<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/2ecd83ba-7c18-47e8-b138-31d962552bb2/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws0">A<span class="ff2 fs1 ws2">s <span class="_0 blank"> </span>biotecnologias <span class="_0 blank"> </span>em <span class="_0 blank"> </span>seu <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sentido <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mais<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>amplo <span class="_0 blank"> </span>compreendem <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>manipula-</span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ção <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>microo<span class="_1 blank"> </span>rganismos, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>plantas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>animais, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>objetivando <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>obtenção <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>proces-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y3 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">sos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>produtos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>interesse. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Desta <span class="_0 blank"> </span>maneira, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>toda <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ativid<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ade <span class="_2 blank"> </span>que <span class="_0 blank"> </span>envolva <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>apli-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y4 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">cação <span class="_3 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_3 blank"> </span>conhecimentos<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>de <span class="_3 blank"> </span>fisiologia, <span class="_3 blank"> </span>bioquímica <span class="_3 blank"> </span>e <span class="_4 blank"> </span>genética, <span class="_3 blank"> </span>é <span class="_3 blank"> </span>considerada </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y5 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">como <span class="_2 blank"> </span>técnica <span class="_2 blank"> </span>biotecnológica. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Em <span class="_2 blank"> </span>seu <span class="_2 blank"> </span>senso <span class="_2 blank"> </span>m<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ais <span class="_2 blank"> </span>restrito <span class="_1 blank"> </span>as<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>biotecnologias <span class="_2 blank"> </span>es-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y6 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">tão <span class="_2 blank"> </span>associadas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ao <span class="_0 blank"> </span>emprego <span class="_0 blank"> </span>das <span class="_0 blank"> </span>técnicas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>modernas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>biologia <span class="_0 blank"> </span>molecular <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ce-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y7 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">lular. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Outros <span class="_2 blank"> </span>conc<span class="_1 blank"> </span>eitos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>biotecnologias: <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a) <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_2 blank"> </span>uti<span class="_1 blank"> </span>lização <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>sis<span class="_1 blank"> </span>temas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>celulares </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y8 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">para <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_3 blank"> </span>obtenção <span class="_2 blank"> </span>d<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>produtos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>desenvolvimento <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>processos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>(C<span class="_1 blank"> </span>NPq); <span class="_0 blank"> </span>b) <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y9 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">plicação <span class="_4 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_4 blank"> </span>princípios <span class="_6 blank"> </span>científicos <span class="_4 blank"> </span>e <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>engenharia <span class="_4 blank"> </span>para <span class="_4 blank"> </span>o <span class="_4 blank"> </span>processament<span class="_1 blank"> </span>o <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ya ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">materiais <span class="_5 blank"> </span>por <span class="_3 blank"> </span>agentes <span class="_5 blank"> </span>bi<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ológicos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>proporcionando<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>produtos <span class="_3 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_3 blank"> </span>serviços <span class="_5 blank"> </span>(FAO, </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yb ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">1989); <span class="_0 blank"> </span>c) <span class="_5 blank"> </span>o <span class="_5 blank"> </span>uso <span class="_5 blank"> </span>das <span class="_5 blank"> </span>técnicas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>d<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>regeneração <span class="_5 blank"> </span><span class="ff3">in <span class="_5 blank"> </span>vitro</span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>do <span class="_0 blank"> </span>DNA <span class="_5 blank"> </span>recombinante </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yc ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">(Fernandes, 1987). </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 yd ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Uma <span class="_6 blank"> </span>das <span class="_6 blank"> </span>principais <span class="_7 blank"> </span>características <span class="_6 blank"> </span>das <span class="_7 blank"> </span>biotecnologias <span class="_6 blank"> </span>modernas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>é <span class="_7 blank"> </span>sua <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 ye ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">brangência <span class="_5 blank"> </span>ampla <span class="_3 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>s<span class="_1 blank"> </span>eu <span class="_5 blank"> </span>caráter <span class="_3 blank"> </span>multidisciplinar. <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Sua <span class="_3 blank"> </span>inserção <span class="_5 blank"> </span>em <span class="_3 blank"> </span>países <span class="_3 blank"> </span>com </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yf ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">padrões <span class="_1 blank"> </span>desiguais <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>desenvolvimento <span class="_2 blank"> </span>deve <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_1 blank"> </span>baseada no <span class="_2 blank"> </span>conceito <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>biot<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ec-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y10 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">nologias <span class="_2 blank"> </span>apropriadas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_0 blank"> </span>pertinentes, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>proposto <span class="_0 blank"> </span>pela <span class="_2 blank"> </span>FAO. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Assim, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>biotecnolgias </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y11 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">apropriadas <span class="_5 blank"> </span>seriam <span class="_5 blank"> </span>aquelas <span class="_5 blank"> </span>que <span class="_3 blank"> </span>contribuem <span class="_5 blank"> </span>com <span class="_3 blank"> </span>o <span class="_5 blank"> </span>desenvolvimento <span class="_5 blank"> </span>sustentá-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y12 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">vel <span class="_1 blank"> </span>por: <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a) <span class="_1 blank"> </span>serem <span class="_2 blank"> </span>tecnicamente <span class="_2 blank"> </span>factíveis <span class="_1 blank"> </span>no <span class="_2 blank"> </span>atual <span class="_1 blank"> </span>contex<span class="_1 blank"> </span>to <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>desenvolvim<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ento </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y13 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">tecnico-científico <span class="_2 blank"> </span>do <span class="_2 blank"> </span>p<span class="_1 blank"> </span>aís; <span class="_0 blank"> </span>b) <span class="_2 blank"> </span>proporcionarem <span class="_0 blank"> </span>benefícios <span class="_2 blank"> </span>mensur<span class="_1 blank"> </span>áveis <span class="_2 blank"> </span>aos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>des-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y14 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">tinatários; <span class="_1 blank"> </span>c) serem <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ambientalmente <span class="_1 blank"> </span>seguras, socio-economicamente <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>cultural-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y15 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">mente aceitáveis no atual estágio de desenvolvimento do país. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y16 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Dentre <span class="_1 blank"> </span>as muitas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>aplicações <span class="_1 blank"> </span>destas t<span class="_1 blank"> </span>écnicas, destacam-se <span class="_1 blank"> </span>aquelas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>relaciona-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y17 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">das com <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>transferência <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de genes <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>organismos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>diferentes para <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>incorporação </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y18 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">de características <span class="_1 blank"> </span>como a<span class="_1 blank"> </span> resistência <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de pra<span class="_1 blank"> </span>gas e patógenos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e a<span class="_1 blank"> </span> estresses <span class="_1 blank"> </span>abióti-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y19 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">cos, no <span class="_1 blank"> </span>genoma <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de uma <span class="_1 blank"> </span>determinada <span class="_1 blank"> </span>planta. <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Outras <span class="_1 blank"> </span>aplicações vi<span class="_1 blank"> </span>sam o <span class="_1 blank"> </span>aumen-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y1a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">to <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da <span class="_1 blank"> </span>eficiência <span class="_1 blank"> </span>fotossint<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ética ou <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>produção <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>metabólitos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>constit<span class="_1 blank"> </span>uintes <span class="_1 blank"> </span>im-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y1b ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">portantes <span class="_1 blank"> </span>do <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ponto <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>vista <span class="_1 blank"> </span>nut<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ricional <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>farmacêutico <span class="_2 blank"> </span>. <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Est<span class="_1 blank"> </span>as <span class="_1 blank"> </span>técnicas, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>quando </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y1c ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">associadas <span class="_5 blank"> </span>com <span class="_3 blank"> </span>procedi<span class="_1 blank"> </span>mentos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_3 blank"> </span>cultura <span class="_3 blank"> </span>de <span class="_3 blank"> </span>tecidos, <span class="_3 blank"> </span>permitem <span class="_3 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>prop<span class="_1 blank"> </span>agação </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y1d ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">rápida e massal de genótipos superiores estáveis e isentos de doenças. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1e ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Novas estr<span class="_1 blank"> </span>atégias p<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ara a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>propagação <span class="_1 blank"> </span>clonal, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>para <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a fix<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ação d<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ganhos gené-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y1f ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ticos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>novas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>abordagens <span class="_6 blank"> </span>para <span class="_6 blank"> </span>gerar <span class="_6 blank"> </span>variação <span class="_6 blank"> </span>genética <span class="_6 blank"> </span>são <span class="_6 blank"> </span>requisitos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>fund<span class="_1 blank"> </span>a-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y20 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">mentais <span class="_1 blank"> </span>para <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o <span class="_1 blank"> </span>melho<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ramento <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>plantas. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Desta <span class="_2 blank"> </span>maneira, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>um<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>maiores <span class="_2 blank"> </span>be-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y21 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">nefícios das técnicas de cultura de te<span class="_1 blank"> </span>cidos vegetais para o melhor<span class="_1 blank"> </span>amento de </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y22 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">plantas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>perenes, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>refere-s<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>à <span class="_5 blank"> </span>possibilidade <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>c<span class="_1 blank"> </span>apturar <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>fixar <span class="_5 blank"> </span>os <span class="_5 blank"> </span>componentes </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y23 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">aditivos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>não <span class="_6 blank"> </span>aditivos<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>da <span class="_6 blank"> </span>variância <span class="_7 blank"> </span>gené<span class="_8 blank"></span>tica <span class="_6 blank"> </span>através <span class="_6 blank"> </span>da <span class="_6 blank"> </span>prop<span class="_1 blank"> </span>agação <span class="_6 blank"> </span>clonal. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y24 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Desta <span class="_6 blank"> </span>maneira <span class="_4 blank"> </span>estas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>t<span class="_1 blank"> </span>écnicas, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>baseadas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>que <span class="_6 blank"> </span>são<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>na <span class="_6 blank"> </span>totipotencialidade <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>ex<span class="_1 blank"> </span>-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y25 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">plantes, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>podem <span class="_5 blank"> </span>s<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>tornar <span class="_3 blank"> </span>ferramentas <span class="_5 blank"> </span>poderosas <span class="_3 blank"> </span>para <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>p<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ropagação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>massal <span class="_3 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y26 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">genótipos superiores. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y27 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">A <span class="_4 blank"> </span>possibilidade <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>manipulação <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>si<span class="_1 blank"> </span>stemas <span class="_3 blank"> </span><span class="ff3">in <span class="_4 blank"> </span>v<span class="_1 blank"> </span>itro</span> <span class="_4 blank"> </span>para <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>clonagem <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y28 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">genótipos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sup<span class="_1 blank"> </span>eriores <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>espécies <span class="_5 blank"> </span>vegetais <span class="_5 blank"> </span>é <span class="_5 blank"> </span>dependente <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_5 blank"> </span>série <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ato-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y29 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">res. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>A <span class="_3 blank"> </span>compr<span class="_1 blank"> </span>eensão <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e <span class="_3 blank"> </span>d<span class="_1 blank"> </span>omínio <span class="_5 blank"> </span>d<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>conceitos <span class="_3 blank"> </span>básicos <span class="_3 blank"> </span>em <span class="_3 blank"> </span>fisiologia <span class="_3 blank"> </span>do <span class="_3 blank"> </span>desen-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2a ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">volvimento <span class="_0 blank"> </span>é <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>fundamental <span class="_0 blank"> </span>importância <span class="_0 blank"> </span>para <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>aplicação <span class="_2 blank"> </span>deste <span class="_0 blank"> </span>conhecimen-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2b ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">to. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Um <span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>objetivos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>do <span class="_0 blank"> </span>presente <span class="_0 blank"> </span>tex<span class="_1 blank"> </span>to <span class="_2 blank"> </span>é <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>aprese<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ntação <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>dis<span class="_1 blank"> </span>cussão <span class="_2 blank"> </span>sucint<span class="_1 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2c ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">dos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>principais <span class="_2 blank"> </span>t<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ópicos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>pe<span class="_1 blank"> </span>los <span class="_2 blank"> </span>quais <span class="_0 blank"> </span>é <span class="_0 blank"> </span>possível <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ex<span class="_1 blank"> </span>trair-se <span class="_2 blank"> </span>respostas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>morfoge<span class="_1 blank"> </span>néti-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2d ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">cas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>orientadas <span class="_5 blank"> </span>quando <span class="_0 blank"> </span>c<span class="_1 blank"> </span>orrelações <span class="_0 blank"> </span>morfoló<span class="_1 blank"> </span>gica<span class="_8 blank"></span>s, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>fisi<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ológicas, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>genéticas <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>bio-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2e ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">químicas, exi<span class="_1 blank"> </span>stentes em uma <span class="_1 blank"> </span>planta intacta s<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ão rompidas e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>sistemas de cult<span class="_1 blank"> </span>uras </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2f ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">de tecidos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>células e<span class="_1 blank"> </span> órgãos são <span class="_1 blank"> </span>utilizados <span class="_1 blank"> </span>para "orientar" <span class="_1 blank"> </span>novos padrõ<span class="_1 blank"> </span>es morfo-</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y30 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">genéticos. </div><div class="t m1 x1 h3 y31 ff4 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Intr<span class="_1 blank"> </span>odução ao co<span class="_1 blank"> </span>nceito de </div><div class="t m1 x3 h3 y32 ff4 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Biotecnologia <span class="fc2"> </span></div><div class="t m2 x4 h4 y33 ff5 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Apostila de<span class="_1 blank"> </span> Biotecnolog<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ia 1</div><div class="t m3 x4 h5 y34 ff5 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls0">\u2014<span class="fs2 ls8 ws2">Cultura de tecidos vegetal</span></div><div class="t m2 x4 h6 y35 ff5 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y33 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">M</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y36 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">M</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y36 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">M</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y33 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls1">M<span class="ls8 v0">a</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y37 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">a</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y37 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">a</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y38 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls2">a<span class="ls8 v0">t</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y39 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">t</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y39 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">t</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y3a ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls3">t<span class="ls8 v0">e</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y3b ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">e</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y3b ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">e</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y3c ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws1">e<span class="v0">r</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y3d ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">r</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y3d ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">r</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y3e ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls4">r<span class="ls8 v0">i</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y3f ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">i</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y3f ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">i</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y40 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls5">i<span class="ls8 v0">a</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y41 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">a</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y41 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">a</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y42 