MTF USA Monitorando o Futuro Vol. 1

Prévia do material em texto

MONITORING THE FUTURE 
NATIONAL SURVEY RESULTS ON DRUG USE, 1975–2010 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Volume I 
 
 Secondary School Students 
 
 
 
 
 by 
 
 
 Lloyd D. Johnston, Ph.D. 
 Patrick M. O’Malley, Ph.D. 
 Jerald G. Bachman, Ph.D. 
John E. Schulenberg, Ph.D. 
 
 The University of Michigan 
 Institute for Social Research 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sponsored by: 
The National Institute on Drug Abuse 
National Institutes of Health 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
This publication was written by the principal 
investigators and staff of the Monitoring the Future 
project at the Institute for Social Research, the 
University of Michigan, under Research Grant No. 
R01 DA 01411 from the National Institute on Drug 
Abuse. 
 
 
The findings and conclusions in this report are 
those of the authors and do not necessarily 
represent the views of the NIH. 
 
 
 Public Domain Notice 
 
All material appearing in this volume is in the public 
domain and may be reproduced or copied without 
permission from the authors. Citation of the source 
is appreciated. 
 
 
Recommended Citation 
 
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & 
Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Monitoring the Future 
national survey results on drug use, 1975–2010: 
Volume I, Secondary school students. Ann Arbor: 
Institute for Social Research, The University of 
Michigan. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Institute for Social Research 
The University of Michigan 
Ann Arbor, Michigan 
Printed May 2011 
 
 
 
 iii
ABBREVIATED CONTENTS* 
 
Click on any item below (in blue) to go directly to that page. 
 
Detailed Contents .............................................................................................................................v 
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xi 
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ xxix 
Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................1 
Chapter 2 Key Findings: An Overview and Integration Across Five 
 Populations .............................................................................................................9 
Chapter 3 Study Design and Procedures .............................................................................63 
Chapter 4 Prevalence and Frequency of Drug Use .............................................................81 
Chapter 5 Trends in Drug Use ............................................................................................139 
Chapter 6 Initiation Rates and Trends in Initiation Rates in Lower Grades ................277 
Chapter 7 Degree and Duration of Drug Highs ................................................................319 
Chapter 8 Attitudes and Beliefs about Drug Use ..............................................................345 
Chapter 9 The Social Context .............................................................................................407 
Chapter 10 Other Findings ...................................................................................................455 
Appendix A Prevalence and Trend Estimates Adjusted for Absentees 
 and Dropouts ......................................................................................................507 
Appendix B Definition of Background and Demographic Subgroups ...............................519 
Appendix C Estimation of Sampling Errors .........................................................................523 
Appendix D Trends by Subgroup: Supplemental Tables for Secondary 
 School Students ..................................................................................................553 
Appendix E Trends in Specific Subclasses of Hallucinogens, Amphetamines, 
 Tranquilizers, Sedatives, and Narcotic Drugs other than Heroin .................707 
Appendix F Trends in Drug Use for Three Grades Combined ..........................................721 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
*See next page for Detailed Contents. 
iv
 v
DETAILED CONTENTS 
 
Click on any item below (in blue) to go directly to that page. 
 
Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 
 
Content Areas Covered ................................................................................................................2 
Drug Classes .............................................................................................................................2 
Attitudes, Beliefs, and Early Experiences ................................................................................4 
Over-the-Counter Substances ...................................................................................................4 
Cumulative Lifetime Daily Marijuana Use ..............................................................................4 
Sources of Prescription Drugs ..................................................................................................4 
Synopses of Other MTF Publications ......................................................................................4 
Trends in Use of Specific Alcoholic Beverages .......................................................................4 
Appendixes ...............................................................................................................................5 
Purposes and Rationale for This Research ..................................................................................5 
 
Chapter 2 Key Findings: An Overview and Integration across Five Populations .......................9 
 
Trends in Illicit Drug Use—The Advent of Cohort Effects ........................................................9 
College–Noncollege Differences in Illicit Drug Use ............................................................26 
Male–Female Differences in Illicit Drug Use.......................................................................27 
Trends in Alcohol Use ...............................................................................................................28 
College–Noncollege Differences in Alcohol Use .................................................................28 
Male–Female Differences in Alcohol Use............................................................................29 
Trends in Cigarette Smoking .....................................................................................................30 
Age- and Cohort-Related Differences in Cigarette Smoking ...............................................32 
College–Noncollege Differences in Cigarette Smoking .......................................................32 
Male–Female Differences in Cigarette Smoking..................................................................33 
Racial/Ethnic Comparisons ........................................................................................................34 
Drug Use in Eighth Grade .........................................................................................................36 
Drug Use by Age 50 ..................................................................................................................37 
Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................................38 
 
Chapter 3 Study Design and Procedures ....................................................................................63 
 
Research Design and Procedures for the Twelfth-Grade Surveys .............................................63 
The Populationunder Study .................................................................................................63 
The Omission of Dropouts ....................................................................................................64 
Sampling Procedures and Sample Weights ..........................................................................64 
Questionnaire Administration ...............................................................................................64 
Questionnaire Format ...........................................................................................................65 
Research Design and Procedures for the Eighth- and Tenth-Grade Surveys ............................65 
Mode of Administration .......................................................................................................66 
Questionnaire Forms and Sample Proportions .....................................................................66 
Research Design and Procedures for the Twelfth-Grade Follow-up Surveys ...........................67 
Follow-Up Procedures ..........................................................................................................67 
 
 vi
DETAILED CONTENTS (Continued) 
 
 
Follow-Up Questionnaire Format .........................................................................................68 
Representativeness and Sample Accuracy .................................................................................68 
School Participation ..............................................................................................................68 
Student Participation .............................................................................................................70 
Sampling Accuracy of the Estimates ....................................................................................71 
Panel Retention ..........................................................................................................................71 
The Problem of Panel Attrition .............................................................................................71 
Response Rates .....................................................................................................................72 
The Impact of Panel Attrition on Research Results ..............................................................72 
Effects on Relational Analyses .............................................................................................74 
Validity of Measures of Self-Reported Drug Use .....................................................................75 
Consistency and Measurement of Trends .............................................................................76 
 
Chapter 4 Prevalence and Frequency of Drug Use .....................................................................81 
 
