100 questoes ingles

Prévia do material em texto

CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 1 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES: 
Reflections on being a critic 
 
Recently, I was seriously criticized in the comments section of my blog for being careless in 
some of my criticisms of a mid 70s Mingus release, Changes One (I actually like the record, by 
the way). 1This made me wonder why I bother being critical of anything. 
 
If you go on Amazon.com and look at how the critics are rated, the top 100 critics are the ones 
who give positive reviews 99% of the time. It’s human nature that if you praise something to the 
skies, and someone likes that something too, they will find your review “helpful”. On the other 
hand, even if you give a mild criticism of something that’s thought to be a classic, you run the 
risk of being given a beat down, not to mention losing the popularity contest which, let’s face it, 
is what success on the Internet is all about. 
 
Actually, I like nothing better than to rave about music and I prefer to write 3raves because: 1) 
they’re easier to write, 2) they result in links to my site, 3) readers like them and comment on 
them and, last but not least, 4) my 5major purpose in writing reviews is 4to steer my readers to 
music that I love. 
 
So why write negative or mildly critical reviews at all? Well, I’d be the first to admit that 7guys 
like Charles Mingus, Miles Davis, John McLaughlin and John Coltrane are master jazz 
musicians. In fact, they are my heroes. But that doesn’t mean that every note they played was 
equally great. In my opinion, each one of these giants has put out 6lousy albums. 8So what? 
Everyone has an off day now and then, or even an off album... So, I’m just hoping to guide 
readers to the best records of these giants first, and if they love these guys so much that they 
want to be completists like me, that’s their call. 
 
2Which brings up another subject. How do I judge how many stars to give a recording? Am I 
comparing each musician to the greats? If I am reviewing one of the greats, like Mingus, am I 
only comparing him to his greatest accomplishments? How about my personal taste? It’s 
certainly possible for a recording to be technically excellent, but I just don’t like it for some 
reason. 
 
Well, 9first of all, I have to be honest enough to admit that I am the one listening to the 
recording, bringing my personal history and prejudices to my criticism. If I personally don’t enjoy 
something, I’m not going to rate it five stars, no matter how good it is. Of course, it’s my 
responsibility to point out the discrepancy between the technical excellence of the recording and 
my personal taste 10in that case. 
 
And second of all, any and all of the criteria discussed in this article might come into play when 
rating a date. You might say that results in me comparing apples to oranges, and you’d be right. 
For example, how could I possibly justify that a seriously flawed John McLaughlin album like 
Floating Point and a consistently good Mingus album like Changes One both rate three stars? 
 
I don’t know what to tell you except to read both reviews. I hope that by reading the reviews, 
looking at the star ratings, and listening to the samples, and factoring in your own taste, you can 
come to some reasonable conclusion for yourself. That conclusion might be that I’m off my 
rocker and that you can depend on me to pan recordings that you love, in which case you might 
want to pay special attention to things I pan. Or it may be that you agree with me a lot of the 
time. Or it may be that you find my criticism completely inconsistent and worthless, in which 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 2 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
case you probably won’t be visiting this site very often. Whichever conclusion you come to is 
fine with me. 
 
Michael Kydonieus 
jazzbonotes.com 
 
Vocabulário 
to rave – criticar entusiasticamente 
to pan – criticar severamente 
 
 
1. (Uerj 2013) The author not only states that readers like positive reviews, but also gives 
reasons for their preference. The paragraph where these reasons can be found is the: 
a) second 
b) fourth 
c) sixth 
d) eighth 
 
2. (Uerj 2013) Which brings up another subject. (ref. 2) 
 
A new subject is introduced by the sentence above. The subject can be best summarized by the 
following word from the text: 
a) results 
b) criteria 
c) prejudices 
d) accomplishments 
 
3. (Uerj 2013) In the last paragraph, the author advises his readers to follow certain procedures 
so that they can come to their own conclusions. One of these conclusions, however, may 
decrease the number of visitors to his blog because readers might consider his criticism as: 
a) fair 
b) faulty 
c) severe 
d) partial 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES: 
BRAZILIAN AIR FORCE ACADEMY 
 
 
 
AFA (Air Force Academy), located at Pirassununga, State of São Paulo, is responsible 
for the training of Pilots, Administrative and Aeronautics Infantry Officers for the Brazilian Air 
Force. 
The history of the Brazilian military pilots schools goes back to 1913, when the Brazilian 
Aviation School was founded, at Campo dos Afonsos, State of Rio de Janeiro. Its mission was 
to provide instruction at similar levels to those of the best European schools at the time; Blériot 
and Farman aircraft, made in France, were available for the instruction of the pupils. The Great 
War 1914-1918, however, forced its instructors to leave and the school was closed. 
At that time, both the Brazilian Army and Navy had their own air arms, the Military 
Aviation and the Naval Aviation. The Navy bought Curtiss F seaplanes in May 1916 to equip the 
latter, and in August of the same year, the Naval Aviation School was created. 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 3 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
The Military Aviation, however, only activated its Military Aviation School after the Great 
War, on 10 July 1919. Among the aircrafts used at the school, one could find the Sopwith 1A2, 
Bréguet 14A2, and Spad 7. 
Until the beginning of the 1940s, both schools continued with their activities. 1The 
Brazilian Government was concerned with the air war in Europe and decided to concentrate 
under a single command the military aviation activities. 6Thus, on 20 January 1941, the Air 
Ministry was created and both the Army and Navy air arms were disbanded, their personnel and 
equipment forming the Brazilian Air Force. On 25 March 1941, the Aeronautics School was 
based at Campo dos Afonsos, and its students became known as Aeronautics Cadets from 
1943 to the current days. 
As early as 1942, it became clear that the Aeronautics School would need to be 
transferred to another place, offering better climate and little interference with the flight 
instruction of the future pilots. 2The town of Pirassununga was chosen among others, and, in 
1952, the first buildings construction was initiated. The transfer of the School activities to 
Pirassununga occurred from 1960 to 1971. 3The School was redesigned as the Air Force 
Academy in 1969. 
The motto of the Academy is the Latin expression “Macte Animo! Generose Puer, sic 
itur ad astra”, extracted from the poem Thebaida, by the Roman poet Tatius. It is an exhortation 
to the cadets, which can be translated as Courage! This is the way, oh noble youngster, to the 
stars. 
The instruction of the Aeronautics Cadets, duringthe four-year-long course, has its 
activities centred in the words COURAGE – LOYALTY – HONOUR – DUTY – MOTHERLAND. 
The future officers take courses on several subjects, including Calculus, Computer Science, 
Mechanics, Portuguese and English, given by civilian lecturers, Air Force instructors and 
supervisors. The military instruction itself is given on a daily basis, and 4the Cadets are trained 
on different subjects, including parachuting, and sea and jungle survival. 
 
 
 
According to the chosen specialization, the Cadet will receive specific instruction: 
Pilots: Instruction on precision maneuvering, aerobatics, formation flying and by 
instruments, with 75 flying hours on the primary/basic training aircraft T-25 Universal, beginning 
on the 2nd term of the 1st year and completed in the 3rd year. Advanced training is given on T-
27 Tucano aircraft, with 125 flying hours. 
Administrative: Training on the scientific and technological modern foundations of 
economics and financial management, and logistics training. 
Aeronautics Infantry: Instruction on defense and security techniques of military 
Aeronautics installations, anti-aircraft measures, command of troops and firefighting teams, 
military laws and regulations, armament usage, military service and call-up procedures. 
During their leisure time, the Cadets participate on the activities of seven different clubs: 
Aeromodelling, Literature, Informatics, Firearms shooting, Gauchos Heritage (for those coming 
from the South of Brazil), Gerais Club and Sail Flying. The clubs are directed by the Cadets 
themselves, under supervision of Air Force officers. 
The Academy also houses the Brazilian Air Force Air Demonstration Squadron – The 
Smoke Squadron. 
 
Flying as the eagles do! 
 