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls2">a<span class="ls8 v0">l</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y43 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">l</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y43 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">l</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y44 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls5">l<span class="ls8 ws2 v0"> </span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y45 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y45 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y46 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls6 ws2"> <span class="ls8 v0">d</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y47 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">d</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y47 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">d</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y48 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls2">d<span class="ls8 v0">e</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y49 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">e</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y49 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">e</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y4a ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws1">e<span class="ws2 v0"> </span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y4b ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y4b ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y4c ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls6 ws2"> <span class="ls8 v0">A</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y4d ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">A</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y4d ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">A</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y4e ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws1">A<span class="v0">p</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y4f ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">p</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y4f ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">p</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y50 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls7">p<span class="ls8 v0">o</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y51 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">o</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y51 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">o</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y52 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws1">o<span class="v0">i</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y53 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">i</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y53 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">i</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y54 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls5">i<span class="ls8 v0">o</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y55 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">o</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y55 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">o</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y56 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws1">o<span class="ws2 v0"> </span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y57 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y57 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y58 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls6 ws2"> <span class="ls8 v0">-</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y59 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">-</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y59 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">-</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y5a ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws1">-<span class="ws2 v0"> 8° F<span class="_8 blank"></span>ase do Curso<span class="_1 blank"> </span> de Agrono<span class="_1 blank"> </span>mia </span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y5b ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> 8° F<span class="_8 blank"></span>ase do Curso<span class="_1 blank"> </span> de Agrono<span class="_1 blank"> </span>mia </div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y5b ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> 8° F<span class="_8 blank"></span>ase do Curso<span class="_1 blank"> </span> de Agrono<span class="_1 blank"> </span>mia </div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y5c ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> 8° F<span class="_8 blank"></span>ase do Curso<span class="_1 blank"> </span> de Agrono<span class="_1 blank"> </span>mia <span class="v0">-</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y5d ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">-</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y5d ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8">-</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y5e ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws1">-<span class="ws2 v0"> CCA/UFS<span class="_1 blank"> </span>C, Florian<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ópolis</span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y5f ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> CCA/UF<span class="_1 blank"> </span>SC, Florian<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ópolis</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y5f ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> CCA/UF<span class="_1 blank"> </span>SC, Florian<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ópolis</div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y60 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> CCA/UF<span class="_1 blank"> </span>SC, Florian<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ópolis<span class="v0"> </span></div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y61 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y61 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m4 x5 h7 y62 ff6 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m5 x6 h8 y63 ff7 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">L<span class="_9 blank"> </span>A<span class="_9 blank"> </span>B<span class="_9 blank"> </span>.<span class="_9 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>F<span class="_9 blank"> </span>I<span class="_9 blank"> </span>S<span class="_9 blank"> </span>I<span class="_9 blank"> </span>O<span class="_9 blank"> </span>L<span class="_9 blank"> </span>O<span class="_9 blank"> </span>G<span class="_9 blank"> </span>I<span class="_9 blank"> </span>A<span class="_9 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>D<span class="_9 blank"> </span>O<span class="_9 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>D<span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_9 blank"> </span>S<span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_9 blank"> </span>N<span class="_9 blank"> </span>V<span class="_9 blank"> </span>O<span class="_9 blank"> </span>L<span class="_9 blank"> </span>V<span class="_9 blank"> </span>I<span class="_9 blank"> </span>M<span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_9 blank"> </span>N<span class="_9 blank"> </span>T<span class="_9 blank"> </span>O<span class="_9 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_9 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>G<span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_9 blank"> </span>N<span class="_9 blank"> </span>É<span class="_9 blank"> </span>T<span class="_9 blank"> </span>I<span class="_9 blank"> </span>C<span class="_9 blank"> </span>A<span class="_9 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>V<span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_9 blank"> </span>G<span class="_9 blank"> </span>E<span class="_9 blank"> </span>T<span class="_9 blank"> </span>A<span class="_9 blank"> </span>L<span class="_9 blank"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/2ecd83ba-7c18-47e8-b138-31d962552bb2/bg2.png"><div class="t m6 x7 h9 y64 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>B<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>/<span class="_0 blank"> </span>U<span class="_2 blank"> </span>F<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_0 blank"> </span>P<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>U<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>&<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>;<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>Ç<span class="_2 blank"> </span>Ã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_2 blank"> </span>T<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>H<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0<span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6<span class="_0 blank"> </span>)<span class="_2 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y65 ff8 fs1 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2">1.1 Cultura de tecidos des<span class="_1 blank"> </span>organizados<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y66 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws3">Calos<span class="ff9 ws2"> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>\u2013 <span class="_4 blank"> </span>Cultivo <span class="_3 blank"> </span>e <span class="_4 blank"> </span>manutenção <span class="_3 blank"> </span>de <span class="_3 blank"> </span>massas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>celulares <span class="_3 blank"> </span>desorganizadas <span class="_3 blank"> </span>que <span class="_3 blank"> </span>se <span class="_4 blank"> </span>originam <span class="_3 blank"> </span>da <span class="_4 blank"> </span>proliferação<span class="_8 blank"></span> </span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y67 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">desordenada a partir<span class="_8 blank"></span> de tecidos ou ór<span class="_8 blank"></span>gãos cultivados <span class="ffa">in vit<span class="_8 blank"></span>ro<span class="ff9">. </span></span></div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y68 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws3">Suspensões<span class="ff9 ws2"> \u2013 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Prolifera<span class="_8 blank"></span>ção <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>células <span class="_1 blank"> </span>isoladas ou <span class="_1 blank"> </span>pequenos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>aglomerados <span class="_1 blank"> </span>dispersos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>em <span class="_1 blank"> </span>um meio <span class="_1 blank"> </span>líqui-</span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y69 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">do, sob agitação. </div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y6a ff9 fs1 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y6b ff8 fs1 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2">1.2 Cultura de estruturas orga<span class="_1 blank"> </span>nizadas<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y6c ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Cultura <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>órgãos<span class="ff9"> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2013 <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Formas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>organiz<span class="_8 blank"></span>adas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>crescimento <span class="_2 blank"> </span>podem <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_1 blank"> </span>mantidas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>continuamente <span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ffa">in <span class="_2 blank"> </span>vitro</span>. </span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y6d ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Inclui <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>isolamento <span class="_2 blank"> </span>asséptico <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estruturas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>definidas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>como <span class="_2 blank"> </span>primórdios <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>segmentos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>oliares. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Para </div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y6e ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">os propósitos da mic<span class="_8 blank"></span>ropropagação, os <span class="_8 blank"></span>mais importantes tipos são<span class="_8 blank"></span>: </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y6f ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">a)Cultura <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_3 blank"> </span>meristemas<span class="ff9"> \u2013 Ápices meristemáticos consistindo do <span class="_1 blank"> </span>domo<span class="_8 blank"></span> apical isentos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ou contendo<span class="_8 blank"></span> um </span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y70 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ou dois primórdios<span class="_8 blank"></span> foliares. Originam<span class="_8 blank"></span> eixos unipolares cauli<span class="_8 blank"></span>nares. </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y71 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">b) <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Cultura <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>ápices <span class="_5 blank"> </span>caulinares<span class="ff9"> \u2013<span class="_8 blank"></span> Iniciada a partir<span class="_8 blank"></span> de ápices caulinares<span class="_8 blank"></span> ou gemas laterais.<span class="_8 blank"></span> Empre<span class="_8 blank"></span>gad<span class="_8 blank"></span>a<span class="_8 blank"></span> </span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y72 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">para <span class="_5 blank"> </span>estabelecer<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_5 blank"> </span>culturas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>q<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ue <span class="_0 blank"> </span>originam <span class="_0 blank"> </span>multígemas, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>gemas, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>eixos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_5 blank"> </span>brotações <span class="_0 blank"> </span>caulinares <span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_1 blank"> </span>últi-</div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y73 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">plos. </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y74 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">c)Culturas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_7 blank"> </span>segmentos <span class="_7 blank"> </span>nodais<span class="ff9"> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>\u2013 <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Contém <span class="_0 blank"> </span>segmentos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>caulinares <span class="_0 blank"> </span>que <span class="_5 blank"> </span>carregam <span class="_0 blank"> </span>gemas <span class="_5 blank"> </span>simples <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ou </span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y75 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">múltiplas. </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y76 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">d) <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Cultura <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_0 blank"> </span>resgate) <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>embriões<span class="ff9"> \u2013 Embriõ<span class="_8 blank"></span>es zigóticos são ex<span class="_8 blank"></span>cisados e cultiv<span class="_8 blank"></span>ados para dar ori<span class="_8 blank"></span>ge<span class="_8 blank"></span>m </span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y77 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">à plântulas. </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y78 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">e) <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Cultura <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>raízes <span class="_6 blank"> </span>isoladas <span class="_6 blank"> </span><span class="ff9">\u2013 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Raíze<span class="_8 blank"></span>s <span class="_2 blank"> </span>cultivadas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sem <span class="_0 blank"> </span>conexão <span class="_2 blank"> </span>com <span class="_2 blank"> </span>os <span class="_0 blank"> </span>eixos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>caulinares, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>originando </span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y79 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">novas raíz<span class="_8 blank"></span>es. </div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y7a ff9 fs1 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y7b ff8 fs1 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2">1.3 Quanto a rota morfogenética<span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y7c ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">1. <span class="_4 blank"> </span>Organogênese <span class="_3 blank"> </span>direta<span class="ff9"> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2013 <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Gemas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_1 blank"> </span>primórdios <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>gemas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>pré-existentes <span class="_1 blank"> </span>que <span class="_2 blank"> </span>são <span class="_1 blank"> </span>induzidas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>à <span class="_2 blank"> </span>prolife-</span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y7d ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ração. </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y7e ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">2.Organogênese <span class="_5 blank"> </span>i<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ndire<span class="_8 blank"></span>ta<span class="ff9"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>\u2013 <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Novas gemas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>eixos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>caulinares<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>são <span class="_1 blank"> </span>induzi<span class="_8 blank"></span>dos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ormados a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>partir de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>teci-</span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y7f ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">dos não organiz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ados (calos) originados de<span class="_8 blank"></span> explantes de di<span class="_8 blank"></span>ferentes origens. </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y80 ff8 fs1 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y81 ff8 fs1 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2">2. BASE CONCEITUAL<span class="ff9 fc1"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y82 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Á<span class="_8 blank"></span>pice <span class="_7 blank"> </span>caulinar:<span class="ff9"> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>segmento <span class="_2 blank"> </span>do <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ápice <span class="_5 blank"> </span>do <span class="_0 blank"> </span>caule, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>composto <span class="_0 blank"> </span>pelo <span class="_0 blank"> </span>meristema <span class="_0 blank"> </span>apical <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(0,05 <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>1,0 <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mm) <span class="_2 blank"> </span>j<span class="_1 blank"> </span>unta-</span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y83 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">mente <span class="_2 blank"> </span>com <span class="_0 blank"> </span>os <span class="_2 blank"> </span>primórdios <span class="_2 blank"> </span>foliares <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>folhas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>em <span class="_0 blank"> </span>desenvolvi<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Porém, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>não <span class="_2 blank"> </span>deve <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_0 blank"> </span>confundido<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y84 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">com o meristema, <span class="_8 blank"></span>que é o conjunto de célul<span class="_8 blank"></span>as indiferenciada<span class="_8 blank"></span>s e de caract<span class="_8 blank"></span>erísticas embrioná<span class="_8 blank"></span>rias. </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y85 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws4">A<span class="_8 blank"></span>tivação:<span class="ff9 ws2"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>processo que <span class="_1 blank"> </span>favorece a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>reentrada ao <span class="_1 blank"> </span>novo ciclo <span class="_1 blank"> </span>bioquímico oi <span class="_1 blank"> </span>fisiológico de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>órgão ou <span class="_1 blank"> </span>tecido<span class="_8 blank"></span>. </span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y86 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">É <span class="_1 blank"> </span>muito <span class="_2 blank"> </span>comum <span class="_1 blank"> </span>referir-se <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ativação <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>g<span class="_1 blank"> </span>emas. Para <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ocorrer <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ativação <span class="_1 blank"> </span>é <span class="_1 blank"> </span>necessária <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>existência </div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y87 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">de órgão ou tecido p<span class="_8 blank"></span>ré formado ou <span class="_8 blank"></span>formado. </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y88 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Células <span class="_6 blank"> </span>indiferenciadas:<span class="ff9"> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>refere-se <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ao <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estado <span class="_0 blank"> </span>caracteriza<span class="_8 blank"></span>do <span class="_0 blank"> </span>por <span class="_0 blank"> </span>células <span class="_0 blank"> </span>isodiamétricas, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>com <span class="_5 blank"> </span>pouco <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ou </span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y89 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">nenhum <span class="_0 blank"> </span>vacúolo <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>g<span class="_1 blank"> </span>rande <span class="_0 blank"> </span>núcleo. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Ger<span class="_1 blank"> </span>almente<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estão <span class="_5 blank"> </span>localizadas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>no <span class="_5 blank"> </span>meristema <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>mantém <span class="_5 blank"> </span>as <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ca-</div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y8a ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">racterísticas embrio<span class="_8 blank"></span>nárias. </div><div class="t m7 x7 he y8b ff2 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y8c ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Ciclo <span class="_a blank"> </span>celular:<span class="ff2 ls9"> </span><span class="ff9">processo<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_3 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ases <span class="_3 blank"> </span>celulares <span class="_3 blank"> </span>de <span class="_3 blank"> </span>divi-</span></div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y8d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">são <span class="_b blank"> </span>padrão. <span class="_b blank"> </span>Enquadra-se <span class="_b blank"> </span>em <span class="_b blank"> </span>dois <span class="_c blank"> </span>grandes </div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y8e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">grupos: <span class="_2 blank"> </span>m<span class="_1 blank"> </span>eiose <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mitóse, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>que <span class="_0 blank"> </span>em <span class="_0 blank"> </span>um <span class="_0 blank"> </span>organis-</div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y24 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">mo <span class="_6 blank"> </span>diplóide <span class="_4 blank"> </span>pode <span class="_6 blank"> </span>origin<span class="_8 blank"></span>ar <span class="_6 blank"> </span>respectiva<span class="_8 blank"></span>mente <span class="_4 blank"> </span>u-</div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y8f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ma <span class="_1 blank"> </span>nova <span class="_2 blank"> </span>célula <span class="_1 blank"> </span>haplóide, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>quando <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ocorre <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>saí-</div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y90 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">da <span class="_1 blank"> </span>do <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ciclo <span class="_1 blank"> </span>celular <span class="_1 blank"> </span>no f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ina<span class="_8 blank"></span>l <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>G2 <span class="_1 blank"> </span>(sem <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>dupli-</div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y91 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">cação <span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>cromossomos) <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_5 blank"> </span>diplóide, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>q<span class="_1 blank"> </span>uando </div><div class="t m7 x8 hc y92 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">do completo processo<span class="_8 blank"></span> de div<span class="_8 blank"></span>isão celular (cdc). </div><div class="t m7 x7 hc y93 ff9 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m7 x7 hc y94 ff9 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m7 x7 hc y95 ff9 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m0 x7 hf y96 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura <span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_1 blank"> </span>1 </div><div class="t m0 x7 hf y97 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura <span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_1 blank"> </span>1 <span class="_d blank"></span>Figura <span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_1 blank"> </span>1 </div><div class="t m0 x7 hf y96 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura <span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_1 blank"> </span>1 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2013 <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Diagrama <span class="_2 blank"> </span>representativo <span class="_2 blank"> </span>do <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ciclo <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>divisão <span class="_2 blank"> </span>celular <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(cdc) </div><div class="t m0 x7 hf y98 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">de uma célula diplóide.