Prevalence and Frequency of Drug Use in 2010: All Students .................................................81 
Prevalence of Lifetime, Annual, and 30-Day Use ................................................................81 
Frequency of Lifetime, Annual, and 30-Day Use .................................................................89 
Prevalence of Current Daily Use ..........................................................................................90 
Noncontinuation Rates ...............................................................................................................91 
Prevalence Comparisons for Important Subgroups ...................................................................92 
Gender Differences ...............................................................................................................92 
Differences Related to College Plans ...................................................................................94 
Regional Differences ............................................................................................................95 
Differences Related to Population Density ...........................................................................97 
Differences Related to Parental Education ...........................................................................97 
Racial/Ethnic Differences .....................................................................................................98 
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Parental Education ................................................................101 
 
Chapter 5 Trends in Drug Use ..................................................................................................139 
 
Trends in Prevalence of Use, 1975–2010: Twelfth Graders ....................................................139 
Trends in Prevalence of Use, 1991–2010: Eighth and Tenth Graders .....................................156 
Trends in Noncontinuation Rates: Twelfth Graders ................................................................164 
Implications for Prevention .....................................................................................................167 
Trend Comparisons among Subgroups ....................................................................................167 
Trend Differences by Gender .............................................................................................168 
Trend Differences by College Plans ...................................................................................173 
Trend Differences by Region of the Country .....................................................................177 
Trend Differences by Population Density ..........................................................................181 
Trend Differences by Socioeconomic Status ......................................................................185 
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Trends ...................................................................................189 
 
 vii
 
 
DETAILED CONTENTS (Continued) 
 
 
Chapter 6 Initiation Rates and Trends in Initiation Rates in Lower Grades .............................277 
 
Incidence of Use by Grade Level ............................................................................................278 
Trends in Lifetime Prevalence at Earlier Grade Levels ...........................................................281 
 
Chapter 7 Degree and Duration of Drug Highs ........................................................................319 
 
Degree and Duration of Highs among Twelfth Graders in 2010 .............................................319 
Trends in Degree and Duration of Drug Highs ........................................................................321 
 
Chapter 8 Attitudes and Beliefs about Drug Use .....................................................................345 
 
Perceived Harmfulness of Drug Use .......................................................................................346 
Beliefs about Harmfulness among Twelfth Graders ...........................................................346 
Eighth and Tenth Graders’ Beliefs about Harmfulness ......................................................347 
Trends in Perceived Harmfulness of Drug Use .......................................................................348 
Trends in Perceived Harmfulness among Twelfth Graders ................................................348 
Trends in Perceived Harmfulness among Eighth and Tenth Graders .................................358 
Personal Disapproval of Drug Use ..........................................................................................361 
Extent of Disapproval among Twelfth Graders ..................................................................361 
Extent of Disapproval among Eighth and Tenth Graders ...................................................362 
Trends in Disapprovalof Drug Use .........................................................................................363 
Trends in Disapproval among Twelfth Graders .................................................................363 
Trends in Disapproval among Eighth and Tenth Graders ..................................................366 
Attitudes Regarding the Legality of Drug Use ........................................................................369 
Attitudes of Twelfth Graders ..............................................................................................369 
Trends in These Attitudes among Twelfth Graders ............................................................370 
The Legal Status of Marijuana .................................................................................................371 
Attitudes and Predicted Responses to Legalization ............................................................371 
Trends in Attitudes and Predicted Responses .....................................................................372 
 
Chapter 9 The Social Context ...................................................................................................407 
 
Perceived Attitudes of Friends: Twelfth Graders ....................................................................407 
Perceptions of Friends’ Attitudes .......................................................................................407 
A Comparison of the Attitudes of Parents, Peers, and Twelfth Graders ............................408 
Trends in Perceptions of Friends’ Attitudes .......................................................................409 
Methodological Implications ..............................................................................................411 
Friends’ Use of Drugs ..............................................................................................................411 
Exposure to Drug Use by Friends and Others: Twelfth Graders, 2010 ..............................412 
Friends’ Use of Drugs: Eighth and Tenth Graders, 2010 ...................................................413 
Trends in Exposure to Drug Use and Friends’ Use of Drugs ..................................................414 
Trends in Exposure to Drug Use by Friends and Others: Twelfth Graders ........................414 
Trends in Friends’ Drug Use: Eighth and Tenth Graders ...................................................416 
 viii
DETAILED CONTENTS (Continued) 
 
 
Perceived Availability of Drugs ..............................................................................................417 
Perceived Availability of Drugs, 2010: All Grades ............................................................417 
Trends in Perceived Availability for Twelfth Graders .......................................................419 
Trends in Perceived Availability for Eighth and Tenth Graders ........................................422 
The Importance of Supply Reduction Versus Demand Reduction .....................................424 
 
Chapter 10 Other Findings .........................................................................................................455 
 
The Use of Nonprescription Stimulants ...................................................................................455 
Prevalence of Use in 2010 among Twelfth Graders ...........................................................456 
Subgroup Differences among Twelfth Graders ..................................................................456 
Trends in Use among Twelfth Graders ...............................................................................457 
Subgroup Differences in Trends among Twelfth Graders ..................................................458 
Sources of Certain Prescription Drugs .....................................................................................458 
Index of Use of any Prescription Drug among Twelfth Graders .............................................460 
Drugs Used in the Treatment of ADHD ..................................................................................461 
Prevalence of Use ...............................................................................................................461 
Trends in Use ......................................................................................................................462 
Subgroup Differences .........................................................................................................462 
Performance-Enhancing Substances: Andro and Creatine ......................................................463 
Daily Use of Marijuana by Twelfth Graders ...........................................................................464 
Lifetime Prevalence of Daily Marijuana Use .....................................................................465 
Grade of First Daily Marijuana Use ...................................................................................465 
Recency of Daily Marijuana Use ........................................................................................466 
Duration of Daily Marijuana Use .......................................................................................466 
Subgroup Differences in Daily Marijuana Use...................................................................466 
Trends in Use of Marijuana on a Daily Basis .....................................................................467 
Other MTF Publications .........................................................................................................467 
Relationships between Exercise and Substance Use among American Youth, 
 1991-2009 .......................................................................................................................467 
State-level tobacco control policies and youth smoking cessation measures .....................468 
Twelfth-grade student work intensity linked to later educational attainment and 
 substance use: New longitudinal evidence .....................................................................468 
Racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between parental education and substance 
 use among U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students: Findings from the Monitoring 
 the Future project ............................................................................................................469 
Age-related changes in reasons for using alcohol and marijuana from ages 18 to 
30 in a national sample ...................................................................................................469 
Adolescents’ reported reasons for alcohol and marijuana use as predictors of 
 substance use and problems in adulthood ......................................................................470 
Other Data on Correlates and Trends ......................................................................................470 
Website ....................................................................................................................................471 
 