Adapted from http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/afa.html 
 
 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 4 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
4. (Epcar (Afa) 2013) Mark the option that is related to the Air Force Academy. 
a) Cadets are prepared at AFA to perform in different areas. 
b) The Air Force Academy trains the Army to administer the Brazilian officers. 
c) The Academy instructs the Aeronautics Brazilian officers to manage our country. 
d) The Brazilian Aviation School forced AFA’s instructors to abandon their military base, 
creating a new command. 
 
5. (Epcar (Afa) 2013) Read the statements in order to mark only the correct ones according to 
the text. 
 
I. The military aviation work had to be controlled by Europe in the beginning of the 1940s 
because of a war. 
II. Because of a war, the government resolved to unify the military aviation operation under a 
single command. 
III. A single officer was chosen to concentrate the military aviation skills. 
IV. As the Brazilian government got worried, it was decided to join the military aviation 
operations due to air European war. 
a) III and I. 
b) II and IV. 
c) I, II and III. 
d) II, III and IV. 
 
6. (Epcar (Afa) 2013) Read the statements about the informative text and mark the correct 
option. 
 
I. In the beginning of the last century, Brazilian cadets were sent to the best European schools 
that provided them instruction. 
II. In France, the youngsters had Blériot and Farman aircraft instruction. 
III. Brazilian Aviation School had to be closed in 1913. 
IV. The Brazilian Aviation School and the Naval Aviation School were created in the same year. 
a) Only I and II are correct. 
b) Only III and IV are correct. 
c) All sentences are correct. 
d) None of the sentences are correct. 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 5 QUESTÕES: 
Why Bilinguals Are Smarter 
 
Speaking two languages 5rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an 
increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that 10the 
advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with 11a 
wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound 
effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even protecting from 
dementia in old age. 
This view of bilingualism is 1remarkably different from 12the understanding of 
bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long 
considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that delayed a child’s 
academic and intellectual development. They were not wrong about the interference: there is 
ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is 
using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But 
this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in 
disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that 
strengthens its cognitive muscles. 
Bilinguals, 2for instance, seem to be more adept than monolinguals at solving certain 
kinds of mental puzzles. In a 2004 study by the psychologists Ellen Bialystok and Michelle 
Martin-Rhee, bilingual and monolingual preschoolers were asked to sort blue circles and red 
squares presented on a computer screen into two digital bins — one marked with a blue square 
and the other marked with a red circle. In the first task, the children had to sort the shapes by 
color, placing blue circles in the bin marked with the blue square and red squares in the bin 
marked with the red circle. Both groups did this with comparable ease. Next, the children were 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 5 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
asked to sort by shape, which was more challenging because it required placing the images in a 
bin marked with a conflicting color. 13The bilinguals were quicker at performing this task. 
6The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual 
experience improves the brain’s 3so-called executive function — a command system that directs 
the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other 
mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, 
switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind — like 
remembering a sequence of directions while driving. 
14Why does the fight between two simultaneously active language systems improve 
these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought 7the bilingual advantage was 
centered primarily in an ability for inhibition that was improved by the exercise of suppressing 
one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to 
ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be 
inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals 4even at 
tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers 
scattered randomly on a page. 
The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age (and 
8there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in 
life). 
In a 2009 study led by Agnes Kovacs of the International School for Advanced Studies 
in Trieste, Italy, 7-month-old babies exposed to two languages from birth were compared with 
peers raised with one language. In an initial set of tests, the infants were presented with an 
audio stimulus and then shown a puppet on one side of a screen. Both infant groups learned tolook at that side of the screen in anticipation of the puppet. But in a later set of tests, when the 
puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen, the babies exposed to a bilingual 
environment quickly learned to switch their anticipatory gaze in the new direction while the other 
babies did not. 
Bilingualism’s effects also extend into the twilight years. In a recent study of 44 elderly 
Spanish-English bilinguals, scientists led by the neuropsychologist Tamar Gollan of the 
University of California, San Diego, found that individuals with a higher degree of bilingualism — 
measured through a comparative evaluation of proficiency in each language — were more 
resistant than others to the beginning of dementia and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: 
the higher the degree of bilingualism, the later the age of occurrence. 
Nobody ever doubted the power of language. 9But who would have imagined that the 
words we hear and the sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep imprint? 
 
Adapted from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/opinion/sunday/the-benefitsof-
bilingualism.html 
 
 
7. (Epcar (Afa) 2013) The psychological study done in 2004 (3rd paragraph) showed that 
a) the children in preschool had the same performances in both tests. 
b) bilingual children were more efficient in the most complex test. 
c) monolinguals are better at solving mental puzzles. 
d) blue and red are confusing colors for both groups. 
 
8. (Epcar (Afa) 2013) Mark the INCORRECT option. According to the text, recent researches 
prove that bilingualism 
a) causes general cognitive development. 
b) enables people to communicate better in both languages only. 
c) prevents people from suffering from problems related to memory and other mental disorders 
or delay these problems. 
d) is seen as positive cognitive interference. 
 
9. (Epcar (Afa) 2013) Based on the text, it is NOT correct to state that bilingualism 
a) delays the symptoms of diseases related to old age. 
b) has effect on children’s brains. 
c) is irrelevant for the elderly. 
d) develops the ability of performing difficult tasks. 
 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 6 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
10. (Epcar (Afa) 2013) In the question “Why does the fight between two simultaneously active 
language systems improve these aspects of cognition?” (ref. 14) The author asked 
a) if the fight between two simultaneously active language systems had improved these aspects 
of cognition. 
b) why does the fight between two simultaneously active language systems improved those 
aspects of cognition? 
c) why the fight between two simultaneously active language systems improved those aspects 
of cognition. 
d) if the fight between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of 
cognition? 
 
11. (Epcar (Afa) 2013) Considering the context, mark the alternative that contains the correct 
synonym or explanation to the words from the text. 
a) Remarkably (ref. 1) – ordinarily, usually. 
b) For instance (ref. 2) – in my opinion. 
c) So-called (ref. 3) – used to introduce a new expression. 
d) Even (ref. 4) – used to explain something. 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 2 QUESTÕES: 
The art of difference 
 
Mutuality in recognizing and negotiating difference is crucial for people to deal with their past 
and the future; it is also essential in the process of creating a culture of responsibility. How can 
this be achieved and what is the role of art in this process? 
 
1A vision based on ideologies solves both challenges of sharing – the interpretation of the past 
and the projections of the future. But ideologies are somehow “total”, if not totalitarian, because 
there is not much space for serious public negotiation. Individuals, then, lose their integrity or 
are restricted to their private spheres and, in the end, their memories become part of the 
dominant identity discourse, their aspirations are delegated. Even in less obvious systems of 
ideological rule, where individual subscription to the official story line seems to be consciously 
voluntary and collective memories are willingly encouraged for the sake of collective identities, 
the negotiation of difference is often not welcome: exclusion happens quickly 2and non-
conformist doubts produce suspicion. 
 
A democratic vision – shared aspirations for the future, based on negotiated interpretations of 
the past that respect diversity – is necessarily found in complex processes of private and public 
discourse and participatory and inclusive culture. Yet, politics tends to reduce complexity and 
engineer the balance between the individual and the collective rather than invest in processes 
of negotiation. We have learned, 11though, that this social engineering is a phantasm, largely 
limited and limiting, and, even if successful, often creates paranoid and fatal structures of 
homogeneity by trying to mould memories and hopes. 
 
Humankind has gathered impressive knowledge about the limitations of the human will and the 
failures of such “engineering”. 12Nevertheless, despite this, and maybe even because of it, we 
cannot give up trying the 3impossible: to create conditions for equality and solidarity for 
individuals to flourish. These conditions should be accompanied by narratives of a just, fair and 
free commonwealth of all. If history and memory seem to make this dream an 4unlikely scenario, 
can art play this part? 
 
