Radiological Anatomy of the dog.pps

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Canine Radiographs by Louisa White
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Canine Radiographs
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The Head
Tympanic Bullae
Mandible
Nasal chambers
Larynx
Skull
Frontal sinuses
The Skull
Skull: Ventrodorsal (V-D) view
Young Skull: Lateral view
Skull: V-D view, Calvaria
Skull: Lateral view, Calvaria
Skull:
V-D view
Full screen
Labels
Pot
For this ventrodorsal view the endotracheal tube has been removed to prevent superimposition with anatomical structures. Try to identify the rami of the mandible, the zygomatic arches, the external auditory canals and the atlas.
Condylar
 process
Angular process
Rostral alar foramen
Mandible
Mandibular symphysis
Occipital condyle
Paracondylar process
Tympanic bulla
Foramen lacerum
Foramen ovale
Zygomatic arch
Coronoid process
Mental foramen
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
No Labels
Nasal conchae
Ethmoidal conchae
Pterygoid bone
Air within external acoustic meatus
Parcondylar process of occipital bone
Wing of atlas
Alantoaxial joint
Upper premolar 4
Vomer bone
Zygomatic arch
Coronoid process of mandible
Angular process of mandible
Temporomandibular joint
Tympanic bulla
2nd cervical vertebrae (axis)
Zygomatic process of temporal bone
Frontal bone
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Pinna
Medial border of orbit
Atlantoccipital joint
Medial border of mandible
Condylar process of mandible
Young Skull:
Lateral view
Full screen
Labels
Pot 1 
Pot 2
This radiograph shows a typical appearance of the canine skull in a lateral radiograph. The dog was anaesthetised for radiography, hence the endotracheal tube. Dorsal to the endotracheal tube is a band of soft tissue separating the oropharynx from the nasopharynx; this is the soft palate.
Frontal sinus
Olfactory bulb
Hard palate
Nasal septum (cartilage)
Genioglossal m.
Geniohyoid m.
Body of tongue
Soft palate
Basihyoid bone
Epiglottis
Oesophagus
Longus colli m.
Rectus capitis muscle
Opening of auditory tube
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Interthalamic adhesion
Corpus callosum
Sternohyoid m.
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2= Incisive bone
3=Maxilla
4=Lacrimal bone
5= Frontal bone
6=Parietal bone
7=Occipital bone
8= Temporal bone
9=Basisphenoid bone
10= Mandible
A
B
A=Atlas
B=Axis
Infraorbital foramen
Orbit
Supraorbital process
Zygomatic arch
Paracondylar process
External acoustic meatus
Retroarticular process
Condylar process
Coronoid process
Angular process
Pterygopalantine fossa
Mental foramen
Tympanic bulla
Labels
No Labels
Incisive bone
Root of canine tooth
Hard palate
Nasal bone
Ethmoidal conchae
Cranial border of orbit
Frontal bone
Frontal sinus
Oral cavity
Zygomatic arch
Coronoid process of mandible
Tympanic bulla
Wings of atlas
Endotracheal tube
Mandible
Soft Palate
Condylar process
Hyoid apparatus
Calvaria
Sagittal crest
Skull:
V-D view, Calvaria
Full screen
Labels
Pot
This ventrodorsal radiograph of the same dog, as in the following lateral radiograph, shows a distinct opaque, slightly wiggly line on the mid-line superimposed on the calvaria, which represents the thick mid-line crest that was noted on the lateral view. This ventrodorsal also provides a clear view of the mandibular condyles, the zygomatic arches and the external ear canals.
Condylar process
Angular process
Rostral alar foramen
Mandible
Mandibular symphysis
Occipital condyle
Paracondylar process
Tympanic bulla
Foramen lacerum
Foramen ovale
Zygomatic arch
Coronoid process
Mental foramen
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
No Labels
Mandible
Nasal conchae
Pterygoid bone
Condylar process of mandible
Air within external acoustic meatus
Wing of atlas
Alantoaxial joint
Lower premolar 4
Zygomatic arch
Coronoid process of mandible
Angular process of mandible
Temporomandibular joint
Tympanic bulla
2nd cervical vertebrae (axis)
Frontal bone
Medial border of orbit
Rostral & caudal alar foramen
Suture line
Endotracheal tube
Upper molar 1
Alar notch
Skull:
Lateral view, calvaria
Full screen
Labels
Pot
In this dog the frontal sinuses are relatively large and the crest on the dorsal aspect of the skull is relatively tall giving the impression that the calvaria (bones around the brain) are extremely thick in this dog. In reality it is only the crest that is thick, the bones on either side will be relatively much thinner. Compared to humans in which the bones around the brain are very thin and there is very minimal soft tissue coverage, the skull and brain of the dog are well protected by large chewing muscles and is therefore relatively infrequently injured compared to humans. This well-positioned lateral view shows the temporomandibular joints and the tympanic bullae which are almost perfectly superimposed. It also gives a good view of the endotracheal tube in the oral cavity and extending down through the larynx towards the trachea, the soft palate and the nasopharynx.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2= Incisive bone
3=Maxilla
4=Lacrimal bone
5= Frontal bone
6=Parietal bone
7=Occipital bone
8= Temporal bone
9=Basisphenoid bone
10= Mandible
A
B
A=Atlas
B=Axis
Infraorbital foramen
Orbit
Supraorbital process
Zygomatic arch
Paracondylar process
External acoustic meatus
Retroarticular process
Condylar process
Coronoid process
Angular process
Pterygopalantine fossa
Mental foramen
Tympanic bulla
Labels
No Labels
Frontal sinus
Dorsal tubercle of atlas
Lateral vertebral formen
Wing of atlas
Tympanic bulla
Hyoid apparatus
Angular process
Condylar process
Retroarticular process
Soft palate
Tooth root
Endotracheal tube
Hard palate
Frontal bone
Coronoid process
Zygomatic arch
Temporozygomatic suture
Axis
External acoustic meatus
Atlas
The Frontal Sinuses
Frontal sinuses: R-Cd view
Frontal sinuses:
R-Cd view
Full screen
Labels
This radiograph is made by placing the dog in dorsal recumbency and angling the head so that the hard palate is perpendicular. The x-ray beam is centred on the dog’s external nares so that the diverging beam passes through the frontal sinuses and projects them dorsal to the remainder of the skull. This radiograph is sometimes difficult to get straight, but is a very useful way of examining the frontal sinuses which are frequently affected in dogs with nasal disease or trauma. Notice that the internal septation of the frontal sinuses is not perfectly symmetrical; this is a typical normal variant. 
Labels
No Labels
Right frontal sinus
Left frontal sinus
Zygomatic process of frontal 	bone
The Tympanic Bullae
Tympanic Bullae: R-Cd, open-mouth view
Tympanic Bullae:
R-Cd, open-mouth view
Full screen
Labels
This is another radiograph made with the dog in dorsal recumbency. This time the mouth is held widely open and the x-ray beam directed in such a way that it bisects the angle formed by the maxilla and mandible. The rounded thin-walled lucent structures each side of mid-line are the tympanic bullae. In this dog the thin bulla wall gives the appearance of a soap bubble; it has a similar appearance in cats. In many small breeds of dog the tympanic bullae are relatively smaller and flatter in shape. The commonest abnormality affecting the tympanic bullae is otitis media; this is visible radiographically as an increased opacity in the tympanic cavity as a result of exudate and/or granulation tissue. Frequently the bulla wall is thickened as a result of chronic inflammation. 
Labels
No Labels
Nasal Cavity
Upper cheek tooth
Petrous part of temporal bone
Atlanto-occipital joint
Mandible
2nd cervical vertebrae (axis)
Atlantoaxial joint
Tympanic bullae
Nasopharynx
Jugular foramen
The Larynx
Larynx: Lateral view
Larynx: Lateral view, brachycephalic
Larynx:
Lateral view
Full screen
Labels
Pot
This radiograph of the larynx made in an anaesthetised dog after the endotracheal tube has been removed shows the oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx and cranial part of the trachea, all outlined by gas within the predominantly soft tissue surroundings. The delicate hyoid bones and the laryngeal cartilages and the tracheal rings (which are partially calcified) are also visible. A radiograph such as this requires a much lower exposure than a radiograph of the cervical spine. 
Masseter m.
Stylohyoid bone
Ceratohyoideus m.
Thyrohoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoideus m.
Trachea
Sternothyroideus m.
Cricothyroideus m.
Hyoglossus m.
Mylohyoideus m. 
Styloglossus m.
Sternohyoideus m.
Geniohyoideus m.
Body of tongue
Labels
No Labels
Tympanic bulla
Atlas
Wing of atlas
Cervical vertebrae 2
Cervical vertebrae 3
Cervical vertebrae 4
Soft palate
Stylohoid bone
Epihyoid bone
Ceratohyoid bone
Epiglottis
Basihyoid bone
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Air in the oesophagus
Trachea
Tracheal rings
Thyrohyoid bone
Larynx:
Lateral view, brachycephalic
Full screen
Labels
Pot 2
Radiographs of brachycephalic dogs such as the Bulldog, Pug or cavalier King Charles spaniel show why so many of these dogs are affected by excessive respiratory noise or snoring or dysnoea. In this instance, the trachea is narrow for the size of the dog and the airway through the larynx and nasopharynx is virtually obliterated by collapse of the thick surrounding soft tissues. Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is the name given to the problems associated with this extreme conformation. 