(Adaptado de George, 1993). </div><div class="t m7 x9 hc y98 ff9 fs8 fc1 sc0 lsa ws2"> <span class="ff2 fc4 ls8"> </span></div><div class="t m8 xa h10 y99 ff7 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Página 2 </div><div class="t m9 x7 h11 y9a ffc fsa fc2 sc0 ls8 ws2">Micropropagação </div><div class="t ma x7 h12 y9b ffc fsb fc2 sc0 ls8 ws2">Diferentes r<span class="_1 blank"> </span>otas morfogen<span class="_1 blank"> </span>éticas para a <span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="fc1 ws5">obtenção<span class="ff2 ws2"> de p<span class="_1 blank"> </span>lantas <span class="ff3">in vitr<span class="_8 blank"></span>o<span class="ff2 fc2"> </span></span></span></span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w2 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/2ecd83ba-7c18-47e8-b138-31d962552bb2/bg3.png"><div class="t m6 x7 h9 y64 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>B<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>/<span class="_0 blank"> </span>U<span class="_2 blank"> </span>F<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_0 blank"> </span>P<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>U<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>&<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>;<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>Ç<span class="_2 blank"> </span>Ã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_2 blank"> </span>T<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>H<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0<span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6<span class="_0 blank"> </span>)<span class="_2 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb y9c ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws3">Clones<span class="ff9 ws2">: <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Independente <span class="_2 blank"> </span>da <span class="_0 blank"> </span>origem <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sob <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>aspecto <span class="_0 blank"> </span>aplicado, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>as <span class="_0 blank"> </span>t<span class="_1 blank"> </span>écnicas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>cultura <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>tecidos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>vegetais </span></div><div class="t m7 xb hc y9d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">permitem <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_3 blank"> </span>propagação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>clonal <span class="_5 blank"> </span>m<span class="_1 blank"> </span>assal <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_3 blank"> </span>genótipos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>superiores. <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Segundo <span class="_5 blank"> </span>o <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Código <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Internacional </div><div class="t m7 xb hb y9e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Nomenclatura de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Plantas Cultivadas,<span class="ff8"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>clone <span class="_1 blank"> </span></span>é uma <span class="_1 blank"> </span>das <span class="_1 blank"> </span>categorias básicas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da cultivar <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>designa </div><div class="t m7 xb hc y9f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">um <span class="_2 blank"> </span>conjunto <span class="_0 blank"> </span>geneticamente <span class="_2 blank"> </span>uniforme <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>indivíduos, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>derivados <span class="_2 blank"> </span>originalmente <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>um <span class="_0 blank"> </span>individuo <span class="_2 blank"> </span>sim-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc ya0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ples <span class="_2 blank"> </span>por <span class="_5 blank"> </span>propa<span class="_8 blank"></span>gação <span class="_0 blank"> </span>assexuada <span class="_2 blank"> </span>(enxertia, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estaquia<span class="_8 blank"></span>, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mergulhia, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>apomix<span class="_8 blank"></span>ia <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_0 blank"> </span>micropropagação). <span class="_1 blank"> </span>O </div><div class="t m7 xb hb ya1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">conceito de propagação clonal<span class="_8 blank"></span> implica na <span class="ff8 ws3">seleção</span> de g<span class="_1 blank"> </span>enótipos com graus v<span class="_8 blank"></span>ariados de heterozigo-</div><div class="t m7 xb hb ya2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">se e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>sua <span class="ff8 ws3">fixação</span> nas gerações <span class="_1 blank"> </span>subse<span class="_8 blank"></span>qüentes (Kester, 1983). Clones são empregados no m<span class="_1 blank"> </span>elhora<span class="_8 blank"></span>-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc ya3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">mento <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>plantas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>para <span class="_2 blank"> </span>capturar <span class="_2 blank"> </span>os <span class="_2 blank"> </span>componentes <span class="_1 blank"> </span>aditivos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>não-aditivos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>da <span class="_2 blank"> </span>variância <span class="_2 blank"> </span>genética. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Os </div><div class="t m7 xb hc ya4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">componentes <span class="_4 blank"> </span>aditivos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>da <span class="_4 blank"> </span>variância <span class="_6 blank"> </span>genética <span class="_6 blank"> </span>baseiam-se <span class="_6 blank"> </span>no <span class="_4 blank"> </span>efeito <span class="_6 blank"> </span>independente <span class="_4 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>alelos, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>en-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc ya5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">quanto <span class="_0 blank"> </span>que <span class="_5 blank"> </span>os <span class="_0 blank"> </span>efeitos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>não-aditiv<span class="_8 blank"></span>os, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>muitas <span class="_5 blank"> </span>vezes <span class="_0 blank"> </span>perdidos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>nos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>cruzamentos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sexuais, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>baseiam-se </div><div class="t m7 xb hc ya6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">na interação dos alelos, dentro ou <span class="_1 blank"> </span>entre locus (Durzan, 1988). Uma das maiores vantagens <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da pro<span class="_8 blank"></span>-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc ya7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">pagação clonal é <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a possibilidade de se <span class="_1 blank"> </span>expl<span class="_8 blank"></span>orar a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>variância genética total, ao <span class="_1 blank"> </span>invés dos componen-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc ya8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">te <span class="_2 blank"> </span>aditivo <span class="_1 blank"> </span>apenas. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Muitos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>programas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>melhoramento <span class="_1 blank"> </span>g<span class="_1 blank"> </span>enético <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>plantas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>perenes <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>estabe<span class="_8 blank"></span>-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc ya9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">lecidos no <span class="_1 blank"> </span>hemisfério <span class="_1 blank"> </span>norte, a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>partir <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da <span class="_1 blank"> </span>década de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>50, f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>oram baseados <span class="_1 blank"> </span>na seleção <span class="_1 blank"> </span>recorrente. Nes-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc yaa ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">tes <span class="_0 blank"> </span>programas <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>seleção <span class="_0 blank"> </span>é <span class="_0 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>eita <span class="_0 blank"> </span>após <span class="_5 blank"> </span>cada </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yab ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">geração <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>intercruzamentos <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>materiais </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yac ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">selecionados <span class="_5 blank"> </span>para <span class="_3 blank"> </span>proporcionar <span class="_3 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>r<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ecombi-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc yad ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">nação <span class="_4 blank"> </span>g<span class="_1 blank"> </span>enética. <span class="_4 blank"> </span>Enquanto <span class="_4 blank"> </span>q<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ue <span class="_6 blank"> </span>o <span class="_4 blank"> </span>melhora-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc yae ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">mento <span class="_4 blank"> </span>convencional <span class="_4 blank"> </span>permite <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_6 blank"> </span>fixação <span class="_4 blank"> </span>dos </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yaf ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ganhos <span class="_e blank"> </span>genéticos <span class="_e blank"> </span>nas <span class="_e blank"> </span>gerações <span class="_e blank"> </span>subse-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc yb0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">qüentes, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_3 blank"> </span>micropropagação <span class="_3 blank"> </span>permite <span class="_3 blank"> </span>a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>ex-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc yb1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ploração <span class="_0 blank"> </span>da <span class="_0 blank"> </span>variação <span class="_0 blank"> </span>g<span class="_1 blank"> </span>enética <span class="_0 blank"> </span>em <span class="_0 blank"> </span>um<span class="_1 blank"> </span>a <span class="_2 blank"> </span>g<span class="_1 blank"> </span>e-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc yb2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ração, <span class="_7 blank"> </span>através <span class="_7 blank"> </span>da <span class="_a blank"> </span>clonagem <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_7 blank"> </span>g<span class="_1 blank"> </span>enótipos<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yb3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">superiores <span class="_a blank"> </span>(Figura <span class="_7 blank"> </span>2). <span class="_a blank"> </span>Apesar <span class="_a blank"> </span>dos <span class="_a blank"> </span>bene<span class="_8 blank"></span>fí-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc yb4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">cios <span class="_4 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>clones <span class="_6 blank"> </span>para <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a <span class="_6 blank"> </span>agricultura, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>con-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc yb5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">centração <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>uma produção em<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>larga esca-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc yb6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">la <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de apenas <span class="_7 blank"> </span>um <span class="_a blank"> </span>genótipo <span class="_7 blank"> </span>ou d<span class="_8 blank"></span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>poucos </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yb7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">genótipos de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>origem comum <span class="_9 blank"> </span>pode tornar </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yb8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">todas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>as <span class="_6 blank"> </span>plantas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>igualmente <span class="_6 blank"> </span>vul<span class="_8 blank"></span>neráveis <span class="_4 blank"> </span>à </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yb9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">pragas e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>moléstias ou <span class="_1 blank"> </span>estresses abióticos e </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yba ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">pode <span class="_4 blank"> </span>t<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ambém <span class="_4 blank"> </span>diminuir <span class="_4 blank"> </span>o <span class="_6 blank"> </span>interesse <span class="_6 blank"> </span>na <span class="_4 blank"> </span>m<span class="_1 blank"> </span>a-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc ybb ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">nutenção <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_7 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_6 blank"> </span>diversidade <span class="_6 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_6 blank"> </span>ampla </div><div class="t m7 xb hc ybc ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">nos <span class="_b blank"> </span>bancos <span class="_f blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>germoplasma <span class="_b blank"> </span>existentes, </div><div class="t m7 xb hc ybd ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">resultando <span class="_0 blank"> </span>no <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estreitamento <span class="_0 blank"> </span>da <span class="_5 blank"> </span>base <span class="_0 blank"> </span>gené-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc ybe ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">tica. </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb ybf ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Crescimento deso<span class="_8 blank"></span>rganizado:<span class="ff9"> Quando, <span class="_8 blank"></span>tecidos formados<span class="_8 blank"></span> in vitro, não ap<span class="_8 blank"></span>resentam estruturas<span class="_8 blank"></span> claramen-</span></div><div class="t m7 xb hc yc0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">te definidas e conté<span class="_8 blank"></span>m um número limitado<span class="_8 blank"></span> de célul<span class="_8 blank"></span>as especializadas e di<span class="_8 blank"></span>ferenciadas. Uma célul<span class="_8 blank"></span>a </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yc1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">diferenciada é a<span class="_8 blank"></span>quela que desenv<span class="_8 blank"></span>olveu forma esp<span class="_8 blank"></span>ecializada (morfolo<span class="_8 blank"></span>gia) ou função especiali<span class="_8 blank"></span>zada </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yc2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">(fisiologia). Um tecido o<span class="_8 blank"></span>rganizad<span class="_8 blank"></span>o é a agregação <span class="_8 blank"></span>de células diferenciada<span class="_8 blank"></span>s (ex. xil<span class="_8 blank"></span>ema ou epiderme). </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yc3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Por outro lado estrutu<span class="_8 blank"></span>ras indiferenciadas pode<span class="_8 blank"></span>m ocorre<span class="_8 blank"></span>r na indução de ca<span class="_8 blank"></span>los que são a<span class="_8 blank"></span>gregados </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yc4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">celulares desorganiz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ados que se originam<span class="_8 blank"></span> da proli<span class="_8 blank"></span>feração desordenada a p<span class="_8 blank"></span>artir de tecidos ou ór<span class="_8 blank"></span>-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc yc5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">gãos cultivados in v<span class="_8 blank"></span>itro e por meio de suspen<span class="_8 blank"></span>sões celul<span class="_8 blank"></span>ares que são a pr<span class="_8 blank"></span>oliferação de cél<span class="_8 blank"></span>ulas isola-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc yc6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">das ou pequenos a<span class="_8 blank"></span>glomerados de células di<span class="_8 blank"></span>spersos em um meio lí<span class="_8 blank"></span>quido, sob a<span class="_8 blank"></span>gitação </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb yc7 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Crescimento organizad<span class="_8 blank"></span>o \u2013<span class="ff9"> Tecido ou órg<span class="_8 blank"></span>ão de crescimen<span class="_8 blank"></span>to determinado <span class="_8 blank"></span>em produzir um nov<span class="_8 blank"></span>o órgão </span></div><div class="t m7 xb hc yc8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">(desenvolvimento)<span class="_8 blank"></span> de forma a resultar<span class="_8 blank"></span> novas estruturas<span class="_8 blank"></span> vegetais. Crescim<span class="_8 blank"></span>ento pós meristemático<span class="_8 blank"></span>. </div><div class="t m7 x7 hb yc9 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Competência celular<span class="_8 blank"></span>:<span class="ff9"> Capacidade das célul<span class="_8 blank"></span>as reagire<span class="_8 blank"></span>m a sinais (que pod<span class="_8 blank"></span>em ser reguladores de c<span class="_8 blank"></span>resci-</span></div><div class="t m7 xb hc yca ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">mento) especí<span class="_8 blank"></span>ficos de desenv<span class="_8 blank"></span>olvimento. Diz respe<span class="_8 blank"></span>ito à capacidade das<span class="_8 blank"></span> células em expressa<span class="_8 blank"></span>r um </div><div class="t m7 xb hc ycb ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">potencial inerente. Es<span class="_8 blank"></span>ta habilid<span class="_8 blank"></span>ade da célula pode se dar por: a)<span class="_8 blank"></span> Ativação que pode<span class="_8 blank"></span> ser definida </div><div class="t m7 xb hc ycc ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">como a mudança na<span class="_8 blank"></span> competência env<span class="_8 blank"></span>olve<span class="_8 blank"></span>ndo a rediferenciação de determina<span class="_8 blank"></span>das células (modelo<span class="_8 blank"></span>s </div><div class="t m7 xb hc ycd ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">diretos); b) Indução<span class="_8 blank"></span>: que pode ser de<span class="_8 blank"></span>finida como <span class="_8 blank"></span>a iniciação de uma <span class="_8 blank"></span>resposta particular<span class="_8 blank"></span> de diferen-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc yce ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ciação a partir da de<span class="_8 blank"></span>sdiferenciação celul<span class="_8 blank"></span>ar (mod<span class="_8 blank"></span>elos indiretos). A induçã<span class="_8 blank"></span>o está associada<span class="_8 blank"></span> à proces-</div><div class="t m7 xb hc ycf ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">sos de desdi<span class="_8 blank"></span>ferenciação, que pode ser<span class="_8 blank"></span> definida como a (re)en<span class="_8 blank"></span>trada no ciclo cel<span class="_8 blank"></span>ular. Buvat (1944<span class="_8 blank"></span>) </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yd0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">demonstrou que a<span class="_8 blank"></span> desdiferenciação celul<span class="_8 blank"></span>ar consi<span class="_8 blank"></span>ste de dois estágios: re<span class="_8 blank"></span>gressão à capacidade<span class="_8 blank"></span> de </div><div class="t m7 xb hc yd1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">divisão e retorno à e<span class="_8 blank"></span>strutura citológica de<span class="_8 blank"></span> célula meristemá<span class="_8 blank"></span>tica (embrionária) </div><div class="t m8 xc h10 yd2 ff7 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Página 3 </div><div class="t m0 xd hf yd3 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura 02 </div><div class="t m0 xd hf yd4 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura 02 <span class="_10 blank"></span>Figura 02 </div><div class="t m0 xd hf yd3 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura 02 <span class="_1 blank"> </span>-</div><div class="t m0 xe hf yd4 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws6">-<span class="_11 blank"></span>-</div><div class="t m0 xe hf yd3 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">-<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 xf hf yd4 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> <span class="_12 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xf hf yd3 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2"> Exploração da variação genética em uma geração, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>através da </div><div class="t m0 x10 hf yd5 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">clonagem de genótipos superiores. </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/2ecd83ba-7c18-47e8-b138-31d962552bb2/bg4.png"><div class="t m6 x7 h9 y64 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>B<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>/<span class="_0 blank"> </span>U<span class="_2 blank"> </span>F<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_0 blank"> </span>P<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>U<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>&<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>;<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>Ç<span class="_2 blank"> </span>Ã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_2 blank"> </span>T<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>H<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0<span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6<span class="_0 blank"> </span>)<span class="_2 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb yd6 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Cultura de órgãos:<span class="_8 blank"></span><span class="ff9"> Formas organiz<span class="_8 blank"></span>adas de cresci<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento podem ser ma<span class="_8 blank"></span>ntidas continuamen<span class="_8 blank"></span>te in vi<span class="_8 blank"></span>tro. In-</span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yd7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">clui o isolamento assép<span class="_8 blank"></span>tico de estruturas de<span class="_8 blank"></span>finidas como pri<span class="_8 blank"></span>mórdios e segmentos <span class="_8 blank"></span>foliares. Para os </div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yd8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">propósitos da microp<span class="_8 blank"></span>ropagação, os <span class="_8 blank"></span>mais importantes tipos são<span class="_8 blank"></span>: </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb yd9 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">f) Cultura de meris<span class="_8 blank"></span>temas:<span class="ff9"> Ápices me<span class="_8 blank"></span>ristemáticos consistindo<span class="_8 blank"></span> do domo ap<span class="_8 blank"></span>ical isentos ou contend<span class="_8 blank"></span>o um ou </span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yda ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">dois primórdios foli<span class="_8 blank"></span>ares. Originam eix<span class="_8 blank"></span>os unipolares caulinares. