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JADJ Of0 EDGEWOOD ARSENAL TECHNICAL REPORT EATR 4431 ATLAS OF GOAT ANATOMY. PART 1: OSTEOLOGY by Clarence E. Hopkins, Sr. Thomas E. Hamm, Jr., CPT, VC Gary L. Leppart September 1970 DD C produced by the IC 117CLEARINGHOUSE for fedoral Scientific & TechnicalInformation Springfield Va, 22151 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EDGEWOOD ARSENAL Research Laboratories Biophysics Laboratory Edgewood Armenal, Maryland 21010 CFSTI WHITE sEeCIOl POe IUff SECTIOI 1j UNANOUNCED 0 JUSTIFICATION . . ...... ,,,..,... ,,.. ........ . DaTftiSlIOR/AALAIMY cdMI OiST. AYAIL. ad/r IPEC41L jDistribution Statement This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited. Disclaimer The findings in this report are not to be construed a! an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. Disposition Destroy this report when no longer needed. Do not returrm it to the originator. EDGEWOOD ARSENAL TECHNICAL REPORT EATR 4431 ATLAS OF GOAT ANATOMY. PART I: OSTEOLOGY by Clarence E.. Hopkins, Sr. Thomas E. Hamm, Jr., CPT,;VC Gary .L. Leppart Biomedical Department September i970 This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited. Project 1T0621 10A027 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EDGEWOOD ARSENAL Research Laboratories Biophysics Laboratory Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland 21010 FOREWORD The work described in this report was authorized under Project 1T0621 10A027, Wound Ballistics (U). This work was started in September 1968 and completed in March 1970. In conducting the research described in this report, the investigators adhered to the "Guide for Laboratory Animal Facilities and Care," as promulgated by the Committee on the Guide for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of William J. Kelly, John J. Holter, Bernard Meyers, Joseph B. Scott, and Garnet E. Affleck, Jr., in performing the photographic procedures. 2 DIGEST The purpose of this investigation was to establish a reference source for the anatomly of the angora goat (Capra hircus). This report, the first in a series, presents the skeletal anatomy of this animal. 3 CONTENTS Page I. INTRO, ,TION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................... 7 iii. SKELETAL ANATOMY .............................. 8 SELECTED REFERENCES ................... ......... 55 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 DISTRIBUTION LIST ........ .......................... 61 Figure LIST OF FIGURES I Articulated Skeleton, Lateral Aspect ............................. 8 2 Skull, Dorsal Aspect ...................................... 9 3 Skull, Dorsolateral Aspect ................................... 10 4 Skull, Left Lateral Aspect .................................. 11 5 Skull, Caudal Aspect ..................................... 12 6 Skull, Veptral Aspect ..................................... 13 7 Mandible, Dorsal Aspect ................................... 14 8 Right Mandible, Lateral Aspect ................................ 15 9 Right Mandible, Medial Aspect ................................ 16 10 Bones of the Middle Ear (11 X) ............................... 17 I1 Hyoid Bones ...... .................................... 18 12 Third Cervical, Axis, and Atlas Vertebrae, Dorsal Aspect ................ 19 13 Third Cervical, Axis, and Atlas Vertebrae, Ventral Aspect ............... 20 14 Axis Vertebra, Right Lateral Aspect ............................ 21 15 Axis Vertebra, Caudal Aspect ................................ 