Pot 1
Cerebellum
Pons
Frontal sinus
Nasopharynx
Hard palate
Nasal septum; cartilage
Body of tongue
Mandible
Genioglossus m
Geniohyoid m
Soft palate
Hyoid apparatus
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Trachea
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 = Nasal bone
2= Incisive bone
3=Maxilla
4=Lacrimal bone
5= Frontal bone
6= Frontal bone
7=Occipital bone
8=Temporal bone
9= Mandible
Infraorbital foramen
Orbit
Supraorbital process
Zygomatic arch
Paracondylar process
External acoustic meatus
Retroarticular process
Condylar process
Coronoid process
Angular process
Pterygopalantine fossa
Mental foramen
Tympanic bulla
Temporozygomatic suture
External sagittal crest
Labels
No Labels
Atlas
Axis
Soft Tissue
Hyoid apparatus
Trachea
Spine of the scapula
Shoulder joint
Humerus
The Mandible
Mandible: IO view
Mandible:
IO view
Full screen
Labels
By placing the dog in dorsal recumbency and putting the radiographic film in the oral cavity for a ventrodorsal projection, a view of the rostral part of the mandible may be obtained. Just as for the intraoral dorsoventral approach, which is very useful for examining the nasal cavity, this radiograph provides a nice view of the mandible without superimposition by other structures. Note the variation in the size and shape of the incisors which is typical and unimportant. Similarly notice the rough appearance of the bone on each side of the mandibular symphysis; this is also normal. 
Labels
No Labels
Lower incisor 1
Lower incisor 2
Lower incisor 3
Lower premolar 1
Lower canine
Lower premolar 2
Lower premolar 3
Lower premolar 4
Lower molar 1
Mandibular symphysis
The Nasal chambers
Nasal chambers: IO view, young adult
Nasal chambers: IO view
Nasal chambers: IO view, dolicocephalic
Nasal chambers: IO view, brachycephalic
Nasal chambers: Lateral view
Dacryorhinocystogram: Lateral view
Nasal chambers:
IO view, young adult
Full screen
Labels
Pot
An excellent examination of the nasal cavity in a dog or cat can be done by placing the film in the oral cavity and making a dorsoventral radiograph so that only the nasal cavity appears in the image. This view enables detailed comparison of left and right sided structures. Notice that the nasal cavity is filled with numerous tiny linear structures oriented roughly parallel to the mid-line in the rostral part of the nasal cavity, and forming a more complicated pattern in the middle of the nasal cavity. These small lines represent the shadows cast by the nasal turbinates and their mucosae. This is a young adult dog; it has its permanent dentition (no deciduous teeth are visible) but the adult teeth appear very hollow because the pulp cavity is wide and the dentine is thin. As a dog ages the pulp cavity steadily reduces in size so the teeth become progressively more solid in appearance. 
Canine
Upper premolar 1-4
Upper incisors 1-3
Interincisive suture
Palatine fissure
Upper Molar 1 & 2
Zygomatic arch
Pterygoid bone
Rostral alar foramen
Foramen ovale
Tympanic bulla
Paracondylar process
Choanal region
Presphenoid bone
Basisphenoid bone
Foramen lacerum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital condyle
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
No Labels
Nostril
Interincisive suture
Palatine fissure
Superimposed dorsal & ventral nasal conchae
Ethmoidal conchae
Maxillary recess
Canine tooth
Dental cavity
Upper premolar 1-4
Upper Molar 1
Upper incisors 1-3
Nasal chambers:
IO view
Full screen
Labels
Pot
A similar radiograph to that described previously comes from a dog of similar skull conformation, that is mesaticephalic. This dog is slightly older than the previous one as evidenced by the relatively smaller pulp cavities best seen in the canine teeth.
Canine
Upper premolar 1-4
Upper incisors 1-3
Interincisive suture
Palatine fissure
Upper Molar 1 & 2
Zygomatic arch
Pterygoid bone
Rostral alar foramen
Foramen ovale
Tympanic bulla
Paracondylar process
Choanal region
Presphenoid bone
Basisphenoid bone
Foramen lacerum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital condyle
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
No Labels
Nostril
Interincisive suture
Palatine fissure
Superimposed dorsal & ventral nasal conchae
Ethmoidal conchae
Maxillary recess
Canine tooth
Dental cavity
Upper premolar 4
Nasal chambers:
IO view, dolicocephalic
Full screen
Labels
Pot
In a long nosed dog the nasal cavity is relatively elongated and a wide diastema is frequently present between the first and third premolars. 
Canine
Upper premolar 1-4
Upper incisors 1-3
Interincisive suture
Palatine fissure
Upper Molar 1 & 2
Zygomatic arch
Pterygoid bone
Rostral alar foramen
Foramen ovale
Tympanic bulla
Paracondylar process
Choanal region
Presphenoid bone
Basisphenoid bone
Foramen lacerum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital condyle
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
No Labels
Nostril
Interincisive suture
Palatine fissure
Superimposed dorsal & ventral nasal conchae
Ethmoidal conchae
Canine tooth
Upper premolar 1
Upper Molar 1
Upper incisors 1-3
Upper premolar 4
Upper Molar 2
Large gap between 1st & 3rd premolar
Nasal chambers:
IO view, brachycephalic
Full screen
Labels
Pot
This radiograph of the nasal cavity of a Bulldog clearly shows foreshortening of the nasal cavity compared to that seen in mesaticephalic or dolicocephalic dogs. With this foreshortening comes a relative increase in opacity of the nasal structures because the skull is relatively thicker at this point and because of the abundant, often folded, skin over the face. Orientation of the teeth in the maxillary arcade is often abnormal in such dogs, with the third premolar aligned roughly transverse to the arcade in this example. 
Canine
Upper premolar 1-4
Upper incisors 1-3
Interincisive suture
Palatine fissure
Upper Molar 1 & 2
Zygomatic arch
Pterygoid bone
Rostral alar foramen
Foramen ovale
Tympanic bulla
Paracondylar process
Choanal region
Presphenoid bone
Basisphenoid bone
Foramen lacerum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal
canal
Occipital condyle
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
No Labels
Nostril
Interincisive suture
Palatine fissure
Superimposed dorsal & ventral nasal conchae
Ethmoidal conchae
Canine tooth
Upper premolar 1-4
Upper Molar 1
Upper incisors 1-3
Upper Molar 2
Nasal chambers:
Lateral view
Full screen
Labels
The nasal cavity of the dog requires a lower radiographic exposure than the thicker parts of the skull because it contains air and relatively delicate bones, hence a separate lateral radiograph is sometimes made specifically of the nasal region. One problem with this radiograph is that it superimposes the left and right sides. Many dogs with nasal disease have asymmetrical or even unilateral lesions which are difficult to recognise on the lateral view in which they are superimposed by the normal (unaffected) side. The same comment applies to the frontal sinuses.
Labels
No Labels
Incisive bone
Root of canine teeth
Hard palate
Nasal bone
Ethmoidal conchae
Cranial border of orbit
Frontal bone
Frontal sinus
Oral cavity
Zygomatic arch
Coronoid process of mandible
Upper Molar 1
Upper Molar 2
U. Premolar 4
U. Premolar 3
U. Premolar 2
U. Premolar 1
U. Canine
U. Incisor 1
U. Incisor 2
U. Incisor 3
Dacryorhinocystogram:
Lateral view
Full screen
Labels
This lateral radiograph of the nasolacrimal duct is made by infusion of a small volume of contrast medium through a fine catheter inserted into a lacrimal punctum. In a normal dog the contrast flows down the nasolacrimal duct and drains into the nasal cavity as seen here. 
Labels
No Labels
Catheter in ventral lacrimal punctum
Nasolacrimal duct
Duct discharging into floor of vestibule
The Thoracic Limb
The Shoulder
The Elbow
The Radius and Ulna
The Carpus
The Manus
The Shoulder
Shoulder: lateral view
Shoulder: Cr-Cd view
Large Shoulder: lateral view
Immature Shoulder: lateral view
Immature shoulder arthrogram: lateral view
Shoulder: 
lateral view
This radiograph is usually made with the animal in lateral recumbency with the shoulder of interest on the underside of the dog. The limb is protracted to move the humerus away from the sternum for clearer visualisation. The tip of an endotracheal tube is superimposed on the scapula in this dog. If the tube is inadvertently superimposed over the shoulder joint, it can interfere with visualisation of the bones.
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Dorsal border of scapula
Infraspinatus m
Supraspinatus m
Stump of trapezius m
Teres major m
Latissimus dorsi m
Triceps brachii m – long head
Olecranon
Triceps brachii m – lateral head
Cleidobrachialis m
Extensor carpi radialis m
Common digital extensor m.
Rhomboid m
Deltoid m
Brachioradialis m
Lateral digital extensor m
Ulnaris lateralis m
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Canine Forelimb; 
Left, lateral view
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
Supraspinous fossa
Humerus
Head of humerus
Shoulder joint
Infraglenoid tubercle
Acromion process
Infraspinous fossa
Scapular spine
ET tube within the trachea
Supraglenoid tubercle
Greater tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity
No labels
Intertubercular groove
Shoulder: 
Cr-Cd view
This radiograph is usually made with the animal in dorsal recumbency with the limb extended.
 
Notice that the medial aspect of the scapulohumeral joint is wider on the medial aspect giving it a wedged-shape; this is completely normal in the dog and cat. 
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Dorsal border of the scapula
Rhomboid m
Supraspinatus m
Cut edge of trapezius pars cervicalis
Deltoid m
Triceps brachii m – lateral head
Cleidobrachialis m
Brachialis m
Extensor carpi radialis m
Common digital extensor m
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Canine Forelimb;
Left, cranial view.
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
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Pot
No labels
Acromion process
Scapula spine
Glenoid cavity of scapula
Greater Tubercle
Tricipital line
Deltoid Crest
Supraglenoid tubercle
Teres major tuberosity
Lesser tubercle of humerus
Large Shoulder: 
lateral view
Labels
Pot
Full screen
An example of the shoulder in a larger dog, which has a somewhat flatter humeral head and wider glenoid fossa than the other dog.
Dorsal border of scapula
Infraspinatus m
Supraspinatus m
Stump of trapezius m
Teres major m
Latissimus dorsi m
Triceps brachii m – long head
Olecranon
Triceps brachii m – lateral head
Cleidobrachialis m
Extensor carpi radialis m
Common digital extensor m.
