u l a ç õ e s p a r a á g u a ; � T u b u l a ç õ e s p a r a v a p o r ; � T u b u l a ç õ e s p a r a ó l e o s ; � T u b u l a ç õ e s p a r a a r ; � T u b u l a ç õ e s p a r a g a s e s ; � T u b u l a ç õ e s p a r a e s g o t o s e d r e n a g e m ; � T u b u l a ç õ e s p a r a f l u i d o s d i v e r s o s . 5 P R O C E S S O S D E F A B R I C A Ç Ã O D E T U B O S • T U B O S S E M C O S T U R A – L a m i n a ç ã o ; – E x t r u s ã o ; – F u n d i ç ã o . • T U B O S C O M C O S T U R A – F a b r i c a d o a p a r t i r d a c a l a n d r a g e m d e c h a p a s e s o l d a g e m l o n g i t u d i n a l o u h e l i c o i d a l d a s e x t r e m i d a d e s d a s c h a p a s . E s t a ú l t i m a n ã o d e v e s e r u t i l i z a d a e m t u b o s d e p r o c e s s o c o n d u z i n d o f l u í d o s i n f l a m á v e i s o u t ó x i c o s ; – P r o c e s s o s d e s o l d a g e m : e l é t r i c a c o m f u s ã o d e u m m e t a l d e a d i ç ã o ( a r c o s u b m e r s o ) o u p o r r e s i s t ê n c i a e l é t r i c a ( s e m m e t a l d e a d i ç ã o ) . 6 3 L A M I N A Ç Ã O – L A M I N A D O R O B L Í Q U O � E m p r e g a d o n a f a b r i c a ç ã o d e t u b o s s e m c o s t u r a d e a ç o s c a r b o n o , a ç o s l i g a e a ç o s i n o x i d á v e i s . • L i n g o t e c i l í n d r i c o ; • D o i s R o l o s d e c o n e d u p l o ; • P o n t e i r a c ô n i c a f a z o f u r o ( f o r m a n d o o c i l i n d r o ) . 7 L A M I N A D O R E S D E A C A B A M E N T O o N o B r a s i l p o d e m s e r f a b r i c a d o s t u b o s a t é 1 4 ” ; o N o e x t e r i o r s ã o d i s p o n í v e i s t u b o s a t é 2 4 ” . 9 4 E X T R U S à O • E m p r e g a d o n a f a b r i c a ç ã o d e t u b o s s e m c o s t u r a d e a ç o d e p e q u e n o d i â m e t r o ( < 8 0 m m ) , a l u m í n i o , c o b r e , c h u m b o , l a t ã o , e o u t r o s m e t a i s n ã o - f e r r o s o s , b e m c o m o d e m a t e r i a i s p l á s t i c o s . 1 0 F U N D I Ç Ã O • E m p r e g a d o n a f a b r i c a ç ã o d e t u b o s s e m c o s t u r a d e f e r r o f u n d i d o , d e a ç o s e s p e c i a i s n ã o - f o r j á v e i s e d a m a i o r i a d o s m a t e r i a i s n ã o - m e t á l i c o s , t a i s c o m o : c o n c r e t o , c i m e n t o - a m i a n t o , b a r r o - v i d r a d o , e t c ; • O s t u b o s d e f e r r o f u n d i d o e d e c o n c r e t o s ã o f a b r i c a d o s p o r f u n d i ç ã o c e n t r í f u g a , q u e c o n s i s t e d e u m m o l d e c i l í n d r i c o c o m l e v e i n c l i n a ç ã o n a h o r i z o n t a l d o t a d o d e m o v i m e n t o d e r o t a ç ã o ; • O s t u b o s d e c o n c r e t o a r m a d o s ã o a p l i c a d o s p o r v e r t i m e n t o e v i b r a ç ã o p a r a m e l h o r a d e n s a m e n t o . 1 1 5 F A B R I C A Ç Ã O A P A R T I R D E B O B I N A S D E C H A P A ( t u b o s c o m c o s t u r a ) 1 2 P R O C E S S O S D E S O L D A G E M • S M A W – S h i e l d e d M e t a l A r c W e l d ( E l e t r o d o R e v e s t i d o ) ; • G T A W o u T I G – T u n g s t e n A r c W e l d ( T u n g s t e n I n e r t G a s ) ; • G M A W o u M I G – M e t a l A r c W e l d ( M e t a l I n e r t G a s ) ; • F C A W - F l u x C o r e d A r c W e l d . • S A W - S u b m e r g e d A r c W e l d ( A r c o S u b m e r s o ) ; • E R W – E l e c t r i c R e s i s t a n c e W e l d . 