Appendix A Prevalence and Trend Estimates Adjusted for Absentees 
 and Dropouts .....................................................................................................507 
 
 ix
DETAILED CONTENTS (Continued) 
 
 
Corrections for Eighth and Tenth Grades ................................................................................507 
The Effects of Missing Absentees ...........................................................................................508 
The Effects of Missing Dropouts .............................................................................................509 
Extrapolation Methods ........................................................................................................509 
Effects of Omitting Dropouts in TrendEstimates ..............................................................511 
Further Exploration of Corrections for Dropouts ....................................................................512 
Examples of Revised Estimates for Two Drugs ......................................................................514 
Summary and Conclusions ......................................................................................................514 
 
Appendix B Definition of Background and Demographic Subgroups ..................................519 
 
Appendix C Estimation of Sampling Errors..........................................................................523 
 
Calculating Confidence Intervals .............................................................................................523 
Significance of Difference between Two Proportions ........................................................524 
Design Effects in Complex Samples .......................................................................................524 
Estimating Design Effects ..................................................................................................525 
Factors Affecting Design Effects ........................................................................................526 
Design Effects for Differences between Two Proportions .................................................527 
Determining an Effective n ......................................................................................................529 
A Special Note on Racial/Ethnic Subgroups ......................................................................529 
A Note on Interpretation of Differences and Statistical Significance .....................................530 
 
Appendix D Trends by Subgroup: Supplemental Tables for Secondary 
 School Students ................................................................................................553 
 
Appendix E Trends in Specific Subclasses of Hallucinogens, Amphetamines, 
 Tranquilizers, Sedatives, and Narcotic Drugs other than Heroin .....................707 
 
Appendix F Trends in Drug Use for Three Grades Combined .............................................721 
 
 
x
 
 xi
LIST OF TABLES 
 
Click on any item below (in blue) to go directly to that page. 
 
Table 2-1 Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for 8th, 
 10th, and 12th Graders, College Students, and Young Adults 
 (Ages 19–28) ..........................................................................................................43 
 
Table 2-2 Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for 
 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, College Students, and 
 Young Adults (Ages 19–28) ..................................................................................50 
 
Table 2-3 Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for 
 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, College Students, and 
 Young Adults (Ages 19–28) ..................................................................................56 
 
Table 2-4 Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use of Various Drugs for 
 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, College Students, and Young 
 Adults (Ages 19–28) ..............................................................................................61 
 
Table 3-1 Sample Sizes and Response Rates .........................................................................77 
 
Table 4-1a Ninety-Five Percent Confidence Limits: Lifetime Prevalence of Use for 
 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 ........................................................................102 
 
Table 4-1b Ninety-Five Percent Confidence Limits: Annual Prevalence of Use for 
 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 ........................................................................103 
 
Table 4-1c Ninety-Five Percent Confidence Limits: 30-Day Prevalence of Use for 
 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 ........................................................................104 
 
Table 4-1d Ninety-Five Percent Confidence Limits: Daily Prevalence of Use for 
 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 ........................................................................105 
 
Table 4-2 Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for 8th, 10th, and 12th 
 Graders, 2010 .......................................................................................................106 
 
Table 4-3 Prevalence of Use of Heroin with and without a Needle for 
 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 ........................................................................108 
 
Table 4-4a Frequency of Use of Various Drugs: Lifetime, Annual, and 30-Day 
 for 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 ..................................................................109 
 
Table 4-4b Frequency of Occasions of Heavy Drinking, Cigarette Smoking, and 
 Smokeless Tobacco Use for 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 ..........................115 
 
 xii 
 
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table 4-4c Frequency of Use of Nonprescription Cough and Cold Medicines to 
 Get High for 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 ..................................................116 
 
Table 4-5 Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs by Subgroups for 
 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 ........................................................................117 
 
Table 4-6 Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs by Subgroups for 
 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 ........................................................................122 
 
Table 4-7 Thirty-Day Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs by Subgroups for 
 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 ........................................................................127 
 
Table 4-8 Thirty-Day Prevalence of Daily Use of Various Drugs 
 by Subgroups for 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 ...........................................131 
 
Table 5-1 Long-Term Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................197 
 
Table 5-2 Long-Term Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................200 
 
Table 5-3 Long-Term Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Various 
 Drugs in Grade 12 ................................................................................................204 
 
Table 5-4 Long-Term Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use of 
 Various Drugs in Grade 12 ..................................................................................206 
 
Table 5-5a Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs in Grades 
 8, 10, and 12 .........................................................................................................208 
 
Table 5-5b Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs in Grades 
 8, 10, and 12 .........................................................................................................213 
 
Table 5-5c Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs in Grades 
 8, 10, and 12 .........................................................................................................218 
 
Table 5-5d Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use of Various Drugs 
 in Grades 8, 10, and 12 ........................................................................................222 
 
 
 xiii
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table 5-6a Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Heroin with and without 
 a Needle in Grades 8, 10, and 12 .........................................................................223 
 
Table 5-6b Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Heroin with and without 
 aNeedle in Grades 8, 10, and 12 .........................................................................224 
 
Table 5-6c Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Heroin with and without 
 a Needle in Grades 8, 10, and 12 .........................................................................225 
 
Table 5-7a Trends in Noncontinuation Rates among 12th Graders Who Ever 
 Used Drug in Lifetime .........................................................................................226 
 
Table 5-7b Trends in Noncontinuation Rates among 12th Graders Who 
 Used Drug 10 or More Times in Lifetime ...........................................................229 
 
Table 6-1 Incidence of Use of Various Drugs by Grade for 8th Graders, 2010 ..................290 
 
Table 6-2 Incidence of Use of Various Drugs by Grade for 10th Graders, 2010 ................291 
 