The role of art is precisely to keep inspiration alive, to deconstruct ideology, to 5recall the 
necessary dream of freedom, of the individual and of the common good beyond the “either/or” 
and beyond simplicity. In this sense, art in general prevents false hopes, and thus generates 
hope in the most paradoxical way: the only way of hoping that reaches beyond the private 
sphere without some kind of ideological distortion. 
 
What makes art so unique? And why? Because the best narratives of art are purpose-free, 
uniquely non-instrumental, simply human. Art narrates what we don’t understand in 7enlightened 
ways. Artists in particular offer a wealth of 6unseen perspectives and 8unexpected pathways of 
human exploration. Art makes us aware that all memories are personal, despite the power of 
collective narratives. Arts and culture empower people to think freely, to imagine the 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 7 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
9unimagined, to feel responsible across borders and boundaries. Hopefully, the narratives of the 
future will be 10intercultural – and art will be the ally in the art of difference that needs to be 
further developed. “Art is about difference, art is difference”, as stated by Igor Dobricic*. And it is 
difference that will be at the origin of the new bonding narratives of confidence. 
 
Gottfried Wagner 
alliancepublishing.org 
 
*Igor Dobricic – dramaturgo sérvio 
 
 
12. (Uerj 2013) The author criticizes the first vision of negotiation of difference in society. 
This criticism is related to ideologies having the following characteristic: 
a) private 
b) serious 
c) unwelcome 
d) undemocratic 
 
13. (Uerj 2013) A vision based on ideologies solves both challenges of sharing – the 
interpretation of the past and the projections of the future. (ref. 1) 
 
The punctuation mark called dash, in the fragment above, signals the introduction of an 
explanation. 
The dash is equivalent to the following connective: 
a) that is 
b) above all 
c) in addition 
d) for example 
 
TEXTO PARA APRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
Apple manufacturing plant workers complain of long hours and militant culture 
 
Chengdu, China (CNN) — Miss Chen (we changed her name for this story), an 18-year-old 
student from a village outside of the southern megacity of Chongqing, is one of more than one 
million factory workers at a Chinese company that helps manufacture products for Apple Inc.’s 
lucrative global empire, which ranked in a record $46.3 billion in sales last quarter. They work 
day or night shifts, eating and sleeping at company facilities, as they help build electronics 
products for Apple and many other global brand names, such as Amazon’s Kindle and 
Microsoft’s Xbox. 
As a poor college student with no work experience, looking for a job in China’s competitive 
market is an uphill battle. So when Chen was offered a one-month position at Foxconn with 
promises of great benefits and little overtime, she jumped at the chance. But when she started 
working, she found out that only senior employees got such benefits. 
“During my first day of work, an older worker said to me, ‘Why did you come to Foxconn? Think 
about it again and leave right now’,” said Chen, who plans to return to her studies at a 
Chongqing university soon. 
Foxconn recently released a statement defending its corporate practices, stating its employees 
are entitled to numerous benefits including access to health care and opportunities for 
promotions and training. In response to questions from CNN, Apple also released a statement: 
“We care about every worker in our worldwide supply chain. We insist that our suppliers provide 
safe working conditions, treat workers with dignity and respect, and use environmentally 
responsible manufacturing processes wherever Apple products are made. Our suppliers must 
live up to these requirements if they want to keep doing business with Apple.” 
After three weeks of applying more than 4,000 stickers a day onto iPad screens by hand and 
working 60 hours a week in an assembly line, Chen says she’s ready to go back to school and 
study hard so she’ll never have to return to Foxconn. “It’s so boring, I can’t bear it anymore. 
Everyday is like: I get off from work and I go to bed. I get up in the morning, and I go to work. It 
is my daily routine and I almost feel like an animal,” said Miss Chen. When asked why humans 
do machine-like work at Foxconn, she responds, “Well, humans are cheaper.” 
 
Adaptado de http://edition.cnn.com, consulta em 06/02/2012. 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 8 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
 
 
14. (Espcex (Aman) 2013) In the sentence “As a poor college student with no work experience, 
looking for a job in China’s competitive market is an uphill battle”, the author means that 
a) you cannot find a job in China. 
b) you have to go up a hill. 
c) it’s exciting to get a job in China. 
d) it’s difficult to get a job in China. 
e) you have to be an excellent athlete. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
Fire at Antarctica station kills 2 Brazilian sailors 
 
Two Brazilian sailors died and one was injured Saturday after a fire broke out at a naval 
research station in Antarctica, authorities reported. The fire occurred at the Comandante Ferraz 
Station on King George Island, said Adm. Julio Soares de Moura Neto, commander of the 
Brazilian Navy. The three sailors were trying to extinguish a fire that broke out in the engine 
room of the facility. Brazilian military police are investigating the cause. The station is home to 
researchers who conduct studies on the effects of climate change in Antarctica and its 
implications on the planet, according to the Ministry of Science and Technology and Innovation. 
Researchers at the base also study marine life and the atmosphere. 
 
Adaptado de http://articles.cnn.com, consulta em 26/02/2012. 
 
 
15. (Espcex (Aman) 2013) According to the text, it is correct to state that 
a) the Brazilian sailors were responsible for the fire incident. 
b) the fire started outside the engine room. 
c) Brazilian military police still don’t know the cause. 
d) researchers are studying the cause. 
e) climate change caused the fire. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
“Hello”, said a quiet, musical voice. 
I looked up, stunned that he was speaking to me. He was sitting as far away from me as the 
desk allowed, but his chair was angled toward me. His hair was dripping wet – he looked like 
someone in a commercial for hair gel. His dazzling face was friendly, open, a slight smile on his 
flawless lips. But his eyes were careful. 
“My name is Edward Cullen,” he continued. “I didn’t have a chance to introduce myself last 
week. You must be Bella Swan.” 
My mind was spinning with confusion. He was perfectly polite now. I had to speak; he was 
waiting. But I couldn’t think of anything conventional to say. 
“H-how do you know my name?” I stammered. 
He laughed a soft laugh. 
“Oh, I think everyone knows your name. The whole town was waiting for you to arrive.” 
 
MEYER, S. Twilight. New York: Megan Tingley Books, 2006. Page 43. 
 
 
16. (Espcex (Aman) 2013) According to the sentence “I looked up, stunned that he was 
speaking to me”, Bella 
a) didn’t expect Edward to approach her. 
b) was feeling comfortable. 
c) didn’t want to be friends with Edward. 
d) didn’t want to talk to Edward. 
e) was offended by Edward’s attitude. 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES: 
OBAMA TO BRAZIL: SEND US YOUR AFFLUENT, MONEY-SPENDING MASSES 
 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 9 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
If I were a restaurant owner, I might cut back a bit on Coca-Cola and stock some Guaraná. 
That’s the favorite soft drink in Brazil, whose tourists, propelled by the emerging giant’s roaring 
economy, have been spending money like, well, Americans all over the world in recent years, 
but especially in the U.S. Brazilians are estimated to drop almost $45 million a day while 
abroad; and in 2010, 1.2 million of them (the fifth largest number from any country) visited the 
U.S. and pumped $6 billion into the economy. And they buy more than Mickey Mouse ears: 
Brazilians are currently purchasing almost a tenth of the houses and apartments being sold in 
the Miami area. So it would make sense for the U.S., whose economy hasn’t roared in years, to 
roll out a redder carpet for os Brasileiros, whose applications for nonimmigrant U.S. visas have 
increased 234% in the past five years. 
President Obama today traveled to the Mickey Mouse-ears capital, Orlando, to announce that 
the U.S. would finally start streamlining the tourist-visa procedure after a decade of post-9/11 
strictures. The reforms are geared especially at helping visitors from Brazil and China get to the 
U.S. faster. Obama ordered the State Department, for example, to increase nonimmigrant visa-
processing capacity in those two countries by 40% this year; ensure that 80% of tourist-visa 
applicants are granted interviews within 21 days; and simplify and speed up the process for “low 
risk” applicants such as those renewing tourist visas, and younger and older first-time Brazilian 
applicants. 
 
