<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 ya ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 yb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 yc ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">MATERIAIS </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 yd ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">DE CONSTRUÇÃO </div><div class="t m0 x3 h2 ye ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">CIVIL III </div><div class="t m0 x0 h2 yf ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h3 y10 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws0">ST<span class="ls1 ws1">-<span class="ls0 ws2">524</span><span class="ws3"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y11 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y12 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y13 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y14 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h4 y15 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Prof. Renato Hachich Maluf </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y16 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y17 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y18 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y19 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h1 y0 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y1a ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">INTRODUÇÃO<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y1b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y1c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>A <span class="_2 blank"> </span>presente <span class="_2 blank"> </span>apostila <span class="_2 blank"> </span>destin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a-se <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ao <span class="_2 blank"> </span>quinto <span class="_2 blank"> </span>semestre <span class="_2 blank"> </span>do <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Curso <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Superior <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y1d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Tecnologi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_3 blank"> </span><span class="ff3 ls3">\u2013</span> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Modalidade <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Exercícios <span class="_3 blank"> </span>e <span class="_3 blank"> </span>contém <span class="_3 blank"> </span>informações <span class="_3 blank"> </span>bási<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cas <span class="_3 blank"> </span>sobre <span class="_3 blank"> </span>alguns </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y1e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">materiai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>construçã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_4 blank"> </span>usual<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mente <span class="_4 blank"> </span>util<span class="_0 blank"> </span>izados <span class="_4 blank"> </span>em obr<span class="_5 blank"></span>a. <span class="_4 blank"> </span>P<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rocuramos <span class="_4 blank"> </span>no<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_4 blank"> </span>ater <span class="_4 blank"> </span>ao<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y1f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">aspectos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>práti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>funcionai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_6 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>diversos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>produtos, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>não <span class="_6 blank"> </span>nos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>preocupand<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_6 blank"> </span>com <span class="_6 blank"> </span>as </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y20 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">origens, f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>órmulas, d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eduções e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>combi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nações quími<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cas, a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>não <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ser de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>maneira <span class="_0 blank"> </span>superficial, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y21 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">como achamos q<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ue convém ao profi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ssional práti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>co. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y22 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y23 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>As <span class="_7 blank"> </span>informações <span class="_7 blank"> </span>tran<span class="_0 blank"> </span>smiti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>das <span class="_7 blank"> </span>são <span class="_7 blank"> </span>frutos <span class="_7 blank"> </span>de <span class="_7 blank"> </span>pesqui<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sas <span class="_7 blank"> </span>em <span class="_7 blank"> </span>vários <span class="_7 blank"> </span>li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>vros, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y24 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws4">destacando-<span class="ff3 ws3">s<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>o <span class="_8 blank"> </span>\u201cMat<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eriais <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>Construçã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o\u201d <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>autoria <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>Lui<span class="_0 blank"> </span>z <span class="_8 blank"> </span>Alfredo <span class="_8 blank"> </span>F<span class="_0 blank"> </span>alcão <span class="_8 blank"> </span>Bau<span class="_0 blank"> </span>er, </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y25 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">várias <span class="_9 blank"> </span>revistas <span class="_9 blank"> </span>como <span class="_9 blank"> </span>\u201cA <span class="_9 blank"> </span>Construção <span class="_9 blank"> </span>São <span class="_9 blank"> </span>Paulo\u201d, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>\u201cO <span class="_a blank"> </span>Diri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gente <span class="_a blank"> </span>Const<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rutor\u201d, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>no <span class="_a blank"> </span>An<span class="_0 blank"> </span>uário </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y26 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">de <span class="_b blank"> </span>Materiai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>Construção <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>autoria <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>Elisabeth<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_b blank"> </span>Vidor, <span class="_b blank"> </span>nas <span class="_b blank"> </span>normas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>técnicas <span class="_b blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y27 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">ABNT, <span class="_a blank"> </span>nos <span class="_c blank"> </span>catálogos <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>fol<span class="_0 blank"> </span>hetos <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>inúmeros <span class="_c blank"> </span>fa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>bricantes <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>nas <span class="_a blank"> </span>experiênci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as <span class="_c blank"> </span>vividas <span class="_a blank"> </span>no </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y28 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">dia-<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a-dia. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y29 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y2a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Maiores <span class="_8 blank"> </span>conh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ecimentos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>adqui<span class="_0 blank"> </span>riremos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>nas <span class="_8 blank"> </span>aul<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as <span class="_8 blank"> </span>práticas, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>em <span class="_6 blank"> </span>l<span class="_0 blank"> </span>aboratório, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y2b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">vivênci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>profissional<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. <span class="_a blank"> </span>Será <span class="_a blank"> </span>bastante <span class="_a blank"> </span>b<span class="_0 blank"> </span>om <span class="_a blank"> </span>criar <span class="_9 blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>hábi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>to <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>soli<span class="_0 blank"> </span>citar <span class="_a blank"> </span>informações <span class="_a blank"> </span>s<span class="_0 blank"> </span>obre </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y2c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">produtos, escrever ao<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s fabricantes pedind<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o catálogos, visit<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ar sites, etc.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y2d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y2e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y2f ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y30 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3">I <span class="ff4 ls4">\u2013</span><span class="ls1"> OS METAIS NA<span class="_0 blank"> </span> CONSTRUÇÃO CIV<span class="_0 blank"> </span>IL </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y31 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws3"> <span class="ls8 ws5 v1">1.</span><span class="ff5 ls6 v1"> </span><span class="ls1 v1">DEFINIÇÕES<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y32 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y33 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Defini<span class="_0 blank"> </span>remos metais de duas man<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eiras: </div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y34 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y35 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws6">Quimicamente <span class="ff1 ws3"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y36 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Metais são elem<span class="_0 blank"> </span>entos que sempre ioni<span class="_0 blank"> </span>zam positivament<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e. </div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y37 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y38 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Na prática </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y39 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">São <span class="_6 blank"> </span>el<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ementos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>ca<span class="_0 blank"> </span>racterísti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>própri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as <span class="_6 blank"> </span>quan<span class="_0 blank"> </span>to <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>forjabili<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dade, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>brilh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>opaci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dade, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y3a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">condutibili<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dade, etc. </div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y3b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y3c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Os <span class="_2 blank"> </span>metai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_2 blank"> </span>aparecem <span class="_3 blank"> </span>na <span class="_2 blank"> </span>n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>atureza <span class="_2 blank"> </span>em <span class="_3 blank"> </span>estado <span class="_2 blank"> </span>l<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ivre <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ou, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>ma<span class="_0 blank"> </span>is <span class="_2 blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mumente, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>omo </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">compostos. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Os <span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff2 ws6">minéri os</span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>são <span class="_8 blank"> </span>as <span class="_6 blank"> </span>substâncias <span class="_6 blank"> </span>portadoras <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>metai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_8 blank"> </span>e, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>as <span class="_6 blank"> </span>partes <span class="_8 blank"> </span>não </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">aproveitávei<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>as <span class="_8 blank"> </span>impu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>re<span class="_5 blank"></span>zas <span class="_8 blank"> </span>denominad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as <span class="_9 blank"> </span>GANGAS. <span class="_8 blank"> </span>As <span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff2 ws7">mi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nas</span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span>são <span class="_9 blank"> </span>os<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>l<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ocais <span class="_9 blank"> </span>ond<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>se </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y3f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">encontram as <span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff2 ws8">jazid as</span>,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_4 blank"> </span>na extensão <span class="_4 blank"> </span>con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cedida e<span class="_5 blank"></span> <span class="_4 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>elimitad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>pelo go<span class="_5 blank"></span>verno federal. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y40 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Todos <span class="_c blank"> </span>os <span class="_c blank"> </span>serviços <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>mi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>neração <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ontrolados <span class="_c blank"> </span>pelo <span class="_c blank"> </span>Códi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>go <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Mi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nas, <span class="_c blank"> </span>sendo <span class="_c blank"> </span>proibi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y41 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">qual<span class="_0 blank"> </span>quer exploração que não seja supe<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rvisionada pel<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o Ministério de Mi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nas e Energia.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y42 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y43 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y44 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws5">2.