22 16 Third Cervical Vertebra, Right Lateral Aspect ...................... 23 17 Ribs and Sternum, Right Lateral Aspect .......................... 24 18 Second and Eighth Thoracic Vertebrae, Caudal and Left Lateral Aspects ...... .25 19 First Right Rib, Medial and Lateral Aspects ........................ 26 20 Sixth Right Rib, Medial and Lateral Aspects ........................ 27 21 Sternum, Dorsal Aspect ............................. 28 22 Sternum, Ventral Aspect ................................... 29 23 Right Scapula, Medial Aspect ................................. 30 24 Right Scapula, Lateral Aspect ................................ 31 25 Right Radius and Ulna, Cranial and Lateral Aspects .................. 32 26 Right Radius and Ulna, Medial and Caudal Aspects ................... 33 27 Right Humerus, Lateral and Cranial Aspects ........................ 34 5 Preceding page blank LIST OF FIGURES-Continued Figure Page 28 Right Humerus, Medial and Caudal Aspects ......................... 35 29 Left Pectoral Foot, Cranial Aspect ............................. 36 30 Left Pectoral Foot, Caudal Aspect ............................. 37 31 Left Pect.ral Foot, Lateral Aspect ............................. 38 32 Left Pectoral Foot, Medial Aspect ............................. 39 33 Lumbar Vertebrae, Dorsal Aspect .............................. 40 34 Lumbar Vertebrae, Ventral Aspect ............................. 41 35 Sixth Lumbar Vertebra, Ventral and Cranial Aspects ................... 42 36 Pelvis With Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae Attached, Dorsal Aspect ........... 43 37 Pelvis With Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae Attached, Left Lateral Aspect ....... .44 38 Pelvis With Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae Attached, Ventral Aspect ......... .45 39 Left Femur, Cranial and Lateral Aspects .......................... 46 40 Left Femur, Caudal and Medial Aspects .......................... 47 41 Left Tibia, Cranial and Caudal Aspects ........................... 48 42 Left Tibia, Lateral and Medial Aspects ........................... 49 43 Left Pelvic Foot, Cranial Aspect ............................... 50 44 Left Pelvic Foot, Caudal Aspect ............................... 51 45 Left Pelvic Foot, Lateral Aspect ............................... 52 46 Left Pelvic Foot, Medial Aspect ............................... 53 6 ATLAS OF GOAT ANATOMY. PART I: OSTEOLOGY I. INTRODUCTION. The angora goat (Capra hircus) has been the main experimental animal used by the Biophysics Laboratory, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland, for many yea's. Knowledge of goat anatomy is important during both the planning and experimental stages of projects. Because no readily usable information on goat anatomy is available, this report has been written to provide a reference source for this information. This report, the first in a series, presents the skeletal anatomy of the angora goat. Part II: Serial Cross Sections, which is near completion, presents serial 1-inch cross sections of the entire goat. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The goats used in the Biophysics Laboratory are all castrated males, are generally over 3 years old, and weigh from 30 to 50 kg. The divisions and average number of the bones of the goat are shown in the table. The intact skeleton (figure 1) was prepared in the fall of 1954 from one goat that weighed approximately 50 kg. "he individual bones (figures 2 through 46) were selected from over 2000 autopsies and are typical of the average angora goat. Beginning in 1968, these bones (already prepared by the methods described in the appendix) were photographed, drawn, and labeled. The first Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV)* was published in October 1968, too late to be used for planning this report. The authors have reviewed all figures, however, and attempted to bring them into agreement with the NAV. Future sections of this atlas will be in the correct Latin nomenclature in agreement with the NAV. Table. Skeletal Divisions and Average Number of Bones Division Number Axial skeleton: Vertebral columna 42 Skullb and hyoids 35Ribs and sternum 27 Appendicular skeleton: Pectoral limbs 26 Pelvic limbs 37 Total 167 aThe vertebral formula is C7 T31L6S4CY10 to Cy12. Variation is common except in the cervical region U12 to T14 , L5 to L6). bThe permanent dental formula is 2(l " C P M 32. 4 0 3 3 *Noniina Anatomica Veternaria. Department of Anatomy, New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, New York, 1968. 7 II. SKELETAL ANATOMY. ww 0 U. I- a. X JJ w LI. '99 0: 0 w 0) Lo, w -J Iz 19 3 w CII. ~z cc w 8 Ol 00 ,~AA Ir 0 0 g uW 0? 1 w 0. 0J 0 0 c Ax C0 0 0 0 0 4 0 IL w 2 0 -i ww Jj w2 0 0 00 00 4 4 0I w 0 z .9 w 0 u1 00 sow G w~ -.. j a 'o z. C 0.j 0 0 - 0 w u. ~ 0 .JV. tj q. 6' ,04 w z 0 0 Zl0 U)U,0U) cn ED 2 0 W) 0L 00 w C.I IL w w 0 -. U0.L 2- a - 0 K - w- W U K z > m z (0~ u 0 0 a .J 0: _ j 4 0 0 co 2 0 g0 x 0 c IiL 2 c 0 zj 0 0- 47 4.. z J- A 0 c2 co z 4 . w l 00 0 LU t w u. wI L 0 c 0 I, Itia - 0 ra 40 x 0. oe 0 0 - 0F 4 - 0 IL- WC) 0 'o' a 0 00 0.W U- 0 0 .~ le W ~ 4 w j a. 0. '.5 -a M- U 13 I cn 0. 2 (ft 4) w 4). w I- 0(a I-. w w 1- I- w I-'LI 0. 0. -I 0 0 2 5 2 0 0 U 14 Id I.- 7 7i 15 00 10*. 1041, 16 z Iiii 272 It, z iz CC ww m0 174 0 0 00 uJ,-J 4 0 > 0 0 IL U)U 18 ww c~cl Vol*1I~ All x 0-2 40 ck 0 -. 00 00 01 19.~. G 110 04,) 20 - caa Wi w >4 cc) o w uI Ia L LL) -> U) - ) 21 1' ILL In 0 22i CL w (An U)n 4 w 0 0 ILA 0 w ww w 0 hi 40 '- I 42 a: cc w I.> I- tni 00 It- UO I-s 2 24 Ir 0) TC I-i ccL U) z 0 II I w > C ctn C Nd 25 w V) 0 cc) -j w J WJ 4c 4 0c w J5 00 Cw 26 0 w CL w 0 00 ww C3 ci) ccV wVgo z 00 C/3 ClC) 0 .0 -J- o 27 Iw w 4 J z (0~ w w z I.. 0 I- w w x 0 z I- r (0 2 IL > 0 w L4 28 49 49 co m0 w w w z w 4 a. w a:zaW C-(1 0 (A w w x 0 29 CI00 A. 300 IPA- w - I 0A 4. 004 410 * . *000 lo 'a31 wi 41C1 Itd 23 CL 0 w <U Iii 0 0 -1 0 2 0. 00 0 w. z 0 I 0 w) a. Zi U n .40L0 a. U 40 0 LL I- cc 0 oIn. w w 0~ I- 0L L)n w 0, 0 33 (33 I..c -C w 0 9 - J 43 w co ww 2 cc 0 z 0 w 0C. w 4 0 IL 4 -9 0 09 w w Uw uJJ 00 0 L) 4. aI 00 0- 714 Ii35 4 w CL (0 cc- 4 - -J a ~ 0. 00 4 4 Ur ir L 4 w 0: J (0 63 0.4 w 40 2: o -. 0 22 -0 40 tow 4i 1J U)U 00 CL IL m 0 ) w 37 JI 4 x i z (n J Z2 xx 0.0 00 CLw -9 z 0 u w 38 cc z J z 0. 0 4 : 4c 0 IL 0 a J A0 44 4c4U) Z U. 0 IL ~ ;o 39 Ijc 0 w ww 4> 0U 4 I- 0 wn /,JQ 2 0 w 0) w o 42 4 4 'I' * .. ';;* I4~' (I '1 1 'itt A 4 UI'' 4 I-1** Iij I It~qi~J .~It~II) I A U A 'P1 41,1 Gb ~' 44i 1 11 0.r II -0 [1I,, .4' / V "i"' II~e I' 0/ ~1 43 *01 0 +0 I V, 2.. .10 ICI o cn ,w1 44~, . 4 'I I, ~A. '4. "A. 4. 4) 4 ~fb 4) 'A UV 0 'p V -S 4) A. * 4) 0 Cd * jr 1 0 '1 U -~A. ~. A. 4) 'p 45 I. 0 w 4 4 U) uU F- K w -- 44 0IL ww 4 I4 144 a:j M 0 w LL3 cC..) 4 W w U 4 z an U~ 0 o- _j 4 U. 4 J w 4 -47 w 0 Fr w4 p -1 U& LUU 03 4~ *0 0 r4 4 E - 0 a) -C .0; I~Ll U) z w ww -48 0 IJ U) U 00 I- 00 ~1 Cl)o U, 0 P u I= cc~ v 49 j K -l 4 0 a, x2 Iii 4 2 a 2 2 a.4 4 ~14 4 4 a 0 0 4 a, 4 4 I- 4)I-- 4-Jo - 2I.