Disponível em: <http://world.time.com/2012/01/19/with-an-eye-on-the-u-s-economy-obama-will-
make-it-easier-for-brazilian-chinese-tourists-to-get-visas/>. Acesso em: 16 ago. 2012. 
(Adaptado). 
 
 
17. (Ueg 2013) De acordo com o texto, os brasileiros em visita aos Estados Unidos 
a) consomem mais guaraná do que Coca-Cola, ao frequentarem os restaurantes das grandes 
cidades americanas. 
b) constituíram o quinto maior contingente de turistas de2010, ano em que gastaram, no país, 
6 bilhões de dólares. 
c) gastam mais dinheiro em compras e hospedagem naquele país do que os americanos que 
visitam o Brasil. 
d) merecem ser recebidos com tapete vermelho e liberados da exigência do visto de turista 
para entrarem no país. 
 
18. (Ueg 2013) Segundo o texto, The American government 
a) considers young and old people renewing their visas as “low risk” applicants. 
b) intends to import guaraná from Brazil to please the Brazilian tourists. 
c) has announced procedures to simplify the visa permission for Brazilian tourists. 
d) has stated the maximum of 21 days for all tourist-visa applicants’ interviews. 
 
19. (Ueg 2013) Ainda em relação à estrutura linguística do texto, observa-se o seguinte: 
a) a expressão for example, utilizada no último parágrafo, pode ser substituída, neste contexto, 
por “for instance”. 
b) a sentença tourists have been spending money equivale, em sentido, a “tourists have been 
spent money”. 
c) na sentença it would make sense for the U.S., o termo would é um verbo modal que indica o 
passado de will. 
d) nos termos currently, especially e finally, verifica-se o processo de formação de advérbios a 
partir de substantivos. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 10 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
 
 
 
20. (Ueg 2013) De acordo com o anúncio, 
a) The event is addressed to Brazilian students who live abroad. 
b) The event will happen on the weekend and will last all day long. 
c) The invitation to the event is made through an imperative sentence. 
d) The most important cultural event in the Brazilian culture is carnival. 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 7 QUESTÕES: 
RADIATION AND EVOLUTION 
 
THE disaster last year at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, caused by an earthquake 
and tsunami, scored seven on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES). 
No worse rating exists. Radiation is harmful to living things, yet the long-term effects of 
persistently high levels of background radiation on ecosystems are poorly understood. With this 
in mind, a team led by Timothy Mousseau of the University of South Carolina and Anders Moller 
of the University of Paris-Sud set out to compare bird species dwelling near the Fukushima 
plant with those living at the site of another nuclear incident that scored a seven on the INES: 
the Ukrainian town of Chernobyl, where disaster struck in 1986. Remarkably, they found that 
some species seem to develop a tolerance for radioactivity over time. 
 
Fukushima and Chernobyl are more than 7.000km (4.350 miles) apart, but Dr. Mousseau and 
his colleagues soon realised that the two sites had much in common. Both are in areas that 
have a temperate climate with species that have similar habits and needs. And both are 
surrounded by a mixture of farmland and forest. Upon closer examination the researchers found 
that 14 species of bird lived in both regions, including the barn swallow, great tit, great reed 
warbler, buzzard and Eurasian jay. With so many similarities between the two places, a 
comparison of the biological responses to radiation in each (recent in Fukushima; long-term in 
Chernobyl) would surely be illuminating. 
 
To do this, during July 2011, the researchers counted and identified birds at 300 locations near 
Fukushima that had radiation levels as low as 0.5 microsieverts per hour and as high as 35 (for 
comparison, dental X-rays rarely expose patients to more than 0.05 microsieverts). Then they 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 11 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
compared these results to bird data collected in areas that had the same range of radiation 
levels near Chernobyl between 2006 and 2009. 
 
Their results show that as radiation levels in an area rose to 35 microsieverts per hour, the 
average number of birds dropped by almost a third compared with the areas where radiation 
levels were only 0.5 microsieverts per hour. This makes sense: in those areas with a high level 
of radiation, living things would tend to die or sicken and fail to reproduce. However, when 
researchers looked at the 14 bird species that lived in both regions, they found that the same 
level of radiation was associated with twice as large a drop in bird numbers in Fukushima as in 
Chernobyl. 
 
The reasons for this are not clear. It is possible that the composition of the radionuclides are 
proving more dangerous to the Fukushima birds than they are to the birds near Chernobyl. But 
Dr. Mousseau suggests a more likely explanation is that evolution has already been at work 
near Chernobyl, killing off individual birds that cannot cope with the background radiation and 
allowing the genes of those that have some tolerance to be passed on. The birds at Fukushima 
are only beginning to face the evolutionary challenge of living in a radioactive world. 
 
Adapted from The Economist, March 3, 2012 
 
 
21. (Fgvrj 2013) With respect to the information in the article, which of the following is most 
likely not true about Fukushima and Chernobyl? 
a) Both sites are located in regions that can be considered rural. 
b) Both sites are located within ecosystems that share enough similarities to justify scientific 
comparison. 
c) Exposure to natural and nuclear disasters quickly killed all life within a large radius of both 
sites. 
d) Within the ecosystems surrounding both sites, scientists found some birds that appeared to 
be relatively unaffected by high levels of radiation. 
e) Disasters at both sites were given the same score on the International Nuclear and 
Radiological Event Scale. 
 
22. (Fgvrj 2013) With respect to the research activities of Timothy Mousseau and his 
colleagues, which of the following is most supported by the information in the article? 
a) The researchers worked in fewer locations in the Fukushima region than they did in the 
Chernobyl region. 
b) The researchers discovered that radiation levels of 0.5 microsieverts per hour were more 
common in the Fukushima region than in the Chernobyl region. 
c) The researchers discovered innocuous levels of radiation in some places in the Fukushima 
region but not in the Chernobyl region. 
d) Only in the Fukushima region did the researchers try to examine how various radiation levels 
affect humans. 
e) Some of the biological factors that the researchers studied in the Chernobyl region had a 
longer history than did similar factors studied in the Fukushima region. 
 
23. (Fgvrj 2013) In paragraph 4, the phrase “This makes senseb” most likely refers specifically 
to which of the following? 
a) An increase in levels of radiation is apparently accompanied by a decrease in the number of 
birds. 
b) Equal levels of radiation around Fukushima and Chernobyl were accompanied, at each site, 
by the disappearance of an equal number of birds. 
c) Research shows that a radiation level of 35 microsieverts per hour is three times more deadly 
than a level of 0.5 microsieverts per hour. 
d) The researchers discovered that no level of radiation can be considered completely safe. 
e) Various bird species living near Fukushima and Chernobyl were unaffected by high levels of 
radiation. 
 
24. (Fgvrj 2013) With respect to levels of radiation, which of the following is most supported by 
the information in the article? 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SERPágina 12 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
a) Scientists still have no information on how short-term exposure and long-term exposure to 
high levels of radiation affect living things. 
b) Scientists now believe that climate plays an important role in determining how animals react 
to long-term exposure to high levels of radiation. 
c) In studying the effects of high levels of radiation, Timothy Mousseau and his colleagues spent 
more time in the Fukushima region than they did in the Chernobyl region. 
d) In July 2011, Timothy Mousseau and his colleagues went to the Fukushima and Chernobyl 
regions to discover why radiation levels were so high in both places. 
e) Occasional brief exposure to a radiation level of 0.05 microsieverts is probably not harmful to 
most humans. 
 
