TP 2 Standard Test Procedure for Measuring the Dissolution of Al Hardeners

Prévia do material em texto

Standard Test Procedure 
for Measuring the Dissolution 
of Aluminum Hardeners
TP-2
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 Test P
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 H
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Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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No warranty or guarantee of any kind, expressed or implied, by the Aluminum Association or its member companies 
accompanies this information. Accordingly, the Aluminum Association and its member companies assume no 
responsibility or liability for their use whether based on warranty, contract, negligence, strict liability product 
liability, or otherwise.
The use by any member or nonmember of this test procedure is purely voluntary. The Association’s publication of 
this test procedure does not in any respect prevent or restrict any member or nonmember from manufacturing or 
supplying products tested under this or any other test procedure.
All Aluminum Association published standards, data, specifications and other material are reviewed at least every 
five years and revised, reaffirmed or withdrawn. Users are ad vised to contact the Aluminum Association to ascertain 
whether the information in this publication has been superseded in the interim between publication and proposed 
use.
Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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Standard Test Procedure for Measuring 
The Dissolution of Aluminum Hardeners
1.	 Scope
	 The	Aluminum	Association	dissolution	test	procedure	can	be	used	to	determine	
the	suitability	of	an	aluminum	hardener	product	for	alloying	purposes.	The	test	
procedure	describes	a	method	for	measuring	dissolution	time	and	recovery	of	the	
hardener	element	under	standardized	conditions.	This	method	is	not	intended	to	
predict	dissolution	rate	or	recovery	under	production	conditions	in	commercial	opera-
tions.
2.	 Applicable	Specifications	and	Registration	Records	— The following specifica-
tions	or	registration	records	(the	issue	in	effect	on	date	of	material	purchase)	form	a	
part	of	the	test	procedure:
2.1	 The	Aluminum	Association	Registration	Record,	“International	Designations	
and	Chemical	Composition	Limits	for	Aluminum	Hardeners”	(Gray	Sheets).
2.2	 OSHA	-	1910.1200	Hazard	Communication	Standard.
2.3	 ASTM	Standard	E34,	Test	Methods	for	Chemical	Analysis	of	Aluminum	and	
Aluminum-Base	Alloys,	and	ASTM	E88,	Practice	for	Sampling	Nonferrous	
Metals	and	Alloys	in	Cast	Form	for	Determination	of	Chemical	Composition.
2.4	 ASM	Handbook,	Volume	9,	Metallography	and	Microstructures,	2004,	p.	771.
2.5	 ASTM	B215,	Standard	Methods	for	Sampling	Finished	Lots	of	Metal	
Powders.
2.6	 ASTM	E716,	Standard	Practice	for	Sampling	Aluminum	and	Aluminum	
Alloys	for	Spectrochemical	Analyses.
3.	 Sample	Location,	Sample	Frequency	and	Lot	Definition
3.1	 Ingot	-	Each	heat	of	material	shall	be	considered	a	lot.	An	ingot,	selected	
randomly	from	a	heat,	may	be	considered	representative	of	the	lot.
3.2	 Briquet - A lot is defined as a finite quantity produced under uniform condi-
tions and should be clearly identified on material packaging. A shipment may 
contain	more	than	one	lot.	Sample	selection	for	chemical	analysis	shall	be	on	
a one lot basis and shall consist of one briquet pulled from each of three and 
not more than five randomly-selected shipping containers. Combined, these 
briquets are termed a “gross lot sample” and will be the basis for a discreet 
analytical	determination.	Multiple	“gross	lot	samples”	shall	be	pulled	if	
multiple chemical determinations are required. Sample selection for dissolu-
tion	rate	testing	shall	be	completed	in	a	similar	manner,	however,	the	total	
number of briquets required is to be based on addition level, and test bath 