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb ydb ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">g) Cultura de ápices ca<span class="_8 blank"></span>ulinares \u2013<span class="ff9"> Iniciada<span class="_8 blank"></span> a partir de ápices caul<span class="_8 blank"></span>inares ou<span class="_8 blank"></span> gemas laterais. Empre<span class="_8 blank"></span>gada </span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc ydc ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">para estabelecer cultura<span class="_8 blank"></span>s que originam multí<span class="_8 blank"></span>gemas, gemas, eix<span class="_8 blank"></span>os ou brotações cauli<span class="_8 blank"></span>nares múltipl<span class="_8 blank"></span>os. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb ydd ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">h) Culturas de seg<span class="_8 blank"></span>mentos nodais \u2013<span class="ff9"> Con<span class="_8 blank"></span>tém segmentos<span class="_8 blank"></span> caulinares <span class="_8 blank"></span>que carregam gemas simple<span class="_8 blank"></span>s ou </span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yde ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">múltiplas. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb ydf ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">i) Cultura (ou resgate<span class="_8 blank"></span>) de embriões \u2013<span class="ff9"> E<span class="_8 blank"></span>mbriões z<span class="_8 blank"></span>igóticos são excisado<span class="_8 blank"></span>s e cultivados para da<span class="_8 blank"></span>r origem à </span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc ye0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">plântulas. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb ye1 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">j) Cultura de raízes <span class="_8 blank"></span>isoladas \u2013<span class="ff9"> Raí<span class="_8 blank"></span>zes cultivadas se<span class="_8 blank"></span>m conexão com os e<span class="_8 blank"></span>ixos cauli<span class="_8 blank"></span>nares, originando no-</span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc ye2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">vas raízes. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb ye3 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws3">Diferenciação:<span class="ff9 ws2"> proce<span class="_8 blank"></span>sso de dive<span class="_8 blank"></span>rsificação das caracte<span class="_8 blank"></span>rísticas bioquímica<span class="_8 blank"></span>s, anatômicas, mor<span class="_8 blank"></span>fológicas e </span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc ye4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">fisiológicas, ocorrida nas<span class="_8 blank"></span> células, nos teci<span class="_8 blank"></span>dos ou ór<span class="_8 blank"></span>gãos durante o desenv<span class="_8 blank"></span>olvimento a partir do<span class="_8 blank"></span> esta-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc ye5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">do meristemático ou <span class="_8 blank"></span>juvenil para o adul<span class="_8 blank"></span>to. As células do e<span class="_8 blank"></span>mbrião meristema api<span class="_8 blank"></span>cal são exemplos d<span class="_8 blank"></span>e </div><div class="t m7 x12 hc ye6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">estado indiferenciado<span class="_8 blank"></span>, as quais ganha<span class="_8 blank"></span>m novas competências<span class="_8 blank"></span> se tornando <span class="_8 blank"></span>diferenciadas. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb ye7 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Desdiferenciação ce<span class="_8 blank"></span>lular:<span class="ff9"> retorno de célul<span class="_8 blank"></span>as diferenciadas ao<span class="_8 blank"></span> estado me<span class="_8 blank"></span>ristemático não di<span class="_8 blank"></span>ferenciado. </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hb ye8 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Determinação celula<span class="_8 blank"></span>r:<span class="ff9"> Processo pelo<span class="_8 blank"></span> qual o poten<span class="_8 blank"></span>cial de desenvol<span class="_8 blank"></span>vimento de uma célula to<span class="_8 blank"></span>rna-se limita-</span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc ye9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">do a uma rota especí<span class="_8 blank"></span>fica (Christianson,1985<span class="_8 blank"></span>). A determina<span class="_8 blank"></span>ção celular diz<span class="_8 blank"></span> respeito a uma canaliz<span class="_8 blank"></span>a-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yea ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ção progressiva no dese<span class="_8 blank"></span>nvolv<span class="_8 blank"></span>imento. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb yeb ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws3">Epigênese:<span class="ff9 ws2"> Ativ<span class="_8 blank"></span>ação seletiva e di<span class="_8 blank"></span>ferencial de genes (repro<span class="_8 blank"></span>gramação celul<span class="_8 blank"></span>ar). Um exemplo<span class="_8 blank"></span> comumente </span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yec ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">citado como represen<span class="_8 blank"></span>tativo em uma planta<span class="_8 blank"></span> intacta é a transi<span class="_8 blank"></span>ção da fase <span class="_8 blank"></span>juvenil para a <span class="_8 blank"></span>fase adulta. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb yed ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Epistasia: <span class="ff9">refere-se à<span class="_8 blank"></span> inativação de um (<span class="_8 blank"></span>trans)gene (o supres<span class="_8 blank"></span>sor) sobre um outro<span class="_8 blank"></span> (trans)gene. </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hb yee ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws3">Indução:<span class="ff9 ws2"> é o desencade<span class="_8 blank"></span>amento de um <span class="_8 blank"></span>processo morfo<span class="_8 blank"></span>genético pela expo<span class="_8 blank"></span>sição do explante a<span class="_8 blank"></span> um estí<span class="_8 blank"></span>mu-</span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yef ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">lo físico, químico ou biol<span class="_8 blank"></span>ógico. A indução<span class="_8 blank"></span> envol<span class="_8 blank"></span>ve o controle da expressão<span class="_8 blank"></span> gênica, embo<span class="_8 blank"></span>ra não seja </div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yf0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">um fenômeno gené<span class="_8 blank"></span>tico, pois não ocorre<span class="_8 blank"></span> ganho ou perda genética<span class="_8 blank"></span> (modificação aléli<span class="_8 blank"></span>ca ou genotí<span class="_8 blank"></span>pi-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yf1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ca). Refere-se so<span class="_8 blank"></span>mente a expressão dos<span class="_8 blank"></span> genes <span class="_8 blank"></span>pré existentes. Em cul<span class="_8 blank"></span>tura de tecidos, é a<span class="_8 blank"></span> sinaliz<span class="_8 blank"></span>a-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yf2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ção por um fitormônio<span class="_8 blank"></span> a uma respos<span class="_8 blank"></span>ta especí<span class="_8 blank"></span>fica a nível celul<span class="_8 blank"></span>ar. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb yf3 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws3">Haplóide:<span class="ff9 ws2"> indiví<span class="_8 blank"></span>duo que apresenta o nú<span class="_8 blank"></span>mero de cromosso<span class="_8 blank"></span>moss igual ao do<span class="_8 blank"></span> gametófito ou da haplo<span class="_8 blank"></span>fase </span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yf4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">(n). de maneira mai<span class="_8 blank"></span>s especí<span class="_8 blank"></span>fica, plantas haplóides são aquelas<span class="_8 blank"></span> com carga cro<span class="_8 blank"></span>mossômica não dupl<span class="_8 blank"></span>i-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yf5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">cada, monoplóides. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb yf6 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Hormônios ve<span class="_8 blank"></span>getais:<span class="ff9"> No presente co<span class="_8 blank"></span>ntexto este tê<span class="_8 blank"></span>rmo define uma das <span class="_8 blank"></span>classes de compostos<span class="_8 blank"></span> que regu-</span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yf7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">lam processos de desen<span class="_8 blank"></span>volvi<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento (morfogênese) em planta<span class="_8 blank"></span>s, sendo, prov<span class="_8 blank"></span>avelmente, os mais im<span class="_8 blank"></span>-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yf8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">portantes mediadores<span class="_8 blank"></span> na transdução d<span class="_8 blank"></span>e sinais. Os hormônios são<span class="_8 blank"></span> moléculas re<span class="_8 blank"></span>gulatórias de ocor-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yf9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">rência natural que a<span class="_8 blank"></span>gem como sinai<span class="_8 blank"></span>s químicos para re<span class="_8 blank"></span>gular o crescimento e<span class="_8 blank"></span> o desenvolv<span class="_8 blank"></span>imento </div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yfa ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">(morfogênese). Fito<span class="_8 blank"></span>rreguladores ou re<span class="_8 blank"></span>guladores de cresci<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento são subs<span class="_8 blank"></span>tâncias sintéticas<span class="_8 blank"></span> que mi-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yfb ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">metizam os efeitos dos<span class="_8 blank"></span> hormônios no <span class="_8 blank"></span>metabolismo celular.<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb yfc ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws3">Meristema:<span class="ff9 ws2"> tecido comp<span class="_8 blank"></span>osto de células não<span class="_8 blank"></span> diferenciada<span class="_8 blank"></span>s, envolvid<span class="_8 blank"></span>o com síntese protoplasmática <span class="_8 blank"></span>e for-</span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yfd ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">mação de novas célul<span class="_8 blank"></span>as por divi<span class="_8 blank"></span>são mitótica. Sem especi<span class="_8 blank"></span>ficação, o termo re<span class="_8 blank"></span>fere-se normalmente<span class="_8 blank"></span> ao </div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yfe ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">meristema apical do caul<span class="_8 blank"></span>e (região local<span class="_8 blank"></span>izada numa depressão<span class="_8 blank"></span> central que d<span class="_8 blank"></span>á origem aos mais<span class="_8 blank"></span> novos </div><div class="t m7 x12 hc yff ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">primórdios foliares<span class="_8 blank"></span> de tamanho variáv<span class="_8 blank"></span>el entre es<span class="_8 blank"></span>pécies vegetais, normal<span class="_8 blank"></span>mente formado por<span class="_8 blank"></span> uma por-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc y100 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ção de 60 a 100 célul<span class="_8 blank"></span>as isodiamétricas<span class="_8 blank"></span> indiferenciadas, que<span class="_8 blank"></span> mantém perman<span class="_8 blank"></span>entemente as caracte<span class="_8 blank"></span>-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc y101 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">rísticas embrionárias<span class="_8 blank"></span> primárias. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y102 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws3">Micropropagação:<span class="ff9 ws2"> Prop<span class="_8 blank"></span>agação clonal ma<span class="_8 blank"></span>ssal de um <span class="_8 blank"></span>genótipo selecionado por<span class="_8 blank"></span> técnicas de cultura<span class="_8 blank"></span> in vi-</span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc y103 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">tro. Este têrmo, utiliz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ado primeiramente<span class="_8 blank"></span> por Hartman e Kes<span class="_8 blank"></span>ter (1975), passo<span class="_8 blank"></span>u a ser empregado pa<span class="_8 blank"></span>ra </div><div class="t m7 x12 hc y104 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">definir os processos de<span class="_8 blank"></span> propagação ve<span class="_8 blank"></span>getativa na cultura<span class="_8 blank"></span> de tecidos v<span class="_8 blank"></span>egetais. </div><div class="t m8 xc h10 yd2 ff7 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Página 4 </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/2ecd83ba-7c18-47e8-b138-31d962552bb2/bg5.png"><div class="t m6 x7 h9 y64 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>B<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>/<span class="_0 blank"> </span>U<span class="_2 blank"> </span>F<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_0 blank"> </span>P<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>U<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>&<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>;<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>Ç<span class="_2 blank"> </span>Ã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_2 blank"> </span>T<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>H<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0<span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6<span class="_0 blank"> </span>)<span class="_2 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y9c ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws3">Morfogênese:<span class="ff9 ws2"> Inte<span class="_8 blank"></span>gração entre crescimen<span class="_8 blank"></span>to (mudan<span class="_8 blank"></span>ças quantitativas) e d<span class="_8 blank"></span>iferenciação (altera<span class="_8 blank"></span>ções quali-</span></div><div class="t m7 x12 hc y9d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">tativas), mediada por <span class="_8 blank"></span>divisão e especi<span class="_8 blank"></span>aliza<span class="_8 blank"></span>ção celular. A morfogênese é o resul<span class="_8 blank"></span>tado de um comple<span class="_8 blank"></span>xo </div><div class="t m7 x12 hc y105 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">controle hormonal múl<span class="_8 blank"></span>tiplo, espacial e te<span class="_8 blank"></span>mporal, através da <span class="_8 blank"></span>regulação e ex<span class="_8 blank"></span>pressão de sistemas<span class="_8 blank"></span> gêni-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc y9f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">cos múltiplos. A mo<span class="_8 blank"></span>rfogênese na plan<span class="_8 blank"></span>ta intacta é mediada pela<span class="_8 blank"></span> ação correl<span class="_8 blank"></span>ativa dos meristemas e<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x12 hc ya0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">de seus produtos. Na cul<span class="_8 blank"></span>tura de tecido<span class="_8 blank"></span>s vegetais, ao<span class="_8 blank"></span> se romper as correlaç<span class="_8 blank"></span>ões endógenas<span class="_8 blank"></span> os teci-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc y106 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">dos ficam sujeitos às<span class="_8 blank"></span> condições ex<span class="_8 blank"></span>ógenas, representadas no<span class="_8 blank"></span> caso pelos f<span class="_8 blank"></span>itorreguladores adici<span class="_8 blank"></span>ona-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc y107 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">dos ao meio de cultu<span class="_8 blank"></span>ra. A mor<span class="_8 blank"></span>fogênese in vitro passa então<span class="_8 blank"></span> a ser modula<span class="_8 blank"></span>da pelo balanço de<span class="_8 blank"></span> fitorre-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc ya3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">guladores adicionado<span class="_8 blank"></span>s ao meio de cultu<span class="_8 blank"></span>ra. Isto foi comprovado ex<span class="_8 blank"></span>perimentalmente<span class="_8 blank"></span> por Skoog e M<span class="_8 blank"></span>il-</div><div class="t m7 x12 hc ya4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ler (1955) e cujos resul<span class="_8 blank"></span>tados são suma<span class="_8 blank"></span>rizados na figura 03<span class="_8 blank"></span>. </div><div class="t m8 xc h10 yd2 ff7 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Página 5 </div><div class="t m0 x13 hf y108 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura 03</div><div class="t m0 x13 hf y109 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura 03<span class="_13 blank"></span>Figura 03</div><div class="t m0 x13 hf y108 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura 03 - Morfogênese in vitro modulada pelo balanço de fitorreg<span class="_1 blank"> </span>uladores adicionados ao meio de cultura. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y10a ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws3">Totipotencialidade<span class="_8 blank"></span>:<span class="ff9 ws2"> Pri<span class="_8 blank"></span>ncípio <span class="_a blank"> </span>biológico credita<span class="_8 blank"></span>do ao<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_a blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>isiologis<span class="_8 blank"></span>ta v<span class="_8 blank"></span>egetal <span class="_a blank"> </span>alemão Haberlan<span class="_8 blank"></span>dt, <span class="_a blank"> </span>que em </span></div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y10b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">1902, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>enunciou <span class="_1 blank"> </span>que <span class="_2 blank"> </span>cada <span class="_2 blank"> </span>célula <span class="_2 blank"> </span>vegetal <span class="_2 blank"> </span>possuía <span class="_1 blank"> </span>o <span class="_2 blank"> </span>potencial <span class="_2 blank"> </span>genético <span class="_2 blank"> </span>para <span class="_1 blank"> </span>reproduzir <span class="_2 blank"> </span>um <span class="_2 blank"> </span>organismo </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y10c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">inteiro. <span class="_c blank"> </span>Como <span class="_9 blank"> </span>corolário, <span class="_c blank"> </span>este <span class="_9 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>isiologista <span class="_9 blank"> </span>elaborou <span class="_c blank"> </span>previsões <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>que <span class="_c blank"> </span>tecidos, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>células <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>órgãos </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y10d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">poderiam ser mantidas i<span class="_8 blank"></span>ndefinidamente em cul<span class="_8 blank"></span>tura. De certa forma o concei<span class="_8 blank"></span>to de totipotencialidade já<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y10e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">era inerente à t<span class="_1 blank"> </span>eoria celul<span class="_8 blank"></span>ar de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Schleiden e Schwan (1838 apud Vasil et <span class="_1 blank"> </span>al., 1979) ao postularem que </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y10f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">algumas <span class="_14 blank"> </span>células <span class="_14 blank"> </span>eram<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_14 blank"> </span>capazes <span class="_14 blank"> </span>de <span class="_14 blank"> </span>serem <span class="_14 blank"> </span>separadas <span class="_14 blank"> </span>do <span class="_14 blank"> </span>or<span class="_8 blank"></span>ganismo <span class="_14 blank"> </span>e <span class="_14 blank"> </span>continuar <span class="_14 blank"> </span>a <span class="_14 blank"> </span>crescer<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y110 ff8 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2">3. <span class="_b blank"> </span>MECANISMOS <span class="_b blank"> </span>REP<span class="_8 blank"></span>RODUT<span class="_8 blank"></span>IVOS <span class="_b blank"> </span>E <span class="_b blank"> </span>PADRÕES <span class="_b blank"> </span>DE <span class="_c blank"> </span>DESENVOLVIMENTO <span class="_b blank"> </span>ENT<span class="_8 blank"></span>RE <span class="_b blank"> </span>ANIMA<span class="_8 blank"></span>IS <span class="_b blank"> </span>E<span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y111 ff8 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws3">PLANTA<span class="_8 blank"></span>S<span class="ff9 ws2"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y112 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">Plantas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>ani<span class="_8 blank"></span>mais <span class="_4 blank"> </span>apresentam <span class="_4 blank"> </span>similaridades <span class="_4 blank"> </span>na <span class="_3 blank"> </span>nat<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ureza <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>seu <span class="_4 blank"> </span>material <span class="_4 blank"> </span>g<span class="_1 blank"> </span>enético <span class="_3 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>nos <span class="_4 blank"> </span>mecanismos </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y113 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">pelos <span class="_4 blank"> </span>quais <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>informação <span class="_4 blank"> </span>genética <span class="_4 blank"> </span>é <span class="_6 blank"> </span>processada <span class="_3 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>utilizada. <span class="_4 blank"> </span>Nos <span class="_4 blank"> </span>outros <span class="_6 blank"> </span>níveis <span class="_4 blank"> </span>as <span class="_4 blank"> </span>dif<span class="_1 blank"> </span>erenças <span class="_4 blank"> </span>são </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y114 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">óbvias e consideráv<span class="_8 blank"></span>eis: </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y115 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">A<span class="_8 blank"></span>) <span class="_7 blank"> </span><span class="ff9">Plantas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>não <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estabelecem <span class="_0 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_0 blank"> </span>linhagem <span class="_0 blank"> </span>germinativa <span class="_2 blank"> </span>es<span class="_1 blank"> </span>pecí<span class="_8 blank"></span>fica, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>não <span class="_0 blank"> </span>havendo <span class="_2 blank"> </span>distinção <span class="_5 blank"> </span>entre <span class="_0 blank"> </span>células </span></div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y116 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">que <span class="_1 blank"> </span>formam <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o <span class="_2 blank"> </span>organismo <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>as <span class="_1 blank"> </span>células <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reprodutivas.