25. (Fgvrj 2013) In the last paragraph, “this” in the sentence “The reasons for this are not clear” 
most likely refers to which of the following phenomena? 
a) Though the Fukushima and Chernobyl regions received a similar amount of radiation, 
relatively more birds disappeared from the Fukushima region than disappeared from the 
Chernobyl region. 
b) Sterility was more prevalent in Fukushima birds than in Chernobyl birds, even though both 
groups of birds were exposed to similar levels of radiation. 
c) Though Fukushima and Chernobyl are situated in identical environments, birds in the 
Fukushima region are generally smaller and less healthy than are similar birds in the 
Chernobyl region. 
d) Timothy Mousseau and his colleagues discovered that, in many cases, a region’s 
environment protects animals against high levels of radiation. 
e) Though the same types of birds were exposed to similar levels of radiation in the Fukushima 
and Chernobyl regions, the Fukushima birds in general remained healthier than the 
Chernobyl birds. 
 
26. (Fgvrj 2013) With respect to birds and radiation, which of the following is most supported by 
the information in the article? 
a) For birds, exposure to a radiation level of even 0.05 microsieverts per hour is lethal. 
b) Exposure to the same level of radiation can affect birds of the same species in different ways. 
c) A rural area with a temperate climate is the ideal place to study how birds respond to the 
negative effects of high levels of radiation. 
d) The composition of radio-nuclides is not a factor that determines whether or not a certain 
level of radiation can be dangerous to birds. 
e) It is clear that certain species of birds in the Fukushima and Chernobyl regions have died out 
because of evolutionary factors and not because of exposure to radiation. 
 
27. (Fgvrj 2013) According to the information in the article, Timothy Mousseau and Anders 
Moller are most likely studying birds living near the Fukushima and Chernobyl power plants in 
order to 
a) identify the reasons that birds in general are so susceptible to high levels of radiation. 
b) gain a better understanding of how long periods of intense radiation act upon the various 
forms of life in a given geographical area. 
c) discover why the Fukushima disaster was less destructive than the Chernobyl disaster. 
d) investigate why the survival rate of birds in both regions is apparently higher than that of 
other animals. 
e) determine the length of time necessary for high levels of radiation to destroy an ecosystem. 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 5 QUESTÕES: 
SPAIN’S ECONOMY 
 
In the midst of a currency crisis, steep credit downgrades, and a 100 billion euro bailout of its 
banking system, it’s easy to be pessimistic about Spain. But there are some grounds for 
optimism. 
 
Start with exports. While Spanish wages rose much faster than the euro zone average during 
the pre-crisis years, large exporters kept costs under control, allowing them to stay relatively 
competitive. Meanwhile Spanish employers with more than 250 workers stayed just as 
productive as their German, Italian, and French counterparts, according to BBVA, Spain’s No. 2 
bank. 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 13 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
 
Consequently, despite Asia’s rise, Spain has managed to hang on to its global market share of 
exports. That puts it in a league with Germany and well ahead of most of the euro zone. Inditex, 
the clothing group best known for its Zara retail chain, is a poster child of Spanish 
competitiveness. It shrugged off the European financial crisis and even delivered a sharp rise in 
first-quarter profits. 
 
The catch is that exports, which account for about 30 percent of Spain’s GDP, can’t 
compensate for the steep drop in demand at home. Yet some companies are doing well inside 
Spain. Mercadona, the largest purely domestic grocer, boosted sales by 8 percent last year, to 
17.8 billion euros. Its unique business model is studied in the classrooms of top American 
business schools. 
 
Another bright spot: Spain’s current account deficit has fallen sharply from its peak of about 10 
percent of GDP in 2007 to about 3 percent in the most recent quarter. The decline has been 
steeper than in other troubled countries such as Greece or Portugal, but investors would still like 
to see trade in balance. One way to get there is by cutting spending on imports. A better way, in 
the words of Mercadona chairman Juan Roig: everyone in Spain “needs to work harder” to 
boost productivity. 
 
Spain’s emblematic companies show that this can be done. But their success has been despite, 
not because of, the country’s politicians and rigid employment laws. Spain has already 
implemented painful reforms, particularly in the labor market, but they will take time to feed into 
the economy. The bank bailout may eventually ease the ongoing credit crunch, but in the short 
term the country’s increasing borrowing costs will make it harder for Spanish entrepreneurs to 
finance their businesses. 
 
Adapted from Newsweek, June 25, 2012 
 
 
28. (Fgvrj 2013) In paragraph 3, the phrase “That puts it in a league with Germanyb” most 
likely refers to which of the following? 
a) Spain and Germany both export products to Asia. 
b) The economies of Asia, Spain, and Germany are all based strongly on exports. 
c) Spain’s performance in the area of exports is similar to Germany’s performance. 
d) Spain’s economy is now more dependent on exports than is Germany’s economy. 
e) By providing an ample market for Spanish products, Germany is helping to keep Spain’s 
export industry robust. 
 
29. (Fgvrj 2013) According to the information in the article, which of the following is one of 
Spain’s serious problems? 
a) Exports have fallen sharply and now represent only 30 percent of Spain’s Gross Domestic 
Product (GDP). 
b) The European financial crisis has devastated Spain’s export-based companies. 
c) Many Spanish multinational companies have moved their production facilities overseas. 
d) Consumers in Spain have drastically reduced spending. 
e) Spanish companies that concentrate on the domestic market are highly inefficient. 
 
30. (Fgvrj 2013) Which of the following is mentioned in the article as a way to help Spain’s 
economy? 
a) The European Central Bank should provide more money to support Spain’s banking system. 
b) Spanish companies with fewer than 250 employees should be subject to an exclusive set of 
employment laws. 
c) Spain should spend less money on foreign products. 
d) Spanish companies should make significant cuts in their number of employees. 
e) Spain should set up more businesses based on the American model. 
 
31. (Fgvrj 2013) According to the information in the article,which of the following is most likely 
a positive aspect of Spain’s economy? 
a) Exporters have maintained their expenses at a reasonable level and so are still able to 
compete with other companies. 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 14 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
b) Spanish workers still earn, on average, more than workers do in other European countries. 
c) More than 250 big Spanish companies have managed to achieve greater productivity than 
have similar companies in Germany, Italy, and France. 
d) Because they invested heavily in modernization and worker training in the pre-crisis years, 
Spanish companies have been able to maintain high levels of profitability. 
e) By drastically reducing their number of employees, Spanish exporters have been able to 
maintain high levels of profitability. 
 
32. (Fgvrj 2013) In the last paragraph, “they” in the phrase “bbut they will take time to feed into 
the economy” most likely refers to 
a) recently elected Spanish politicians. 
b) difficult but necessary changes in Spanish regulations. 
c) Spain’s emblematic companies. 
d) Spain’s traditionally rigid employment laws. 
e) the investment money now available to Spanish companies. 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 8 QUESTÕES: 
Are You A Digital Native or A Digital Immigrant? 
 