- g.. C 24 a 2 0 50 rx x x z 44 X 4 4 0 4040 wz w ~~51 -J 04 Z-4 I-1c U- 1 K I 14 00 I- A W44z x4 w 4 4 ~~J J- I 0m z 0 I., 45 z 0 ul z - In z hi zz U) 2 0: WO J MOW 45 SELECTED REFERENCES 1. May, Neil. The Anatomy of the Sheep. 2d Ed. University of Queensland Press, Wilke Company, Australia. 1964. 2. Miller, M. E., Christenson, G. C., and Evans, H.E. Anatomy of the Dog. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1964. 3. Sisson, S., and Grossman, J. D. The Anatomy of the-Domestic Animals. 4th-Ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Penrisylvania. 1953. 5s Preceding page blank APPENDIX PREPARATION OF OSTEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS By Clarence E. Hopkins, Sr. This process is patterned after that used by Dr. M..L. Washburn, who introduced it to this laboratory. Dr. Washburn organized the osteology section of the Biophysics Laboratory in 1954 to piovide autopsy support "'or projects involving the skeletal system. The essential steps in this process are digestion of soft tissues with alkali and bleaching. I. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A. Equipment. 1. Alarge steel tank. For a moderate amount of work with an animal the size of a goat, a 50-gal steel drum is convenient. 2. Hot plate. 3. Wire baskets made with hardware cloth fine enough to prevent passage of small bones. 4. Thermometer 0' to 100*C. 5. Adjustable thermoswitch 100' to 400°F range, 20 amp at 11 5.volts. 6. Indi.cator light 110 volts. 7. Miscellaneous standard electrical connections. B. Reagents. 1. Sodium hydroxide pellets. 2. Hydrogen peroxide. C. Method. 1. Digestion. Mount the tank so that the hot plate contacts the bottom but does not support weight. Connect the thermoswitch in series with the hot plate and indicator light; and insert the thermoswitch in the tank near the bottom. Lower the thermometer into the solution with a wire. 57 Preceding page blank ,able A. Times-Required for-Digestion I one Time "- --- f . hrs .apula 16 ..e'us '1,6-20 ,o-ur._ 16.20 J 18-24 al verlebr 24-30 • ~ ~ ~ ~ -i :i e ,-36 'mnbar vartebr, 24-30 Iris 24-30 .arpih 36.40 oernu: 30-36 TiV' 24-30 3648 , ,,aa ..... 3648L , -Uc rpJ. 3638 PI, , .s (uncleaned) 48.72 Fill the tank with a l%,sodium hydroxide solution and cover. Plug the hot plate and indicator light into the ther, oswitch and~adjust it to maintain the digesting solution at 45°C as indicated-by the thermo,,,cer. Defleshall bones as much as possible with a knife or scalper blade. Then place them in labeled wire baskets and immerse in ihe heated solution. Watch the bones closely, and every 2 to 3 hours remove- them from the solution, rinse with tap water and gently clean with a small brush. a. Time. The time required varies, and bones-that are left in the solution too long will scale and crack when dry. Table A gives the approximate times required but should be used only as a guide. The time actually required for best results with any given specimen must be determined by repeated observation. b. Temperature. The temperature of the alkali bath is quite important. A specimen that would require treatment for several weeks in a cold 1% sodium hydroxide solution can be processed completely in I or 2 days in a warmsolution-of the same-strength. Even a moderate elevation of temperature (50 or 10*C) above room temperature causes marked acceleration of the process. A very high temperature, however, is detrimental because the bones are softened before the soft tissues have been digested sufficiently. For efficient work and successful-results,a temperature between 450 and 480 C has proved to be very satisfactory. Appendix 58 c. Solution. Other