Table 6-3 Incidence of Use of Various Drugs by Grade for 12th Graders, 2010 ................292 
 
Table 6-4 Incidence of Use of Various Drugs: A Comparison of Responses 
 from 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders, 2010 .............................................................. 293 
 
Table 7-1 Marijuana: Trends in Degree and Duration of Feeling High in 
 Grade 12 ...............................................................................................................325 
 
Table 7-2 LSD: Trends in Degree and Duration of Feeling High in Grade 12 ....................327 
 
Table 7-3 Hallucinogens other than LSD: Trends in Degree and Duration of 
 Feeling High in Grade 12 .....................................................................................329 
 
Table 7-4 Cocaine: Trends in Degree and Duration of Feeling High in 
 Grade 12 ...............................................................................................................331 
 
Table 7-5 Narcotics other than Heroin: Trends in Degree and Duration of Feeling 
 High in Grade 12 ..................................................................................................333 
 
Table 7-6 Amphetamines: Trends in Degree and Duration of Feeling High in 
 Grade 12 ...............................................................................................................335 
 
Table 7-7 Tranquilizers: Trends in Degree and Duration of Feeling High in 
 Grade 12 ...............................................................................................................337 
 
 xiv
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table 7-8 Alcohol: Trends in Degree and Duration of Feeling High in 
 Grade 12 ...............................................................................................................339 
 
Table 8-1 Trends in Harmfulness of Drugs as Perceived by 8th Graders ............................373 
 
Table 8-2 Trends in Harmfulness of Drugs as Perceived by 10th Graders ..........................374 
 
Table 8-3 Trends in Harmfulness of Drugs as Perceived by 12th Graders ..........................375 
 
Table 8-4 Trends in Disapproval of Drug Use in Grade 8 ...................................................378 
 
Table 8-5 Trends in Disapproval of Drug Use in Grade 10 .................................................379 
 
Table 8-6 Trends in Disapproval of Drug Use in Grade 12 .................................................380 
 
Table 8-7 Trends in 12th Graders’ Attitudes Regarding Legality of Drug Use ...................382 
 
Table 8-8 Trends in 12th Graders’ Attitudes Regarding Marijuana Laws ...........................384 
 
Table 9-1 Trends in Proportion of Friends Disapproving of Drug Use for 
 12th Graders .........................................................................................................426 
 
Table 9-2 Trends in 12th Graders’ Exposure to Drug Use ...................................................428 
 
Table 9-3 Trends in Friends’ Use of Drugs as Estimated by 8th Graders............................431 
 
Table 9-4 Trends in Friends’ Use of Drugs as Estimated by 10th Graders..........................432 
 
Table 9-5a Trends in Friends’ Use of Drugs as Estimated by 12th Graders .........................433 
 
Table 9-5b Trends in Friends’ Use of Drugs as Estimated by 12th Graders..........................435 
 
Table 9-6 Trends in Availability of Drugs as Perceived by 8th Graders .............................438 
 
Table 9-7 Trends in Availability of Drugs as Perceived by 10th Graders ...........................439 
 
Table 9-8 Trends in Availability of Drugs as Perceived by 12th Graders ...........................440 
 
 
 xv
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table 10-1a Nonprescription Diet Pills: Trends in Lifetime, Annual, and 
 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Gender in Grade 12 ..............................................472 
 
Table 10-1b Stay-Awake Pills: Trends in Lifetime, Annual, and 30-Day 
 Prevalence of Use by Gender in Grade 12 ...........................................................473 
 
Table 10-1c Look-Alikes: Trends in Lifetime, Annual, and 30-Day 
 Prevalence of Use by Gender in Grade 12 ...........................................................474 
 
Table 10-2a Nonprescription Diet Pills: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use 
 by Subgroups in Grade 12....................................................................................475 
 
Table 10-2b Stay-Awake Pills: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................477 
 
Table 10-2c Look-Alikes: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................479 
 
Table 10-3 Percentage of 12th Graders in Each Category of an Illicit Drug 
 Use Index Who Have Tried Various Over-the-Counter Stimulants, 
 2010......................................................................................................................481 
 
Table 10-4 Source of Prescription Drugs among Those Who Used in Last Year, 
 Grade 12, 2007–2010 ..........................................................................................482 
 
Table 10-5 Use of Any Prescription Drug without Medical Supervision in Grade 12 ..........483 
 
Table 10-6 Any Prescription Drug without Medical Supervision: Trends in Annual 
 Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 .....................................................484 
 
Table 10-7 Trends in Use of ADHD Drugs in Grade 8 ..........................................................485 
 
Table 10-8 Trends in Use of ADHD Drugs in Grade 10 ........................................................486 
 
Table 10-9 Trends in Use of ADHD Drugs in Grade 12 ........................................................487 
 
Table 10-10 Trends in Lifetime Use of ADHD Drugs by Subgroups in Grade 8 ....................488 
 
 
 xvi
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table 10-11 Trends in Current Use of ADHD Drugs by Subgroups in Grade 8 .....................489 
 
Table 10-12 Trends in Lifetime Use of ADHD Drugs by Subgroups in Grade 10 ..................490 
 
Table 10-13 Trends in Current Use of ADHD Drugs by Subgroups in Grade 10 ...................491 
 
Table 10-14 Trends in Lifetime Use of ADHD Drugs by Subgroups in Grade 12 ..................492 
 
Table 10-15 Trends in Current Use of ADHD Drugs by Subgroups in Grade 12 ...................493 
 
Table 10-16a Androstenedione: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 8 .............................................................................................................494 
 
Table 10-16b Androstenedione: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 10...........................................................................................................495 
 
Table 10-16c Androstenedione: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................496 
 
Table 10-17a Creatine: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in 
 Grade 8 .................................................................................................................497 
 
Table 10-17b Creatine: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in 
 Grade 10 ...............................................................................................................498 
 
Table 10-17c Creatine: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in 
 Grade 12 ...............................................................................................................499 
 
Table 10-18a Steroids and Androstenedione: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use 
 by Gender in Grade 8 ...........................................................................................500 
 
Table 10-18b Steroids and Androstenedione: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use 
 by Gender in Grade 10 .........................................................................................501 
 
Table 10-18c Steroids and Androstenedione: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use 
 by Gender in Grade 12 .........................................................................................502 
 