weight.	This	sample	should	be	held	separate	from	analytical	sample(s).
Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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3.3	 Canned	Hardeners - A lot is defined as a finite quantity, all of which is produced 
under	the	same	conditions.	A	single	can	shall	be	pulled	from	a	randomly-selected	
product	container.
3.4	 Powder - A lot is defined as a finite quantity, all of which is produced under the 
same conditions. A powder sample of the required weight shall be taken from a 
randomly-selected product container using approved sample cutting techniques.
4.	 Sample	Preparation
4.1	 Chemical	Analysis	-	The	randomly-selected	samples	shall	be	prepared	as	follows:
4.1.1	 Ingot	-	The	sample	for	chemical	analysis	shall	be	comprised	of	dry	
drillings. The drillings shall be obtained from five (5) positions of the 
ingot, diagonally located (Figure 1), and shall include approximate equal 
weight	of	drill	chips	from	top,	middle	and	bottom	for	each	sample	point	of	
the	ingot.	The	drillings	shall	be	mixed	to	form	the	sample
4.1.2	 Briquet	- The chemical analysis sample(s) for briquetted hardeners shall 
consist	of	ground	material	taken	from	the	“gross	lot	sample”	described	in	
Section	3.2.	The	entire	“gross	lot	sample”	must	be	crushed	with	a	mortar	
and	pestle	or	mechanical	pulverizer,	taking	care	to	minimize	contamina-
tion	or	carryover.	The	resulting	powder	must	freely	pass	through	an	8	mesh	
(2.36mm)	screen.	The	entire	sample	is	then	blended	in	a	suitably-sized	
blender.	It	is	recommended	that	a	suitably-volatile-blending-aid	addition	
be	made	during	the	blending	step.	The	blended	gross	sample	is	then	
passed	through	a	sample	splitter	to	obtain	four	subsamples,	25	to	50	grams	
weight each. If a blending aid was added, it should be dried from the final 
subsamples before analysis. Three subsamples are analyzed. The final lot 
composition	estimate	is	the	average	of	the	three	separate	analytical	values.
4.1.3		 Powder - The required amount of powder shall be obtained from the 
sample using approved sample cutting techniques, per ASTM B215.
4.2		 Dissolution	Rate	-	For	determination	of	dissolution	rate	and	recovery	and	metal-
lographic	examination,	samples	shall	be	prepared	as	follows:
4.2.1	 Ingot	-	The	randomly-selected	ingot	shall	represent	the	heat.	The	sample	
for the dissolution test shall consist of one piece of the required weight, 
including	top	and	bottom	surface	from	the	center	position	of	the	ingot.
4.2.2	 Briquet	-	The	“dissolution	sample”	collected	as	per	Section	3.2	shall	
represent the production lot. It should consist of the required total briquet 
weight to meet addition level requirements for the involved test bath weight. 
Use of partial briquets should be avoided.
4.2.3	 Powder	and	Cans	-	A	randomly-selected	powder	sample	or	split	sample,	
from	the	can,	shall	represent	the	batch	or	lot.
5.Chemical	Composition
5.1		 Procedure	-	The	sample	prepared	in	accordance	with	Section	4.1	shall	be	
analyzed	in	accordance	with	ASTM	Standard	E34,	Test	Methods	for	Chemical	
Analysis	of	Aluminum	and	Aluminum-Base	Alloys,	and	ASTM	E88,	Practice	
for	Sampling	Nonferrous	Metals	and	Alloys	in	Cast	Form	for	Determination	of	
Chemical	Composition.
Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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5.2		 Requirements	-	The	hardeners,	if	registered,	shall	conform	to	the	chemical	
composition	limits	shown	in	The	Aluminum	Association’s	Registration	Record	
“International	Designations	and	Chemical	Composition	Limits	for	Aluminum	
Hardeners”	or,	if	not	registered,	the	hardener	composition	shall	be	as	agreed	by	the	
supplier	and	purchaser.
6.		 Dissolution	Test	Procedure	Description	-	This	standard	test	procedure	is	applicable	
for	determining	the	dissolution	rate	of	aluminum	master	alloys,	or	additives,	in	99.7%	
aluminum	and	the	recovery	of	the	alloying	element.