<span class="ff5 ls6 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls1">OBTENÇÃO DOS<span class="_0 blank"> </span> METAIS </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y45 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y46 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Geralmente, obe<span class="_5 blank"></span>dece a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>duas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>fases: <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="ff2 ws6">Mineração</span> e <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff2 ws7">Metalurgia</span>. Na <span class="_4 blank"> </span>min<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eração </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y47 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">temos <span class="_c blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>olheita <span class="_a blank"> </span>do <span class="_a blank"> </span>minério <span class="_a blank"> </span>que <span class="_c blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ode <span class="_a blank"> </span>ser <span class="_c blank"> </span>fei<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ta <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>céu <span class="_a blank"> </span>aberto <span class="_a blank"> </span>ou <span class="_a blank"> </span>subterrâneas, <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>ferro </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y48 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">ou <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>fogo <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ecânica <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_c blank"> </span>com <span class="_c blank"> </span>explosivos), <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>oncentração <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(pu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rificação), <span class="_0 blank"> </span>qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>pode <span class="_c blank"> </span>ser </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y49 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">feita com proc<span class="_0 blank"> </span>essos mecânicos ou quími<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cos.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Os <span class="_a blank"> </span>principai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_c blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rocessos <span class="_a blank"> </span>mecânicos <span class="_a blank"> </span>são <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>tritu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ração, <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>cl<span class="_0 blank"> </span>assificação, <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>levi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gação <span class="_a blank"> </span>(água </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">corrente, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>metal <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s pesad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o afun<span class="_0 blank"> </span>da <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>gan<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ga <span class="_0 blank"> </span>escoa), a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>fl<span class="_0 blank"> </span>otação (<span class="_0 blank"> </span>se <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ganga <span class="_0 blank"> </span>é <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mais </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">pesada, <span class="_c blank"> </span>faz-se <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>agi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tação <span class="_c blank"> </span>do <span class="_c blank"> </span>min<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ério <span class="_c blank"> </span>em <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stura <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>água <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>ól<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eo, <span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>metal <span class="_c blank"> </span>sobe <span class="_c blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>om <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">espuma), a separação<span class="_0 blank"> </span> magnética, a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>lavagem e outr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y50 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Como <span class="_0 blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rincip<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ais <span class="_0 blank"> </span>processos <span class="_c blank"> </span>quími<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>temos <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stulação <span class="_c blank"> </span>(aqueciment<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>sob <span class="_c blank"> </span>forte <span class="_0 blank"> </span>jat<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y51 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">ar) e a calcin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ação (aquecimento sob f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ogo direto).<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y52 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y53 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Na <span class="_8 blank"> </span>metalu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rgia <span class="_8 blank"> </span>o <span class="_8 blank"> </span>metal <span class="_8 blank"> </span>puro <span class="_8 blank"> </span>é <span class="_8 blank"> </span>extraído <span class="_8 blank"> </span>do <span class="_8 blank"> </span>mi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nério <span class="_8 blank"> </span>por <span class="_8 blank"> </span>um <span class="_8 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>seguintes <span class="_8 blank"> </span>process<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y54 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">redução, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>preci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>pitação <span class="_8 blank"> </span>química <span class="_8 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_9 blank"> </span>eletrólise. <span class="_8 blank"> </span>O <span class="_9 blank"> </span>processo <span class="_9 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>redução <span class="_9 blank"> </span>m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ais <span class="_8 blank"> </span>comum <span class="_9 blank"> </span>é <span class="_9 blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y55 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">feito <span class="_6 blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>om <span class="_6 blank"> </span>carbono<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>ó<span class="_0 blank"> </span>xido <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>carbono <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>altas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>temp<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eraturas, <span class="_b blank"> </span>em <span class="_6 blank"> </span>fornos, <span class="_b blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>do <span class="_6 blank"> </span>qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>al </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y56 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">resulta <span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>metal<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>puro <span class="_c blank"> </span>ou <span class="_c blank"> </span>quase <span class="_c blank"> </span>puros, <span class="_a blank"> </span>em <span class="_c blank"> </span>estado <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>fusão. <span class="_c blank"> </span>O <span class="_c blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rocesso <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>precipi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tação </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y57 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">simples <span class="_2 blank"> </span>u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sa <span class="_2 blank"> </span>alguma <span class="_3 blank"> </span>reação <span class="_2 blank"> </span>quími<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ca <span class="_2 blank"> </span>da <span class="_3 blank"> </span>qual <span class="_2 blank"> </span>resulte <span class="_2 blank"> </span>o <span class="_2 blank"> </span>metal<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_2 blank"> </span>puro. <span class="_2 blank"> </span>O <span class="_2 blank"> </span>process<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y58 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">eletrolí<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tico só <span class="_0 blank"> </span>pode <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ser empr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>egado em<span class="_0 blank"> </span> mi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nérios qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e possam <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ser <span class="_0 blank"> </span>dissol<span class="_0 blank"> </span>vidos n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a água. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>A </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y59 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">eletróli<span class="_0 blank"> </span>se é usada tam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>bém pa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra purifi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cação (refi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>no) de metai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s por al<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gum dos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>processos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">anteriores. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls8 ws9 v1">2.1</span><span class="ff5 lsa v1"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Principai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s Minérios </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y5e ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Baux<span class="ff1">ita (óxid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o) <span class="ff2 lsb">O<span class="fs5 ls1 wsa v2">2</span><span class="ls13 wsb">Al<span class="fs5 ls1 wsa v2">2<span class="_5 blank"></span><span class="fs4 wsc v3">(HO)<span class="fs5 wsa v2">2</span><span class="lsc ws3"> <span class="ff1 ls1">ou </span><span class="ls14 wsd">Al <span class="fs5 ls1 wsa v2">2</span><span class="ls1 ws7">(HO<span class="_0 blank"> </span>)<span class="fs5 lsd v2">2</span><span class="ff1 ws3">, da qual o alu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minato é extraído por </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">eletróli<span class="_0 blank"> </span>se. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y60 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y61 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Galena (sul<span class="_0 blank"> </span>feto) <span class="ff2 ws6">PbS</span><span class="ff1">, do qual<span class="_0 blank"> </span> o chumbo é extraí<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do por fundição redutora<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y62 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y63 ff3 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Calcosina (su<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lfeto) <span class="ff2 ls15 wse">Cu<span class="fs5 ls1 wsa v2">2</span><span class="lse">S</span></span><span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y64 ff1 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y65 ff3 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Cuprita (óxi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do) <span class="ff2 ls15 wsf">Cu<span class="fs5 ls1 wsa v2">2</span></span><span class="ff2">O<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_d blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_e blank"> </span>Minérios dos qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ais </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y66 ff2 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws3"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_e blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_e blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>o cob<span class="_0 blank"> </span>re é extraído </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y67 ff3 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Calcopiri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ta (sulfato) <span class="ff2">Cu2S <span class="ff4 ws10">\u2013</span> <span class="ls16">Fe</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 y68 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls1 wsa">2<span class="fs4 lse v3">S</span><span class="ws3">3 <span class="_f blank"> </span><span class="fs4 v3">por calcinação<span class="_0 blank"> </span> e fusão.</span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 ha y69 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6a ff3 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Malaqui<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ta e azurita (carbonatos)<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff1 fc2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y6c ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Cassiteri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ta (dióxido) <span class="ff2 ws7">SnO<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="fs5 wsa v2">2<span class="ff1 ls17 ws3">, </span></span></span><span class="ff1">da qual é extraído <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o estanho. </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y6e ff3 fs4 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Blenda (sul<span class="_0 blank"> </span>fato) <span class="ff2 ws11">ZnS</span><span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y6f ff1 fs4 fc3 sc0 lsf ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Minérios dos<span class="_0 blank"> </span> quais </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y70 ff3 fs4 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Calami<span class="_0 blank"> </span>na (silicatos)<span class="ff1"> <span class="_10 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ff2">é extraído o zinc<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ls18 ws6">o.</span></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y71 ff1 fs4 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y72 ff3 fs4 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Smithsoni<span class="_0 blank"> </span>na (carbonato)<span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y73 ff1 fs4 fc3 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y74 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Siderita <span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2 ls19 ws12">(Co<span class="fs5 ls1 wsa v2">3</span><span class="ls1 ws7">Fe)</span></span><span class="ff1">, cor cin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>za com matizes amarelas, cont<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ém 30 a 42% de ferro.<span class="_c blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y75 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y76 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Magnetita <span class="ff2 ws7">(Fe<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="fs5 wsa v2">3</span><span class="lsb">O</span><span class="fs5 wsa v2">4</span><span class="ls10">)</span></span><span class="ff1">, cor preta, contém 45 a 70<span class="_0 blank"> </span>% de ferro.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y77 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y78 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Hematita <span class="ff2 ws7">(Fe<span class="fs5 wsa v2">2</span><span class="ls11">O</span><span class="fs5 wsa v2">3</span>)</span><span class="ff1">, c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>or vermelho escuro, conté<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m 50 a 60% de ferro.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y79 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y7a ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Limoni<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ta <span class="ff2 ws7">(2Fe<span class="fs5 wsa v2">2</span><span class="lsb">O<span class="fs5 lsd v2">3</span></span><span class="ws3"> <span class="ff4 ls12">\u2013</span> <span class="ls1a ws13">3H</span><span class="fs5 wsa v2">2<span class="_5 blank"></span><span class="fs4 lsb ws14 v3">O)<span class="ff1 ls1 ws3">, cor parda, 20 a 6<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0% de ferro. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y7c ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 Pirita <span class="ff2 ws7">(SFe)</span><span class="ff1">, qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e é minério de<span class="_0 blank"> </span> enxofre, onde o ferro é subpr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>oduto.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y80 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y81 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y4d ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws5">3.