1 3 6 S M A W M e t a l d e b a s e C a m a d a d e G á s E l e t r o d o R e v e s t i m e n t o E s c ó r i a A r c o M e t a l d e s o l d a 1 4 S M A W • P r o c e s s o M a n u a l ; • M a i s c o m u m ; • E m p r e g a o c a l o r d e u m a r c o e l é t r i c o p a r a f u n d i r o m e t a l d e b a s e , o r e v e s t i m e n t o e a a l m a d o e l e t r o d o ; • O s o l d a d o r m o v i m e n t a o e l e t r o d o a o l o n g o d a j u n t a s o l d a d a a m e d i d a q u e o m e s m o v a i s e n d o c o n s u m i d o . • S ã o a p l i c á v e i s a m a i o r i a d o s m e t a i s e l i g a s ; • É r e l a t i v a m e n t e p o r t á t i l , p o d e n d o s e r u t i l i z a d o e m á r e a s r e l a t i v a m e n t e l i m i t a d a s . 1 5 7 S M A W • E x i g e i n t e r r u p ç ã o co n s t a n t e p a r a r e p o s i ç ã o d o e l e t r o d o , e l e v a n d o o t e m p o d e p r o d u ç ã o d a s o l d a ; • E x i g e e n t r e c a d a r e p o s i ç ã o d o e l e t r o d o a r e t i r a d a d a e s c ó r i a e d o ó x i d o f o r m a d o s ; • A q u a l i d a d e d a s o l d a é a l t a m e n t e d e p e n d e n t e d a q u a l i d a d e e d a c a p a c i d a d e d o s o l d a d o r . 1 6 C u r s o T o c h a T I G C o n d u t o r e l é t r i c o E l e t r o d o T I G C a m a d a d e G á s M e t a l d e s o l d a A r c o P o ç a d e f u n d i ç ã o A r a m e M e t a l d e b a s e C a n a l G T A W o u T I G 1 7 8 G T A W o u T I G • P r o c e s s o M a n u a l o u a u t o m á t i c o ; • U t i l i z a u m a t o c h a p r o v i d a d e u m e l e t r o d o n ã o c o n s u m í v e l d e t u n g s t ê n i o q u e i m p r i m e o a r c o e l é t r i c o r e s p o n s á v e l p e l a f u s ã o d o m e t a l d e b a s e e d o a r a m e c o n s u m í v e l ( m e t a l d e a d i ç ã o ) . E x i s t e m p r o c e s s o s e s p e c i a i s q u e e m p r e g a m e s s e s i s t e m a s e m m e t a l d e a d i ç ã o ( e s p e s s u r a s m e n o r e s q u e 9 , 5 m m ) ; • U m g á s ( a r g ô n i o , h é l i o o u u m a m i s t u r a d o s d o i s ) é p r o j e t a d o n o a m b i e n t e a t r a v é s d a t o c h a , c r i a n d o u m a a t m o s f e r a i n e r t e q u e e n v o l v e a s o l d a p r o t e g e n d o o s c o n s t i t u i n t e s d a p o ç a d e s o l d a d a a ç ã o d o a m b i e n t e ; • É p o r t á t i l , p o d e n d o s e r u t i l i z a d o e m á r e a s r e l a t i v a m e n t e l i m i t a d a s . 1 8 G T A W o u T I G • É u t i l i z a d o p a r a o p a s s e d e r a i z d a s o l d a ; • A t a x a d e d e p o s i ç ã o é m a i s l e n t a q u e a d o e l e t r o d o r e v e s t i d o ; • A e x p o s i ç ã o d o c o n s u m í v e l q u e n t e a o a r a m b i e n t e o u a t r a n s f e r ê n c i a d e t u n g s t ê n i o p a r a a s o l d a p o d e m r e s u l t a r e m s o l d a s n ã o s a t i s f a t ó r i a s . 1 9 9 G M A W o u M I G P o ç a d e f u s ã o M e t a l d e b a s e C a m a d a d e G á s B o c a l d e G á s G u i a d o a r a m e e t u b o d e c o n t a t o G á s i n e r t e E n t r a d a E l e t r o d o ( a r a m e ) C o n d u t o r d e c o r r e n t e M e t a l d e s o l d a A r c o C u r s o 2 0 G M A W o u M I G • P r o c e s s o s e m i - a u t o m á t i c o o u a u t o m á t i c o ; • U t i l i z a u m a t o c h a p r o v i d a d e u m a a l i m e n t a ç ã o c o n t í n u a d e a r a m e d e u m e l e t r o d o c o n s u m í v e l ( m e t a l d e a d i ç ã o ) q u e i m p r i m e o a r c o e l é t r i c o r e s p o n s á v e l p e l a f