We all know that we are living in an increasingly technologically driven world. Living 
here in the heart of Silicon Valley I certainly feel it every day. In fact, I don’t think I know a single 
couple in my neighborhood, other than my wife and I, who don’t work in the technology field in 
some capacity. Our local companies are Facebook, Apple, Google, Yahoo, and so many 
venture capital firms that I can’t keep them straight. But you don’t have to live in Silicon Valley to 
feel that the world is getting more and more technology centered, focused, and driven. We can 
debate the pros and cons of this reality but 9we can’t deny that the world has changed very 
quickly in head spinning ways. Two recent comments led me to finally enter the 21st century 2by 
getting a smart phone this week, kicking and screaming. 
First, I mentioned to one of my undergraduate classes at Santa Clara University that I 
didn’t have a smart phone, but rather I had a 8dumb phone. 10My phone can make and receive 
phone calls and that’s about it. No email, internet, and so forth. 3So one of my students looked 
at me in an odd and curious way, like she was talking to someone from another planet, and 
stated in 11a matter of fact manner, “Professor Plante, even 2nd graders have smart phones.” 
Ouch! 
Second, 4I was talking with a producer at the PBS NewsHour who wanted me to do a 
live interview within a few hours of his call regarding some late breaking news about clergy 
sexual abuse, which is my specialty. I was out of the office and driving my car when he called 
and in 12a matter of fact manner he said that he wanted to send me some important information 
to my smart phone to best prepare me for the upcoming interview. When I told him that I 
couldn’t receive anything since I had a dumb phone and not a smart phone, there was a long 
silence. 1He then said he’d have to just read it to me over the phone as a Plan B. He wasn’t 
happy ... neither was I. 
7In case you haven’t noticed, the 21st century is really upon us and to live in it one really 
does need to be connected in my view. Although I often consider myself a 19th or 20th century 
guy trapped in the 21st century we really do need to adapt. For most of us we are just living in a 
new world that really demands comfort with and access to technology. 
This notion of digital native vs. digital immigrant makes a great deal of sense to me. 
Young people in our society are digital natives. They seem to be very comfortable with 
everything from iPhones to TV remotes. Digital immigrants, like me, just never feel that 
comfortable with these technologies. Sure we may learn to adapt by using email, mobile 
phones, smart ones or dumb ones, Facebook, and so forth but it just doesn’t and perhaps will 
never be very natural for us. It is like learning a second language ... you can communicate but 
with some struggle. 
This has perhaps always been true. I remember when I was in graduate school in the 
1980s trying to convince my grandparents that buying a telephone answering machine as well 
as a clothes dryer would be a good idea. They looked at me like I was talking in another 
language or that I was from another planet. 
5Perhaps we have a critical period in our lives for technology just like we do for 
language. 6When we are young we soak up language so quickly but find it so much harder to 
learn a new language when we are older. The same seems to be true for technology. 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 15 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
So, this week I bought my first smart phone and am just learning to use it. When 
questions arise, I turn to my very patient teenage son for answers. And when he’s not around, I 
just look to the youngest person around for help. 
So, what about you? Are you a digital native or a digital immigrant and how does it 
impact your life? 
 
Adapted from “Digital Native vs. Digital Immigrant? Which are you?” Published on July 24, 2012 
by Thomas G. Plante, Ph.D., ABPP in Do the Right Thing 
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/do-the-right-thing/201207/digital-native-vs-digital-
immigrant-which-are-you 
retrieved on July 28, 2012 
 
 
33. (Pucrj 2013) In paragraphs 2 and 3, the author reports two incidents he experienced to 
a) declare he has contact with foreign people through his work. 
b) criticize his students’ behaviour towards him and his work methods. 
c) tell the reason why he finally adopted a smart phone. 
d) illustrate the negative effects brought by the increasing use of smart phones. 
e) argue against the indiscriminate use of technology in classrooms. 
 
34. (Pucrj 2013) The text suggests that nowadays the world is divided into two groups of 
people 
a) those who work in the technology field and those who are against it. 
b) the ones who live in Silicon Valley and those who live in the fields. 
c) the smart phone users and the wireless phone addicts. 
d) those who work for Apple and those who work for Facebook. 
e) the technological natives and the technological foreigners. 
 
35. (Pucrj 2013) Mark the INCORRECT option concerning the statements 
a) The author’s resistance to using a smart phone is comparable to his grandparents’ resistance 
to using a clothes dryer. 
b) In the author’s opinion we can’t avoid dealing with technology in the 21st century. 
c) Teenagers are much more familiar to the digital world than adults are. 
d) When he bought a smart phone, the author immediately got adapted to using it. 
e) The author has recently faced some problems for not using a smart phone. 
 
36. (Pucrj 2013) The main purpose of the text is 
a) to compare the new smart phones to old conventional devices. 
b) to argue that people should adopt simple dumb phones for their daily activities. 
c) to highlight that young people are usually technologically driven and centered. 
d) to analyze the characteristics and the advantages of smart phones. 
e) to prove that old people cannot learn how to use electronic instruments. 
 
37. (Pucrj 2013) “We can’t deny” in “...we can’t deny that the world has changed very quickly...” 
(ref. 9) and “My phone can make” in “My phone can make and receive phone calls...” (ref. 10) 
express the ideas of,respectively: 
a) probability – duty. 
b) condition – ability. 
c) obligation – assumption. 
d) possibility – obligation. 
e) impossibility – ability. 
 
38. (Pucrj 2013) Mark the CORRECT statement concerning the meanings of the words 
extracted from the text. 
a) “kicking and screaming” in “... by getting a smart phone this week kicking and screaming.” 
(ref. 2) means “revolutionary”. 
b) “odd” in “So one of my students looked at me in an odd and curious way, ...” (ref. 3) means 
“respectful”. 
c) “late breaking news” in “I was talking with a producer (...) some late breaking news” (ref. 4) 
means “tragic news”. 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 16 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
d) “a critical period” in “Perhaps we have a critical period in our life for technology”. (ref. 5) 
means “a threatening moment”. 
e) “soak up” in “When we are young we soak up language so quickly (...)”(ref. 6) means 
“absorb”. 
 
39. (Pucrj 2013) Paraphrasing the sentence “In case you haven’t noticed, the 21st century is 
really upon us and to live it one really does need to be connected in my view” (ref. 7), we can 
say that 
a) the future is here and we must be connected to the world. 
b) the present century has come to make things more difficult for people. 
c) everybody understands that technology is necessary to survive on Earth. 
d) people should try to escape the new century’s negative effects. 
e) digital natives have not noticed that they need to be connected. 
 
40. (Pucrj 2013) The author uses the expression “a matter of fact manner” (ref. 11 and 12) 
twice in the text. 
Inferring from the context in which it is used, “a matter of fact manner” is 
a) a way of saying that something is expected. 
b) like saying things very loudly. 
c) a manner of affirming that someone is wrong. 
d) equivalent to saying things politely. 
e) a way of declaring that one thing is absurd. 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 6 QUESTÕES: 
Why are we so curious? 
 
5Cooking is something we all take for granted but a new theory suggests that if we had 
not learned to cook food, not only would we still look like chimps but, like them, we would also 
be compelled to spend most of the day chewing. 
6I hate to disappoint you, but whatever your ambitions, whatever your long-term goals, 
I’m pretty sure that reading this column isn’t going to further them. It won’t stop you feeling 
hungry. It won’t provide any information that 9might save your life. It’s unlikely to make you 
attractive to the opposite sex. 
11And yet if I were to say that I will teach you a valuable lesson about your inner child, I 
hope you will want to carry on reading, driven by nothing more than your curiosity to find out a 
little more. What could be going on in your brain to make you so inquisitive? 
7We humans have a deeply curious nature, and more often than not it is about the 
minor tittle-tattle in our lives. 12Our curiosity has us doing utterly unproductive things like reading 
news about people we will never meet, learning topics we will never have use for, or exploring 
places we will never come back to. 13We just love to know the answers to things, even if there’s 
no obvious benefit. 
From the perspective of evolution this appears to be something of a mystery. We 
associate evolution with ‘survival-of-the-fittest’ traits that support the essentials of day-to-day 
survival and reproduction. So why did we evolve to waste so much time? 10Shouldn’t evolution 
have selected for a species which was – you know – a bit more focussed? 
 