Rhomboid m
Deltoid m
Brachioradialis m
Lateral digital extensor m
Ulnaris lateralis m
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Canine Forelimb; 
Left, lateral view
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
No labels
Supraspinous fossa
Supraglenoid tubercle
Greater tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity
Scapula spine
Infraspinous fssa
Infraglenoid tubercle
Head of humerus
Intertubercular groove
Immature Shoulder: 
lateral view
Labels
Pot
Full screen
The proximal humeral physis is open. This dog is 6-9m old. 
Dorsal border of scapula
Infraspinatus m
Supraspinatus m
Stump of trapezius m
Teres major m
Latissimus dorsi m
Triceps brachii m – long head
Olecranon
Triceps brachii m – lateral head
Cleidobrachialis m
Extensor carpi radialis m
Common digital extensor m.
Rhomboid m
Deltoid m
Brachioradialis m
Lateral digital extensor m
Ulnaris lateralis m
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Canine Forelimb; 
Left, lateral view
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
No labels
Supraspinous fossa
Supraglenoid tubercle
Greater tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity
Scapula spine
Infraspinous fossa
Infraglenoid tubercle
Head of humerus
Prox. Physis of humerus
Intertubecular groove
Compared to the previous radiograph, 5ml of radiographic contrast medium (iohexol @100mgI/ml) was injected into the scapulohumeral joint using a lateral approach. The joint is quite well filled, showing the caudal compartment and the cranial compartment. The cranial compartment surrounds the biceps tendon, which appears as a curvilinear filling defect within the contrast medium. This appearance is normal. 
Immature Shoulder Arthrogram: 
Lateral view
Labels
Full screen
Labels
No labels
Contrast media within the shoulder joint.
Contrast media in the intertubecular groove, beneath the biceps tendon.
The Elbow
Immature Elbow: lateral view
Immature Elbow: Cr-Cd view 
Flexed Elbow: lateral view
Immature Elbow: Cr-Med, Cd-Lat Oblique view 
Immature Elbow: Cr-Lat, Cd-Med Oblique view
Immature Elbow: 
Lateral view
Labels
Pot
Full screen
This joint belongs to a 6m old Labrador. Notice the open growth plates at the distal humerus, proximal radius and olecranon process of the ulna.
Humerus
Lateral humeral epicondyle
Lateral collateral ligament
Supinator m
Radius
Stump of triceps brachii m 
Olecranon
Anconeus m
Interosseous space
Ulna
Canine Elbow;
Lateral view
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
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Pot
No labels
Humerus
Craniolateral tuberosity of olecranon
Anconeal process
Ulna
Radius
(Olecranon)
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Lat. Epicondylar crest
Med. border of supratrochlear foramen
Elbow (cubital) 	Joint
Prox. Radial physis
Prox. Ulnar epiphysis
Lat. Epicondyle of humerus
Prox. Ulnar physis
Young Elbow: 
Cr-Med, Cd-Lat Oblique view
Labels
Pot
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The elbow has been pronated, so the articulation between the humerus and the radius is emphasised. This radiograph is rarely made in clinical practice.
Humerus
Stump of triceps brachii – long head
Craniolateral tuberosity of olecranon
Olecranon
Lat. Epicondyle of humerus
Coronoid process
Ulnar
Pronator teres m.
Flexor carpi radialis m.
Radius
Canine elbow;
Medial view
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
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Pot
No labels
Humerus
Supratrochlear foramen
Anconeal process
Lateral
epicondyle
Prox. Radial physis
Radius
Coronoid process
Olecranon
Medial epicondyle
Ulna
Immature Elbow: 
Cr-Lat, Cd-Med Oblique view
Labels
Pot
Full screen
In this radiograph the elbow has been supinated, producing a view of the medial aspect of the humeral condyle and the joint between the humerus and medial coronoid process of the ulna. This view might be useful if there is fragmentation of the medial coronoid process. 
Humerus
Lateral humeral epicondyle
Lateral collateral ligament
Supinator m
Radius
Stump of triceps brachii m 
Olecranon
Anconeus m
Interosseous space
Ulna
Canine Elbow;
Lateral view
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
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Pot
No labels
Humerus
Supratrochlear foramen
Articulating surfaces: humerus and ulna
Olecranon
Anconeal Process
Articulating surfaces: Humerus and radius
Prox. radial epiphysis
Prox. radial physis
Radius
Lateral Humeral epicondyle
Medial coronoid process of ulna 
Immature Elbow: 
Cr-Cd view
Labels
Pot 1
Full screen
The same dog as the previous lateral view. Notice the angular shape of the humeral condyle, which articulates on the lateral aspect with the radius and on the medial aspect with the medial coronoid process of the ulna. The medial aspect of the elbow is a frequent site of lesions in dogs with elbow arthritis.
Pot 2
Brachialis m
Radial nerve
Lateral humeral epicondyle
Supinator muscle
Radius
Humerus
Canine left Elbow;
Cranial view
Humerus
Supratrochlear foramen
Lateral humeral epicondyle
Medial humeral epicondyle
Coronoid process of ulna
Pronator teres m
Supinator m
Radius
Canine right elbow;
Cranial view
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
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Pot
No labels
Body of Humerus
Olecranon
Medial Humeral epicondyle
Medial Coronoid process of ulna
Radius + ulna superimposed
Supratrochlear foramen
Lateral epicondyle
Elbow (cubital joint)
Prox. radial epiphysis
Prox. radial physis
Flexed Elbow: 
lateral view
Labels
Pot
Full screen
This radiograph, with the elbow maximally flexed, is done to examine the anconeal process. This is considered one of the first places that osteophytes develop in dogs with elbow arthritis and hence this view is frequently used by clinicians looking for signs of arthritis. Suspected ununited anconeal process is another indication for this radiograph. 
Humerus
Lateral humeral epicondyle
Lateral collateral ligament
Supinator m
Radius
Stump of triceps brachii m 
Olecranon
Anconeus m
Interosseous space
Ulna
Canine Elbow;
Lateral view
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
No labels
Anconeal process
Olecranon
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Condyle of humerus
Body of humerus
Head of radius
Coronoid process
Radius
Medial border of humeral condyle
Ulna
The Radius and Ulna
Immature Radius and Ulna: Lateral view
Immature Radius and Ulna: Cr-Cd view
Immature Radius and Ulna: 
Lateral view
Labels
Full screen
This radiograph of a young cross bred dog shows the normal curved shape of the radius and the straighter ulna. Open growth plates are visible at the proximal and distal radius and ulna. The distal ulnar physis is shaped like a cone, hence has a V-shape in the radiograph. The accessory carpal bone projects on the palmar aspect of the carpus. 
Labels
No labels
Distal physis of humerus
Body of humerus
Humeral condyle
Prox. radial physis
Proximal radial epiphysis
Radius
Nutrient foramen of radius
Distal radius epiphysis
 Radial carpal bone
Distal row of carpal bones
Distal radial physis
Metacarpal bones
Caudal border of lateral epicondyle of humerus
Prox. Ulnar epiphysis
Anconeal process
Ulna
Prox. Ulnar physis
Distal ulnar physis
Distal ulnar epiphysis
Accessory carpal bone
Metacarpal bone 1
Prox phalanx of digit 1
Immature Radius and Ulna: 
Cr-Cd view
Labels
Full screen
This radiograph is of the same limb as the previous. The limb is relatively straight with some lateral deviation of the paw. This degree of mild lateral deviation is normal and must be distinguished from a valgus deformity, which can occur in dogs following premature closure of the distal ulnar growth plate. This view is useful when examining dogs with signs of angular limb deformity.
Labels
No labels
Distal humeral physis
Lateral humeral epicondyle
Distal humeral epiphysis
Prox. Radial physis
Radius
Distal ulnar physis
Distal ulnar epiphysis
Distal radial epiphysis
Distal radial physis
Accessory carpal bone
Radial carpal bone
2nd Carpal bone
1st Carpal bone
Metacarpal 1
Proximal phalanx of digit 1
Distal phalanx of digit 2
Metacarpal 2
Humerus
Olecranon
Medial humeral epicondyle
Prox. Radial epiphysis
Ulna
Ulna carpal bone
Carpal bone 4
Carpal bone 3
Metacarpal 5
Metacarpal 4
Metacarpal 3
Distal metacarpal physis
The Carpus
Immature Carpus: Lateral view
Immature Carpus: D-P view
Immature Carpus: 
Lateral view
Labels
Pot
Full screen
Radiograph of the same dog as in the dorsopalmar view. An open growth plate is visible in the accessory carpal bone.
Lateral digital extensor m
Ulnaris lateralis m
Carpus
Metacarpus
Flexor carpi ulnaris m
Common digital extensor m
Distal limb;
Lateral view
Accessory Carpal bone
Pot Comparison
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
No labels
Radius
Distal ulna epiphysis
Distal radial epiphysis
Distal radial physis
Accessory carpal bone
 Radial carpal bone
1st Carpal bone
Metacarpal 1
Proximal phalanx of digit 1
Distal phalanx of digit 2
Metacarpal 2
Ulna
Ulna carpal bone
Carpal bone 4
Carpal bone 3
Metacarpals
Distal ulna physis
Immature Carpus: 
D-P view
Labels
Pot 1
Full screen
This radiograph of the carpus of a 3 month old puppy shows the growth plates at the distal radius, ulna and metacarpals. Notice that in each instance the metaphysis adjacent to the open physis appears more opaque and wider than the diaphysis of the bone. This is a normal appearance and should not be misinterpreted as a sign of metabolic bone disease. 
Pot 2
Flexor carpi radialis m.
Adductor pollicis longus m.
Extensor retinaculum
Extensor carpi radialis m.
Common digital extensor m.
Lateral digital extensor m.
Ulnaris lateralis m.
Tendon of common digital extensor m. 