Table 10-19 Daily Marijuana Use: Responses to Selected Questions by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12, 2010 .................................................................................................503 
 
 
 
 xvii
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table 10-20a Daily Marijuana Use for a Month or More in Lifetime: Trends by 
 Subgroups in Grade 12.........................................................................................504 
 
Table 10-20b Daily Marijuana Use for a Month or More Prior to 10th Grade: Trends 
 by Subgroups in Grade 12....................................................................................505 
 
Table A-1 Comparison of 2002 Monitoring the Future Seniors, NSDUH 
 Seniors, and NSDUH Dropouts ...........................................................................515 
 
Table A-2 Estimated Prevalence Rates for Marijuana and Cocaine, 2002, 
 Based on Data from Monitoring the Future and The National 
 Survey on Drug Use and Health ..........................................................................516 
 
Table C-1a Design Effects for 1-Year Trends in Prevalence of Use: 
 Any Illicit Drug other than Marijuana .................................................................532 
 
Table C-1b Design Effects for 1-Year Trends in Prevalence of Use: Any Illicit 
 Drug, Any Illicit Drug Including Inhalants, and Marijuana ................................533 
 
Table C-1c Design Effects for 1-Year Trends in Prevalence of Use: Hallucinogens, 
 LSD, Cocaine, and Other Cocaine .......................................................................534 
 
Table C-1d Design Effects for 1-Year Trends in Prevalence of Use: Nitrites, 
 PCP, Crack Cocaine, Heroin, Methamphetamine, Crystal 
 Methamphetamine (Ice), Methaqualone, OTC Cough/Cold 
 Medicines, Rohypnol, GHB, Ketamine, Steroids, Salvia, and Provigil ..............535 
 
Table C-1e Design Effects for 1-Year Trends in Prevalence of Use: Hallucinogens 
 other than LSD, Ecstasy (MDMA), Narcotics other than Heroin, 
 OxyContin, Ritalin, Sedatives (Barbiturates), Tranquilizers, Flavored 
 Alcoholic Beverages, Bidis, Kreteks, Androstenedione, Creatine, 
 and Adderall .........................................................................................................536 
 
Table C-1f Design Effects for 1-Year Trends in Prevalence of Use: 
 Inhalants, Vicodin, and Amphetamines ...............................................................537 
 
Table C-1g Design Effects for 1-Year Trends in Prevalence of Use: 
 Alcohol, Been Drunk, Cigarettes, and Smokeless Tobacco ................................538 
 
 
 xviii
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table C-2a Design Effects for (a) Prevalence of Use or (b) a Change in 
 Prevalence of Use across Nonadjacent Years: Any Illicit Drug 
 other than Marijuana ............................................................................................539 
 
Table C-2b Design Effects for (a) Prevalence of Use or (b) a Change in 
 Prevalence of Use across Nonadjacent Years: Any Illicit Drug, 
 Any Illicit Drug Including Inhalants, and Marijuana ...........................................540 
 
Table C-2c Design Effects for (a) Prevalence of Use or (b) a Change in 
 Prevalence of Use across Nonadjacent Years: Hallucinogens, LSD, 
 Cocaine, and Other Cocaine ................................................................................541 
 
Table C-2d Design Effects for (a) Prevalence of Use or (b) a Change in 
 Prevalence of Use across Nonadjacent Years: Nitrites, PCP, Crack 
 Cocaine, Heroin, Methamphetamine, Crystal Methamphetamine 
 (Ice), Methaqualone, OTC Cough/Cold Medicines, Rohypnol, 
 GHB, Ketamine, Steroids, Salvia, and Provigil ...................................................542 
 
Table C-2e Design Effects for (a) Prevalence of Use or (b) a Change in 
 Prevalence of Use across Nonadjacent Years: Hallucinogens other than 
 LSD, Ecstasy (MDMA), Narcotics other than Heroin, OxyContin, 
 Ritalin, Sedatives (Barbiturates), Tranquilizers, Flavored Alcoholic 
 Beverages, Bidis, Kreteks, Androstenedione, Creatine, and Adderall ................543 
 
Table C-2f Design Effects for (a) Prevalence of Use or (b) a Change in 
 Prevalence of Use across Nonadjacent Years: Inhalants, 
 Vicodin, and Amphetamines ................................................................................544 
 
Table C-2g Design Effects for (a) Prevalence of Use or (b) a Change in 
Prevalence of Use across Nonadjacent Years: Alcohol, Been Drunk, 
 Cigarettes, and Smokeless Tobacco .....................................................................545 
 
Table C-3a Design Effects for Subgroup Comparisons within Any Single Year: 
 Any Illicit Drug other than Marijuana .................................................................546 
 
Table C-3b Design Effects for Subgroup Comparisons within Any Single Year: 
 Any Illicit Drug, Any Illicit Drug Including Inhalants, and 
 Marijuana .............................................................................................................547 
 
Table C-3c Design Effects for Subgroup Comparisons within Any Single Year: 
 Hallucinogens, LSD, Cocaine, and Other Cocaine ..............................................548 
 
 
 xix
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table C-3d Design Effects for Subgroup Comparisons within Any Single Year: 
 Nitirites, PCP, Crack Cocaine, Heroin, Methamphetamine, Crystal 
 Methamphetamine (Ice), Methaqualone, OTC Cough/Cold 
 Medicines, Rohypnol, GHB, Ketamine, Steroids, Salvia, and Provigil ..............549 
 
Table C-3e Design Effects for Subgroup Comparisons within Any Single Year: 
 Hallucinogens other than LSD, Ecstasy (MDMA), Narcotics 
 other than Heroin, OxyContin, Ritalin, Sedatives (Barbiturates), 
 Tranquilizers, Flavored Alcoholic Beverages, Bidis, Kreteks, 
 Androstenedione, Creatine, and Adderall ............................................................550 
 
Table C-3f Design Effects for Subgroup Comparisons within Any Single Year: 
 Inhalants, Vicodin, and Amphetamines ...............................................................551 
 
Table C-3g Design Effects for Subgroup Comparisons within Any Single Year: 
 Alcohol, BeenDrunk, Cigarettes, and Smokeless Tobacco ................................552 
 
Table D-1 Any Illicit Drug: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 8...........................................................................................556 
 