u n d i ç ã o d o m e t a l d e b a s e e d o a r a m e c o n s u m í v e l ; • U m g á s ( a r g ô n i o , h é l i o , g á s c a r b ô n i c o o u u m a m i s t u r a d o s g a s e s ) é p r o j e t a d o n o a m b i e n t e a t r a v é s d a t o c h a , c r i a n d o u m a a t m o s f e r a i n e r t e q u e e n v o l v e a s o l d a , p r o t e g e n d o o s c o n s t i t u i n t e s d a p o ç a d e s o l d a d a a ç ã o d o a m b i e n t e ; • U t i l i z a d o n a m a i o r i a d o s p r o c e s s o s d e a l t a p r o d u ç ã o , e m m a t e r i a i s c o m o a ç o c a r b o n o , a ç o i n o x i d á v e l , a l u m í n i o e c o b r e . 2 1 1 0 F C A W P o ç a d e f u n d i ç ã o M e t a l d e b a s e C a m a d a d e G á s B o c a l d e G á s G u i a d o a r a m e e t u b o d e c o n t a t o E n t r a d a E l e t r o d o r e v e s t i d o C o n d u t o r d e c o r r e n t e M e t a l d e s o l d a A r c o C u r s o G á s i n e r t e E s c ó r i a E s c ó r i a f u n d i d a 2 2 F C A W • P r o c e s s o s e m i - a u t o m á t i c o o u a u t o m á t i c o ; • U t i l i z a u m a t o c h a p r o v i d a d e u m a a l i m e n t a ç ã o c o n t í n u a d e a r a m e t u b u l a r d e u m e l e t r o d o c o n s u m í v e l ( m e t a l d e a d i ç ã o ) c o m u m a a l m a c o m p o s t a d e m i n e r a i s t a i s c o m o l i g a s f e r r o s a s , d e s o x i d a n t e s e o u t r o s m a t e r i a i s f o r m a d o r e s d e e s c ó r i a . O a r c o f o r m a d o p e l o e l e t r o d o é o r e s p o n s á v e l p e l a f o r m a ç ã o d o a r c o q u e r e s u l t a n a f u n d i ç ã o d o m e t a l d e b a s e , d o a r a m e c o n s u m í v e l e d e s u a a l m a ; • O g á s d e p r o t e ç ã o p o d e s e r i n s e r i d o p e l a t o c h a o u a t r a v é s d a f u n d i ç ã o d a a l m a d o e l e t r o d o ( a r g ô n i o , h é l i o , g á s c a r b ô n i c o o u u m a m i s t u r a d o s g a s e s ) é i n t r o d u z i d o n o a m b i e n t e a t r a v é s d a t o c h a , c r i a n d o u m a a t m o s f e r a i n e r t e q u e e n v o l v e a s o l d a , p r o t e g e n d o o s c o n s t i t u i n t e s d a p o ç a d e s o l d a d a a ç ã o d o a m b i e n t e ; • U t i l i z a d o n a m a i o r i a d o s p r o c e s s o s d e a l t a p r o d u ç ã o . 2 3 1 1 A R C O S U B M E R S O ( S A W ) A r F l u x o E l e t r o d o M e t a l d e b a s e M e t a l d e s o l d a s o l i d i f i c a d o A r c o 2 4 S A W • P r o c e s s o a u t o m á t i c o ; • O q u e d i f e r e n c i a e s s e p r o c e s s o é a p r o t e ç ã o s o l d a p o r u m m a t e r i a l g r a n u l a d o ( f l u x o ) . O a r c o f i c a i m e r s o n o f l u x o , q u e t a m b é m s e r á f u n d i d o d u r a n t e a f o r m a ç ã o d o a r c o . E s t e m a t e r i a l é r e s p o n s á v e l p e l a s a l t a s t a x a s d e d e p o s i ç ã o e q u a l i d a d e d e s o l d a g e m ; • É l a r g a m e n t e u t i l i z a d o p a r a a ç o s c a r b o n o , a ç o s l i g a , a ç o s e s t r u t u r a i s e a ç o s i n o x i d á v e i s , t e n d o u s o l i m i t a d o p a r a o u t r a s m a t e r i a i s ; • U t i l i z a d o n a m a i o r i a d o s p r o c e s s o s d e a l t a p r o d u ç ã o , s e n d o l i m i t a d o a o s p r o c e s s o d e f a b r i c a ç ã o d e t u b o s o u s p o o l s , t e n d o a p l i c a ç ã o l i m i t a d a p a r a s o l d a s d e c a m p o ( o t u b o p r e c i s a s e r r o l a d o p a r a r e a l i z a ç ã o d e s o l d a s c i r c u n f e r e n c i a i s ) . 