Distal limb;
Dorsal view
Deep digital flexor m
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Accessory carpal bone
Flexor retinaculum
Tendon of deep digital flexor tendon
Digit 1
Metacarpal pad
Digital pad
Distal limb;
Palmer view
Pot Comparison
Carpal tunnel
Metacarpal 1
Metacarpal 3
Metacarpal 4
Adductor m digit 4
Superficial digital flexor m
Paired sesamoids of digit 5
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Superficial digital flexor m
Interosseus m
Adductor m digit 5
Carpus
Ulnaris lateralis m
 Flexor carpi ulnaris m
Distal forelimb;
Palmer view
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
No labels
Radius
Distal ulnar physis
Distal ulnar epiphysis
Distal radial epiphysis
Distal radial physis
Accessory carpal bone
Intermedioradial carpal bone
Sesamoid bone of adductor pollicis longus m.
2nd Carpal bone
1st Carpal bone
Metacarpal 1
Proximal phalanx of digit 1
Distal phalanx of digit 2
Metacarpal 2
Ulna
Ulnar carpal bone
Carpal bone 4
Carpal bone 3
Metacarpal 5
Metacarpal 4
Metacarpal 3
Distal metacarpal physis
Distal Metacarpal 2 physis
Distal Metacarpal 2 epiphysis
Prox. Physis of prox. phalanx
Distal Metacarpal epiphysis
Prox. Phalanx
The Manus
Manus: D-P view
Manus: D-P view
Labels
Pot 1
Full screen
Pot 2
In this radiograph of the manus you should be able to identify the distal radius and ulna, the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones, the metacarpals and phalanges of each digit plus a number of sesamoid bones. For example, there is a small rounded bone on the medial aspect of the carpus, which is a sesamoid in the tendon of insertion of the abductor pollicis longus and there are paired,
somewhat elongated palmar sesamoids superimposed on each of the distal metacarpals of digits 2-5. The very small rounded dorsal sesamoids that exist at the metacarpal phalangeal joints are not clearly visible in this radiograph. 
The carpus includes two rows of bones: adjacent to the distal radius is the wide radial carpal bone, adjacent to the distal ulna is the relatively square ulna carpal, and superimposed on the joint between these bones is a rounded, opaque structure, which represents the accessory carpal bone. The distal row of carpal bones includes numbers 1,2,3 and 4, each of which is found at the proximal end of the relevant metacarpal, although note that carpal bone 4 articulates both with the fourth and the fifth metacarpal. 
Also note that the first digit (the dew claw) has a very reduced metacarpal and only two phalanges. Another feature worth mentioning is the large pad on the palmar aspect of the paw, which creates a lucent line across the distal part of the proximal phalanges that could occasionally be mistaken for a phalangeal fracture.
Flexor carpi radialis m.
Adductor pollicis longus m.
Extensor retinaculum
Extensor carpi radialis m.
Common digital extensor m.
Lateral digital extensor m.
Ulnaris lateralis m.
Tendon of common digital extensor m. 
Distal limb;
Dorsal view
Deep digital flexor m
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Accessory carpal bone
Flexor retinaculum
Tendon of deep digital flexor tendon
Digit 1
Metacarpal pad
Digital pad
Distal limb;
Palmer view
Pot Comparison
Carpal tunnel
Metacarpal 1
Metacarpal 3
Metacarpal 4
Adductor m digit 4
Superficial digital flexor m
Paired sesamoids of digit 5
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Superficial digital flexor m
Interosseus m
Adductor m digit 5
Carpus
Ulnaris lateralis m
 Flexor carpi ulnaris m
Distal forelimb;
Palmer view
Labels
Pot Comparison
Full screen
Pot
No labels
Distal ulna – styloid process 
Distal radius
Accessory carpal bone
Radial carpal bone
Sesamoid bone of adductor pollicis longus m.
Carpal bone 2
1st Carpal bone
Metacarpal 1
Proximal phalanx of digit 1
Distal phalanx of digit 
Ulnar carpal bone
Carpal bone 4
Carpal bone 3
Metacarpal 5
Metacarpal 4
Metacarpal 3
Metacarpal 2
Proximal phalanx
Middle Phalanx
Styloid process of radius
The Pelvic Limb
The Femur
The Stifle
The Tarsus
The Hip 
(covered in “The Pelvis”)
The Femur
Femur: Lateral view
Femur: Cr-Cd view
Femoral Arteriogram: Lateral view
Femur:
Lateral view
Full screen
Labels
Pot
This radiograph is made with the animal in lateral recumbency with the femur to be radiographed on the table and the upper limb rotated out of the primary x-ray beam. The thigh of the dog is much thicker proximally than distally, which means that making the radiograph of the femur is compromised between adequately exposing the proximal part and not over-exposing the distal part. Note that in a typical dog the femur has a gentle curve. This means that an intramedullary pin cannot normally be inserted all the way down the medullary cavity. Note that this patient is a male. 
Sacrotuberous ligament
Gemelli mm
Medial gluteal m
External obturator m
Quadratus femoris m
Semimembranosus m
Gastrocnemius m
Ilium
Deep gluteal m
Rectus femoris m
 Adductor m
Abductor cruris caudalis m
Semitendinosus m
Stump of Piriform m
Vastus lateralis m
Labels
No Labels
Ischiatic tuberosity
Intertrochanteric crest
Lesser trochanter of femur
Body of femur
Medial & lateral sesamoid bones of gastrocnemius muscle
Wall of intercondylar fossa of femur
Superimposed medial and lateral condyles of femur
Sesamoid bone of popliteus m
Fibula
Tibia
Body of ilium
Patella
Head of femur
Os Penis
Acetabula incisura
Femur:
Cr-Cd view
Full screen
Labels
A corresponding cranial caudal view of the same femur as in the Lateral Femur radiograph shows that in the sagittal plane the bone is almost perfectly straight. In this well positioned radiograph the patella is superimposed over the mid-line of the femur.
Labels
No Labels
Head of femur
Neck of femur
Greater trochanter of femur
Trichanteric fossa and intertrochanteric crest
Lateral border of ischiatic tuberosity
Lateral sesamoid of gastrocnemius m
Lateral condyle of femur
Medial condyle of femur
Patella
Hip joint
Obturator foramen
Lesser trochanter
 Ischium
Body of femur
Medial sesamoid of gastrocnemius m
Femoral Arteriogram:
Lateral view
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Injection of radiopaque contrast medium into the abdominal aorta has opacified the arteries of the pelvis and pelvic limb. In this radiograph the femoral artery and its branches are clearly seen, mainly on the caudal aspect of the femur. 
Sacrotuberous ligament
Gemelli mm
Medial gluteal m
External obturator m
Quadratus femoris m
Semimembranosus m
Gastrocnemius m
Ilium
Deep gluteal m
Rectus femoris m
 Adductor m
Abductor cruris caudalis m
Semitendinosus m
Stump of Piriform m
Vastus lateralis m
Labels
No Labels
Lateral circumflex from external iliac a
Femoral artery from external iliac artery
Descending genicular artery
Popliteal artery
Proximal caudal femoral artery
Saphenous artery
Middle caudal artery
Distal caudal femoral artery
The Stifle
Stifle: Lateral view
Stifle: Cd-Cr view
Immature Stifle: Lateral view
Immature Stifle: Lateral view
Immature Stifle: Cd-Cr view
Stifle: Lateral view, tibial tuberosity fusion
Stifle:
Lateral view
Full screen
Labels
Pot
The stifle is one of the most commonly radiographed joints of the dog and it is well worth being familiar with its radiographic anatomy. Note the patella and the two fabellae, sesamoid bones embedded in the gastrocnemius tendon. Note also a lucent space on the cranial aspect of the joint that is formed by a fat pad between the patellar tendon and the joint. This is a useful anatomical feature because any joint effusion will tend to impinge upon the fat pad from the caudal aspect and reduce its size in a lateral radiograph. 
Patella
Patellar ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Trochlea
Medial & lateral condyles of femur
Caudal cruciate ligament
Femoropatellar ligament
Medial & lateral collateral ligament
Menisci
Patellar
ligament
Patellar ligament
Labels
No Labels
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
Medial sesamoid bone of gastrocnemius m
Lateral sesamoid bone of gasrocnemius m
Medial and lateral condyles of femur
Tibial tuberosity
Patella
Trochlea of femur
Infrapatellar fat body
Cranial intercondylar area of tibia
Lateral supracondylar tuberosity
Sesamoid bone within tendon of popliteus m.
Femoropatellar joint 
Femorotibial joint
Stifle:
Cd-Cr view
Full screen
Labels
Pot
Although it is possible to extend the stifle with a dog in dorsal recumbency for a craniocaudal radiograph, it is often easier to place the dog in sternal recumbency and extend the limb caudally for a caudocranial radiograph, using the dog’s body weight to better extend the joint. Again note the position of the patella, which is projected some distance proximal to the joint when the stifle is properly extended. Note also the medial and lateral fabellae, which are unequal in size and shape. The fibula lies on the lateral aspect of the tibia. 
Patella
Patellar ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Trochlea
Medial & lateral condyles of femur
Caudal cruciate ligament
Femoropatellar ligament
Medial & lateral collateral ligament
Menisci
Patellar
ligament
Patellar ligament
Labels
No Labels
Femur
Patella
Lateral sesamoid bone of gastrocnemius m
Lateral condyle of femur
Fibula
Intercondylar fossa of femur
Medial sesamoid bone of gastrocnemius
Medial condyle of femur
Medial condyle of tibia
Medial & lateral intercondylar tubercle of tibia
Tibial tuberosity
Cranial border of tibia
Immature Stifle:
Lateral view
Full screen
Labels
Pot
This radiograph of a five month old Labrador
shows open growth plates at the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula. Note the separate centre of ossification at the tibial tuberosity and the wide and irregular physis between it and the tibial crest. This is considered to be a normal appearance. In this dog the medial fabella is positioned slightly distal compared to the lateral; this is considered a normal variant.