Table D-2 Any Illicit Drug: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 10.........................................................................................557 
 
Table D-3 Any Illicit Drug: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 12.........................................................................................558 
 
Table D-4 Any Illicit Drug other than Marijuana: Trends in Annual Prevalence 
 of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 ..........................................................................560 
 
Table D-5 Any Illicit Drug other than Marijuana: Trends in Annual Prevalence 
 of Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 ........................................................................561 
 
Table D-6 Any Illicit Drug other than Marijuana: Trends in Annual Prevalence 
 of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 ........................................................................562 
 
Table D-7 Marijuana: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 ........564 
 
Table D-8 Marijuana: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 ......565 
 
Table D-9 Marijuana: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 ......566 
 
Table D-10 Inhalants: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 ..........568 
 
 
 xx
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table D-11 Inhalants: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 ........569 
 
Table D-12 Inhalants: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 ........570 
 
Table D-13 Hallucinogens: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in 
 Grade 8 ................................................................................................................572 
 
Table D-14 Hallucinogens: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in 
 Grade 10 ...............................................................................................................573 
 
Table D-15 Hallucinogens: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in 
 Grade 12 ...............................................................................................................574 
 
Table D-16 LSD: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 .................576 
 
Table D-17 LSD: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 ...............577 
 
Table D-18 LSD: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 ...............578 
 
Table D-19 Hallucinogens other than LSD: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 8...........................................................................................580 
 
Table D-20 Hallucinogens other than LSD: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 10.........................................................................................581 
 
Table D-21 Hallucinogens other than LSD: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 12.........................................................................................582 
 
Table D-22 Ecstasy (MDMA): Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 8 .............................................................................................................584 
 
Table D-23 Ecstasy (MDMA): Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 10 ...........................................................................................................585 
 
Table D-24 Ecstasy (MDMA): Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................586 
 
Table D-25 Salvia: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grades 
 8, 10, and 12 .........................................................................................................587 
 
Table D-26 Cocaine: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 ...........588 
 
Table D-27 Cocaine: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 .........589 
 
 xxi
 
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table D-28 Cocaine: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 .........590 
 
Table D-29 Crack: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 ...............592 
 
Table D-30 Crack: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 .............593 
 
Table D-31 Crack: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 .............594 
 
Table D-32 Other Cocaine: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 8 .............................................................................................................596 
 
Table D-33 Other Cocaine: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 10 ...........................................................................................................597 
 
Table D-34 Other Cocaine: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................598 
 
Table D-35 Heroin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 .............600 
 
Table D-36 Heroin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 ...........601 
 
Table D-37 Heroin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 ...........602 
 
Table D-38 Heroin with a Needle: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 8...........................................................................................604 
 
Table D-39 Heroin with a Needle: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 10.........................................................................................605 
 
Table D-40 Heroin with a Needle: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 12.........................................................................................606 
 
Table D-41 Heroin without a Needle: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 8...........................................................................................607 
 
Table D-42 Heroin without a Needle: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 10.........................................................................................608 
 
Table D-43 Heroin without a Needle: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 12.........................................................................................609 
 
 
 xxii 
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table D-44 Narcotics other than Heroin: Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................610 
 
Table D-45 OxyContin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in 
 Grade 8 ................................................................................................................612 
 
Table D-46 OxyContin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in 
 Grade 10 ...............................................................................................................613 
 
Table D-47 OxyContin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Sugroups in 
 Grade 12 ...............................................................................................................614 
 
Table D-48 Vicodin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 ...........615 
 
Table D-49 Vicodin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Useby Subgroups in Grade 10 .........616 
 
Table D-50 Vicodin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 .........617 
 
Table D-51 Amphetamines: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 8 .............................................................................................................618 
 
Table D-52 Amphetamines: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 10 ...........................................................................................................619 
 
Table D-53 Amphetamines: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................620 
 
Table D-54 Ritalin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 ............622 
 
Table D-55 Ritalin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 ...........623 
 
Table D-56 Ritalin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 ...........624 
 
Table D-57 Adderall: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grades 
 8, 10, and 12 .........................................................................................................625 
 
Table D-58 Provigil: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 .........626 
 
Table D-59 Methamphetamine: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 8 .............................................................................................................627 
 
Table D-60 Methamphetamine: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 10 ...........................................................................................................628 
 
 xxiii
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table D-61 Methamphetamine: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................629 
 
Table D-62 Crystal Methamphetamine (Ice): Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use 
 by Subgroups in Grade 12....................................................................................630 
 
Table D-63 Sedatives (Barbiturates): Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 12.........................................................................................631 
 
Table D-64 Tranquilizers: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 8 .............................................................................................................633 
 
Table D-65 Tranquilizers: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 10 ...........................................................................................................634 
 
Table D-66 Tranquilizers: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................635 
 
Table D-67 Over-the-Counter Cough/Cold Medicines: Trends in Annual Prevalence of 
 Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 ..............................................................................637 
 
Table D-68 Over-the-Counter Cough/Cold Medicines: Trends in Annual Prevalence of 
 Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 ............................................................................638 
 
Table D-69 Over-the-Counter Cough/Cold Medicines: Trends in Annual Prevalence of 
 Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 ............................................................................639 
 
Table D-70 Rohypnol: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 .........640 
 
Table D-71 Rohypnol: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 .......641 
 
Table D-72 Rohypnol: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 .......642 
 
Table D-73 Alcohol: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 ...........643 
 
Table D-74 Alcohol: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 .........644 
 
Table D-75 Alcohol: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 .........645 
 
Table D-76 Been Drunk: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence by Subgroups in Grade 8 ................647 
 
Table D-77 Been Drunk: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence by Subgroups in Grade 10 ..............648 
 
 
 xxiv
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table D-78 Been Drunk: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence by Subgroups in Grade 12 ..............649 
 
Table D-79 Alcohol: Trends in 2-Week Prevalence of 5 or More Drinks in a Row 
 by Subgroups in Grade 8......................................................................................650 
 
Table D-80 Alcohol: Trends in 2-Week Prevalence of 5 or More Drinks in a Row 
 by Subgroups in Grade 10....................................................................................651 
 
Table D-81 Alcohol: Trends in 2-Week Prevalence of 5 or More Drinks in a Row 
 by Subgroups in Grade 12....................................................................................652 
 