2 5 1 2 S A W – S o l d a L o n g i t u d i n a l F a i x a d e d i â m e t r o s : N P S 1 2 a 4 8 E s p e s s u r a s : 0 , 2 5 0 ” a 1 , 2 5 0 ” C o m p r i m e n t o s : 6 a 1 3 m e t r o s 2 6 E R W C o n t a t o s C o r r e n t e R o l o s C u r s o d o t u b o 2 7 1 3 E R W 2 8 E R W • P r o c e s s o a u t o m á t i c o ; • A f u s ã o d a s d u a s e x t r e m i d a d e s é f e i t a a t r a v é s d o c a l o r g e r a d o p e l a p a s s a g e m d e u m a c o r r e n t e e l é t r i c a e n t r e a s d u a s e x t r e m i d a d e s d a c h a p a c a l a n d r a d a . C o m o r e s u l t a d o ,o b t ê m - s e u m p l a n o d e s o l d a e n ã o u m c o r d ã o , c o m o n a s o l d a p o r e l e t r o d o r e v e s t i d o ; • É r e s t r i t o à e s p e s s u r a s a t é 9 , 5 m m e d i â m e t r o s a c i m a d e 6 ” i n c l u s i v e ; • N ã o h á a d i ç ã o d e m e t a l . 2 9 1 4 E R W R e b a r b a d a s o l d a p e l o d i â m e t r o e x t e r n o e x t r u - d a d o d u r a n t e o p r o c e s s o d e s o l d a g e m . N o r m a l - m e n t e é r e m o v i d o . Z o n a d e s o l d a p o r f o r j a m e n t o R e b a r b a d a s o l d a p e l o d i â m e t r o i n t e r n o s i m i l a r a d o d i â m e t r o e x t e r n o . A r e b a r b a i n t e r n a p o d e s e r d e i x a d a , u s i n a d a o u c o n f o r m a d a , c o n f o r m e r e q u e r i d o p e l o u s u á r i o . 3 0 T U B O S C O M S O L D A H E L I C O I D A L � P r o c e s s o a u t o m á t i c o ; � M a t é r i a p r i m a : b o b i n a d e a ç o ; � N ã o h á l i m i t a ç ã o d e d i â m e t r o ; � S u a u t i l i z a ç ã o é l i m i t a d a a o s f l u í d o s c a t e g o r i a D . 3 1 1 5 T U B O S C O M S O L D A H E L I C O I D A L 3 2 C O N S I D E R A Ç Õ E S P A R A S E L E Ç Ã O D E M A T E R I A I S • F l u í d o c o n d u z i d o ; • C o n d i ç õ e s d e s e r v i ç o ; • R e s i s t ê n c i a m e c â n i c a ; • D i s p o n i b i l i d a d e ; • C o n e x õ e s e m e i o s d e l i g a ç ã o ; • C u s t o ; • F a c i l i d a d e d e f a b r i c a ç ã o e m o n t a g e m ; • E x p e r i ê n c i a p r é v i a ; • V i d a ú t i l . 3 3 1 6 3 4 C U S T O S R E L A T I V O S D E M A T E R I A I S * M a t e r i a i s C u s t o r e l a t i v o M a t e r i a i s C u s t o r e l a t i v o A ç o c a r b o n o e s t r u t u r a l 1 F e r r o f u n d i d o 0 , 9 5 A ç o c a r b o n o c o m q u a l i f i c a ç ã o 1 , 1 5 A l u m í n i o 2 , 5 A ç o l i g a 1 ¼ C r – 1 / 2 M o 3 , 1 L a t ã o d e a l u m í n i o 7 , 6 A ç o i n o x 3 0 4 1 1 , 5 M o n e l 3 1 , 8 A ç o I n o x 3 1 6 1 5 , 0 T i t â n i o 4 1 , 0 • A p e n a s p a r a R e f e r ê n c i a , n ã o d e v e s e r u t i l i z a d o c o m o c r i t é r i o d e s e l e ç ã o . 3 4 M A T E R I A I S – A Ç O C A R B O N O � F á c i l d e s o l d a r ; � M e n o r r e l a ç ã o c u s t o �� r e s i s t ê n c i a m e c â n i c a ; � F á c i l d e c o n f o r m a r ; � M a t e r i a l d e m a i o r u t i l i z a ç ã o ; � F a i x a d e t e m p e r a t u r a d e u t i l i z a ç ã o : - 4 5 � C a 4 3 0 � C ; � E m a l g u n s c a s o s é p o s s í v e l u t i l i z a ç ã o a t é 5 2 0 � C ; � T e m p e r a t u r a l i m i t e d e o x i d a ç ã o s u p e r f i c i a l : 5 3 0 � C ; � E s p e c i f i c a ç õ e s d e M a t e r i a l : A S T M A 5 3 A S T M A 1 0 6 A P I 5 L A S T M A 3 3 3 3 5 1 7 A S T M A 5 3 � M a t e r i a l d e u s o g e r a l , e m s e r v i ç o s d e b a i x a c r i t i c i d a d e ; � G r a u s A ( b a i x o c a r b o n o ) e B ( m é d i o c a r b o n o ) ; � N P S 1 �� 8 a N P S 2 6 ; � C o m c o s t u r a ( r e s i s t ê n c i a e l é t r i c a ) ; � S e m c o s t u r a ; � P r e t o ( s e m a c a b a m e n t o s u p e r f i c i a l ) ; � G a l v a n i z a d o . 