Patella
Patellar ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Trochlea
Medial & lateral condyles of femur
Caudal cruciate ligament
Femoropatellar ligament
Medial & lateral collateral ligament
Menisci
Patellar
ligament
Patellar ligament
Labels
No Labels
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Medial fabella of gastrocnemius muscle.
Lateral & medial condyle of femur
Tibial tuberosity
Distal femoral physis
Head of fibula (epiphysis)
Prox. fibula physis
Prox. Tibial physis
Prox. Tibial epiphysis
Tibial tuberosity physis
Interosseous space
Immature Stifle:
Lateral view
Full screen
Labels
Pot
This radiograph of a slightly younger dog than in the other lateral immature stifle example shows a roughened appearance of the femoral condyles, which could be mistaken for some form of joint disease; however, this is a normal appearance in a skeletally immature animal in which the subchondral bone has not completely ossified and has an uneven interface with the overlying articular cartilage. Within a few weeks this rough appearance will be replaced by a perfectly regular distinct curve. 
Patella
Patellar ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Trochlea
Medial & lateral condyles of femur
Caudal cruciate ligament
Femoropatellar ligament
Medial & lateral collateral ligament
Menisci
Patellar
ligament
Patellar ligament
Labels
No Labels
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Sesamoid bone of gastrocnemius
Lateral & medial condyle of femur
Tibial tuberosity
Distal femoral physis
Head of fibula (epiphysis)
Prox. fibula physis
Prox. Tibial physis
Prox. Tibial epiphysis
Distal femoral epiphysis
Immature Stifle:
Cd-Cr view
Full screen
Labels
Pot
This is a caudo-cranial view of a stifle. As in the lateral immature stifle radiograph, it shows open growth plates in the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula and the position of the medial fabella.
Patella
Patellar ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Trochlea
Medial & lateral condyles of femur
Caudal cruciate ligament
Femoropatellar ligament
Medial & lateral collateral ligament
Menisci
Patellar
ligament
Patellar ligament
Labels
No Labels
Femur
Patella
Lateral sesamoid bone of gastrocnemius m
Lateral condyle of femur
Fibula
Intercondylar fossa of femur
Medial sesamoid bone of gastrocnemius
Medial condyle of femur
Medial condyle of tibia
Medial & lateral intercondylar tubercle of tibia
Tibial tuberosity
Cranial border of tibia
Distal femoral physis
Head of fibula (epiphysis)
Prox. fibula physis
Prox. Tibial physis
Stifle:
Lateral view, tibial tuberosity fusion
Full screen
Labels
Pot
This radiograph is of a nine month old dog in which the growth plates are almost closed. The growth plate of the tibial tuberosity has an interesting pointed shape. This is a normal anatomical variant. 
Patella
Patellar ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Trochlea
Medial & lateral condyles of femur
Caudal cruciate ligament
Femoropatellar ligament
Medial & lateral collateral ligament
Menisci
Patellar
ligament
Patellar ligament
Labels
No Labels
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibial tuberosity
Cranial border of tibia
Distal femoral physis
Prox. Tibial physis
Tibial tuberosity growth plate
Infrapatellar fat pad
Patellar ligament
Sesamoid bones of gastrocnemius
Femoral condyles
The Tarsus
Immature Tarsus: Lateral view
Immature Tarsus: D-P view
Immature Tarsus:
Lateral view
Full screen
Labels
Pot
This radiograph of a four month old dog shows open growth plates at the distal tibia and at the tip of the tuber calcanei. The proximal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joint appear wide, which is a normal appearance at this age; these joints will gradually become narrower with skeletal maturity. Note the linear soft tissue structure that runs from the tuber calcanei proximally, roughly parallel to the distal tibia; this is the Achilles tendon. 
Reflected tendon of Deep Digital Flexor m.
Cut end of Superficial Flexor tendon.
Abductor digit V muscle
Common calcanean tendon
Proximal extensor retinaculum
Peroneus longus m.
Extensor digitorum lateralis m
Peroneus brevis m
Deep Digital Flexor tendon
Tarsus
Interosseus m. (Digit V)
Proximal digital annular ligaments
(Distal is missing).
Superficial Digital Flexor tendon
Labels
No Labels
Tibia
Calcanean tuberosity
Calcanean physis
Calcaneus
Central tarsal bone
Achilles tendon
Tarsal bone 4
Metatarsal bone 1
Tibia
Distal tibial physis
Distal tibial epiphysis
Trochlea of talus
2nd & 3rd Tarsal bone
Superimposed metatarsals 2-5
Immature Tarsus:
D-P view
Full screen
Labels
Pot
The dorsoplantar radiograph of the same dog as in the previous radiograph again shows the relatively wide proximal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints and open growth plates at the distal tibia and distal fibula. The tuber calcanei is a relatively substantial piece of bone that is superimposed on the tibiotarsal joint and tends to obscure it in the DP view. 
Long digital extensor m.
Proximal extensor retinaculum
Tibialis cranialis muscle
Distal extensor retinaculum
Labels
No Labels
Gastrocnemius m superimposed on the tibia.
Body of fibula
Lateral malleolus of fibula
Tarsal bone 4
Calcaneus
Tarsocrural joint
Sustentaculum tali of calcaneus
Central tarsal bone
Metatarsals 2-5
Talus
Tarsal bone 2
Tarsal bone 3
The Pelvis
The Hip joint
The Pelvic bones
The Pelvic Bones
Pelvis: Lateral view
Pelvis: V-D view
Pelvis: V-D view
Pelvis:
Lateral view
Full screen
Labels
This lateral radiograph shows the pelvis, the lumbosacral joint and the first few caudal vertebrae. The end of the tail is relatively thin and therefore is over-exposed in this radiograph and cannot be seen. Note that the two halves of the pelvis and the coxofemoral joints are almost perfectly superimposed in this well positioned radiograph, which makes them difficult to examine because a structure on one side effectively hides that on the other side. For this reason, it is usual to position one of the femurs more cranial than the other and to place a left or right marker adjacent to it so that at least the femurs can be distinguished in a lateral radiograph.
Labels
No Labels
Caudal vertebrae 1
Hip joint
(right)
Superimposed ischiatic tuberosity
Superimposed obturator foramina
Pelvic symphysis
Left femur
Right femur
Head of femur
(right)
Caudal extremity of L6
Intervertebral disc space between L7 & S1
Vertebral canal at L7
Left & right dorsal iliac crest
Sacrum
Hip joint (right)
Body of ilium
Pelvis:
VD view
Full screen
Labels
This ventrodorsal shows clearly the bones forming the pelvis and the coxofemoral joints. For this radiograph the dog has been positioned in dorsal recumbency and the pelvic limbs have been extended fully. The femurs are parallel and the patella is superimposed over the distal femur. It is usually necessary to use sticky tape or a Velcro band to keep the femurs in this position, which is very unnatural for a dog. Note the shape of the proximal femur which has a distinct neck and rounded head that is well seated in the acetabulum. The sacroiliac joints may also be examined in a ventrodorsal view, although they are not clearly visible because they are slightly oblique to the primary x-ray beam and because the rough surface of the bones forming the joint means there is no clearly discernible joint space. The sacroiliac joint is prone to luxation following trauma such as being hit by a car.
Labels
No Labels
Left transverse process of L7
Wing of ilium
Sacrum
Iliopubic eminence
Head of femur
Neck of femur
Greater trochanter
Trichanteric fossa & intertrochanteric crest
Obturator foramen
Ischiatic tuberosity
Femur
Patella
Intervertebral disc space between L7 &S1
Right sacroiliac joint
Body of ilium
Right hip joint
Lesser trochanter
Pubis
Ischiatic table
Lateral fabella of gastrocnemius m
Pelvis:
V-D view
Full screen
Labels
Compared to the other VD Pelvic radiograph this film has a higher contrast, a slightly speckly appearance and improved definition of the borders of the bones. It is an example of a computed radiograph whereas the previous was a radiographic film. Vets are increasingly using computed (digital) radiography to produce images such as this, which are viewed on a monitor rather than as a piece of film placed on a light box. As in the previous dog, the coxofemoral joints are clearly visible with a normal relationship between the femoral head and the acetabulum. The radiographic joint space forms a narrow curve of uniform width on the cranial aspect of the coxofemoral joint. The subchondral plate of the acetabulum is quite broad and very opaque radiographically whereas the convex surface of the adjacent femoral head is less opaque. The narrow lucent space between them represents the articular cartilage on each side of the joint plus a film of interposed synovial fluid. 
Labels
No Labels
Wing of ilium
Sacrum
Iliopubic eminence
Head of femur
Neck of femur
Greater trochanter
Trochanteric fossa & intertrochanteric crest
Obturator foramen
Ischiatic tuberosity
Femur
Intervertebral disc space between L7 &S1
Right sacroiliac joint
Body of ilium
Right hip joint
Lesser trochanter
Pubis
Ischiatic table
Faeces in descending colon
The Hip joint
Pelvis: V-D view, Hip dysplasia
Pelvis:
V-D view, Hip dysplasia
Full screen
Labels
This radiograph of a young dog shows subluxation of the left coxofemoral joint, which is a typical appearance for hip dysplasia. Note the scrotum on the midline; some vets will routinely cover it with a lead sheet to protect the testicles from x-rays. 
Labels
No Labels
Wing of ilium
Sacrum
Iliopubic eminence
Head of femur
Neck of femur
Greater trochanter
Obturator foramen
Ischiatic tuberosity 
Femur
Patella
Intervertebral disc space between L7 &S1
Right sacroiliac joint
Body of ilium
Right hip joint
Lesser trochanter
Fovea capitis
Pubis
Ischiatic table
Lateral sesamoid bone of gastrocnemius m
Faeces in descending colon
Scrotum
The Thorax
General Thorax views
The Ribs
The Heart
The Lungs
The Oesophagus
The Thymus
General Thorax views
Thorax: Overweight, DV view
Thorax: Overweight, lateral view
Thorax: Lateral view
Thorax: Left lateral view
Thorax: Right lateral view
Thorax: VD view
Thorax:
Overweight, DV view
Labels
Full screen
Pot
This radiograph shows that although there is air within both the left and right lung the cardiac border is indistinct. The cranial mediastinum is wide as a result of fat deposition. 