Table D-82 Beer: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 .................654 
 
Table D-83 Beer: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 ...............655 
 
Table D-84 Beer: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 ...............656 
 
Table D-85 Beer: Trends in 2-Week Prevalence of 5 or More Drinks in a Row 
 by Subgroups in Grade 8......................................................................................658 
 
Table D-86 Beer: Trends in 2-Week Prevalence of 5 or More Drinks in a Row 
 by Subgroups in Grade 10....................................................................................659 
 
Table D-87 Beer: Trends in 2-Week Prevalence of 5 or More Drinks in a Row 
 by Subgroups in Grade 12....................................................................................660 
 
Table D-88 Liquor: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 ...........662 
 
Table D-89 Liquor: Trends in 2-Week Prevalence of 5 or More Drinks in a Row 
 by Subgroups in Grade 12....................................................................................664 
 
Table D-90 Wine: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 .............666 
 
Table D-91 Wine: Trends in 2-Week Prevalence of 5 or More Drinks in a Row by 
 Subgroups in Grade 12.........................................................................................668 
 
Table D-92 Wine Coolers: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 8 .............................................................................................................670 
 
Table D-93 Wine Coolers: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 10 ...........................................................................................................671 
 
 
 xxv
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table D-94 Wine Coolers: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................672 
 
Table D-95 Wine Coolers: Trends in 2-Week Prevalence of 5 or More Drinks 
 in a Row by Subgroups in Grade 12 ....................................................................674 
 
Table D-96 Flavored Alcoholic Beverages: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use 
 by Subgroups in Grade 8......................................................................................676 
 
Table D-97 Flavored Alcoholic Beverages: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use 
 by Subgroups in Grade 10....................................................................................677 
 
Table D-98 Flavored Alcoholic Beverages: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use 
 by Subgroups in Grades 12 ..................................................................................678Table D-99 Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 ........679 
 
Table D-100 Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 ......680 
 
Table D-101 Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 ......681 
 
Table D-102 Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 8 .............................................................................................................683 
 
Table D-103 Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 10 ...........................................................................................................684 
 
Table D-104 Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................685 
 
Table D-105 Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Half Pack a Day 
 or More by Subgroups in Grade 8........................................................................687 
 
Table D-106 Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Half Pack a Day 
or More by Subgroups in Grade 10......................................................................688 
 
Table D-107 Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Half Pack a Day 
 or More by Subgroups in Grade 12......................................................................689 
 
Table D-108 Smokeless Tobacco: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 8 .............................................................................................................691 
 
 
 xxvi
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table D-109 Smokeless Tobacco: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 10 ...........................................................................................................692 
 
Table D-110 Smokeless Tobacco: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use by Subgroups 
 in Grade 12 ...........................................................................................................693 
 
Table D-111 Smokeless Tobacco: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 8...........................................................................................695 
 
Table D-112 Smokeless Tobacco: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 10.........................................................................................696 
 
Table D-113 Smokeless Tobacco: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use by 
 Subgroups in Grade 12.........................................................................................697 
 
Table D-114 Steroids: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 8 ...........699 
 
Table D-115 Steroids: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 10 .........700 
 
Table D-116 Steroids: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use by Subgroups in Grade 12 .........701 
 
Table D-S1 Approximate Weighted Ns by Subgroups in Grade 8 ..........................................702 
 
Table D-S2 Approximate Weighted Ns by Subgroups in Grade 10 ........................................703 
 
Table D-S3 Approximate Weighted Ns by Subgroups in Grade 12 ........................................704 
 
Table E-1 Specific Hallucinogens other than LSD: Trends in Annual Prevalence 
 of Use for All Seniors .........................................................................................710 
 
Table E-2 Specific Amphetamines: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use for All 
 Seniors .................................................................................................................712 
 
Table E-3 Specific Tranquilizers: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use for All 
 Seniors .................................................................................................................714 
 
Table E-4 Specific Narcotics other than Heroin: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use 
 for All Seniors .....................................................................................................716 
 
Table E-5 Specific Sedatives: Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use for All Seniors ..........718 
 
 
 xxvii
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 
 
 
Table F-1 Trends in Lifetime Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for Grades 8, 
 10, and 12 Combined ..........................................................................................722 
 
Table F-2 Trend in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for Grades 8, 10, 
 and 12 Combined ................................................................................................723 
 
Table F-3 Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Use of Various Drugs for Grades 8, 
 10, and 12 Combined ..........................................................................................724 
 
Table F-4 Trends in Daily Prevalence of Use of Selected Drugs for Grades 8, 
 10, and 12 Combined ..........................................................................................725 
 
 
xxviii
 
 
 
 xxix
LIST OF FIGURES 
 
 
 
Figure 2-1 Trends in Annual Prevalence of an Illicit Drug Use Index 
 across 5 Populations ...............................................................................................62 
 
Figure 3-1 Schools included in 1 Year’s Data Collection: 8th, 10th, and 
 12th Grades ............................................................................................................78 
 
Figure 3-2 School Participation Rates .....................................................................................79 
 
Figure 4-1 Prevalence and Recency of Use of Various Types of Drugs in 
 Grades 8, 10, and 12, 2010 ..................................................................................132 
 
Figure 4-2 Thirty-Day Prevalence of Daily Use of Various Types of Drugs in 
 Grade 12, 2010 .....................................................................................................135 
 
Figure 4-3 Noncontinuation Rates: Percentage of Lifetime Users Who Did 
 Not Use in Last 12 Months in Grades 8, 10, and 12, 2010 ..................................136 
 
Figure 4-4 States included in the 4 Regions of the Country ..................................................138 
 
Figure 5-1 An Illicit Drug Use Index: Trends in Lifetime Prevalence in Grade 12 ..............232 
 
Figure 5-2 An Illicit Drug Use Index: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 ................233 
 
Figure 5-3 An Illicit Drug Use Index: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence in Grade 12 ............... 234 
 
Figure 5-4a Marijuana: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence and 30-Day Prevalence of Daily 
 Use in Grades 8, 10, and 12 .................................................................................235 
 
Figure 5-4b Amphetamines: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grades 
 8, 10, and 12 .........................................................................................................236 
 
Figure 5-4c Inhalants and Amyl/Butyl Nitrites: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grades 
 8, 10, and 12 .........................................................................................................237 
 