factors being equal, the time required for soft-tissue removal decreases- as the concentration of the alkali is increased. A 1% solution of sodium hydroxide was found to be satisfactory. d. Quantity of Soft Tissue. The bones should be cleaned fairly well of soft tissue before digestion if that is possible without the risk of losing sm: 11 bones, and they should be processed when fresh. In general; the softer the tissue, the faster the processing. Specimens that have been removed from the animal for a long time with dry hard tissues adhering to the bones or embalmed specimens require-a longer period of processing than do fresh ones. 2. Bleaching. olution of hydrogen peroxide serves admirably as a bleach for bones. It has no noticeable de, orative effect-upon the bones and gives-them a nice snow-white appearance. A solution of s.,,iuin hypochloride wastried as a-substitute for hydrogen peroxide because it is much more economical, but the results were disappointing. The bones had a faint yellowish tinge, and they flaked excessively. A 28% or 30% solution of hydrogen peroxide also may be used for bleaching with very good results, but a 3% solution conserves, material and gives equally good results. The. procedure for bleaching is is follows. a. Transfer the-bones from the wire basket to a suitable container. b. Cover the bones with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, and place a lid on the-container. (The-identification number of the- b,.ie should be marked on the container.) c. Allow the bones to bleach until white; 4-to 8 hours should be sufficient for bleaching.. d. Remove the bones from the bleach, rinse them in water, and transfer them to a~table.to-dry. Paper towels under the specimens aid drying. 3. Labeling. Each individual bone should be labeled for identification as soon as it is bleached and dried. An India-ink label is more durable than a pencil label. Appendix 59 UNCLASSIFIED stcurity Clzzsl(l'tlo n DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA -R A D (Security classification of 1ito, body of aiierc and tndsxln4 nnotat on r ust be eot-,*d when the o~oeMan report to c ltacefed) . O ,;t,!--,'N, ACTIVITY (Corporate author) ... PO T SECURITY CLASSIIICATION CO, Edgewood Arsenal UNCLASSIFIED A'rTN: SMUEA-RB . 2b. GROUP Edgcwood Arsenal, Maryland 21010 NA 4. REPORT TITLE ATLAS OF GOAT ANATOMY. PART I OSTEOLOGY 4. DEtCRIPTIVE tPOTES (7)40 of repott ^-d inclusive dstui) This work was started in September 1968 and completed in March 1970 S. AUTHORIS) (First name, middle Inttiae, last name) Clarence E. Hopkins, Sr.; Thomas E. Hamm, Jr., CPT, VC; and Gary L. Leppart 0. REPORT OATE Its. TOTAL. NO. OF PAGES 7b. NO. or RFs September 1970 67 4 55. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. fOe. ORIGIHATORG3 REPORT NUMUIERIS) b. PROJECT NO. 1T062110A02 EATR 4431 c. 2b. OTHER REPORT NUll) (Any oter number# that may be aseiledthlS te~f'ort) "d. 10. DISTRISUTION STATEMENT This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited. Il. SU PP..EMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY 13. ABSTRACT 'The purpose of this investigation was to establish a reference source for the normal anatomy of the angora goat (Capra hircus). This report, the first in a series, presents the skeletal anatomy of this animal. 14. KEYWA"DS Angora goat Capra hircus Skeletal anatomy Bone digestion Osteology -- POW RISPLACE. .. 1.. 1475. 1 JAN 4 WHIICH isDD,..1473 -OLKT0 FOR ARMY USE. UNCLASSIFIED 67 .s' Urtty Clesesfictaon
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