3 6 A S T M A 1 0 6 � I n d i c a d o p a r a s e r v i ç o s s u j e i t o s à c o r r o s ã o s o b t e n s ã o o u q u e r e q u e i r a m m a t e r i a l a c a l m a d o ; � B a i x a T e m p e r a t u r a : - 4 5 �� C , q u a n d o n o r m a l i z a d o o u c o m t e s t e d e i m p a c t o ; � A l t a T e m p e r a t u r a : 4 3 0 � C ; � G r a u s A ( b a i x o c a r b o n o ) , B ( m é d i o c a r b o n o ) e C ( a l t o c a r b o n o ) . E s t e ú l t i m o m e n o s u t i l i z a d o p e l a s o l d a b i l i d a d e p i o r ; � N P S 1 � 8 a N P S 2 6 ; � S e m c o s t u r a ; � A c a l m a d o c o m S i . 3 7 1 8 A P I 5 L � M a t e r i a l d e u s o g e r a l , p o s s u i v á r i o s g r a u s c o m a p l i c a ç õ e s d i v e r s a s , u s a d o e m e s p e c i a l p a r a o l e o d u t o s e g a s o d u t o s ; � G r a u B – u s o g e r a l , m é d i o c a r b o n o , b o a r e s i s t ê n c i a m e c â n i c a ; � N ã o a c a l m a d o ; � N P S 1 �� 8 a N P S 6 4 ; � S e m c o s t u r a ; � C o m c o s t u r a ( v á r i o s p r o c e s s o s ) ; � A I S O e l a b o r o u a n o r m a I S O 3 1 8 3 - p a r t e A b a s e a d a n e s t a n o r m a ; � P o s s u i d o i s n í v e i s b á s i c o s d e q u a l i d a d e : P S L 1 e P S L 2 ( m a i s r i g o r o s o ) . 3 8 A P I 5 L ( P S L 1 x P S L 2 ) 3 9 1 9 A S T M A 3 3 3 G r . 6 � M a t e r i a l e s p e c í f i c o p a r a b a i x a t e m p e r a t u r a ( - 4 5 �� C ) ; � A ç o a c a l m a d o ; � C o m p o s i ç ã o m u i t o s e m e l h a n t e à d o A S T M A 1 0 6 G r . B ; � S e m c o s t u r a ; � C o m c o s t u r a , c o m r e s i s t ê n c i a e l é t r i c a e s e m m e t a l d e a d i ç ã o ; � I n c o r p o r a r e q u i s i t o s d e t e s t e d e i m p a c t o e t r a t a m e n t o t é r m i c o d e n o r m a l i z a ç ã o . 4 0 M A T E R I A I S – A Ç O L I G A � A p l i c á v e l a : • T e m p e r a t u r a s m u i t o e l e v a d a s ; • T e m p e r a t u r a s m u i t o b a i x a s ; • F l u í d o s m u i t o c o r r o s i v o s � R e l a ç ã o c u s t o �� r e s i s t ê n c i a m e c â n i c a m a i s e l e v a d a q u e a d o a ç o c a r b o n o e , e m g e r a l , m e n o r q u e a d o a ç o i n o x i d á v e l ; � D i f í c i l d e s o l d a r � E x i g e , n o r m a l m e n t e , t r a t a m e n t o t é r m i c o d e a l í v i o d e t e n s õ e s e m a i o r r i g o r n o s e n s a i o s n ã o d e s t r u t i v o s ; � F a i x a d e t e m p e r a t u r a d e u t i l i z a ç ã o : - 1 0 0 � C a 6 0 0 � C , d e p e n d e n d o d a e s p e c i f i c a ç ã o . 4 1 2 0 4 2 M A T E R I A I S – A Ç O L I G A E s p e c i f i c a ç ã o A S T M C r M o N i L i m i t e ( � C ) A 3 3 5 G r . P 1 - 0 , 5 - 4 8 0 A 3 3 5 G r . P 5 5 0 , 5 - 5 4 0 A 3 3 5 G r . P 7 7 0 , 5 - 5 4 0 A 3 3 5 G r . P 9 9 0 , 5 - 6 0 0 A 3 3 5 G r . P 1 1 1 , 2 5 0 , 5 - 5 2 0 A 3 3 5 G r . P 2 2 2 , 2 5 0 , 5 - 5 7 0 A 3 3 3 G r . 3 - - 3 , 5 - 1 0 0 A 3 3 3 G r . 