Figure 5-4d Tranquilizers and Methaqualone: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grades 
 8, 10, and 12 .........................................................................................................238 
 
Figure 5-4e Adjusted Sedatives and Sedatives (Barbiturates): Trends in Annual 
 Prevalence in Grade 12 ........................................................................................239 
 
Figure 5-4f Hallucinogens and PCP: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grades 8, 10, 
 and 12 ...................................................................................................................240xxx
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) 
 
 
Figure 5-4g LSD and Hallucinogens other than LSD: Trends in Annual Prevalence in 
 Grades 8, 10, and 12 ............................................................................................241 
 
Figure 5-4h Cocaine, Crack, and Other Cocaine: Trends in Annual Prevalence in 
 Grades 8, 10, and 12 ............................................................................................242 
 
Figure 5-4i Heroin: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grades 8, 10, and 12 ............................243 
 
Figure 5-4j Methamphetamine and Crystal Methamphetamine (Ice): Trends in 
 Annual Prevalence in Grades 8, 10, and 12 .........................................................244 
 
Figure 5-4k Narcotics other than Heroin: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 ............245 
 
Figure 5-4l Ecstasy (MDMA) and Rohypnol: Trends in Annual Prevalence in 
 Grades 8, 10, and 12 ............................................................................................246 
 
Figure 5-4m Alcohol and Been Drunk: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grades 8, 10, 
 and 12 ...................................................................................................................247 
 
Figure 5-4n Five or More Drinks in a Row: Trends in 2-Week Prevalence in 
 Grades 8, 10 and 12 .............................................................................................248 
 
Figure 5-4o Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence and 30-Day Prevalence of Daily 
 Use in Grades 8, 10, and 12 .................................................................................249 
 
Figure 5-4p Smokeless Tobacco: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence and 30-Day 
 Prevalence of Daily Use in Grades 8, 10, and 12 ................................................250 
 
Figure 5-4q Steroids: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grades 8, 10, and 12 ..........................251 
 
Figure 5-5a Marijuana: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use in Grade 12 by Total 
 and by Gender ......................................................................................................252 
 
Figure 5-5b Alcohol: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use in Grade 12 by Total 
 and by Gender ......................................................................................................253 
 
Figure 5-5c Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Daily Use in Grade 12 by Total 
 and by Gender ......................................................................................................254 
 
Figure 5-6a Alcohol: Trends in 2-Week Prevalence of Heavy Drinking in 
 Grade 12 by Gender .............................................................................................255 
 
Figure 5-6b Steroids: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 by Gender ..........................256 
 
 
 
 
 xxxi
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) 
 
 
Figure 5-7 An Illicit Drug Use Index: Trends in Annual Prevalence in 
 Grade 12 by Gender .............................................................................................257 
 
Figure 5-8 An Illicit Drug Use Index: Trends in Annual Prevalence in 
 Grade 12 by College Plans ...................................................................................258 
 
Figure 5-9 Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence in Grades 8, 10, and 12 
 by College Plans ..................................................................................................259 
 
Figure 5-10a An Illicit Drug Use Index: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 
 by Region of the Country .....................................................................................260 
 
Figure 5-10b Cocaine: Trends in Lifetime Prevalence in Grade 12 by Region of 
 the Country...........................................................................................................261 
 
Figure 5-10c Cigarettes: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence in Grade 12 by Region of 
 the Country...........................................................................................................262 
 
Figure 5-11a An Illicit Drug Use Index: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 
 by Population Density ..........................................................................................263 
 
Figure 5-11b Alcohol and Marijuana: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 by 
 Population Density ...............................................................................................264 
 
Figure 5-11c Cocaine and Ecstasy (MDMA): Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 
 by Population Density ..........................................................................................265 
 
Figure 5-11d Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco: Trends in 30-Day Prevalence in 
 Grade 12 by Population Density ..........................................................................266 
 
Figure 5-12a Marijuana: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 by Average 
 Education of Parents ............................................................................................267 
 
Figure 5-12b Cocaine: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 by Average 
 Education of Parents ............................................................................................268 
 
Figure 5-12c LSD: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 by Average 
 Education of Parents ...........................................................................................269 
 
Figure 5-12d Amphetamines: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 by Average 
 Education of Parents ............................................................................................270 
 
Figure 5-12e Alcohol: Trends in 2-Week Prevalence of 5 or More Drinks 
 in a Row in Grade 12 by Average Education of Parents .....................................271 
 
 
 
 
 xxxii
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) 
 
 
Figure 5-12f Cigarettes: Trends in Daily Prevalence in Grade 12 by Average 
 Education of Parents ............................................................................................272 
 
Figure 5-13a Marijuana and Cocaine: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 
 by Race/Ethnicity .................................................................................................273 
 
Figure 5-13b Alcohol and Cigarettes: Trends in Prevalence in Grade 12 by 
 Race/Ethnicity ......................................................................................................274 
 
Figure 5-13c Inhalants and LSD: Trends in Annual Prevalence in Grade 12 
 by Race/Ethnicity .................................................................................................275 
 
Figure 6-1 Use of Any Illicit Drug: Trends in Lifetime Prevalence at Earlier 
 Grade Levels based on Retrospective Reports from 12th Graders ......................294 
 
Figure 6-2 Use of Any Illicit Drug other than Marijuana: Trends in 
 Lifetime Prevalence at Earlier Grade Levels based on Retrospective 
 Reports from 12th Graders ...................................................................................295 
 
Figure 6-3 Use of Any Illicit Drug other than Marijuana or Amphetamines: 
 Trends in Lifetime Prevalence at Earlier Grade Levels based on 
 Retrospective Reports from 12th Graders ............................................................296 
 
Figure 6-4 Marijuana: Trends in Lifetime Prevalence at Earlier Grade Levels based on 
 Retrospective Reports from 12th and 8th Graders ...............................................297 
 
Figure 6-5 Inhalants: Trends in Lifetime Prevalence at Earlier Grade Levels based on 
 Retrospective Reports from 12th and 8th Graders ...............................................298 
 
Figure 6-6 Nitrites: Trends in Lifetime Prevalence at Earlier Grade Levels based on 
 Retrospective Reports from 12th Graders ............................................................299