Labels
No Labels
Apex of Heart
Ribs
Diaphragm
Rib 1
Aortic arch 
Left ventricle
Cranial vena cava
Trachea
L. auricle
R. auricle
Aorta
Brachiocephalic 
trunk
L. Subclavian artery
Apex
R. ventricle
L. ventricle
L. atrium
Pulmonary trunk
Left subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic 
trunk
Cranial 
vena cava
Caudal 
vena cava
Azygous vein
L. pulmonary artery
R. pulmonary artery
L. pulmonary 
veins
R. pulmonary veins
Thorax:
Overweight, Lateral 
view
Labels
Full screen
Pot
In this radiograph of an obese Terrier the presence of intrathoracic and intra abdominal fat means that the lung is less well inflated than in the other radiographs. For this reason intrathoracic structures are more difficult to see, for example the heart has a much less well defined border than in the other radiographs. 
Labels
No Labels
Thoracic aorta
Tracheal bifurcation
Pulmonary vessels to caudal lobes of lungs
Left crus
Right crus
Liver
Left ventricle
Heart apex
Right ventricle
Cr. lobar Pulmonary artery.
Cr. lobar Pulmonary vein
Trachea
Stomach
Spleen
Sympathetic trunk
Dorsal intercostal a.v.
Oesophagus
Thoracic aorta
Vagus n.: dorsal & ventral branches
Left principal bronchus
Diaphragm
Phrenic n.
Mediastinum: over the right accesssory lung lobe
Right auricle
Mediastiinum:over right middle lung lobe
Left ventricle
Paraconal a.v.
Right ventricle
Left auricle
Right cranial lung lobe
Internal thoracic a.v.
Vago-sympathetic trunk
Middle cervical ganglion (sympathetic)
Subclavian a.
Cervicothoracic ganglion
Thorax:
Lateral view
Labels
Full screen
Pot
This radiograph shows a relatively deep chested dog. The heart, aorta and pulmonary vessels are clearly visible, although (unusually) the caudal vena cava is not. Note that the trachea, the lungs and other intrathoracic structures are visible because of the air contained in the thorax. When we make thoracic radiographs, we try to expose the film at peak inspiration in order to maximise the amount of air in the lung and hence maximise the visibility of intrathoracic structures. In animals with relatively little air in the lungs (e.g. because of pneumonia) it can be difficult to see anything radiographically.
Labels
No Labels
Thoracic aorta
Tracheal bifurcation
Pulmonary vessels to caudal lobes of lungs
Left crus
Right crus
Caudal vena cava
Liver
Left ventricle
Heart apex
Right ventricle
Cr. Lobar Pulmonary artery
Cr. Lobar Pulmonary vein
Trachea
Cranial vena cava
Sympathetic trunk
Dorsal intercostal a.v.
Oesophagus
Thoracic aorta
Vagus n.: dorsal & ventral branches
Left principal bronchus
Diaphragm
Phrenic n.
Mediastinum: over the right accesssory lung lobe
Right auricle
Mediastiinum:over right middle lung lobe
Left ventricle
Paraconal a.v.
Right ventricle
Left auricle
Right cranial lung lobe
Internal thoracic a.v.
Vago-sympathetic trunk
Middle cervical ganglion (sympathetic)
Subclavian a.
Cervicothoracic ganglion
Thorax:
Left lateral view
Labels
Full screen
Pot
This radiograph is of the same dog as the right lateral view and shows the difference in the appearance of the diaphragm with the animal lying on its left: now the diaphragmatic crura diverge. This difference between left and right is often observed in dogs. 
Labels
No Labels
Thoracic aorta
Tracheal bifurcation
Pulmonary vessels to caudal lobes of lungs
Left crus
Right crus
Caudal vena cava
Liver
Left ventricle
Heart apex
Right ventricle
Right cr. Lobar Pulmonary artery
Right cr. Lobar Pulmonary vein
Trachea
Sympathetic trunk
Dorsal intercostal a.v.
Oesophagus
Thoracic aorta
Vagus n.: dorsal & ventral branches
Left principal bronchus
Diaphragm
Phrenic n.
Mediastinum: over the right accesssory lung lobe
Right auricle
Mediastiinum:over right middle lung lobe
Left ventricle
Paraconal a.v.
Right ventricle
Left auricle
Right cranial lung lobe
Internal thoracic a.v.
Vago-sympathetic trunk
Middle cervical ganglion (sympathetic)
Subclavian a.
Cervicothoracic ganglion
Thorax:
Right lateral view
Labels
Full screen
This radiograph is made with the animal in lateral recumbency with its right side down. Note that the diaphragm has a smooth continuous curved shape and that the diaphragmatic crura are parallel, almost superimposed. Contrast this appearance with that of the left lateral radiograph. 
Pot
Labels
No Labels
Thoracic aorta
Pulmonary vessels to caudal lobes of lungs
Left crus
Right crus
Caudal vena cava
Liver
Left ventricle
Heart apex
Right ventricle
Cr. Lobar Pulmonary artery
Cr. Lobar Pulmonary vein
Trachea
Sympathetic trunk
Dorsal intercostal a.v.
Oesophagus
Thoracic aorta
Vagus n.: dorsal & ventral branches
Left principal bronchus
Diaphragm
Phrenic n.
Mediastinum: over the right accesssory lung lobe
Right auricle
Mediastiinum:over right middle lung lobe
Left ventricle
Paraconal a.v.
Right
ventricle
Left auricle
Right cranial lung lobe
Internal thoracic a.v.
Vago-sympathetic trunk
Middle cervical ganglion (sympathetic)
Subclavian a.
Cervicothoracic ganglion
Thorax:
VD view
Labels
Full screen
Pot
A ventrodorsal radiograph that shows the normal position of the heart, slightly to the left of mid-line, and the caudal vena cava to the right of mid-line. 
Labels
No Labels
Cr Vena Cava
Rt. atrium
Rt. Ventricle
Ca. Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Lt. atrium
Aorta
Lt. Ventricle
Caudoventral mediastinum
The Heart
Angiogram: LV injection, lateral view
Angiogram: RV injection, lateral view
Angiogram:
LV injection, lateral
view
Labels
Full screen
The heart normally has a uniform soft tissue opacity in radiographs and the internal structures (e.g. chambers, valves) are not visible. These structures can be outlined by injecting contrast medium which mixes with the blood. In this instance, a catheter has been passed along the aorta (where was it inserted into the dog?) until its tip is in the left ventricle. Injection of contrast outlines the left ventricle, aorta, coronary arteries, brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery. This appearance is normal. (Ignore the catheter cranial to the heart; it is relevant for the next radiograph.) 
Labels
No Labels
Left subclavian a
Thoracic aorta
Left crus of diaphragm
Right crus of diaphragm
Gas in pylorus of stomach
Common carotids
Brachiocephalic trunk
R + L internal thoracic arteries
Left ventricle
Angiogram:
RV injection, lateral view
Labels
Full screen
Pot
In this instance, a catheter has been passed down a jugular vein. Injection of contrast outlines the right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary arteries. This appearance is normal. 
(The thin black line crossing the caudal part of the lungs is an artefact that occurred because the film was inadvertently folded before processing.)
Labels
No Labels
Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary artery
Pulmonary arterial supply to the right middle lobe
Pulmonary trunk
Cranial lobar pulmonary artery
Right ventricle
L. auricle
R. auricle
Aorta
Brachiocephalic 
trunk
L. Subclavian artery
Apex
R. ventricle
L. ventricle
L. atrium
Pulmonary trunk
Left subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic 
trunk
Cranial 
vena cava
Caudal 
vena cava
Azygous vein
L. pulmonary artery
R. pulmonary artery
L. pulmonary 
veins
R. pulmonary veins
The Lungs
Bronchogram: Lateral view
Pulmonary Vasculature: Bulldog, DV view
Pulmonary Vasculature: Close-up, Lateral view
Bronchogram:
Lateral view
Labels
Full screen
Pot 1
Pot 2
In the days before flexible endoscopy, vets sometimes did bronchography to examine the airways. In this radiograph a small volume of barium sulphate suspension has been infused into the trachea and the lung inflated to spread it along the bronchial mucosa. It is amazing how clearly the bronchi are seen isn’t it? Notice that they have straight or gently curved walls and gently tapering lumen. This appearance is normal. 
Labels
No Labels
Bronchi of caudal lobes
Bronchus– end on
Tracheal bifurcation
Trachea
Right principal bronchus to cranial lobe
Cranial part of 
cranial lobe of 
left lung
Caudal part of cranial 
lobe of left lung
Caudal lobe 
of left lung
Caudal interlobar 
fissure of left lung
Interlobar fissure 
of cranial lobe of 
left lung
Acute margin
Cardiac notch
Obtuse margin
Trachea
Right ventricle of heart
Left ventricle of heart
Trachea
Bifurcation of the trachea
Primary bronchus
Right cranial lobes
Caudal lobes
Bronchioles
Left cranial lobe
Pulmonary Vasculature:
Bulldog, DV view
Labels
Full screen
Pot
This radiograph shows the right and left caudal lobar arteries and veins superimposed over the cranial part of the abdomen. It is useful to examine these vessels in dogs or cats with suspected cardiac failure. Pulmonary congestion is often visible as enlargement of the veins relative to the arteries. The dorsoventral view gives a better depiction of these vessels than a ventrodorsal. 
Labels
No Labels
Heart
Left caudal lobar vessels
Diaphragm
Right caudal lobar vessels
Air in the fundus of stomach
Trachea
Bifurcation of the trachea
Primary bronchus
Right cranial lobes
Caudal lobes
Bronchioles
Left cranial lobe
Pulmonary Vasculature:
Close-up, Lateral view
This radiograph shows the right cranial lobar artery and vein. They are roughly parallel, similar in size and gradually taper as they extend towards the periphery of the lung. 