7 - - 2 , 2 5 - 6 0 4 2 M A T E R I A I S – A Ç O I N O X I D Á V E L • A p l i c á v e l a : – M e s m a s a p l i c a ç õ e s d o s a ç o s l i g a , p o r é m c o m l i m i t e s d e u s o m a i s a m p l o s ; – S e r v i ç o s q u a n d o s e q u e r e v i t a r c o n t a m i n a ç ã o d o f l u í d o c o n d u z i d o ; • R e l a ç ã o c u s t o � r e s i s t ê n c i a m e c â n i c a m a i s e l e v a d a q u e a d o a ç o c a r b o n o e , e m g e r a l , m a i o r q u e a d o a ç o l i g a ; • A l g u n s m a t e r i a i s n ã o s ã o t ã o c o m p l i c a d o s d e s o l d a r ( e m e s p e c i a l a l g u n s a u s t e n í t i c o s ) ; • F a i x a d e t e m p e r a t u r a d e u t i l i z a ç ã o : - 2 7 3 � C a 6 5 0 � C , d e p e n d e n d o d a e s p e c i f i c a ç ã o . 4 3 2 1 4 4 A I S I E s t r u t u r a M e t a l ú r g i c a C r N i + L i m i t e M á x . ( � C ) L i m i t e M í n . ( � C ) 3 0 4 A u s t e n í t i c a 1 8 8 C : 0 , 0 8 6 0 0 - 2 5 5 3 0 4 L A u s t e n í t i c a 1 88 C : 0 , 0 3 4 0 0 - 2 7 3 3 1 6 A u s t e n í t i c a 1 6 1 0 C : 0 , 0 8 M o : 2 6 5 0 - 1 9 5 3 1 6 L A u s t e n í t i c a 1 6 1 0 C : 0 , 0 3 M o : 2 4 0 0 - 1 9 5 3 2 1 A u s t e n í t i c a 1 7 9 T i : 0 , 5 6 0 0 - 1 9 5 3 4 7 A u s t e n í t i c a 1 7 9 N b + T a : 1 6 0 0 - 2 5 5 4 0 5 F e r r í t i c a 1 2 - A l : 0 , 2 4 7 0 0 M A T E R I A I S – A Ç O I N O X I D Á V E L 4 4 4 5 M A T E R I A I S – A Ç O I N O X I D Á V E L ( C O N T . ) A I S I E s t r u t u r a M e t a l ú r g i c a C C r N i M o N L i m i t e M á x . ( � C ) L i m i t e M í n . ( � C ) 3 1 7 A u s t e n í t i c a 0 , 0 8 1 6 1 0 3 - 6 5 0 - 1 9 5 U N S S 3 1 8 0 3 A u s t e n í t i c o - F e r r í t i c a ( D u p l e x ) < 0 , 0 3 2 1 - 2 3 4 , 5 - 6 , 5 2 , 5 - 3 , 5 0 , 0 8 - 0 , 2 0 2 8 0 - 4 0 U N S S 3 2 7 6 0 A u s t e n í t i c o - F e r r í t i c a ( S u p e r D u p l e x ) < 0 , 0 3 2 4 - 2 6 6 , 0 - 8 , 0 3 , 0 - 4 , 0 0 , 2 0 - 0 , 3 0 3 0 0 - 1 9 0 4 5 2 2 M A T E R I A I S – P L Á S T I C O S • O s p r i n c i p a i s p l á s t i c o s d e e n g e n h a r i a s ã o p o l í m e r o s , m a t e r i a i s c o m p o s t o s d e m a c r o m o l é c u l a s , o u s e j a c a d e i a s c o m p o s t a s p e l a r e p e t i ç ã o d e u m a u n i d a d e b á s i c a ( m e r o ) ; • O P o l i e t i l e n o , p o r e x e m p l o , é c o m p o s t o m i l h a r e s d e u n i d a d e s d a m o l é c u l a b á s i c a d o e t i l e n o ( o u e t e n o ) . N o r m a l m e n t e s u p e r i o r a 1 0 . 0 0 0 , o u s e j a , o p o l i e t i l e n o é c o m p o s t o d e p e l o m e n o s 1 0 . 0 0 0 u n i d a d e s d e e t i l e n o . E s s e é o c h a m a d o g r a u d e p o l i m e r i z a ç ã o ( G P ) , q u e i n d i c a o n ú m e r o d e m e r o s q u e c o n s t i t u e m a m a c r o m o l é c u l a . 4 6 M A T E R I A I S – P L Á S T I C O S • O s p o l í m e r o s p o d e m s e r d i v i d i d o s e m : – T e r m o p l á s t i c o s ; – T e r m o f i x o s o u t e r m o r r í g i d o s ; – E l a s t ô m e r o s . 4 7 2 3 T e r m o p l á s t i c o s • S ã o m a t e r i a i s q u e p o d e m s e r f u n d i d o s d i v e r s a s v e z e s ; • F a c i l i t a a r e c i c l a g e m ; • E x e m p l o s : p o l i e t i l e n o ( P E ) , p o l i p r o p i l e n o ( P P ) , p o l i ( t e r e f t a l a t o d e e t i l e n o ) ( P E T ) , p o l i c a r b o n a t o ( P C ) , p o l i e s t i r e n o ( P S ) , p o l i ( c l o r e t o d e v i n i l a ) ( P V C ) ; • C o n s t i t u e m - s e n a m a i o r i a d o s p o l í m e r o s c o m e r c i a i s . 