6.1	 Dissolution	Test	Supplies	and	Equipment
6.1.1	 Supply	of	99.7%	(P1020A)	pure	virgin	aluminum	with	the	following	limits	
on	impurities.
	 	 Silicon 0.10	max
	 	 Iron 0.20	max
	 	 Others,	each 0.03
Total 0.10
	 	 Aluminum BALANCE
	 Other	aluminum	purity	levels,	mutually	acceptable	to	the	supplier	and	
purchaser,	may	be	used.
6.1.2	 Electric	resistance	furnace	capable	of	maintaining	1382°F	±10°F	(750°C	
±5°C), and large enough to contain the required size crucible (Section 
6.1.3).
6.1.3 A crucible of material, inert to liquid aluminum or one with a suitable 
coating	to	render	it	inert,	such	as	silicon	carbide,	clay-bonded	graphite	
with	Terrepain	55M	coating	or	cast	iron	with	Dykote	(a	Foseco	product)	
coating. Alternative coatings, found to be equivalent, may be used. The size 
of the crucible shall be adequate to hold a heat large enough to provide the 
required number and size of samples.
6.1.4 Calibrated and certified thermocouple and controller indicator capable of 
controlling	and	measuring	temperature	up	to	1392°F	(755°C).
6.1.5	 One	appropriately-sized	sampling	ladle.
6.1.6 Graphite melt skimmer with flat paddle surface.
6.1.7	 Clean	aluminum	plate.
6.1.8	 One	standard,	Type	B,	ASTM,	E716,	center-pour	mushroom	sample	mold.
6.1.9	 Sixty-minute	timer.
6.1.10		 Graphite	stirring	rod,	1-inch	diameter	x	24”	long	(25.4	mm	diameter	x	609	
mm	long).
6.1.11 Argon supply and appropriate tubes for fluxing. 
6.1.12 Spectrochemical analysis equipment.
6.1.13		 Lathe	and	tools	for	machining	spectrochemical	disc	sample.
6.1.14 Magnaflux Digital Conductivity Meter, Model FM140, or equivalent.
6.1.15	 Notebook.
6.1.16		 Personal	protective	clothing	and	face	shield.	
Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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6.2		 Procedure	for	Dissolution	Test
6.2.1	 Weigh	aluminum	(Section	6.1.1)	to	provide	the	desired	heat	size,	place	in	
appropriately-sized,	clean,	skull-free	crucible	(Section	6.1.3),	and	record	
weight	of	aluminum	in	notebook.
6.2.2	 Heat	the	aluminum	to	an	appropriate	temperature	and	stabilize	so	that	after	
addition	of	hardener,	aluminum	temperature	shall	be:
6.2.2.1	 1337°F	±10°F	(725°	±5°C)	for	products	to	be	used	in	a	remelt	
facility.
6.2.2.2	 1382°F	±10°F	(750°	±5°C)	for	products	to	be	used	in	a	smelter	
facility.
6.2.2.3	 Other	test	temperatures	may	be	used,	subject	to	mutual	agreement	
by	the	supplier	and	the	purchaser.
6.2.3 Flux melt with dry Argon flow rate of 4 cubic feet per hour for 10 minutes.
6.2.4	 Skim	the	dross	from	the	aluminum	surface,	deposit	skim	on	clean	
aluminum	plate	or	cast	into	suitable	mold.	When	cooled	to	ambient	tem-
perature,	weigh	dross	and	record	weight.
6.2.5	 Take	an	initial	blank	sample	for	chemical	analysis.
6.2.5.1		Float	the	sample	ladle	on	surface	of	the	metal	until	it	reaches	
temperature	of	the	melt.	If	this	chills	the	melt	below	the	desired	
temperature,	then	heat	ladle	in	a	furnace.
6.2.5.2 Tilt the sample ladle and fill with molten metal.
6.2.5.3	 Remove	sample	ladle	and	pour	contents	into	the	preheated	(350°F	
[177°C])	mushroom	sample	mold,	return	excess	metal	to	crucible.
6.2.5.4 After sample has solidified, remove from mold and number sample 
“0”.
6.3		 Nominal	target	composition	for	elements	that	are	found	in	commercial	alloys:
Bismuth 0.10%	or	0.50%
Boron 0.02%
Chromium 0.25%
Copper 0.05%	or	5.0%
Iron 0.50%	or	1.0%
Lead 0.50%
Magnesium 0.50%	or	5.0%
Manganese 1.2%
Nickel 0.7%
Silicon	 1.0%	or	12.0%
Strontium 0.02%
Titanium 0.05%	or	0.20%
Vanadium 0.08%
Zirconium 0.12%
NOTE:	Refer	to	OSHA-1910.1200	Hazard	Communications	Standard
Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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6.4 Based upon the remaining heat size, calculate the quantity of hardener product 
required (equation below). Weigh hardener to be added, record calculation and 
weights	in	notebook.
	
