Aula_10 LEIT E RED LINGUA INGLESA

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LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
 The writing of argumentative paragraphs
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
-how to write argumentative paragraphs
-how to keep a logical coherence of thought, employing the main connectors
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Introduction:
Hi, students.
	In this lesson we will write argumentative paragraphs so that the students will be able to write essays for their final paper .We will organize argumentative paragraphs with a topic sentence, supporting sentences and concluding sentences. Our aim is to keep a logical coherence of thought, employing the main connectors. 
	We can write paragraphs in many different ways, however when we refer to argumentative paragraphs, we suggest the following way of organizing it:
Topic sentence( sentence frasal)
First supporting sentence (primeira sentença de apoio)
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Second supporting sentence ( segunda sentença de apoio)
Third supporting sentence ( terceira sentença de apoio)
Concluding sentence ( sentença final que resuma a sentença frasal)
An argument is a series of logically connected sentences that state a position and present reasons to support it. You must organize an argument carefully. A poorly organized argument may confuse, rather than persuade, your audience. The order most often used in persuasive writing includes four steps, or parts: position statement, clarifying remark, supporting sentences, concluding sentence. 
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Let´s watch a video about argumentative paragraphs. 
You must pay close attention to the steps presented in the video
Find the topic sentence:
	Anthropology is the study of humankind, especially of Homo sapiens, the biological species to which we human beings belong. It is the study of how our species evolved from more primitive organisms; it is also the study of how our species developed a mode of communication known as language and a mode of social life known as culture. It is the study of how culture evolved and diversified. And finally, it is the study of how culture, people, and nature interact wherever human beings are found.
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Paragraph Unity
To achieve paragraph unity, a writer must ensure two things only. First, the paragraph must have a single generalization that serves as the focus of attention, that is, a topic sentence. Secondly, a writer must control the content of every other sentence in the paragraph's body such that (a) it contains more specific information than the topic sentence and (b) it maintains the same focus of attention as the topic sentence.
	
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
This generalization about paragraph structure holds true for the essay in particular. The two major exceptions to this formula for paragraph unity are found in fiction (where paragraph boundaries serve other functions, such as indicating when a new speaker is talking in a story) and in journalism (where paragraphs are especially short to promote 'visual' ease by creating white space).
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
The purpose of argumentative writing is to influence the reader, or audience. When you write a persuasive paragraph or composition, you want your audience to accept an idea, to take some sort of action, or both. The following paragraph is an example of argumentative writing.
Although many people complain about modern technology, it has made the world a better place. (2) The function of technology is to provide scientific, efficient ways of doing things. (3) Modern technology makes it possible for farmers to produce increasing amounts of food. (4) Every day, in hospitals around              
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
the world, lives are saved through devices made possible by technology.(5) Millions of people earn their livelihoods because of such inventions as the airplane, the automobile, and the computer. (6) Because of technology, people today do not have to labor as hard as people used to. (7) Contrary to the claims of its detractors, modern technology has benefited the world greatly.
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Sentence number (1) is the topic sentence. It states the opinion that the writer wants the audience to accept.
Sentence number(2) supports the opinion expressed in the topic sentence,
From sentence number(3) to sentence number(6), the writer gives reasons to support his or her opinion.
Sentence number(7) is a concluding sentence.
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Limiting the topics
When you write a paragraph, you must keep in mind that the main idea must be preserved and that the paragraph should be as specific as possible. We must avoid generalizations. For example, it is more appropriate to write a paragraph about a specific sport , such as soccer, than to write a paragraph about games in general.
Let´s take a look at these general ideas and choose the limiting subject:
Games: Olympics, Gymnastics, Soccer
Reading: Romeo and Juliet, Literature. Books
 California Tourist Attractions: Museums, Beaches, Disneyland
Relatives: Nephews. Cousins, My Grandfather
Work: Cleaning House, Mental,Physical 
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Let´s watch a video about transitional words.
Main connectors
The employment of connectors is very important to keep the notion of sequence and unity to the paragraph. Here are some connectors you may use more commonly in your paragraphs:
To start supporting sentences
	First, first of all, firstly, to start with, to begin with
To continue the supporting sentences
	Second, secondly, in the second place, the second aspect, nest, also, besides, in addition to
	- To conclude the supporting sentences
	In conclusion, in brief, in summary, in short, to sum up, on the whole 
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
The following statements illustrate types of opinions that you can use as topics for argumentative writing: Choose the most appropriate item for each statement:
1- Courage, not cowardice, is the underlying theme of the story.
A- Opinion that evaluates
B- Opinion that advises
C- Opinion that explains
  
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
2- Young people should give careful thought to career planning.
A-Opinions that advise
B-Opinions that predict
C-Opinions that evaluate  
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
3- The band´s audition was very poor.
A-Opinion that predicts
B-Opinion that evaluates
C-Opinion that advises
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
We are going to watch a video about paraphrases
A paraphrase is...
your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.
one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source.
a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.
 
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVEPARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because...
it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage.
it helps you control the temptation to quote too much.
the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.
 
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Some examples to compare
The original passage:
	Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
An acceptable summary:
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
A plagiarized version:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Paraphrasing Exercise 1
Read the following passage and paraphrase it by putting it into your own words.
In American society, Introverts are outnumbered about three to one. As a result, they must develop extra coping skills early in life because there will be an inordinate amount of pressure on them to “shape up,” to act like the rest of the world. The Introvert is pressured daily, almost from the moment of awakening, to respond and conform to the outer world.  
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Classroom teachers unwittingly pressure Introverted students by announcing that “One-third of your grade will be based on classroom participation.” From Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen, Type Talk: The 16 Personality Types that Determine How We Live, Love and Work. New York: Dell Publishing, 1989.
Tema da Apresentação
THE WRITING OF ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPHS
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA
Possible Paraphrase
There is not a single correct answer, but you could paraphrase the above passage by writing something like this:
There are many more extroverts than introverts in America. This puts a lot of pressure on introverts to fit in and be like everybody else. Even in school, teachers add to this pressure by making class participation part of the student's grade. Consequently, introverts have to acquire additional skills to deal with these pressures.
Tema da Apresentação