4 8 T e r m o r r í g i d o s • S ã o r í g i d o s e f r á g e i s , s e n d o m u i t o e s t á v e i s a v a r i a ç õ e s d e t e m p e r a t u r a ; • U m a v e z p r o n t o s n ã o s e f u n d e m . O a q u e c i m e n t o d o p o l í m e r o a a l t a s t e m p e r a t u r a s p r o m o v e a d e c o m p o s i ç ã o d o m a t e r i a l a n t e s d a f u s ã o ; • R e c i c l a g e m c o m p l i c a d a ; • E x e m p l o s : b a q u e l i t e , p l á s t i c o s ( p o l i é s t e r e s ) r e f o r ç a d o s c o m f i b r a d e v i d r o ( P R F V ) . 4 9 2 4 E l a s t ô m e r o s ( B o r r a c h a s ) • C l a s s e i n t e r m e d i á r i a e n t r e o s t e r m o p l á s t i c o s e o s t e r m o r r í g i d o s ; • N ã o s ã o f u s í v e i s , m a s a p r e s e n t a m e l a s t i c i d a d e , n ã o s e n d o r í g i d o s c o m o o s t e r m o r r í g i d o s ; • R e c i c l a g e m c o m p l i c a d a p e l a i n c a p a c i d a d e d e f u s ã o ; • T e m u s o r e s t r i t o n a á r e a d e t u b u l a ç õ e s , s e n d o m a i s a p l i c á v e i s e m j u n t a s d e v e d a ç ã o , m a n g u e i r a s e m a n g o t e s f l e x í v e i s . 5 0 M A T E R I A I S – P L Á S T I C O S • R e s i s t ê n c i a à c o r r o s ã o ; • L e v e s ; • C u s t o m a i s b a i x o q u e m a t e r i a i s m e t á l i c o s d e a l t a r e s i s t ê n c i a à c o r r o s ã o ; • S ã o e m g e r a l d e f á c i l m a n u s e i o ; • F a i x a d e t e m p e r a t u r a d e u t i l i z a ç ã o : - 4 0 � C a 8 0 � C , d e p e n d e n d o d a e s p e c i f i c a ç ã o ; • U s o r e l a t i v a m e n t e r e c e n t e ; • R e c i c l a g e m : s ó v i á v e l p a r a t e r m o p l á s t i c o s , q u e p o d e m s e r r e f u n d i d o s , c o m g r a n d e c o n s u m o ( d e v i d o a o p r e ç o / p e s o ) ; o p l á s t i c o r e c i c l a d o , p o r é m , é c o n s i d e r a d o u m m a t e r i a l d e s e g u n d a c l a s s e , d i f e r e n t e m e n t e d o s m a t e r i a i s m e t á l i c o s . 5 1 2 5 5 2 M A T E R I A L C U S T O R E L . A P L I C A Ç Ã O L i m i t e ( � C ) P O L I E T I L E N O 1 , 0 3 Á c i d o s m i n e r a i s , á l c a l i s e s a i s - 3 0 / 8 0 P V C 1 , 2 0 Á g u a , e s g o t o , á c i d o s , á l c a l i s e o u t r o s p r o d u t o s c o r r o s i v o s - 4 0 / 6 5 - 5 ; 8 0 P T F E A L T O ( N . A . ) M a i s v a n t a j o s o c o m o r e v e s t i m e n t o - 2 0 0 / 2 6 0 P O L I P R O P I L E N O 1 , 0 2 Á g u a c o n t a m i n a d a - 5 / 9 0 M A T E R I A I S – P L Á S T I C O S 5 2 M A T E R I A I S – P L Á S T I C O S M A T E R I A L C U S T O A P L I C A Ç Ã O L i m i t e ( � C ) P E A D 1 , 0 Á g u a d e i n c ê n d i o , G á s ( b o a r e s i s t ê n c i a m e c â n i c a ) - 4 0 / 6 0 P R F V B A I X O ( N . A . ) Á g u a , e s g o t o , á c i d o s , á l c a l i s e o u t r o s p r o d u t o s c o r r o s i v o s - 4 0 / 1 0 4 5 3 2 6 P O L I E T I L E N O • D e n s i d a d e : 0 , 9 1 8 - 0 , 9 4 0 g / c m 3 ; • E l e v a d a r e s i s t ê n c i a q u í m i c a e a s o l v e n t e s ; • F l e x í v e l ; • F á c i l p r o c e s s a m e n t o ; • B a i x a p e r m e a b i l i d a d e a á g u a ; • E x c e l e n t e s p r o p r i e d a d e s i s o l a n t e s ; • A t ó x i c o . 