<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Em <span class="_2 blank"> </span>animais <span class="_1 blank"> </span>os <span class="_1 blank"> </span>g<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ame<span class="_8 blank"></span>tas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>são <span class="_2 blank"> </span>produzidos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>apenas </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y117 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">por <span class="_0 blank"> </span>células-filhas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>desce<span class="_8 blank"></span>ndentes <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_0 blank"> </span>linhagem <span class="_2 blank"> </span>germinativa. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Todas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>células <span class="_0 blank"> </span>vegetais <span class="_0 blank"> </span>nucleadas,<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc yc7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">possuem, <span class="_c blank"> </span>em <span class="_c blank"> </span>princípio, <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>capacidade <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>produz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ir <span class="_c blank"> </span>um<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>novo <span class="_c blank"> </span>individuo <span class="_c blank"> </span>(totipotencialidade) <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y118 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">possibilid<span class="_8 blank"></span>ade <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>uma <span class="_c blank"> </span>célula <span class="_b blank"> </span>produzir <span class="_c blank"> </span>gametas <span class="_b blank"> </span>é <span class="_b blank"> </span>apenas <span class="_c blank"> </span>uma <span class="_b blank"> </span>função <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>sua <span class="_b blank"> </span>locali<span class="_8 blank"></span>zação <span class="_b blank"> </span>no<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y119 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">organismo. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y11a ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws3">B)<span class="ff9 ws2"> Plantas se reproduz<span class="_8 blank"></span>em tanto sexuada<span class="_8 blank"></span> como assexu<span class="_8 blank"></span>adamente. </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y11b ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">C) <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ff9">O <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ciclo <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>vida <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_2 blank"> </span>planta <span class="_2 blank"> </span>é <span class="_2 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_2 blank"> </span>elaborado <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>complexo <span class="_2 blank"> </span>do <span class="_2 blank"> </span>que <span class="_2 blank"> </span>em <span class="_2 blank"> </span>animais. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Neste <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reprodução </span></div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y11c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">resulta <span class="_f blank"> </span>da <span class="_b blank"> </span>produção <span class="_f blank"> </span>direta <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>gametas <span class="_b blank"> </span>como <span class="_b blank"> </span>r<span class="_1 blank"> </span>esultado <span class="_b blank"> </span>da <span class="_f blank"> </span>meiose <span class="_b blank"> </span>na <span class="_f blank"> </span>linhagem <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_f blank"> </span>células </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y11d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">germinativas. O ciclo de vida das plantas envolve duas ger<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ações alternant<span class="_8 blank"></span>es. A geração dominante é </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y11e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>esporofítica <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>inicia <span class="_5 blank"> </span>c<span class="_1 blank"> </span>om <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ertiliz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>do <span class="_5 blank"> </span>ovo <span class="_3 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>culmina <span class="_3 blank"> </span>com <span class="_5 blank"> </span>o <span class="_3 blank"> </span>desenvolvi<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento <span class="_5 blank"> </span>e <span class="_3 blank"> </span>maturação. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>A </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y11f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">geração <span class="_9 blank"> </span>gametofítica, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>através <span class="_9 blank"> </span>da <span class="_9 blank"> </span>microsporogênese <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>megasporogênese <span class="_9 blank"> </span>gera <span class="_9 blank"> </span>respectiv<span class="_8 blank"></span>amente </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y120 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">pólen <span class="_4 blank"> </span>e <span class="_4 blank"> </span>saco <span class="_6 blank"> </span>embrionário. <span class="_4 blank"> </span>Um <span class="_6 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_4 blank"> </span>núcleos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>da <span class="_6 blank"> </span>célula <span class="_4 blank"> </span>espermática <span class="_4 blank"> </span>masculina <span class="_4 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ecunda <span class="_4 blank"> </span>o <span class="_6 blank"> </span>ovo <span class="_4 blank"> </span>para </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y121 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">formar o zigôto, marcando o fim da geração gametofítica e o iníci<span class="_8 blank"></span>o da esporofítica. A embriogênese é<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y122 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">acompanhada <span class="_5 blank"> </span>pela <span class="_5 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ormaçã<span class="_8 blank"></span>o <span class="_5 blank"> </span>da <span class="_3 blank"> </span>semente. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>q<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ue <span class="_0 blank"> </span>é, <span class="_3 blank"> </span>em <span class="_3 blank"> </span>última <span class="_5 blank"> </span>análise, <span class="_3 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_3 blank"> </span>estrutura <span class="_5 blank"> </span>complexa <span class="_0 blank"> </span>par<span class="_1 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m7 x14 hc y123 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">nutrir o embrião.</div><div class="t m0 x15 hd y124 ff9 fs1 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/2ecd83ba-7c18-47e8-b138-31d962552bb2/bg6.png"><div class="t m6 x7 h9 y64 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>B<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>/<span class="_0 blank"> </span>U<span class="_2 blank"> </span>F<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_0 blank"> </span>P<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>U<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>&<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>;<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>Ç<span class="_2 blank"> </span>Ã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_2 blank"> </span>T<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>H<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0<span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6<span class="_0 blank"> </span>)<span class="_2 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y125 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">O <span class="_b blank"> </span>desenvolv<span class="_8 blank"></span>imento <span class="_b blank"> </span>animal <span class="_b blank"> </span>pode <span class="_c blank"> </span>ser <span class="_b blank"> </span>confundido <span class="_c blank"> </span>com </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y126 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">desenvolvi<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento <span class="_9 blank"> </span>embriológico, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_9 blank"> </span>vez <span class="_9 blank"> </span>que <span class="_9 blank"> </span>nesta </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y127 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">fase <span class="_7 blank"> </span>são <span class="_a blank"> </span>formados <span class="_7 blank"> </span>os <span class="_7 blank"> </span>órgãos <span class="_7 blank"> </span>componentes <span class="_7 blank"> </span>do <span class="_7 blank"> </span>seu </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y128 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">organismo. <span class="_15 blank"> </span>Possivel<span class="_8 blank"></span>mente <span class="_15 blank"> </span>isto <span class="_15 blank"> </span>confere <span class="_15 blank"> </span>maior </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y129 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">determinação <span class="_9 blank"> </span>(canaliz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ação <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>desenvo<span class="_8 blank"></span>lvimento) <span class="_9 blank"> </span>às </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y12a ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">células vegetais <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>o <span class="_1 blank"> </span>retorno <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ao <span class="_1 blank"> </span>estado em<span class="_1 blank"> </span>brionár<span class="_8 blank"></span>io de </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y12b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">uma <span class="_1 blank"> </span>célula animal <span class="_1 blank"> </span>adulta som<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ente ocorre <span class="_1 blank"> </span>por <span class="_1 blank"> </span>meio <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y12c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">transferência <span class="_14 blank"> </span>nuclear <span class="_e blank"> </span>que <span class="_e blank"> </span>gerou <span class="_e blank"> </span>a <span class="_e blank"> </span>clona<span class="_8 blank"></span>gem <span class="_e blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y12d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">ovelha <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Dolly <span class="_16 blank"> </span>(Fig. <span class="_16 blank"> </span>4).<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Ao <span class="_16 blank"> </span>contrário, <span class="_16 blank"> </span>no </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y12e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">desenvolvi<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento <span class="_2 blank"> </span>embr<span class="_1 blank"> </span>io<span class="_8 blank"></span>nário <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>plantas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>superiores <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y12f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">maior <span class="_a blank"> </span>parte <span class="_7 blank"> </span>dos sis<span class="_8 blank"></span>temas <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de tecid<span class="_8 blank"></span>os <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>órgãos<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_7 blank"> </span>não </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y130 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">estão <span class="_1 blank"> </span>presentes. <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Estes <span class="_1 blank"> </span>somente <span class="_1 blank"> </span>são <span class="_1 blank"> </span>formados <span class="_1 blank"> </span>depois </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y131 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">da <span class="_1 blank"> </span>germinação e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a longo <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da <span class="_1 blank"> </span>vida da <span class="_1 blank"> </span>planta através <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y132 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">diferenciação <span class="_17 blank"> </span>de <span class="_17 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_17 blank"> </span>linhagem <span class="_17 blank"> </span>de <span class="_17 blank"> </span>célula<span class="_8 blank"></span>s </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y133 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws2">embrionárias <span class="_18 blank"> </span>mantidas <span class="_18 blank"> </span>nos <span class="_18 blank"> </span>meristemas. <span class="_18 blank"> </span><span class="fc4">Outro<span class="_8 blank"></span> </span></div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y134 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">aspecto <span class="_b blank"> </span>que <span class="_f blank"> </span>diferencia <span class="_b blank"> </span>a <span class="_f blank"> </span>morfogênese <span class="_b blank"> </span>animal <span class="_b blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y135 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">vegetal <span class="_b blank"> </span>é <span class="_b blank"> </span>que <span class="_b blank"> </span>na <span class="_b blank"> </span>primeira, <span class="_b blank"> </span>as <span class="_b blank"> </span>células, <span class="_b blank"> </span>tornam-se </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y136 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">direcionadas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>para <span class="_2 blank"> </span>um <span class="_0 blank"> </span>caminho <span class="_2 blank"> </span>particular <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>especí<span class="_8 blank"></span>fico </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y137 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">de <span class="_19 blank"> </span>desenvolvi<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>enquanto <span class="_19 blank"> </span>que <span class="_19 blank"> </span>nas <span class="_19 blank"> </span>c<span class="_8 blank"></span>élulas </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y138 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">vegetais <span class="_b blank"> </span>este <span class="_f blank"> </span>direci<span class="_8 blank"></span>onamento <span class="_b blank"> </span>pode <span class="_b blank"> </span>ser<span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_b blank"> </span>reversív<span class="_8 blank"></span>el. </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y139 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Toda <span class="_7 blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>célula <span class="_7 blank"> </span>nucleada, <span class="_7 blank"> </span>mesmo <span class="_7 blank"> </span>diferenciada, <span class="_7 blank"> </span>pode </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y13a ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ser induzida à uma re-entrada no ciclo mitótico, desde </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y13b ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">que <span class="_14 blank"> </span>ativa<span class="_8 blank"></span>da <span class="_14 blank"> </span>com <span class="_14 blank"> </span>o <span class="_14 blank"> </span>sina<span class="_8 blank"></span>l <span class="_14 blank"> </span>adequado. <span class="_14 blank"> </span>E<span class="_8 blank"></span>m <span class="_14 blank"> </span>células<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y13c ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">animais, <span class="_f blank"> </span>portanto<span class="_8 blank"></span>, <span class="_f blank"> </span>a <span class="_f blank"> </span>totipotencia<span class="_8 blank"></span>lidade <span class="_b blank"> </span>encontra-se </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y13d ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">restrita <span class="_1a blank"> </span>a <span class="_1a blank"> </span>uma <span class="_1a blank"> </span>fase <span class="_1a blank"> </span>espe<span class="_8 blank"></span>cífica <span class="_1a blank"> </span>e <span class="_1a blank"> </span>limitada <span class="_1a blank"> </span>d<span class="_8 blank"></span>o </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y13e ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">desenvolvi<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento embrion<span class="_8 blank"></span>ário. A <span class="_a blank"> </span>migração celular <span class="_a blank"> </span>é </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y13f ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">componente <span class="_19 blank"> </span>importan<span class="_8 blank"></span>te <span class="_19 blank"> </span>da <span class="_1b blank"> </span>morfogênese <span class="_19 blank"> </span>animal<span class="_8 blank"></span>. </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y140 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Células animais possuem motilidade e migram em </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y141 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">direções <span class="_9 blank"> </span>definidas <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>acordo <span class="_c blank"> </span>com <span class="_c blank"> </span>as <span class="_9 blank"> </span>informações </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y142 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">recebidas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>outras <span class="_4 blank"> </span>células. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Por <span class="_4 blank"> </span>sua <span class="_6 blank"> </span>vez, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_6 blank"> </span>rota <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y143 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">desenvolvi<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento <span class="_1c blank"> </span>de <span class="_1c blank"> </span>uma <span class="_1c blank"> </span>célula <span class="_1c blank"> </span>v<span class="_8 blank"></span>egetal <span class="_1d blank"> </span>é </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y144 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">determinada <span class="_1 blank"> </span>pela <span class="_2 blank"> </span>sua <span class="_2 blank"> </span>p<span class="_1 blank"> </span>osição <span class="_1 blank"> </span>na <span class="_2 blank"> </span>estr<span class="_1 blank"> </span>utura <span class="_2 blank"> </span>da <span class="_2 blank"> </span>planta. </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y145 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Não <span class="_0 blank"> </span>apresentando <span class="_5 blank"> </span>mobilidade, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>posição <span class="_5 blank"> </span>das <span class="_5 blank"> </span>células </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y146 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">vegetais <span class="_7 blank"> </span>é <span class="_a blank"> </span>determina<span class="_8 blank"></span>da <span class="_7 blank"> </span>pelos <span class="_a blank"> </span>planos <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_7 blank"> </span>divisão <span class="_7 blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y147 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">célula-mãe. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>M<span class="_8 blank"></span>esmo <span class="_6 blank"> </span>conside<span class="_8 blank"></span>rando <span class="_6 blank"> </span>que <span class="_6 blank"> </span>as <span class="_6 blank"> </span>intera<span class="_8 blank"></span>ções </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y148 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">entre <span class="_18 blank"> </span>as <span class="_18 blank"> </span>cél<span class="_8 blank"></span>ulas <span class="_1e blank"> </span>têm <span class="_1e blank"> </span>papel <span class="_1e blank"> </span>fundamental <span class="_1e blank"> </span>na </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y149 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">morfogênese <span class="_1f blank"> </span>animal <span class="_1f blank"> </span>e <span class="_1f blank"> </span>vegetal, <span class="_1f blank"> </span>a <span class="_1f blank"> </span>natureza <span class="_1f blank"> </span>das </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y14a ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">informações <span class="_3 blank"> </span>trocadas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>é <span class="_5 blank"> </span>m<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ais <span class="_3 blank"> </span>limitada <span class="_3 blank"> </span>em <span class="_4 blank"> </span>plantas <span class="_3 blank"> </span>do </div><div class="t m7 x16 hc y14b ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">que em animais. </div><div class="t m8 xc h10 yd2 ff7 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Página 6 </div><div class="t m0 x11 hf y14c ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura 04 </div><div class="t m0 x11 hf y14d ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura 04 <span class="_10 blank"></span>Figura 04 </div><div class="t m0 x11 hf y14c ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura 04 \u2013 Processo de obtenção de clones animais </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y14e ff8 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y14f ff8 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2">4 MEIOS DE CULT<span class="_8 blank"></span>IVO<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y150 ff8 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2">4.1. INTRODUÇÃ<span class="_8 blank"></span>O<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y151 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Meios de cultiv<span class="_8 blank"></span>o são combinações de sais <span class="_8 blank"></span>minerais (macro<span class="_8 blank"></span> e micronutrien<span class="_8 blank"></span>tes), carboidratos, v<span class="_8 blank"></span>itaminas e </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y152 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">reguladores de crescime<span class="_8 blank"></span>nto. Podem ser<span class="_8 blank"></span> sólidos (ad<span class="_8 blank"></span>icionando-se ágar ou o<span class="_8 blank"></span>utro agente para <span class="_8 blank"></span>geleificação) </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y153 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ou líquidos, de acordo <span class="_8 blank"></span>com o protocol<span class="_8 blank"></span>o para o si<span class="_8 blank"></span>stema de cultiv<span class="_8 blank"></span>o. Os meios nutritivos util<span class="_8 blank"></span>izados para as </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y154 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">culturas fornecem as<span class="_8 blank"></span> substâncias esse<span class="_8 blank"></span>nciais para o desenv<span class="_8 blank"></span>olvimento dos<span class="_8 blank"></span> tecidos e controla<span class="_8 blank"></span>m, em grande </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y155 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">parte, o padrão do des<span class="_8 blank"></span>env<span class="_8 blank"></span>olvimento in vitro (Torres, 1998<span class="_8 blank"></span>). A constituição<span class="_8 blank"></span> do meio é baseada nas<span class="_8 blank"></span> exi<span class="_8 blank"></span>gên-</div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y156 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">cias das plantas quan<span class="_8 blank"></span>to aos nutrientes minerais<span class="_8 blank"></span>, com algumas modi<span class="_8 blank"></span>ficações para atende<span class="_8 blank"></span>r em nece<span class="_8 blank"></span>ssida-</div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y157 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">des específicas. U<span class="_8 blank"></span>m dos primeiros meios de<span class="_8 blank"></span> cultura desenvol<span class="_8 blank"></span>vidos foi o de<span class="_8 blank"></span> White (1942). Esse<span class="_8 blank"></span> meio apre-</div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y158 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">senta baixo nív<span class="_8 blank"></span>el de nitrogênio e de po<span class="_8 blank"></span>tássio, restringindo o<span class="_8 blank"></span> seu uso para mui<span class="_8 blank"></span>tas células; entretant<span class="_8 blank"></span>o, esta </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y159 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">formulação com baix<span class="_8 blank"></span>a concentração e<span class="_8 blank"></span>m sais, é usad<span class="_8 blank"></span>a em muitas situações<span class="_8 blank"></span>. O meio MS<span class="_8 blank"></span> (Murashige e </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y15a ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Skoog, 1962) foi u<span class="_8 blank"></span>ma das primeiras for<span class="_8 blank"></span>mulações melhoradas<span class="_8 blank"></span> usadas em cul<span class="_8 blank"></span>tura de tecidos de<span class="_8 blank"></span> plantas, </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y15b ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">apresentando altos<span class="_8 blank"></span> níveis