Child’s play 
 
The roots of our peculiar curiosity can be linked to a trait of the human species called 
neoteny. This is a term from evolutionary theory that means the “retention of juvenile 
characteristics”. It means that as a species we are more child-like than other mammals. Being 
relatively hairless is one physical example. A large brain relative to body size is another. Our 
lifelong curiosity and playfulness is a behavioural characteristic of neoteny. 
1Neoteny is a short-cut taken by evolution – a route that brings about a whole bundle of 
changes in one go, rather than selecting for them one by one. Evolution, by making us a more 
juvenile species, has made us weaker than our primate cousins, but it has also given us our 
child’s curiosity, our capacity to learn and our deep sense of attachment to each other. 
And of course 14the lifelong capacity to learn is the reason why neoteny has worked so 
well for our species. Our extended childhood means we can absorb so much more from our 
environment, including our shared culture. Even in adulthood we can pick up new ways of doing 
things and new ways of thinking, allowing us to adapt to new circumstances. 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 17 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
 
Exploration bonus 
 
In the world of artificial intelligence, computer scientists have explored how behavior 
evolves when guided by different learning algorithms. An important result is that even the best 
learning algorithms fall down if they are not encouraged to explore a little. 2Without a little 
something to distract them from what they should be doing, these algorithms get stuck in a rut, 
relying on the same responses time and time again. 
Computer scientists have learnt to adjust how these algorithms rate different possible 
actions with an ‘exploration bonus’ – that is, a reward just for trying something new. Weighted 
like this, the algorithms then occasionally leave the beaten track to explore. These exploratory 
actions cost them some opportunities, but leave them better off in the long run because they’ve 
gained knowledge about what they might do, even if it didn’t benefit them immediately. 
The implication for the evolution of our own brain is clear. Curiosity is nature’s built-in 
exploration bonus. We’re evolved to leave the beaten track, to try things out, to get distracted 
and generally look like we’re wasting time.3 Maybe we are wasting time today, but the learning 
algorithms in our brain know that something we learnt by chance today will come in useful 
tomorrow. 
Obviously it would be best if we knew what we needed to know, and just concentrated 
on that. Fortunately, in a complex world it is impossible to know what might be useful in the 
future. 8And thank goodness – otherwise we would have evolved to be a deadly-boring species 
which never wanted to get lost, never tried things to just see what happened or did things for the 
hell of it. 
4Evolution made us the ultimate learning machines, and the ultimate learning machines 
need a healthy dash of curiosity to help us take full advantage of this learning capacity. 
Or, as Kurt Vonnegut said, “We are here on Earth to fart around. Don’t let anybody tell 
you any different.” 
 
NEUROHACKS 19 June 2012 
Why are we so curious? 
Tom Stafford 
<http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120618-why-are-we-so-curious?selectorSection=health>. 
Retrieved on July 28, 2012. 
 
 
41. (Pucrj 2013) In paragraph 1, the text suggests that 
a) only some people can learn how to cook food. 
b) cooking is an ordinary activity for women. 
c) humans have evolved because they learned how to cook food. 
d) human beings are prone to spend most of their time chewing. 
e) some monkeys can cook food but they spend most of their time chewing. 
 
42. (Pucrj 2013) The author defines “neoteny” as (ref. 1) 
a) an endless childhood that characterizes humans. 
b) the unreachable point in maturity for human species.c) the infantile behaviour found in human beings. 
d) the retention of characteristics of the young. 
e) the way mammals behave in general. 
 
43. (Pucrj 2013) According to paragraphs 9 and 10, “exploration bonus” would be 
a) the knowledge acquired and the reward taken for trying exploratory actions. 
b) the repeated results presented by algorithms in artificial intelligence. 
c) the immediate benefit taken from reviewing several possible actions. 
d) the ability to use algorithms in artificial intelligence studies. 
e) the opportunities brought by the best algorithms. 
 
44. (Pucrj 2013) In ref. 4, the author states that “Evolution made us the ultimate learning 
machines, and the ultimate learning machines need a healthy dash of curiosity to help us take 
full advantage of this learning capacity”, which means that 
a) the final aim of all human beings is to become the last learners on earth. 
b) human beings are prone to evil of all kinds. 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 18 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
c) opportunism can work against our learning capacity. 
d) people usually take full advantage of their learning capacity. 
e) human beings are designed to learn through exploratory actions driven by their curiosity. 
 
45. (Pucrj 2013) Mark the INCORRECT option concerning the statements, based on the text. 
a) Human beings are curious by nature. 
b) Curiosity is a valuable asset for our evolution. 
c) Compared to other mammals, humans can be considered more child-like. 
d) Scarce hair, a large brain and playfulness are a child’s characteristics found in adult humans. 
e) Human beings are boring creatures due to their lack of interest in new things. 
 
46. (Pucrj 2013) The main purpose of the text is 
a) to prove that by reading this article people will become more attractive to the opposite sex. 
b) to explain that our natural curiosity is partly responsible for our permanent brain evolution. 
c) to argue that only children can learn in a quick, efficient way. 
d) to highlight the fact that mammals are childish and weak. 
e) to criticize human beings’ immature behavior. 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES: 
Neil Armstrong, US astronaut, dies aged 82 
 
By Adam Lusher 
8:16PM BST 25 Aug 2012 
 
 
 
Armstrong underwent a heart-bypass surgery earlier this month to relieve blocked coronary 
arteries. 
As commander of the Apollo 11 mission, Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the 
moon, hours after Apollo's Eagle lunar module had touched down on July 20 1969. He radioed 
back to Earth the historic statement: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for 
mankind". He then spent nearly three hours walking on the moon with fellow astronaut Edwin 
"Buzz" Aldrin. 
Praising Armstrong his family said in a statement on Saturday: “Neil was our loving husband, 
father, grandfather, brother and friend. Neil Armstrong was also a reluctant American hero who 
always believed he was just doing his job. He served his Nation proudly, as a navy fighter pilot, 
test pilot, and astronaut". The statement also said that he died following complications resulting 
from cardiovascular procedures, at the age of 82. 
Armstrong was born in Wapakoneta, Ohio, on August 5, 1930. On July 20, 1936, when he was 
6, he experienced his first airplane flight in Warren, Ohio, when he and his father Stephen, an 
auditor for the Ohio state government, took a ride in a Ford Trimotor, a three-engined transport 
plane that was also known as the "Tin Goose". 
After serving as a naval pilot from 1949 to 1952, and serving in the Korean War, Armstrong 
joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) – the precursor to NASA, the 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration – in 1955. As a research pilot at NASA's Flight 
Research Center, Edwards, Calif., he was a project pilot on many pioneering high speed 
aircraft, including the well-known, 4000-mph X-15. 
Armstrong joined the NASA astronaut corps in 1962. He was assigned as command pilot for the 
Gemini 8 mission. Gemini 8 was launched on March 16, 1966, and Armstrong performed the 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 19 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
first successful manned docking of two vehicles in space. His second and last spaceflight was 
as mission commander for the Apollo 11 moon landing. 
After commanding the Apollo 11 mission, Armstrong subsequently held the position of Deputy 
Associate Administrator for Aeronautics, NASA Headquarters, in Washington D.C. In this 
position, he was responsible for the coordination and management of overall NASA research 
and technology work related to aeronautics. He was Professor of Aerospace Engineering at the 
University of Cincinnati between 1971-1979. 
Armstrong and his wife, Carol, married in 1999, made their home in the Cincinnati suburb of 
Indian Hill, but he had largely stayed out of public view in recent years. He spoke at Ohio State 
University during a February event honouring fellow astronaut John Glenn and the 50th 
anniversary of Glenn becoming the first American to orbit the Earth. 
 
(Adapted from <www.telegraph.co.uk> and 
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/9499759/Neil-Armstrong-US-astronaut-dies-aged-
82.html>) 
 
 
47. (Ufpr 2013) Which of these statements DOES NOT CORRESPOND to information given in 
the text about Neil Armstrong? 
a) He joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in 1955. 
b) His last spaceflight was his mission as the Apolo 11 commander. 
c) His first mission as an astronaut was as the command pilot for the Gemini 8. 
d) He was honoured for being the first American to orbit the Earth. 
e) He taught Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati. 
 
48. (Ufpr 2013) Are these statements true (T) or false (F), according to the text? 
 
( ) Armstrong had recently turned eighty-two years old when he died. 
( ) Armstrong died due to complications from cardiovascular surgery. 
( ) Armstrong had a heart-bypass surgery in the beginning of the year. 
( ) Armstrong’s heart problems occurred because he was an astronaut. 
( ) Armstrong’s heart had some blocked arteries that had to be relieved. 
 
Mark the alternative which presents the correct sequence, from top to bottom. 
a) T – F – F – T – T. 
b) F – T – F – T – F. 
c) F – T – T – F – F. 
d) T – T – F – F – T. 
e) T – F – T – T – F. 
 