5 4 P V C • E x p e r i ê n c i a d e u s o v i a b i l i z o u n o r m a l i z a ç ã o ( A S T M , A B N T ) ; • S ã o m a t e r i a i s c o m b u s t í v e i s e , s o b a ç ã o d e f o g o , l i b e r a m o c l o r o q u e é t ó x i c o , p o r é m , e s s e r i s c o é p e q u e n o e n ã o i m p o s s i b i l i t a o u r e s t r i n g e s u a u t i l i z a ç ã o . A c a u s a p r i n c i p a l d e f a t a l i d a d e s e m u m i n c ê n d i o c o n t i n u a a s e r o m o n ó x i d o d e c a r b o n o , m e s m o a p ó s a c o n s o l i d a ç ã o d o u s o d e t u b u l a ç õ e s d e P V C e m e d i f i c a ç õ e s n a ú l t i m a d é c a d a . • O P V C r í g i d o é o m a i s u t i l i z a d o n a f a b r i c a ç ã o d e t u b o s ; • N ã o r e a g e m q u i m i c a m e n t e c o m a á g u a p o t á v e l , n ã o a l t e r a n d o s e u s a b o r e q u a l i d a d e ; 5 5 2 7 P V C ( c o n t . ) • A f a b r i c a ç ã o d e P V C c o n s o m e s i g n i f i c a t i v a m e n t e m e n o s e n e r g i a q u e a f a b r i c a ç ã o d e t u b o s d e f e r r o o u c on c r e t o u t i l i z a d o s n a c o n s t r u ç ã o c i v i l ; • C o e f i c i e n t e d e d i l a t a ç ã o t é r m i c a é , e m g e r a l , m a i o r q u e o d o s m e t a i s ; • D e v i d o a p r e s e n ç a d e h a l ô g e n e o s g e r a m g a s e s t ó x i c o s d u r a n t e a q u e i m a , d e v e n d o , p o r t a n t o , s e r s u b m e t i d o s a d e h a l o g e n a ç ã o a n t e s d a q u e i m a . 5 6 P E A D • D e n s i d a d e : 0 , 9 3 5 – 0 , 9 6 0 g / c m 3 ; • É u m p l á s t i c o r í g i d o d e e x c e l e n t e r e s i s t ê n c i a à t r a ç ã o e m o d e r a d a r e s i s t ê n c i a a o i m p a c t o ; • I n d i c a d o p a r a d i s t r i b u i ç ã o d e á g u a e g á s , n o e n t a n t o n ã o d e v e s e r u t i l i z a d o n o t r a n s p o r t e d e h i d r o c a r b o n e t o s l í q u i d o s , p o i s e s s e m a t e r i a l a b s o r v e o s h i d r o c a r b o n e t o s l í q u i d o s l e v e s ( n a f t a e g a s o l i n a ) , a u m e n t a n d o m u i t o d e v o l u m e ; • C o e f i c i e n t e d e e x p a n s ã o t é r m i c a m u i t o e l e v a d o . 5 7 2 8 P R F V • É u m m a t e r i a l c o m p ó s i t o d e m a t r i z p o l i m é r i c a : r e s i n a + f i b r a d e v i d r o + a d i t i v o s ; • D e n s i d a d e : 1 , 4 g / c m 3 ; • C o e f i c i e n t e d e d i l a t a ç ã o t é r m i c a : 1 7 x 1 0 - 6 c m / c m o C ( a d o a ç o c a r b o n o é 1 1 , 7 x 1 0 - 6 c m / c m o C ; • E l e v a d a r e s i s t ê n c i a m e c â n i c a ; • B a i x a c o n d u t i b i l i d a d e t é r m i c a : 0 , 2 k c a l / m 2 . h . o C ( a d o a ç o c a r b o n o é 3 8 k c a l / m 2 . h . o C . 5 8 P á g i n a s d a I N T E R N E T • w w w . t h e f a b r i c a t o r . c o m – S í t i o d e f a b r i c a ç ã o d e m a t e r i a i s m e t á l i c o s ; • w w w . p p f a h o m e . o r g – A s s o c i a ç ã o d o s f a b r i c a n t e s d e t u b u l a ç õ e s d e p l á s t i c o ; • w w w . p l a s t i c p i p e . o r g – S í t i o d o I n s t i t u t o d e T u b u l a ç õ e s d e P l á s t i c o ( P l a s t i c P i p e I n s t i t u t e ) 5 9 2 9 T u b u l a ç õ e s I n d u s t r i a i s - F u n d a m e n t o s M E I O S D E L I G A Ç Ã O E N T R E T U B O S I n s t r u t o r e s : J o r d a n a V e i g a J o r i v a l d o M e d e i r o s T h i a g o P e r e i r a d e M e l o S e t e m b r o d e 2 0 0 9 T u b u l a ç õ e s I n d u s t r i a i s - F u n d a m e n t o s � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! 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