de nitrato,<span class="_8 blank"></span> potássio e amônio. </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w3 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/2ecd83ba-7c18-47e8-b138-31d962552bb2/bg7.png"><div class="t m6 x7 h9 y64 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>B<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>/<span class="_0 blank"> </span>U<span class="_2 blank"> </span>F<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_0 blank"> </span>P<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>U<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>&<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>;<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>Ç<span class="_2 blank"> </span>Ã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_2 blank"> </span>T<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>H<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0<span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6<span class="_0 blank"> </span>)<span class="_2 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y15c ff8 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2">4.2. COMPOSIÇÃ<span class="_8 blank"></span>O DOS MEIOS DE<span class="_8 blank"></span> CULTU<span class="_8 blank"></span>RA<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y9d ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Os meios nutritiv<span class="_8 blank"></span>os são formados por <span class="_8 blank"></span>múltiplos componentes<span class="_8 blank"></span>, sendo basta<span class="_8 blank"></span>nte variávei<span class="_8 blank"></span>s em função da es-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y105 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">pécie vegetal e da ori<span class="_8 blank"></span>gem do ex<span class="_8 blank"></span>plante. É constit<span class="_8 blank"></span>uído de componentes<span class="_8 blank"></span> essenciais e opcion<span class="_8 blank"></span>ais. Os es-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y9f ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">senciais compreendem<span class="_8 blank"></span> a água, os sai<span class="_8 blank"></span>s inorgânicos, a <span class="_8 blank"></span>fonte de carbono e e<span class="_8 blank"></span>nergia, vitaminas<span class="_8 blank"></span> e subs-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc ya0 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">tâncias reguladoras de<span class="_8 blank"></span> crescimento. Ent<span class="_8 blank"></span>re os componentes adi<span class="_8 blank"></span>cionais estão incl<span class="_8 blank"></span>uídos os aminoác<span class="_8 blank"></span>idos </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y106 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">e amidas, ácidos or<span class="_8 blank"></span>gânicos e substâncias<span class="_8 blank"></span> naturais complex<span class="_8 blank"></span>as. Os principai<span class="_8 blank"></span>s componentes de uso<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y107 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">mais freqüente nos m<span class="_8 blank"></span>eios de cultura são: </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y15d ff8 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2">4.2.1 Água<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y15e ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">É o componente e<span class="_8 blank"></span>m maior quantidade do <span class="_8 blank"></span>meio de cultura. A <span class="_8 blank"></span>qualidade da á<span class="_8 blank"></span>gua é muito importante<span class="_8 blank"></span> em </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y15f ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">cultura de tecidos v<span class="_8 blank"></span>egetais. Pode ser u<span class="_8 blank"></span>ma fonte potencial<span class="_8 blank"></span> de impurezas. P<span class="_8 blank"></span>ara melhor controle dev<span class="_8 blank"></span>e-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y160 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">se usar água destilada<span class="_8 blank"></span>, bidestil<span class="_8 blank"></span>ada e deioniz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ada. A utilização de água de<span class="_8 blank"></span> torneira pode comp<span class="_8 blank"></span>rometer </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y161 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">o desenvolvi<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento da cultura. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y162 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Em alguns explantes<span class="_8 blank"></span> como calos de <span class="_8 blank"></span>fumo a qua<span class="_8 blank"></span>ntidade de água pode<span class="_8 blank"></span> ser limitante pa<span class="_8 blank"></span>ra o desenvol<span class="_8 blank"></span>vimen-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y163 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">to normal (Linsmaier & S<span class="_8 blank"></span>koog, 1965; Torre<span class="_8 blank"></span>s, 1998). </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y164 ff8 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2">4.2.2 Nutrição mine<span class="_8 blank"></span>ral<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y165 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Os nutrientes empreg<span class="_8 blank"></span>ados nos meios de<span class="_8 blank"></span> cultura são os mes<span class="_8 blank"></span>mo estabelec<span class="_8 blank"></span>idos para a nutrição <span class="_8 blank"></span>mineral bá-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y166 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">sica das plantas no<span class="_8 blank"></span> campo. São<span class="_8 blank"></span> eles: </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y167 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">a) Nitrogênio:<span class="ff9"> pode se<span class="_8 blank"></span>r acrescentado aos<span class="_8 blank"></span> meios na <span class="_8 blank"></span>forma orgânica (prontamente<span class="_8 blank"></span> disponív<span class="_8 blank"></span>el as culturas) </span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y168 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ou na forma mineral.<span class="_8 blank"></span> Na forma pode esta<span class="_8 blank"></span>r disponív<span class="_8 blank"></span>el como amônio (cátion) ou<span class="_8 blank"></span> nitrato, nitrato (ânio<span class="_8 blank"></span>n), </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y169 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ou ainda na forma<span class="_8 blank"></span> de compostos or<span class="_8 blank"></span>gânicos, dependen<span class="_8 blank"></span>do do material em <span class="_8 blank"></span>cultura (George, 1993<span class="_8 blank"></span>). É </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y16a ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">constituinte de aminoáci<span class="_8 blank"></span>dos, nucleotí<span class="_8 blank"></span>deos e coenz<span class="_8 blank"></span>imas, tendo importância<span class="_8 blank"></span> na síntese protéica. A <span class="_8 blank"></span>toxi<span class="_8 blank"></span>-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y16b ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">dez do amônio às célul<span class="_8 blank"></span>as diminui ou desap<span class="_8 blank"></span>arece quando ele<span class="_8 blank"></span> é usado como<span class="_8 blank"></span> única fonte de nitro<span class="_8 blank"></span>gênio </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y16c ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">na forma de sal de u<span class="_8 blank"></span>m ácido orgânico, de p<span class="_8 blank"></span>referência um áci<span class="_8 blank"></span>do tricarboxí<span class="_8 blank"></span>lico (ciclo de Krebs), co<span class="_8 blank"></span>mo </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y16d ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ácido cítrico ou ácido al<span class="_8 blank"></span>fa-cetogluta<span class="_8 blank"></span>rico (Torres, 19<span class="_8 blank"></span>98). A glutamina (prec<span class="_8 blank"></span>ursora de vários a<span class="_8 blank"></span>minoáci-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y16e ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">dos) é a mais utili<span class="_8 blank"></span>zada como fonte de ni<span class="_8 blank"></span>trogênio or<span class="_8 blank"></span>gânico. Meios enri<span class="_8 blank"></span>quecidos com nitro<span class="_8 blank"></span>gênio são fun-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y16f ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">damentais para a e<span class="_8 blank"></span>mbriogênese so<span class="_8 blank"></span>mática, bem como diferencia<span class="_8 blank"></span>ção de parte<span class="_8 blank"></span> aérea (Amirato, et. al.<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y170 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">1983). </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y171 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">b) Fósforo:<span class="ff9"> é adicionad<span class="_8 blank"></span>o ao meio, prin<span class="_8 blank"></span>cipalmente, como fos<span class="_8 blank"></span>fato de potássi<span class="_8 blank"></span>o monobásico (H2PO4<span class="_8 blank"></span>-), pois </span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y172 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">é a forma que é absorv<span class="_8 blank"></span>ido(Geor<span class="_8 blank"></span>ge, 1993). O fosfato <span class="_8 blank"></span>monobásico no mei<span class="_8 blank"></span>o MS é utiliz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ado na concen-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y173 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">tração de 1,25 mM<span class="_8 blank"></span>. Algumas fontes or<span class="_8 blank"></span>gânicas podem ser util<span class="_8 blank"></span>izadas quando<span class="_8 blank"></span> existem restrições ao<span class="_8 blank"></span>s </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y174 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">fosfatos minerais (<span class="_8 blank"></span>Torres, 1998). Atua<span class="_8 blank"></span> no metabolismo energ<span class="_8 blank"></span>ético, na regu<span class="_8 blank"></span>lação de processos<span class="_8 blank"></span> enzi-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y175 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">máticos e na ativaçã<span class="_8 blank"></span>o de enzi<span class="_8 blank"></span>mas (Santiago, 20010). Necessário<span class="_8 blank"></span> para a sí<span class="_8 blank"></span>ntese do ATP e na orga<span class="_8 blank"></span>no-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y176 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">gênese está envol<span class="_8 blank"></span>vido na diferenciação<span class="_8 blank"></span> da parte aérea, poi<span class="_8 blank"></span>s reverte o efeito das<span class="_8 blank"></span> auxinas. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y177 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">c) Potássio:<span class="ff9"> é usado na<span class="_8 blank"></span> forma de nitrato,<span class="_8 blank"></span> fosfato ou cloreto<span class="_8 blank"></span>. Ativador de vária<span class="_8 blank"></span>s enzimas do metab<span class="_8 blank"></span>olismo </span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y178 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">de carboidratos e p<span class="_8 blank"></span>roteínas. Uma das<span class="_8 blank"></span> mais importantes é<span class="_8 blank"></span> a quinase do piruv<span class="_8 blank"></span>ato, enzima envol<span class="_8 blank"></span>vida </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y179 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">nos processos de <span class="_8 blank"></span>glicólise e respiração<span class="_8 blank"></span> (Santiago, 2001).<span class="_8 blank"></span> É necessário para a<span class="_8 blank"></span> embriogênese somá<span class="_8 blank"></span>ti-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y17a ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ca (Ammirato, 1983<span class="_8 blank"></span>). A deficiência<span class="_8 blank"></span> de potássio pode conduz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ir a hiperhidrici<span class="_8 blank"></span>dade e decréscimo<span class="_8 blank"></span> na taxa<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y17b ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">de absorção de <span class="_8 blank"></span>fosfato. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y17c ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">d) Enxofre:<span class="ff9"> utiliz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ado na forma de sul<span class="_8 blank"></span>fato ou na forma de a<span class="_8 blank"></span>minoácidos (cisti<span class="_8 blank"></span>na, cisteína e metioni<span class="_8 blank"></span>na). En-</span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y17d ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">volvido<span class="_8 blank"></span> no metabolismo ener<span class="_8 blank"></span>gértico na formação <span class="_8 blank"></span>do fosfosulfato de adeno<span class="_8 blank"></span>sina, constituinte<span class="_8 blank"></span> da tiami-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y17e ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">na, biotina e coenzi<span class="_8 blank"></span>ma A. Sua absorção<span class="_8 blank"></span> é relacionada à assi<span class="_8 blank"></span>milação do nitrogênio e<span class="_8 blank"></span>, independen<span class="_8 blank"></span>te-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y17f ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">mente, do pH (Santia<span class="_8 blank"></span>go, 2001). </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y180 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">e) Cálcio:<span class="ff9"> usado na <span class="_8 blank"></span>forma de nitrato ou clore<span class="_8 blank"></span>to. Está envo<span class="_8 blank"></span>lvido na divi<span class="_8 blank"></span>são celular, uma vez<span class="_8 blank"></span> que um dos </span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y181 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">componentes da lamel<span class="_8 blank"></span>a média é o pec<span class="_8 blank"></span>tato de cálcio. M<span class="_8 blank"></span>antém a integridade da <span class="_8 blank"></span>membrana celul<span class="_8 blank"></span>ar e é </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y182 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">importante para a <span class="_8 blank"></span>germinação de grãos<span class="_8 blank"></span> de pólen (<span class="_8 blank"></span>George, 1993). É um agen<span class="_8 blank"></span>te quimiotrófico para<span class="_8 blank"></span> o </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y183 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">direcionamento do tubo <span class="_8 blank"></span>políni<span class="_8 blank"></span>co. Altas concentrações de cálci<span class="_8 blank"></span>o (6 a 9 mM) são necessá<span class="_8 blank"></span>rias para co<span class="_8 blank"></span>n-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y184 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">trole da necrose do<span class="_8 blank"></span> ápice caulin<span class="_8 blank"></span>ar.Pode ter limitações na <span class="_8 blank"></span>translocação en<span class="_8 blank"></span>tre as células. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y185 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">f) Magnésio:<span class="ff9"> usado na<span class="_8 blank"></span> forma de sul<span class="_8 blank"></span>fato de magn<span class="_8 blank"></span>ésio. Ë um dos compone<span class="_8 blank"></span>ntes da cloro<span class="_8 blank"></span>fila; co-fator impor-</span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y186 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">tante para várias reaçõe<span class="_8 blank"></span>s enzimáticas que<span class="_8 blank"></span> atuam sobre subs<span class="_8 blank"></span>tratos fosforilados. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y187 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">g) Carbono:<span class="ff9"> é uma <span class="_8 blank"></span>fonte importante de<span class="_8 blank"></span> energia é a forma o<span class="_8 blank"></span> esqueleto de<span class="_8 blank"></span> todos os compostos<span class="_8 blank"></span> orgânicos. </span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y188 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">A suplemenação <span class="_8 blank"></span>gralmente é pela adição de<span class="_8 blank"></span> açúcar na forma de <span class="_8 blank"></span>sacaros<span class="_8 blank"></span>e, glicose, frutose e<span class="_8 blank"></span> outras. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y189 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">h) Ferro:<span class="ff9"> está nu<span class="_8 blank"></span>ma faixa intermediária en<span class="_8 blank"></span>tre os macros e micronu<span class="_8 blank"></span>trientes. É adi<span class="_8 blank"></span>cionado ao meio <span class="_8 blank"></span>na for-</span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y18a ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ma quelato Fe-ED<span class="_8 blank"></span>TA. Envo<span class="_8 blank"></span>lvido nas reações de ox<span class="_8 blank"></span>i-redução nos organis<span class="_8 blank"></span>mos viv<span class="_8 blank"></span>os. Essencial para a </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y18b ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">síntese da cloro<span class="_8 blank"></span>fila, é integrante do grupo p<span class="_8 blank"></span>rotéico (heme) das po<span class="_8 blank"></span>rfirinas. </div><div class="t m8 xc h10 yd2 ff7 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Página 7 </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w3 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/2ecd83ba-7c18-47e8-b138-31d962552bb2/bg8.png"><div class="t m6 x7 h9 y64 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>B<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>/<span class="_0 blank"> </span>U<span class="_2 blank"> </span>F<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_0 blank"> </span>P<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>U<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>&<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>;<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>Ç<span class="_2 blank"> </span>Ã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_2 blank"> </span>T<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>H<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0<span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6<span class="_0 blank"> </span>)<span class="_2 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y15c ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">j) Molibidênio:<span class="ff9"> é adi<span class="_8 blank"></span>cionado na forma de<span class="_8 blank"></span> molibidato de sódio (Na2M<span class="_8 blank"></span>o04). Co-<span class="_8 blank"></span>fator da redutase do <span class="_8 blank"></span>nitrato. </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y18c ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">k) Cobre:<span class="ff9"> é usado como<span class="_8 blank"></span> sulfato de cobre<span class="_8 blank"></span>. È um cátion <span class="_8 blank"></span>que em dose acim<span class="_8 blank"></span>a do normal é fitotóx<span class="_8 blank"></span>ico às cultu-</span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y105 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ras. Constituinte da<span class="_8 blank"></span> enzima plas<span class="_8 blank"></span>tocianina que é importante<span class="_8 blank"></span> componente d<span class="_8 blank"></span>o transporte de elét<span class="_8 blank"></span>rons. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y18d ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">l) Cloro:<span class="ff9"> é essencial pa<span class="_8 blank"></span>ra a fotossí<span class="_8 blank"></span>ntese, sendo re<span class="_8 blank"></span>querido durante a reaç<span class="_8 blank"></span>ão de Hill<span class="_8 blank"></span>. </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y18e ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">m) Zinco:<span class="ff9"> sulfato de z<span class="_8 blank"></span>inco. Importante<span class="_8 blank"></span> nas reações de ox<span class="_8 blank"></span>i-redução das<span class="_8 blank"></span> plantas. Co-fator de<span class="_8 blank"></span> enzimas ani-</span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y18f ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">drase carbônica. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y190 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">n) Manganês:<span class="ff9"> sul<span class="_8 blank"></span>fato de manganês. Esse<span class="_8 blank"></span>ncial no me<span class="_8 blank"></span>tabolismo para a reação<span class="_8 blank"></span> de Hill na fotossí<span class="_8 blank"></span>ntese, </span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y191 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">quando a molécula de á<span class="_8 blank"></span>gua é quebrada p<span class="_8 blank"></span>roduzindo elétrons<span class="_8 blank"></span> e oxigênio. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y192 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">o) Cobalto:<span class="ff9"> é usado co<span class="_8 blank"></span>mo cloreto de cobalt<span class="_8 blank"></span>o e está env<span class="_8 blank"></span>olvid<span class="_8 blank"></span>o na expansão foliar. </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y193 ff8 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2">4.2.3. Constituintes org<span class="_8 blank"></span>ânicos<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y194 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Os compostos orgânicos<span class="_8 blank"></span> importantes são<span class="_8 blank"></span> os carboidratos, subs<span class="_8 blank"></span>tâncias reg<span class="_8 blank"></span>uladoras de cresci<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento, vita-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y195 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">minas, aminoácidos e<span class="_8 blank"></span> amidas, certas pu<span class="_8 blank"></span>rinas e pi<span class="_8 blank"></span>rimidinas, hexitóis e áci<span class="_8 blank"></span>dos orgânicos. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y196 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">a) Carboidratos<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y197 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">As células, tecidos e<span class="_8 blank"></span> plântulas cultiv<span class="_8 blank"></span>adas in vitro não encont<span class="_8 blank"></span>ram condiçõe<span class="_8 blank"></span>s adequadas de ilu<span class="_8 blank"></span>minação e </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y198 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">concentração de CO2<span class="_8 blank"></span> e, as vez<span class="_8 blank"></span>es, não apresentam teores<span class="_8 blank"></span> de clorofila sufici<span class="_8 blank"></span>entes para realiz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ar fotos-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y199 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">síntese (Torres, 1998)<span class="_8 blank"></span>. Muitas vez<span class="_8 blank"></span>es, açúcares que não são<span class="_8 blank"></span> efetivos na <span class="_8 blank"></span>manutenção do cres<span class="_8 blank"></span>cimento </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y19a ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">do calo, sustenta<span class="_8 blank"></span>m a iniciação de brotações<span class="_8 blank"></span> adventí<span class="_8 blank"></span>cias e a embriogênes<span class="_8 blank"></span>e somática. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y19b ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Os carboidratos mais u<span class="_8 blank"></span>sados nos meio<span class="_8 blank"></span>s de ciultura são<span class="_8 blank"></span> a sacarose, a <span class="_8 blank"></span>glicose e a frutose nos<span class="_8 blank"></span> nív<span class="_8 blank"></span>eis de </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y75 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">2% a 5% (p/p) (Geor<span class="_8 blank"></span>ge, 1993). A concentra<span class="_8 blank"></span>ção de 3% é a mais<span class="_8 blank"></span> usada. Con<span class="_8 blank"></span>centrações de saca<span class="_8 blank"></span>rose </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y19c ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">entre 6% a 12% pode<span class="_8 blank"></span>m ser usadas em cul<span class="_8 blank"></span>tura de embriões,<span class="_8 blank"></span> frutos e anteras,<span class="_8 blank"></span> enquanto que o ní<span class="_8 blank"></span>vel de </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y77 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">1,5% é usado em cultu<span class="_8 blank"></span>ra de protoplast<span class="_8 blank"></span>os. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y19d ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Pode ocorrer a carameli<span class="_8 blank"></span>za<span class="_8 blank"></span>ção do açúcar quando ex<span class="_8 blank"></span>ceder o tempo de auto<span class="_8 blank"></span>clavagem e a sua de<span class="_8 blank"></span>gradação </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y19e ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">pode ocorrer a formação<span class="_8 blank"></span> de hidroxiace<span class="_8 blank"></span>tonas, dihidroxi<span class="_8 blank"></span>acetona, furano, 2-metil<span class="_8 blank"></span>furano, 2,5-dimetil<span class="_8 blank"></span>furano </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y19f ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">e maltol (Ammirato e<span class="_8 blank"></span>t. al. 1983). Estes co<span class="_8 blank"></span>mpostos formam <span class="_8 blank"></span>meladoidinas <span class="_8 blank"></span>que são compostos<span class="_8 blank"></span> de colo-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1a0 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ração amarronzad<span class="_8 blank"></span>a, de alto peso molecu<span class="_8 blank"></span>lar, podendo<span class="_8 blank"></span> inibir o crescimento<span class="_8 blank"></span> celular. O açúca<span class="_8 blank"></span>r é purifica-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1a1 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">do com acetato, para p<span class="_8 blank"></span>recipitar impu<span class="_8 blank"></span>rezas e pode conter alto<span class="_8 blank"></span> nív<span class="_8 blank"></span>el de zinco que é tóxico para o tec<span class="_8 blank"></span>i-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1a2 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">do. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1a3 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Glicose e frutose dev<span class="_8 blank"></span>em ser esteriliz<span class="_8 blank"></span>adas a frio. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1a4 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">b) Aminoácidos e am<span class="_8 blank"></span>idas<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y17 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">A suplementação pode<span class="_8 blank"></span> ser realiz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ada pela incl<span class="_8 blank"></span>usão de uma proteína hidrolisa<span class="_8 blank"></span>da ao meio. Qual<span class="_8 blank"></span>quer efeito </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc yf0 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">benéfico pode ser av<span class="_8 blank"></span>aliado pela substitui<span class="_8 blank"></span>ção desta proteí<span class="_8 blank"></span>na por uma mistu<span class="_8 blank"></span>ra de aminoácidos e a<span class="_8 blank"></span>mi-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1a5 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">das. Os aminoácidos <span class="_8 blank"></span>e amidas têm impor<span class="_8 blank"></span>tância na ampli<span class="_8 blank"></span>ficação das respostas mo<span class="_8 blank"></span>rfogenéticas, pro<span class="_8 blank"></span>-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc yf2 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">porcionando maior cresc<span class="_8 blank"></span>imento e facil<span class="_8 blank"></span>itando a diferenciação no<span class="_8 blank"></span> sentido da re<span class="_8 blank"></span>generação. As forma<span class="_8 blank"></span>s </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1a6 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">"L" dos aminoácidos são<span class="_8 blank"></span> de ocorrência<span class="_8 blank"></span> natural. A tirosina apresen<span class="_8 blank"></span>ta influenci<span class="_8 blank"></span>a na iniciação de parte<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1a7 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">aérea em cultura de calo<span class="_8 blank"></span>s, L-arginina no<span class="_8 blank"></span> enraizamento e L<span class="_8 blank"></span>-serina na obte<span class="_8 blank"></span>nção de embriões hapl<span class="_8 blank"></span>óides </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1a8 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">mediante o cultivo<span class="_8 blank"></span> de micrósporo. As a<span class="_8 blank"></span>midas L-glutamina e L-asp<span class="_8 blank"></span>agarina são bené<span class="_8 blank"></span>ficas na obtenção<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1a9 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">de embriões somáticos<span class="_8 blank"></span>, e a cisteí<span class="_8 blank"></span>na é incluída, às vez<span class="_8 blank"></span>es, como agente redutor. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1aa ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">c) Vitaminas<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1ab ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Vitaminas são co<span class="_8 blank"></span>mpostos orgânicos <span class="_8 blank"></span>que, em baixas concen<span class="_8 blank"></span>trações, dese<span class="_8 blank"></span>mpenham funções re<span class="_8 blank"></span>guladoras </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1ac ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">catalíticas no metabol<span class="_8 blank"></span>ismo celular. A v<span class="_8 blank"></span>itamina mais comumente<span class="_8 blank"></span> usada em cul<span class="_8 blank"></span>tura de tecidos é<span class="_8 blank"></span> a tia-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1ad ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">mina (B1). A tiamina é<span class="_8 blank"></span> solúv<span class="_8 blank"></span>el em água. Outras vi<span class="_8 blank"></span>taminas utiliz<span class="_8 blank"></span>adas incluem ácido nicotí<span class="_8 blank"></span>nico (B3) e </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1ae ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">piridoxi<span class="_8 blank"></span>na (B6). Embora as vi<span class="_8 blank"></span>taminas sejam adicionadas ao <span class="_8 blank"></span>meio antes da autoclav<span class="_8 blank"></span>agem, a esteri<span class="_8 blank"></span>liza-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1af ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ção a frio é recomendad<span class="_8 blank"></span>a. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1b0 ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">\u2022 Vitamina A<span class="_8 blank"></span>:<span class="ff9"> não utilizada nos meio pois,<span class="_8 blank"></span> ainda não <span class="_8 blank"></span>foi ainda encontrada<span class="_8 blank"></span> nas plantas. </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1b1 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">\u2022 <span class="ff8">Riboflavina (Vit. B2<span class="_8 blank"></span>):<span class="ff9"> componente<span class="_8 blank"></span> da coenzi<span class="_8 blank"></span>ma FMN (Flavina<span class="_8 blank"></span> mononucleotí<span class="_8 blank"></span>deo) e o FAD (Flavina-</span></span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1b2 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">adenina-dinucl<span class="_8 blank"></span>eotídeo) que atuam em ox<span class="_8 blank"></span>idações bi<span class="_8 blank"></span>ológicas. Na fotossín<span class="_8 blank"></span>tese FMN participa do tran<span class="_8 blank"></span>s-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1b3 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">porte de elétrons (<span class="_8 blank"></span>George, 1996). </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1b4 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">\u2022 <span class="ff8">Tiamina (Vit. B1)<span class="_8 blank"></span>:<span class="ff9"> atua no metabolismo<span class="_8 blank"></span> celular dev<span class="_8 blank"></span>ido à função como co<span class="_8 blank"></span>enzima na descarbox<span class="_8 blank"></span>ilação dos </span></span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1b5 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">cetoácidos. Ex: Piruv<span class="_8 blank"></span>ato e cetoglutarato <span class="_8 blank"></span>(George, 199<span class="_8 blank"></span>6). </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1b6 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">\u2022 <span class="ff8">Ácido pantotênico:<span class="_8 blank"></span><span class="ff9"> É um dos componen<span class="_8 blank"></span>tes da coenz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ima A e exerce pa<span class="_8 blank"></span>pel importante no metab<span class="_8 blank"></span>olismo </span></span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1b7 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">de lipídios. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1b8 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m8 xc h10 yd2 ff7 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Página 8 </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w3 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/2ecd83ba-7c18-47e8-b138-31d962552bb2/bg9.png"><div class="t m6 x7 h9 y64 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>B<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>/<span class="_0 blank"> </span>U<span class="_2 blank"> </span>F<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_0 blank"> </span>P<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>U<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>&<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>;<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>Ç<span class="_2 blank"> </span>Ã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_2 blank"> </span>T<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>H<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0<span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6<span class="_0 blank"> </span>)<span class="_2 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y15c ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">\u2022 <span class="ff8">Ácido <span class="_0 blank"> </span>nicotínico <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(Niacina <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Vitamina <span class="_0 blank"> </span>B3):</span> É um componente das co<span class="_8 blank"></span>enzim<span class="_8 blank"></span>as<span class="_8 blank"></span> NA<span class="_8 blank"></span>D<span class="_8 blank"></span> e <span class="_8 blank"></span>NA<span class="_8 blank"></span>D<span class="_8 blank"></span>P <span class="_8 blank"></span>imp<span class="_8 blank"></span>or<span class="_8 blank"></span>ta<span class="_8 blank"></span>n<span class="_8 blank"></span>-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y126 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">tes na transferência de<span class="_8 blank"></span> hidrogênio. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y9e ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ff8">Piridoxina, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>Piridoxal <span class="_3 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Piridoxamina <span class="_3 blank"> </span>(complexo <span class="_4 blank"> </span>vit. <span class="_4 blank"> </span>B6):</span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Fazem <span class="_1 blank"> </span>parte <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>coenzima <span class="_1 blank"> </span>metabólicas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y9f ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">aminoácidos. Estas vitaminas têm papel importante nas reações de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>transaminação e descarboxil<span class="_8 blank"></span>ação </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc ya0 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">(George, 1996). </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1b9 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ff8 ws3">Biotina</span>: <span class="_2 blank"> </span>atua <span class="_2 blank"> </span>no <span class="_2 blank"> </span>metabolismo <span class="_2 blank"> </span>do <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ácido <span class="_2 blank"> </span>aspártico, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>nas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reações <span class="_2 blank"> </span>do <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ciclo <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Krebs <span class="_2 blank"> </span>que <span class="_2 blank"> </span>levam <span class="_2 blank"> </span>à <span class="_2 blank"> </span>forma-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1ba ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ção deste ácido (Am<span class="_8 blank"></span>mirato, 1983). </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1bb ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">\u2022 <span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ff8">Ácido <span class="_5 blank"> </span>ascórbico <span class="_3 blank"> </span>(<span class="_1 blank"> </span>vitamina <span class="_5 blank"> </span>C):</span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Catalisador de f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>osforiliz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ação f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>otossintét<span class="_8 blank"></span>ica devido <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ao poder <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>oxidar e </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y15e ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">reduzir facilmente <span class="_8 blank"></span>(Santiago, 2001<span class="_8 blank"></span>). </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1bc ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2"> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1bd ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">d) Outros suplemen<span class="_8 blank"></span>tos orgânicos<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1be ff8 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">- Misturas complexas<span class="_8 blank"></span>:<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1bf ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">São <span class="_2 blank"> </span>preparações <span class="_2 blank"> </span>obtidas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>produtos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>naturais, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>composição<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>indefinida, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>que <span class="_2 blank"> </span>servem <span class="_2 blank"> </span>para <span class="_2 blank"> </span>enriquecer <span class="_1 blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1c0 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">meio <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>cultivo. <span class="_1 blank"> </span>A <span class="_2 blank"> </span>composição <span class="_2 blank"> </span>destes <span class="_2 blank"> </span>produtos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>é <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>difícil <span class="_1 blank"> </span>determinação <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>uso <span class="_2 blank"> </span>restrito <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_2 blank"> </span>algumas </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1c1 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">culturas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>difíci<span class="_8 blank"></span>l <span class="_1 blank"> </span>repetição <span class="_1 blank"> </span>experimental, q<span class="_1 blank"> </span>uando as <span class="_1 blank"> </span>tentativas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>adequação <span class="_1 blank"> </span>não for<span class="_1 blank"> </span>em<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>suficientes<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1c2 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">para <span class="_0 blank"> </span>promover <span class="_2 blank"> </span>determinado <span class="_2 blank"> </span>processo <span class="_0 blank"> </span>morfogenético. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Em <span class="_2 blank"> </span>trabalhos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>rotina, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>preparações <span class="_2 blank"> </span>po-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1c3 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">dem ser usadas caso es<span class="_8 blank"></span>timulem resposta<span class="_8 blank"></span>s desejadas. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1c4 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws3">\u2022<span class="ff8 ws2"> <span class="_4 blank"> </span>Proteínas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>hidrolisada<span class="_8 blank"></span>s:<span class="ff9"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_2 blank"> </span>comum <span class="_1 blank"> </span>é <span class="_1 blank"> </span>a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>caseína <span class="_1 blank"> </span>hidrolisada, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>por <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_1 blank"> </span>importante f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>onte <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>aminoáci-</span></span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1c5 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">dos. Outras també<span class="_8 blank"></span>m são utiliza<span class="_8 blank"></span>das: lacto-albumina hidrolisa<span class="_8 blank"></span>da, triptona, p<span class="_8 blank"></span>eptona, etc. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1c6 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws3">\u2022<span class="ff8 ws2"> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Suco <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>laranja, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>tomate <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>outros:<span class="ff9"> contém áci<span class="_8 blank"></span>do cítrico e outras s<span class="_8 blank"></span>ub<span class="_8 blank"></span>st<span class="_8 blank"></span>ân<span class="_8 blank"></span>ci<span class="_8 blank"></span>a<span class="_8 blank"></span>s d<span class="_8 blank"></span>e <span class="_8 blank"></span>c<span class="_8 blank"></span>res<span class="_8 blank"></span>ci<span class="_8 blank"></span>me<span class="_8 blank"></span>n<span class="_8 blank"></span>to <span class="_8 blank"></span>n<span class="_8 blank"></span>ão<span class="_8 blank"></span> i<span class="_8 blank"></span>de<span class="_8 blank"></span>nti<span class="_8 blank"></span>-</span></span></div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1c7 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ficadas. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y78 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">\u2022 <span class="ff8">Leite <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>coco:</span> É o end<span class="_8 blank"></span>osperma de Cocus nuci<span class="_8 blank"></span>fera na fase lí<span class="_8 blank"></span>quida ou gelatinosa. É um<span class="_8 blank"></span> suplemento ba<span class="_8 blank"></span>s<span class="_8 blank"></span>-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y79 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">tante usado. Reco<span class="_8 blank"></span>menda-se que se<span class="_8 blank"></span>ja esteriliz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ado a frio. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1c8 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">\u2022 <span class="ff8">Extrato de levedu<span class="_8 blank"></span>ras:<span class="ff9"> É fonte de<span class="_8 blank"></span> aminoácidos e v<span class="_8 blank"></span>itaminas. </span></span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1c9 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">\u2022 <span class="ff8">Polpa de Banana</span>:<span class="_8 blank"></span> usada na suple<span class="_8 blank"></span>mentação do meio de<span class="_8 blank"></span> cultura de orquí<span class="_8 blank"></span>deas. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1ca ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">- <span class="ff8 ws3">Hexitóis:</span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1cb ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Os <span class="_1 blank"> </span>hexitóis são <span class="_1 blank"> </span>compostos cíclicos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>com g<span class="_1 blank"> </span>rupos \u2013OH <span class="_1 blank"> </span>em todos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>os <span class="_1 blank"> </span>seis carbonos. <span class="_1 blank"> </span>O <span class="_1 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_1 blank"> </span>usado é o <span class="_1 blank"> </span>inosi-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1cc ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">tol, myo-inositol é a form<span class="_8 blank"></span>a inativa e i-inosi<span class="_8 blank"></span>tol é a ativa. O meso-inositol é u<span class="_8 blank"></span>ma mistura das formas<span class="_8 blank"></span> d e l. </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1cd ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">O <span class="_0 blank"> </span>inositol <span class="_0 blank"> </span>é <span class="_0 blank"> </span>considerado <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estimulador <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>processos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>crescimento <span class="_0 blank"> </span>in <span class="_0 blank"> </span>vitro <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>pode <span class="_0 blank"> </span>servir <span class="_0 blank"> </span>como <span class="_0 blank"> </span>fonte </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y17 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>carboidrato. <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Desempenha <span class="_1 blank"> </span>papel <span class="_1 blank"> </span>importante <span class="_1 blank"> </span>na <span class="_1 blank"> </span>biossíntese <span class="_1 blank"> </span>do <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ciclitol, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>no <span class="_1 blank"> </span>armazenamento <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>com-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc yf0 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">postos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>polihídricos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>como <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reserva, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>na <span class="_2 blank"> </span>germinação <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sementes, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>no <span class="_2 blank"> </span>transporte <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>açúcar, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>na <span class="_0 blank"> </span>nutrição<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1a5 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">mineral, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>no <span class="_5 blank"> </span>metabolismo <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>carboidratos, <span class="_3 blank"> </span>na <span class="_5 blank"> </span>estrutura <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>membranas, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>formação <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>parede <span class="_3 blank"> </span>celul<span class="_8 blank"></span>ar, </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc yf2 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">homeostase de hor<span class="_8 blank"></span>mônios e no estresse <span class="_8 blank"></span>fisiológico (Santiago et<span class="_8 blank"></span>. al. 2001). </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1ce ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">- <span class="ff8">Compostos fenólicos</span>:<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1cf ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">São <span class="_0 blank"> </span>compostos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>derivados <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>fenólicos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(mono-OH) <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>atuam <span class="_0 blank"> </span>em <span class="_0 blank"> </span>processos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>q<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ue <span class="_0 blank"> </span>promovem <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>desenvolvi<span class="_8 blank"></span>-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc yf5 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">mento aéreo <span class="_1 blank"> </span>enquanto que os <span class="_1 blank"> </span>derivados fenólicos (bi-OH) <span class="_1 blank"> </span>estão envolvi<span class="_8 blank"></span>dos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>com a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>iniciaçã<span class="_8 blank"></span>o <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de raízes </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1d0 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">(George, 1996). Estas substâncias atuam na degradação oxidativa do AIA. Por outro <span class="_1 blank"> </span>lado, compostos<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1d1 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">fenólicos <span class="_a blank"> </span>(bi-OH) <span class="_a blank"> </span>inibem <span class="_a blank"> </span>a d<span class="_8 blank"></span>egradação <span class="_a blank"> </span>oxidati<span class="_8 blank"></span>va <span class="_a blank"> </span>do AIA, <span class="_a blank"> </span>tendo <span class="_a blank"> </span>efeito <span class="_a blank"> </span>benéfico <span class="_a blank"> </span>no <span class="_a blank"> </span>enraizamento<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1ab ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">(Santiago et. al. 2001<span class="_8 blank"></span>). </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1d2 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">- <span class="ff8">Ácidos orgânicos:</span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc yfa ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">A <span class="_1 blank"> </span>adição de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ácidos de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>compostos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>intermediários<span class="_8 blank"></span> do <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ciclo <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Krebs, tais <span class="_1 blank"> </span>como malato <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_1 blank"> </span>citrato, é com<span class="_1 blank"> </span>um<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1d3 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">em meio destinado à cultura de protoplastos (Santiago, 2001). Estes compostos<span class="_8 blank"></span> parecem estar envol-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1d4 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">vidos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>na <span class="_2 blank"> </span>minimização <span class="_1 blank"> </span>do <span class="_2 blank"> </span>efeito <span class="_1 blank"> </span>inibitor <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da <span class="_2 blank"> </span>amônia. <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Por <span class="_2 blank"> </span>serem <span class="_2 blank"> </span>soluções <span class="_1 blank"> </span>antioxidantes <span class="_1 blank"> </span>são <span class="_2 blank"> </span>preparadas<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1d5 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">usando <span class="_1 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_1 blank"> </span>mistura <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>100 <span class="_1 blank"> </span>mg <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ácido <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ascórbico <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>150 <span class="_1 blank"> </span>mg <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ácido <span class="_1 blank"> </span>cítrico, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>dissolv<span class="_8 blank"></span>ido <span class="_1 blank"> </span>em <span class="_1 blank"> </span>1litro <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1d6 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">água <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>sua esterilização é <span class="_1 blank"> </span>feita <span class="_1 blank"> </span>em f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>iltro bacteriológico <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>0,22 ou <span class="_1 blank"> </span>0,45 <span class="_1 blank"> </span>micras (Ammirato, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>1983; San-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1b2 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">tiago, 2001). O ácido ascórbico e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>o ácido cítrico são usados para prevenir o escurecimento de tecidos<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1b3 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">excisados de plantas.