W E W
EH
D A
H
= ×
where:
	 WH	=	Weight	of	hardener	alloy	to	be	added,	lbs	(kg)
	 ED	=	Element	content	desired	in	melt,	percent
EH	=	Element	content	of	hardener,	percent	(actual	content	reported	by	
supplier	or	as	determined	by	the	user)
WA	=	Weight	of	aluminum	melt,	lbs	(kg)
6.5		 Add	the	weighed	hardener	to	the	molten	aluminum.	Materials	less	dense	than	
the	aluminum	should	be	held	below	the	aluminum	surface	using	coated	steel	or	
graphite	tools.
6.6		 For	alloy	hardeners,	stir	the	melt	vigorously	for	30	seconds	immediately	before	the	
first sample is taken and then for 10 seconds immediately before each additional 
sample.
6.6.1	 Samples	(Section	6.2.5)	shall	be	taken	as	follows:
(a) For first 10 minutes at 1-minute intervals.
(b)		 For	next	50	minutes	at	10-minute	intervals.
(c)		 Skim	dross	from	aluminum	surface,	cool,	weigh,	and	record	as	in	
Section	6.2.4.
6.7 For briquets, do not stir for five minutes after addition.
6.7.1	 Samples	(Section	6.2.5)	shall	be	taken	as	follows:
(a)		 After	addition,
	 	 2	minutes	 	 20	minutes
	 	 5	minutes	 	 30	minutes
	 10	minutes	 	 Final	Sample
(b)		 Ten-second	stirring	shall	be	performed	after	the	5-minute	and	30-
minute samples. The final sample shall be taken immediately after 
stirring	for	10	seconds.
(c)		 Skim	dross	from	aluminum	surface,	cool,	weigh	and	record	as	in	
Section	6.2.4.
6.8		 For	canned	hardeners,	stir	for	60	seconds	starting	30	seconds	after	addition.
6.8.1	 Samples	(Section	6.2.5)	shall	be	taken	as	follows:
(a)		 Every	5	minutes	for	30	minutes.
(b) After the 30-minute sample, stir for 10 seconds, then take final 
sample.
Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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(c)		 Skim	dross	from	aluminum	surface,	cool,	weigh	and	recordas	in	
Section	6.2.4.
6.9 All samples shall be identified sequentially.
6.10 Observations for bubbles, fumes, flames or odors shall be made and recorded.
6.11		 Record,	in	notebook,	sample	number,	sampling	time	and	temperature.
6.12		 Analysis	-	Prepare	the	disk	samples	for	spectrochemical	analyses	by	removing	the	
sprue	and	scalping	14-22%	of	the	disk	thickness	off	the	as-cast	disk	face.	Typical	
removal	is	0.100	inch	from	the	half-inch	thick	disk.	Analyze	(burn)	the	disk	in	
at	least	two	(2)	locations	(Figure	2).	The	spectrochemical	analyses	should	be	
made	within	a	1/2-inch	(12.7	mm)	wide	annular	ring.	The	ring’s	outer	edge	is	1/4	
inch	(6.33	mm)	away	from	the	outer	edge	of	the	disk	(see	Figure	3	in	E716).	The	
analyses	is	to	be	obtained	using	suitable	reference	materials	(standards).	Average	
the	result	of	the	two	(2)	burns	and	record	the	results.
6.13		 Calculation	of	Element	Recovery
6.13.1	Recovery	is	expressed	as	follows:
R
W W W E W E
W E
A H s
n x
n
s A s
H H
n n x n
=
+ −