Labels
Full screen
Pot 1
Pot 2
Labels
No Labels
Tracheal bifurcation
Right ventricle
Cr. Lobar Pulmonary artery
Cr. Lobar Pulmonary vein
Trachea
Cr. Lobar bronchus
Cranial part of 
cranial lobe of 
left lung
Caudal part of cranial 
lobe of left lung
Caudal lobe 
of left lung
Caudal interlobar 
fissure of left lung
Interlobar fissure 
of cranial lobe of 
left lung
Acute margin
Cardiac notch
Obtuse margin
Trachea
Right ventricle of heart
Left ventricle of heart
Trachea
Bifurcation of the trachea
Primary bronchus
Right cranial lobes
Caudal lobes
Bronchioles
Left cranial lobe
The Ribs
Crusty Ribs: Lateral view
Crusty Ribs:
Lateral view
Labels
Full screen
It is common to observe large irregular exostoses at the costochondral junctions of old dogs. This appearance is considered an age-related change and should not be confused with disease.
Pot
Labels
No Labels
Caudal vena cava
Liver
Left ventricle
Heart apex
Right ventricle
Exostoses at costochondral junctions
Sympathetic trunk
Dorsal intercostal a.v.
Oesophagus
Thoracic aorta
Vagus n.: dorsal & ventral branches
Left principal bronchus
Diaphragm
Phrenic n.
Mediastinum: over the right accesssory lung lobe
Right auricle
Mediastiinum:over right middle lung lobe
Left ventricle
Paraconal a.v.
Right ventricle
Left auricle
Right cranial lung lobe
Internal thoracic a.v.
Vago-sympathetic trunk
Middle cervical ganglion (sympathetic)
Subclavian a.
Cervicothoracic ganglion
The Oesophagus
Oesophagram: lateral view
Oesophagram:
lateral view
View in sequence
The oesophagus is not normally visible radiographically, although it might be if it is dilated or has abnormal contents. To make the oesophagus visible and to assess its function, we perform contrast radiography. This series of radiographs made at 1 second intervals shows a bolus of food/barium mixture passing through the thoracic oesophagus, leaving a slight mucosal coating behind. This is a normal appearance.
Pot
Labels
Finish Sequence
View in sequence
Oesophageal bolus
Thoracic aorta
Superimposed caudal lobar branches of pulmonary arteries & veins
Bronchiole
Caudal Vena Cava
Labels
View in sequence
Oesophageal bolus
Thoracic aorta
Bronchiole
Caudal Vena Cava
Labels
View in sequence
Oesophageal bolus
Thoracic aorta
Caudal Vena Cava
Labels
Finish Sequence
View in sequence
Thoracic aorta
Caudal Vena Cava
Superimposed caudal lobar branches of pulmonary arteries & veins
Oesophagus
Sympathetic trunk
Dorsal intercostal a.v.
Oesophagus
Thoracic aorta
Vagus n.: dorsal & ventral branches
Left principal bronchus
Diaphragm
Phrenic n.
Mediastinum: over the right accesssory lung lobe
Right auricle
Mediastiinum:over right middle lung lobe
Left ventricle
Paraconal a.v.
Right ventricle
Left auricle
Right cranial lung lobe
Internal thoracic a.v.
Vago-sympathetic trunk
Middle cervical ganglion (sympathetic)
Subclavian a.
Cervicothoracic ganglion
The Thymus
Thymus: DV view
Thymus: Lateral view
Thymus:
DV view
Labels
Full screen
A dorsoventral radiograph of a 3-month-old pup shows a broad curved soft tissue structure on the left cranial aspect of the heart. This is the thymus, which will shortly involute and cease to be visible radiographically. 
Labels
No Labels
Rt. atrium
Rt. Ventricle
Lt. atrium
Lt. Ventricle
Thymus
Thymus:
Lateral view
Labels
Full screen
This radiograph of a 3-month-old pup shows a lack of ossification of the distal part of the rib which is therefore not visible radiographically. Notice how the thymus is virtually invisible on a lateral view.
Pot
Lung (left)
Diaphragm
Oesophagus
Thymus
Common carotid a.
Heart
Labels
No Labels
Thoracic aorta
Left crus
Right crus
Liver
Left ventricle
Heart apex
Right ventricle
Trachea
Non-ossified costochondral junction
The Abdomen
General Abdomen views
The Reproductive System
The Kidneys and Ureters
The Bladder and Urethra
The Gastrointestinal System
The Spleen
The Liver
The Gastrointestinal System
Caecum detail: VD view
Gastric Antrum: Left lateral view
Gastric Antrum: Right lateral view
Gastric Rugae: Lateral view
Pneumogastrogram: VD view
Pneumogastrogram: Lateral view
Caecum detail:
VD view
Full Screen
Labels
This close up view of part of the ventrodorsal abdominal radiograph of the dog shows gas filling the caecum, which lies just right of the mid-line at the level of L3 to L5. This is a normal appearance. 
Pot
Stomach
Enlarged spleen
Greater omentum
Descending duodenum
Labels
No Labels
Gas filled caecum
L3
L4
L5
Gastric Antrum:
Right lateral view
Full Screen
Labels
This lateral radiograph of a large dog was made with the dog lying in right recumbency. Gas is visible in the gastric fundus, but the antrum and body of the stomach are predominantly fluid-filled and appear as a regular rounded structure in the cranioventral part of the abdomen. This appearance can be mistaken for a ball in the stomach. 
Pot 1
Pot 2
Enlarged spleen
Descending colon
Reflected abdominal muscles & skin
Greater omentum
Left lateral lobe of liver
Caudal division of cranial lobe of left lung
Caudal lobe of left lung
Longissimus thoracis m
Iliocostalis m
Left kidney
Stomach; fundus
Stomach; body
Left lateral lobe
Left medial lobe
Diaphragm
Left ventricle
Left auricle
Pericardial fat
Labels
No Labels
Right kidney
Gas filled colon
Small intestines
Fluid filled gastric body and antrum
Liver
Gas filled gastric fundus
Gastric Antrum:
Left lateral view
Full Screen
Labels
By repositioning the dog into left recumbency, gas can be redistributed in the stomach and now fills the gastric antrum. The fluid that was in the antrum and body has now moved into the fundus, so the appearance of the stomach is now the opposite of what it was in right lateral recumbency. The presence of gas in the antrum makes a gastric foreign body unlikely. 
Pot 2
Pot 1
Descending duodenum
Greater omentum
Right kidney
Caudate lobe of liver
Right lateral lobe of liver
Caudal, middle & cranial lobes of the right lung
Diaphragm
Quadrate lobe
Right medial lobe
Left lateral lobe
Stomach; antrum
Labels
No Labels
Right kidney
Gas filled colon
Small intestines
Fluid filled gastric body and antrum
Liver
Gas filled gastric fundus
Gastric Rugae:
Lateral view
Full Screen
Labels
This close-up view of part of the lateral abdominal radiograph of a dog shows the appearance of the gastric rugae, which in this instance are well outlined by gas. They have fairly uniform thickness and an undulating course. As the stomach distends, gastric rugae are stretched out and flattened and are less visible radiographically. 
Labels
No Labels
Gastric rugae
Pneumogastrogram:
VD view
Full Screen
Labels
The ventrodorsal radiograph a dog with an air filled stomach shows the relatively large rounded fundus of the stomach, which lies to the left of midline, and the more oblong gastric body extending across the mid-line to the right where the pyloric canal connects the gastric antrum with the duodenum. The duodenum is the most lateral of the gas-filled intestinal loops visible in this radiograph.
Pot 1 
Pot 2
Pot 3
Right medial lobe of liver
Left lateral lobe
Stomach; antrum
Stomach; fundus
Left lobe of pancreas
Descending duodenum
Right lobe of pancreas
Cranial duodenal flexure
Caudal duodenal flexure
Sternum
Left lateral lobe
Left medial lobe
Diaphragm
Quadrate lobe
Xiphoid process
Right medial lobe
Right kidney
Caudal vena cava
Stomach; fundus
Left kidney
Stomach
Enlarged spleen
Greater omentum
Descending duodenum
Labels
No Labels
Caudal lobar branches of pulmonary vessels superimposed on the liver
Gas in gastric fundus
Liver
Gas in duodenum
Gas in gastric antrum
Pneumogastrogram:
Lateral view
Full Screen
Labels
For this radiograph a large bore gastric tube has been passed and the stomach inflated to more clearly demonstrate its size, position and shape. 
Pot 1
Pot 2
Serratus dorsalis pars cranialis
Serratus dorsalis pars caudalis
Perirenal fat
Cut edge of internal abdominal oblique m.
Left lobe of pancreas
Stomach; fundus
External intercostal m
Right lobe of pancreas
Descending duodenum
Stomach; antrum
Left lateral lobe
Serratus dorsalis pars cranialis
Labels
No Labels
Large bore gastric tube
Liver
Air filled gastric body and fundus
The Kidneys and Ureters
Intra-venous Ureterogram (IVU): VD view
Nephrogram: VD view, DSA
Renal non-selective angiogram: VD view
Intra-venous Ureterogram (IVU):
VD view
Full Screen
Labels
This ventrodorsal radiograph was made several minutes after injection of contrast medium into a peripheral vein. Circulation of the contrast through the heart and lungs is followed by systemic distribution to all organs, including the kidneys. The kidneys filter contrast and excrete it into the renal pelvis and ureters which are visible clearly in this instance. This procedure is called an intravenous urogram (IVU). Opacification of the renal collecting system, pelvis and ureters is also known as a pyelogram. Note that the urinary bladder has been filled with air (pneumocystogram) to help identify it and to improve visualisation of the ureters as they pass over the urinary bladder in this view. Each ureter in this dog passes in a caudal direction and then makes an approximately 180º turn before draining into the bladder. This is a completely normal appearance. 