<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y1b4 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">- <span class="ff8">Purinas e Pirimid<span class="_8 blank"></span>inas:<span class="ff9"> </span></span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1d7 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">A <span class="_5 blank"> </span>concentração <span class="_5 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_5 blank"> </span>usada <span class="_5 blank"> </span>varia <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_5 blank"> </span>40 <span class="_3 blank"> </span>a <span class="_5 blank"> </span>160 <span class="_5 blank"> </span>mg/L. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>As <span class="_3 blank"> </span>bases <span class="_5 blank"> </span>nitrogenadas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>citosina <span class="_3 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>guanina <span class="_0 blank"> </span>podem </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1d8 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">também <span class="_2 blank"> </span>promover <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o <span class="_2 blank"> </span>cr<span class="_1 blank"> </span>esci<span class="_8 blank"></span>mento <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>c<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ultura <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>calo. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>A <span class="_0 blank"> </span>adenina <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sulfato <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>adenina <span class="_2 blank"> </span>estimulam <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1b7 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">crescimento de brotaçõe<span class="_8 blank"></span>s <span class="ffa">in vitro</span>. </div><div class="t m8 xc h10 yd2 ff7 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Página 9 </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w4 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/2ecd83ba-7c18-47e8-b138-31d962552bb2/bga.png"><div class="t m6 x7 h9 y64 ff5 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>B<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>T<span class="_2 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>L<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span>/<span class="_0 blank"> </span>U<span class="_2 blank"> </span>F<span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>\u2014<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_0 blank"> </span>P<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>G<span class="_2 blank"> </span>U<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>&<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span>D<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>;<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_0 blank"> </span>Ç<span class="_2 blank"> </span>Ã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>D<span class="_0 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="_2 blank"> </span>T<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>I<span class="_2 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>M<span class="_2 blank"> </span>A<span class="_0 blank"> </span>C<span class="_2 blank"> </span>H<span class="_0 blank"> </span>E<span class="_0 blank"> </span>R<span class="_2 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0<span class="_2 blank"> </span>0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6<span class="_0 blank"> </span>)<span class="_2 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m7 x11 hb y15c ff8 fs8 fc3 sc0 ls8 ws2">4.2.3. Reguladores do<span class="_8 blank"></span> crescimento v<span class="_8 blank"></span>egetal<span class="ff9"> </span></div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y9d ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">Para <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ocorrer <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>desenvolv<span class="_8 blank"></span>imento <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>entrada <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>at<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ivi<span class="_8 blank"></span>dade <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>um <span class="_0 blank"> </span>determinado <span class="_2 blank"> </span>possesso <span class="_2 blank"> </span>é <span class="_0 blank"> </span>necessário <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y105 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">sinalização especí<span class="_8 blank"></span>fica por reguladores de<span class="_8 blank"></span> crescimento em sí<span class="_8 blank"></span>tios regulador <span class="_8 blank"></span>por kinases. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1d9 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">O <span class="_5 blank"> </span>controle <span class="_2 blank"> </span>q<span class="_1 blank"> </span>uímico <span class="_0 blank"> </span>da <span class="_5 blank"> </span>diferenciação <span class="_0 blank"> </span>da <span class="_0 blank"> </span>parte <span class="_5 blank"> </span>aérea <span class="_0 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>oi <span class="_0 blank"> </span>primeiramente <span class="_0 blank"> </span>observado <span class="_0 blank"> </span>em <span class="_5 blank"> </span>cultura <span class="_5 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>calo <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1da ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">tabaco. Foi observada inibição na formação de gemas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>por auxi<span class="_8 blank"></span>nas, e r<span class="_1 blank"> </span>eversão deste efeito estimul<span class="_8 blank"></span>an-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1db ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">do <span class="_0 blank"> </span>brotações <span class="_0 blank"> </span>utiliz<span class="_8 blank"></span>ando-se <span class="_0 blank"> </span>adenina <span class="_0 blank"> </span>bem <span class="_0 blank"> </span>como <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_2 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>osfato <span class="_2 blank"> </span>inorgânico. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Esta <span class="_0 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>oi <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>constatação <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>que <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1ba ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">processo <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>organogênese <span class="_2 blank"> </span>in <span class="_2 blank"> </span>vitro <span class="_2 blank"> </span>é <span class="_2 blank"> </span>controlado <span class="_2 blank"> </span>por <span class="_2 blank"> </span>substâncias <span class="_1 blank"> </span>hormonais <span class="_2 blank"> </span>sendo <span class="_2 blank"> </span>que <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>desenv<span class="_8 blank"></span>olvi-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1dc ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">mento de parte aérea<span class="_8 blank"></span>, raiz<span class="_8 blank"></span> ou calo é determinado pelo balan<span class="_8 blank"></span>ço entre auxi<span class="_8 blank"></span>nas e citocininas. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y15e ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">O balanço de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>auxina<span class="_8 blank"></span>s/citocininas em alto/baixo favorecem o enraizamento e o balanço <span class="_1 blank"> </span>inverso pro<span class="_8 blank"></span>move a </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y15f ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">formação de parte<span class="_8 blank"></span> aérea. Concentrações<span class="_8 blank"></span> iguais promovem a<span class="_8 blank"></span> produção de <span class="_8 blank"></span>calos. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1dd ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">As auxinas nos m<span class="_1 blank"> </span>eios<span class="_8 blank"></span> variam de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>0,01 a 10 mg/L. As <span class="_1 blank"> </span>auxin<span class="_8 blank"></span>as mais <span class="_1 blank"> </span>usadas são AIA (ácido indol-3-acético), </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1de ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">AIB <span class="_2 blank"> </span>(ácido <span class="_0 blank"> </span>indol-3-butiric<span class="_8 blank"></span>o), <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ANA, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>2,4-D, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>2,4,5-T, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>4-CPA <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>picloran. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>A <span class="_2 blank"> </span>auxina <span class="_2 blank"> </span>2,4-D <span class="_2 blank"> </span>é <span class="_0 blank"> </span>bastante <span class="_2 blank"> </span>usada<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y162 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">para <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_2 blank"> </span>indução <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>calos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>tem <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>efeito <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>supressão <span class="_0 blank"> </span>da <span class="_2 blank"> </span>morfogênese. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>As <span class="_0 blank"> </span>auxinas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>2,4-D <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ANA <span class="_2 blank"> </span>são </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y163 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">sintéticas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>têm <span class="_5 blank"> </span>efeitos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>semelhantes <span class="_0 blank"> </span>às <span class="_5 blank"> </span>auxinas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ocorrências <span class="_0 blank"> </span>naturais, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sendo <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estáveis <span class="_0 blank"> </span>à <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1df ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">gradação. <span class="_1 blank"> </span>A <span class="_1 blank"> </span>auxina 2,4,5-triclorofenoxiacético (2,4,5-T) <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>o <span class="_1 blank"> </span>picloran <span class="_1 blank"> </span>induzem a <span class="_1 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>ormação de <span class="_1 blank"> </span>calos <span class="_1 blank"> </span>em </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1e0 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">monocotiledôneas<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>(Ammirato, <span class="_1 blank"> </span>1983). <span class="_2 blank"> </span>As <span class="_2 blank"> </span>auxinas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>são <span class="_2 blank"> </span>termo-estávei<span class="_8 blank"></span>s, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>não <span class="_1 blank"> </span>decompondo <span class="_1 blank"> </span>quando <span class="_2 blank"> </span>auto-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1e1 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">clavadas. O AIA é a aux<span class="_8 blank"></span>ina natural e a <span class="_8 blank"></span>menos estáv<span class="_8 blank"></span>el, sendo destruí<span class="_8 blank"></span>do em pH baixo. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1e2 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">A <span class="_1 blank"> </span>não <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_1 blank"> </span>o <span class="_2 blank"> </span>2,4 <span class="_1 blank"> </span>D <span class="_2 blank"> </span>e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ANA, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>as <span class="_1 blank"> </span>soluções <span class="_1 blank"> </span>estoques <span class="_1 blank"> </span>não <span class="_2 blank"> </span>devem <span class="_1 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_2 blank"> </span>armazenad<span class="_8 blank"></span>as <span class="_1 blank"> </span>por <span class="_2 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_1 blank"> </span>semana. </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1e3 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">A <span class="_1 blank"> </span>dissolução <span class="_1 blank"> </span>das <span class="_1 blank"> </span>auxinas é <span class="_1 blank"> </span>feita <span class="_2 blank"> </span>em NaOH <span class="_1 blank"> </span>1N. <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Utiliza-se <span class="_1 blank"> </span>0,3 <span class="_1 blank"> </span>mL <span class="_1 blank"> </span>desta <span class="_1 blank"> </span>base <span class="_1 blank"> </span>para dissolver <span class="_1 blank"> </span>10 <span class="_1 blank"> </span>mg <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1e4 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">auxina. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1e5 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">As <span class="_2 blank"> </span>citocininas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>são <span class="_2 blank"> </span>derivadas <span class="_1 blank"> </span>da <span class="_2 blank"> </span>adenina </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1e6 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">(aminopurina) <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>t<span class="_1 blank"> </span>êm <span class="_6 blank"> </span>um <span class="_6 blank"> </span>papel <span class="_6 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>un-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1e7 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">damental na diferenciação e <span class="_1 blank"> </span>regene-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1e8 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ração <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>plantas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>na <span class="_2 blank"> </span>maioria <span class="_0 blank"> </span>das <span class="_2 blank"> </span>es-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1e9 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">pécies <span class="_3 blank"> </span>(Santiago, <span class="_3 blank"> </span>2001). <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Induzem <span class="_3 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1ea ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">divisão <span class="_1 blank"> </span>celular, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>proliferação <span class="_1 blank"> </span>e <span class="_2 blank"> </span>morfo-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1eb ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">gênese <span class="_4 blank"> </span>da <span class="_6 blank"> </span>parte <span class="_6 blank"> </span>aérea. <span class="_4 blank"> </span>As <span class="_6 blank"> </span>citocini-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1ec ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">nas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_1 blank"> </span>usadas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>em <span class="_2 blank"> </span>cultura <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>teci-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1ed ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">dos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>são <span class="_5 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>cinetina <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(CIN), <span class="_0 blank"> </span>benzilade-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1ee ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">nina <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(BA), <span class="_5 blank"> </span>zeatina <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(Zea), <span class="_5 blank"> </span>isopentenil<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1ef ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">adenina (2ip) e thidiaz<span class="_8 blank"></span>uron (TDZ). </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1f0 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">O <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ácido <span class="_0 blank"> </span>g<span class="_1 blank"> </span>iberélico <span class="_2 blank"> </span>(GA3) <span class="_0 blank"> </span>é <span class="_5 blank"> </span>usado, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>algu-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1f1 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">mas <span class="_7 blank"> </span>vez<span class="_8 blank"></span>es, <span class="_7 blank"> </span>em <span class="_7 blank"> </span>cultura <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_7 blank"> </span>meriste-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1f2 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">mas, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>na <span class="_7 blank"> </span>recuperação <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>plantas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>li-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1f3 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">vres <span class="_3 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>vírus. <span class="_3 blank"> </span>O <span class="_3 blank"> </span>G<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A3 <span class="_3 blank"> </span>deve <span class="_3 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_4 blank"> </span>dis-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1f4 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">solvido<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>em <span class="_0 blank"> </span>água <span class="_2 blank"> </span>com <span class="_0 blank"> </span>pH <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ajustado <span class="_2 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1f5 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">5,7 ou em base (NaOH<span class="_8 blank"></span> 1N). As solu-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1f6 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">ções <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>G<span class="_1 blank"> </span>A3 <span class="_6 blank"> </span>devem <span class="_7 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_6 blank"> </span>esteriliza-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1f7 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">das <span class="_0 blank"> </span>em <span class="_2 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>iltro <span class="_2 blank"> </span>bacteriológico <span class="_2 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_0 blank"> </span>vez </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1f8 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">que esta substância se <span class="_9 blank"> </span>deco<span class="_8 blank"></span>mpõe<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1f9 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">por <span class="_6 blank"> </span>autoclavagem. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>As <span class="_6 blank"> </span>soluções <span class="_6 blank"> </span>es-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1fa ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">toques <span class="_f blank"> </span>devem <span class="_b blank"> </span>ser <span class="_f blank"> </span>preparadas <span class="_b blank"> </span>na </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1fb ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">hora. </div><div class="t m7 x11 hc y1fc ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">O <span class="_3 blank"> </span>ácido <span class="_5 blank"> </span>abscísico <span class="_5 blank"> </span>(ABA) <span class="_3 blank"> </span>está <span class="_5 blank"> </span>envolvido </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1fd ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">na dormência e abscisão de folhas e </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1fe ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">frutos. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Na <span class="_2 blank"> </span>cultura <span class="_1 blank"> </span>de <span class="_2 blank"> </span>tecidos <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o <span class="_2 blank"> </span>papel<span class="_8 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y1ff ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">deste <span class="_20 blank"> </span>composto <span class="_20 blank"> </span>aestá<span class="_8 blank"></span> <span class="_20 blank"> </span>envolvido </div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y200 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">principalmente na maturação de em-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y201 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">briões <span class="_5 blank"> </span>obtidos <span class="_5 blank"> </span>na <span class="_5 blank"> </span>embriogênese <span class="_0 blank"> </span>so-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y202 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">mática. <span class="_1f blank"> </span>Es<span class="_8 blank"></span>te <span class="_1f blank"> </span>co<span class="_8 blank"></span>mpost<span class="_8 blank"></span>o <span class="_1f blank"> </span>é <span class="_e blank"> </span>termo-</div><div class="t m7 x17 hc y203 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls8 ws2">estável <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_5 blank"> </span>f<span class="_1 blank"> </span>otossensív<span class="_8 blank"></span>el, <span class="_5 blank"> </span>recomenda-</div><div class="t m8 x18 h10 yd2 ff7 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Página 10 </div><div class="t m0 x19 hf y204 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura 06 </div><div class="t m0 x19 hf y205 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura 06 <span class="_10 blank"></span>Figura 06 </div><div class="t m0 x19 hf y204 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">Figura 06 \u2013 Estrutura química dos principais regulado-</div><div class="t m0 x1a hf y206 ffb fs1 fc1 sc0 ls8 ws2">res de crescimento vegetal. </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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