 × − ×








×
×( )
=
=
∑ = =
1
1 100
−− × −( )( )







=
=
=
∑ W E Es s s
n x
n
n n n 1
2
Where:
R	 	 	 =		 Recovery	(%)
Esn	 	 =		 Sample	analysis,	%,	for	hardener	element	in	each	respective	sample	
	 	 taken:
		 	 	 		 	 Esn=1	=		 Starting	molten	base	metal	analysis,	%,	for	hardener	element		
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 (formerly	E2)
		 	 	 		 	 Esn=x	=		 Final	sample’s	analysis
EH	 	 =		 Element	content,	%,	of	hardener	charged	-	actual	content	reported		
	 	 by	supplier,	or	as	determined	by	purchaser.
WA	 	 =		 Weight	of	starting	aluminum	melt,	lbs.	(g).
WH	 	 =		 Weight	of	hardener	added	to	melt,	lbs.	(g).
Wsn	 	 =		 Weight	of	each	respective	sample	taken,	lbs.	(g)
n x
n
=
=
∑
1
	
= Sum of series of samples, first to last
⎛
⎝⎜
⎞
⎠⎟
⎡
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎤
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎡
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎤
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎛
⎝⎜
⎞
⎠⎟
⎡
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎤
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎡
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎤
⎦
⎥
⎥
Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--``,``,,,,`,,,,`,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Example:
WA	=	9922g. WH	=	147g. EH	=	10.2%	Ti	(Supplier)
Time	
(min)					
Wsn
(g)																
Esn	
(%)
Wsn	× (Esn	–	Esn=1)___________ ___________ ___________ ________________
	 0	(n=1)
	 1	(n=2)
	 2
	 3
	 5
10
15	(n=x)
119
131
145
129
127
101
142
0.005
0.128
0.142
0.145
0.152
0.153
0.153
—
16.113
19.865
18.060
18.669
14.948
21.016
																																		
Ws
n x
n
n
=
=
∑
1
	=	894
 
W E Es s s
n x
n
n n n× −( )=
=
=
∑ 1
2
= 108.671
	 Esn=1	=	0.005%	 	 Esn=x	=	0.153%
	
	 	 						R =
+ −( )× − ×  ×
×( ) −
9922 147 894 0 153 9922 0 005 100
147 10 2 108 67
. .
. . 11
1403 775 49 61 100
1499 4 108 671
97 37
 
= −[ ]×
−[ ] =
. .
. .
. %
6.14		 Dross	Formation	Measurement
6.14.1		 Dross	formation	may	be	determined	using	the	dross	weight	recorded	from	
Sections	6.6.1	(c),	6.7.1	(c)	or	6.8.1	(c).	The	percent	of	dross	formed	may	be	
expressed	as:
	D W
W W
D
A H
= ×
+
100
where:		
	 D	=	Dross	formed,	percent
	 WD	=	Weight	of	dross
	 WA	=	Net	weight	of	aluminum	melt
	 WH	=	Weight	of	hardener	added	to	melt	
6.15		 Metallographic	Examination
6.15.1 When metallographic examination is required, the analytical samples shall 
be	cut	to	obtain	a	section	from	the	mid-radius	(approximately	the	same	
distance	from	the	center	as	the	analytical	“burn”	locations)	of	the	piece	
(Figure	2).	The	section	removed	shall	be	mounted	and	polished	for	metal-
lographic	examination	of	a	surface	perpendicular	to	the	disc	face.
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6.15.2		 The	samples	shall	be	mounted	and	polished	in	accordance	with	ASM	
Handbook,	Volume	9,	Metallography	and	Microstructures,	2004,	p.	771.
6.16		 Conductivity - Conductivity measurements made with a Magnaflux Digital 
Conductivity Meter or equivalent may be used to determine whether hardener is in 
solution,	or	dispersed	in	the	aluminum.	(Conductivity	values	for	hardener	concen-
trations	must	be	developed	by	the	test	user.)
6.17		 Results
6.17.1		 Element	Recovery	-	Recovery	is	calculated	for	each	sample	taken.	
Recovery	values	are	then	plotted	on	graph	paper	to	show	relationship	of	
recovery	(ordinate)	to	elapsed	time	for	the	sample	(absicca).
	 Satisfactory	hardener	performance	is	indicated	by	rapid	dissolution	to	a	
high	recovery	value.
6.17.2		 Dross	Formation	-	A	hardener	that	produces	a	low	percentage	of	dross	
and minimal bubbles, fumes, flames and odors is preferred.
6.17.3		Metallographic	-	The	structure	of	the	sample	shall	be	examined	for	
evidence	of	undissolved	hardener	element	which	may	be	unacceptable.	
Examples	of	undissolved	hardener	particles	are	shown	in	Figure	3.
6.17.4		 Conductivity	-	Low	conductivity	indicates	hardener	is	in	solution.
Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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FIGURE 1:
Typical location of drilling positions to 
obtain chip for wet chemical analysis of ingot.
FIGURE 2:
Disk sample preparation, typical mid-radius positions for 
spectrographic analysis and sample for metallographic examination. 
(See E716 for further details)
+ = Diagonal Sample 
+ = Drill Positions
Typical 
Scalp Depth
Sample for metallographic
examination, surface to
be examined.
+ = Analytical Points 
(0.10″ (2.66 mm))
Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--``,``,,,,`,,,,`,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIGURE 3:
Photographs showing undissolved metal particles.
(a) Undissolved Iron 250X
(b) Undissolved Manganese 250X
(c) Undissolved Titanium 250X
Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--``,``,,,,`,,,,`,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/22 14:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--``,``,,,,`,,,,`,`,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1525 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22209
www.aluminum.org
Copyright The Aluminum Association Inc. 
Provided by IHS under license with AA Sold to:HYDRO ALUMINIUM DEUTSCHLAND GM, 01771604
Not for Resale,2009/10/2214:33:21 GMTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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