Pot 1
Pot 2
Pot 3
Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter
Arcuate aa
Cortex
Medulla
Renal sinus
Renal artery
Ureter
Interlobar artery
Interlobular artery
Pelvic recess
Impression of renal crest
Aorta
Vena cava
Oesophagus
Quadrate lobe of liver
Left medial lobe of liver
Left lateral lobe of liver
Gall bladder
Right medial lobe
Right kidney
Renal a&v
Adrenal gland
Left kidney
Caudal vena cava
Labels
No Labels
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
Nephrogram:
VD view, DSA
Full Screen
Labels
This radiograph was made in a similar way to the renal non-selective angiogram, but the technique of digital subtraction has enabled other abdominal structures not containing contrast medium to be removed from the image, leaving a particularly clear depiction of the contrast within the aorta and its various branches. Contrast medium arriving in the kidneys is quickly distributed evenly through the cortex where it is filtered by the glomerulus. Opacification of the renal parenchyma is known as a nephrogram. 
Pot 1
Pot 2
Pot 3
Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter
Arcuate aa
Cortex
Medulla
Renal sinus
Renal artery
Ureter
Interlobar artery
Interlobular artery
Pelvic recess
Impression of renal crest
Aorta
Vena cava
Oesophagus
Quadrate lobe of liver
Left medial lobe of liver
Left lateral lobe of liver
Gall bladder
Right medial lobe
Right kidney
Renal a&v
Adrenal gland
Left kidney
Caudal vena cava
Labels
No Labels
Interlobar aa
Renal aa
External iliac a
Internal iliac a
Median sacral a
Celiac a
Cr. Mesenteric a
Renal non-selective angiogram:
VD view
Full Screen
Labels
This radiograph was made during injection of contrast medium into the mid-abdominal aorta via a catheter and shows contrast predominantly filling
the renal arteries and the interlobar arteries of the kidneys. In many dogs, each kidney has two renal arteries. 
Pot 1
Pot 2
Pot 3
Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter
Arcuate aa
Cortex
Medulla
Renal sinus
Renal artery
Ureter
Interlobar artery
Interlobular artery
Pelvic recess
Impression of renal crest
Aorta
Vena cava
Oesophagus
Quadrate lobe of liver
Left medial lobe of liver
Left lateral lobe of liver
Gall bladder
Right medial lobe
Right kidney
Renal a&v
Adrenal gland
Left kidney
Caudal vena cava
Labels
No Labels
Interlobar aa
Renal aa
Deep circumflex a
External iliac a
Internal iliac a
Median sacral a
The Bladder and Urethra
Male Urethrogram: Lateral view
Bladder: Lateral view, Pelvic
Male Urethrogram:
Lateral view
Full Screen
Labels
This radiograph was made during injection of contrast medium into a urethral catheter and shows the contrast within the penile and pelvic urethra, the bladder and a small amount of contrast refluxing up one of the ureters. Note the uniform calibre of the urethra as it bends around the caudal aspect of the ischium before becoming wider within the pelvis. An elongated gas bubble is present in the caudal part of the pelvic urethra and could be confused with a lesion.
Labels
No Labels
Bladder
Ureter
Preprostatic urethra
Slight dorsal dip marks the seminal colliculus
Isthmus 
(narrowing of lumen)
Penile urethra
Bladder:
Lateral view, Pelvic
Full Screen
Labels
This radiograph of a small breed female dog shows contrast medium (and a large air bubble) in the vagina and uterus. The oblique filling defect in the uterus dorsal to the bladder represents the site of the cervix. In this dog the urinary bladder has a very wide neck, which is located within the pelvis. Dogs (male or female) with this conformation often have urinary incontinence. 
Pot
Bladder
Rectum
Adductor m.
Symphyseal surface
of os coxae
Rectus abdominis m.
Lips of vulva
Sacrum
7th Lumbar vertebra
Spinal cord
Intervertebral disc
Anus
Urethra
Vestibule
Labels
No Labels
Uterine horns
Bladder
Cervix
Urethra
Vagina
Pubis
Vestibule
Bladder neck
The Reproductive System
Vaginogram: Lateral view, Oestrus
Uterus: Lateral view, Metoestrus
Prostate: Lateral view
Vaginogram:
Lateral view, Oestrus
Full Screen
Labels
This radiograph was made by injection of contrast medium into the vagina and urethra of an entire female dog. Contrast opacifies the urethra, bladder, vagina and the two horns of the uterus, which are visible as narrow coiled structures superimposed on the craniodorsal aspect of the bladder. The large diameter of the vagina and the open cervix are compatible with oestrus. 
Pot
Dorsomedian fold continuing the cervix
Vestibule
Clitoris
External urethral orifice
Vagina
Bladder
Cervix
Right uterine horn
Broad ligament
Right ovary
Labels
No Labels
L5
Uterine horns
Bladder
Cervix
Vaginal fornix
Urethra
Vagina
Vestibule
Pubis
Uterus:
Lateral view, Metoestrus
Full Screen
Labels
In this lateral abdominal radiograph the uterus can be faintly seen as a curved elongated, faintly lumpy-appearing structure superimposed over the bladder. This appearance is normal, although the uterus in many dogs is too small to be seen radiographically. 
Pot
Dorsomedian fold continuing the cervix
Vestibule
Clitoris
External urethral orifice
Vagina
Bladder
Cervix
Right uterine horn
Broad ligament
Right ovary
Labels
No Labels
L5
Ventral abdominal wall
Bladder
Faeces in descending colon
Uterus
Left kidney
Small intestines
Prostate:
Lateral view
Full Screen
Labels
In this radiograph of a male dog a rounded soft tissue structure is visible just caudal to the bladder and ventral to the faeces-filled colon at the pelvic inlet. This is the prostate. It is often difficult to see the prostate because it is usually within the pelvis, so is obscured by the surrounding bones. In entire male dogs the prostate gradually enlarges with increasing age and moves cranially so that it becomes visible cranial to the pelvic inlet, as in this instance. Note the triangular lucency that occupies the angle formed by the ventral abdominal wall, the ventral wall of the bladder and the cranioventral aspect of the prostate; this is abdominal fat and it is the fact that it is less opaque than soft tissues that enables visualisation of the prostate. 
Pot 2
Pot 1
Bladder
Deferent 
duct
Pelvic 
urethra
Prostate 
gland
Bulbospongiosus m.
Ischiocavernosus m.
over left crus
Anus
Rectum
Bladder
Deferent duct
(right)
 Kidney (left)
Ureter (right)
Urethra
Bulbospongiosus m.
 Right crus
Retractor penis m.
Testis (right)
Testicular 
vessels
Dorsal a. and v. 
of penis
Anus
 Bulbus glandis
 Pars longa
 glandis
Spermatic cord
 Prepuce
 Descending 
 colon
Labels
No Labels
Ilium
Hip joint
L5
Femoral head
Prostate
Fat between bladder neck & abdominal wall
Ventral abdominal wall
Bladder
General Abdomen views
Abdominal Aortogram: Lateral view
Abdomen: Lateral view
Abdomen: VD view
Pup Abdomen: Lateral view
Abdominal Aortogram:
Lateral view
Full Screen
Labels
This lateral radiograph was made immediately after injection of positive contrast medium into the left ventricle and shows opacification of the abdominal aorta and its major branches. 
Pot 1
Pot 2
Pot 3
Muscle layers
Enlarged spleen
Descending colon
Reflected abdominal muscles & skin
Greater omentum
Left lateral lobe of liver
Caudal division of cranial lobe of left lung
Caudal lobe of left lung
Longissimus thoracis m
Iliocostalis m
Left kidney
Stomach; fundus
Stomach; body
Left lateral lobe
Left medial lobe
Diaphragm
Left ventricle
Left auricle
Pericardial fat
Serratus dorsalis pars cranialis
Serratus dorsalis pars caudalis
Perirenal fat
Cut edge of internal abdominal oblique
Left lobe of pancreas
Stomach; fundus
External intercostal m
Internal abdominal oblique m
External abdominal oblique m
Transverse abdominal m
External abdominal oblique m
Internal abdominal oblique m
Labels
No Labels
Right kidney
Left kidney
L4
Bladder
Small intestines
Aorta
Celiac a
Cr. Mesenteric a
Renal aa
External iliac aa
Internal iliac aa
Deep femoral aa
Abdomen:
Lateral view
Full Screen
Labels
This is a typical lateral abdominal radiograph of a dog, in which the abdominal viscera are visible but are difficult to discern because of superimposition and because of the similar opacity of the organs and surrounding tissues. The liver is present on the cranioventral aspect of the abdomen between the stomach, which is gas-filled, and the diaphragm. In this instance the caudal part of the liver extends several centimetres caudal to the last ribs and some would interpret this as enlarged. Just caudal to the liver is an oblong soft tissue structure that corresponds to the tail of the spleen. Dorsal to this there are numerous loops of small intestine, some containing gas which makes them easier to see and others contain a small amount of fluid. Dorsal to the small intestinal loops and bladder is the colon. This is recognisable because of its speckled content, which represents faeces. The kidneys are relatively difficult to see in many dogs and this is no exception. The left kidney is present in the mid-dorsal abdomen from the level of L2 to L4. The right kidney overlaps with the left and occupies the region from approximately T13 to L2. 
Pot 2
Pot 1
Pot 3
Muscle layers
Enlarged spleen
Descending colon
Reflected abdominal muscles & skin
Greater omentum
Left lateral lobe of liver
Caudal division of cranial lobe of left lung
Caudal lobe of left lung
Longissimus thoracis m
Iliocostalis m
Left kidney
Stomach; fundus
Stomach; body
Left lateral lobe
Left medial lobe
Diaphragm
Left ventricle
Left auricle
Pericardial fat
Serratus dorsalis pars cranialis
Serratus dorsalis pars caudalis
Perirenal