49. (Ufpr 2013) Consider the following statements about Neil Armstrong in the Apolo 11 
Mission, according to the text: 
 
1. He sent a recording of his famous sentence back to Earth. 
2. He tried to leap a few times on the surface of the Moon. 
3. He did not really consider himself an American hero. 
4. He and Aldrin spent more than 3 hours walking on the Moon. 
5. He was the leader of the Apolo 11 mission to the Moon. 
 
Which of the statements above are true, according to the text? 
a) Only 1 and 3. 
b) Only 2, 3 and 4. 
c) Only 3 and 5. 
d) Only 1 and 4. 
e) Only 2 and 5. 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES: 
Teen Googles his way to new cancer testing method 
 
by Lauren O'Neil 
Posted: August 24, 2012 3:30 PM 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 20 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
Last Updated: August 24, 2012 4:48 PM 
 
 
 
Fifteen-year-old high school student Jack Andraka likes to kayak and watch the US television 
showGlee. And when time permits, he also likes to do advanced research in one of the most 
respected cancer laboratories in the world. 
Jack Andraka took home top science fair honours this year for the development of a cancer-
testing method found to be 168 times faster, 26,000 times cheaper and 400 times more 
sensitive than the current gold-medal standard. His work was impressive enough to earn the 
Maryland high school student a total of $100,500 in grants and prizes at the 2012 Intel Science 
Fair. 
Even more impressive is the source he credits for much of his success: Google. "I definitely 
could not have done this research and project without the use of the internet", Andraka told BBC 
News in an interview published this week. "I basically went to Google and was looking up 
cancer statistics, also looking at a bunch of different documents on like, single-walled carbon 
nanotubes and pancreatic cancer biology", he told the BBC. He also said that the method he 
created detects “pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer and lung cancer all in their early stages, 
where you have possibly a 50pc survival rate”. 
Andraka was able to find enough information using search engines and free online science 
papers to invent his procedure, which is now being hailed as "revolutionary" by the American 
Cancer Society and science publications around the world. The test uses a method similar to 
that of a diabetic testing strip, with a dipstick sensor that can test either blood or urine for the 
presence of mesothelin in the body – a chemical known to be a biomarker for early-stage 
pancreatic cancer. As Forbes reports, this method could also affect how other types of cancer 
are diagnosed and treated in the future. 
Andraka has filed for a patent for his work with the help of lawyers from Johns Hopkins 
University, where he conducted his tests for the project. Pathology professor Dr. Anirban Maitra 
was the only doctor out of 200 that Andraka had contacted to give the eager young student lab 
access at Johns Hopkins to conduct his science fair project. "You're going to read about him a 
lot in the years to come", Dr. Maitra told the Baltimore Sun in May. "What I tell my lab is, 'Think 
of Thomas Edison and the light bulb'. This kid is the Edison of our times. There are going to be 
a lot of light bulbs coming from him". 
 
(Adapted from <http://www.cbc.ca/news/yourcommunity/2012/08/teen-googles-his-way-to-new-
cancer-testing-method.html> and <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19291258>) 
 
 
50. (Ufpr 2013) Consider the following statements about Jack Andraka: 
 
1. Andraka used gold in his research about cancer-testing methods. 
2. Andraka invented a new testing procedure for pancreatic cancer. 
3. He won the grand prize at the 2012 Intel International Science Fair. 
4. He created an expensive but much faster cancer-detecting method. 
5. Andraka is a high school student in the state of Maryland, U.S.A. 
 
Which of the statements above are true, according to the text? 
a) Only 1 and 4. 
b) Only 2 and 3. 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 21 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
c) Only 3 and 5. 
d) Only 1, 4 and 5. 
e) Only 2, 3 and 5. 
 
51. (Ufpr 2013) Check the correct alternative, according to the text. 
a) The American Cancer Society is doubtful about the new cancer-testing method. 
b) Science publications around the world acclaim the new cancer testing procedure. 
c) Jack Andraka’s cancer-testing method may be used to test diabetes as well. 
d) The cancer-testing method works better if both blood and urine are used together. 
e) Jack Andraka’s new method will possibly cure pancreatic cancer in the future. 
 
52. (Ufpr 2013) According to the text, Jack Andraka: 
 
1. thinks the Internet played a very important role in his research. 
2. said he had used online search engine Google to study about cancer. 
3. is quite positive that his method can detect nearly all kinds of cancer. 
4. said the information he had found on pancreatic cancer was very basic. 
5. says that 50 pc is not a very good survival rate for pancreatic cancer. 
 
Which of the items above are true, according to the text? 
a) Only 1 and 4. 
b) Only 1 and 2. 
c) Only 3 and 5. 
d) Only 1, 4 and 5. 
e) Only 2, 3, 4 and 5. 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 3 QUESTÕES: 
Leia o texto para responder à questão. 
 
Analyze an advertisement 
 
Peter Sells 
Sierra Gonzalez 
 
Not all advertisements make perfect sense. Not all of them promote or imply 
acceptance of social values that everyone would agree are what we should hope for, in an 
enlightened and civilized society. Some advertisements appear to degrade our images of 
ourselves, our language, and appear to move the emphasis of interaction in our society to (even 
more) consumerism. There may even be a dark, seamy, or seedy side to advertising. This is 
hardly surprising, as our society is indeed a consumer society, and it is highly capitalistic in the 
simplest sense. There is no doubt that advertising promotes a consumer culture, and helps 
create and perpetuate the ideology that creates the apparent need for the products it markets. 
For our purposes here, none of this matters. Our task is to analyze advertisements, and 
to see if we can understand how they do what they do. We will leave the task of how we 
interpret our findings in the larger social, moral and cultural contexts for another occasion. 
It is often said that advertising is irrational, and, again, that may well be true. But this is 
where the crossover between information and persuasion becomes important; an advertisement 
does not have to be factually informative (but it cannot be factually misleading). 
In a discussion of what kind of benefit an advertisement might offer to a consumer, Jim 
Aitchison (1999) provides the following quote from Gary Goldsmith of Lowe & Partners, New 
York. It sums up perfectly what it is that one should look for in an advertisement. The question 
posed is “Is advertising more powerful if it offers a rational benefit?” Here is Goldsmith’s answer: 
“I don’t think you need to offer a rational benefit. I think you need to offer a benefit that a rational 
person can understand.” 
 
(www.stanford.edu. Adaptado.) 
 
 
53. (Unesp 2013) A resposta à questão apresentada no último parágrafo do texto foi: 
a) benefícios racionais atenderão melhor às necessidades dos consumidores do produto 
anunciado. 
CURSO DE BIOLOGIA - PROF. TÚLIO ANTUNES 
 
A BIOLOGIA DO JEITO QUE DEVE SER Página 22 de 59 
 
P
R
O
F
. T
Ú
L
IO
 A
N
T
U
N
E
S
 
b) não se deve pensar nos benefícios de um produto anunciado de maneira capitalista e 
racional. 
c) anúncios precisam apresentar benefícios racionais, para que os consumidores possam 
entendê-los. 
d) benefícios do produto anunciado devem ser compreendidos por pessoas que desconhecem 
o produto. 
e) anúncios devem salientar qualidades de um produto que sejam entendidas de modo racional 
pelos consumidores. 
 
54. (Unesp 2013) O pronome it, utilizado na última linha do primeiro parágrafo, na frase for the 
products it markets, refere-se 
a) à necessidade da propaganda. 
b) à área de publicidade. 
c) à ideologia da propaganda. 
d) aos mercados consumidores. 
e) à cultura do consumismo. 
 
55. (Unesp 2013) A expressão none of this matters, no segundo parágrafo, refere-se 
a) às características de anúncios mencionadas no primeiro parágrafo. 
b) à falta de coerência e de sentido que certos anúncios podem conter. 
c) às características positivas de anúncios mencionadas no texto. 
d) à interpretação de anúncios de acordo