<span class="ff5 ls6 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls1">LIGAS </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y4e ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Liga <span class="_0 blank"> </span>é <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mistu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra, de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>aspecto <span class="_0 blank"> </span>metál<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ico <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>homogêneo, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>um <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s metai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_0 blank"> </span>entre <span class="_0 blank"> </span>si <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ou </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y50 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">com <span class="_8 blank"> </span>outros <span class="_8 blank"> </span>elementos. <span class="_8 blank"> </span>Deve <span class="_8 blank"> </span>ter <span class="_9 blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>omposição <span class="_8 blank"> </span>cristali<span class="_0 blank"> </span>n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>comportam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ento <span class="_9 blank"> </span>com <span class="_8 blank"> </span>metal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y51 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Geralmente <span class="_a blank"> </span>as <span class="_a blank"> </span>li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gas <span class="_a blank"> </span>tem <span class="_a blank"> </span>propriedades<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>me<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cânicas <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>tecnológi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cas <span class="_a blank"> </span>melhores <span class="_a blank"> </span>que <span class="_a blank"> </span>as <span class="_a blank"> </span>dos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y52 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">metais puros. Para a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> construção ci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>vil são importan<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tes as seguint<span class="_0 blank"> </span>es propriedades:<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y53 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls8 ws9 v1">3.1</span><span class="ff5 lsa v1"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Aparênci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y55 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y56 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 sólidos a tempe<span class="_0 blank"> </span>raturas ordinári<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as<span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y57 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 porosidade não<span class="ff1"> ap<span class="_0 blank"> </span>arente </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y58 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 brilh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o característico, que pod<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e ser aumentado por pol<span class="_0 blank"> </span>imento ou trata<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mento quími<span class="_0 blank"> </span>co.<span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y59 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls8 ws9 v1">3.2</span><span class="ff5 lsa v1"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Densid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ade </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y82 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_0 blank"> </span>va<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ria <span class="_c blank"> </span>bastante <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>uma <span class="_c blank"> </span>li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ga <span class="_0 blank"> </span>para <span class="_c blank"> </span>outra. <span class="_c blank"> </span>Geralmente <span class="_c blank"> </span>vai <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>2,56<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>11,45 <span class="_c blank"> </span>sendo <span class="_c blank"> </span>que <span class="_c blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">platina ati<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nge 21,30. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls8 ws9 v1">3.3</span><span class="ff5 lsa v1"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Dilatação<span class="_0 blank"> </span> e Condutividade Té<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rmica </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y61 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y62 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">A títul<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o de comparação, apresentamos o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s coeficientes de dil<span class="_0 blank"> </span>atação segui<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ntes: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y63 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y64 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 concreto:<span class="ff1"> <span class="_11 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>0,01 mm/m/ºC <span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y65 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 vidro:<span class="ff1"> <span class="_12 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>0,08 mm/m/ºC<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y66 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 metais: <span class="ff1"> <span class="_13 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>0,10 a 0,03 mm/m/<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ºC </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y67 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y83 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">A ord<span class="_0 blank"> </span>em dec<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rescente c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>omeça <span class="_0 blank"> </span>com o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>zi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nco, segu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e com <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>chumbo, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estanho, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>cobre, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ferro </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">e aço (MB 270).<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1e ws3">A <span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ls1">co<span class="_5 blank"></span>nduti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>bilidade <span class="_4 blank"> </span>térmica <span class="_4 blank"> </span>situa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-se <span class="_b blank"> </span>entre <span class="_4 blank"> </span>1,00<span class="_0 blank"> </span>6 <span class="_b blank"> </span>e <span class="_4 blank"> </span>0,080 <span class="_4 blank"> </span>calori<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as <span class="_b blank"> </span>gra<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma/s/cm/ºC. <span class="_4 blank"> </span>A </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">ordem <span class="_0 blank"> </span>decrescente <span class="_0 blank"> </span>é: <span class="_0 blank"> </span>prata, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>cobre, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>al<span class="_0 blank"> </span>umínio, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>zinco, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>bronze, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ferro, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estanho, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>níquel<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, aço </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">e chumbo. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls8 ws9 v1">3.4</span><span class="ff5 lsa v1"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Condutib<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ilidade Elétrica<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y70 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y71 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">De <span class="_a blank"> </span>uma <span class="_9 blank"> </span>manei<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra <span class="_a blank"> </span>geral,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_a blank"> </span>os <span class="_9 blank"> </span>metais <span class="_9 blank"> </span>são <span class="_9 blank"> </span>bons <span class="_a blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ondutores.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_a blank"> </span>O <span class="_9 blank"> </span>cob<span class="_0 blank"> </span>re <span class="_a blank"> </span>é <span class="_9 blank"> </span>o <span class="_9 blank"> </span>mais <span class="_9 blank"> </span>utilizado <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y72 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">vem sendo substi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tuído pelo alu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mínio por razões econômi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cas. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y73 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y74 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y75 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">3.5<span class="ff5 lsa ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Resistê<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ncia à Tração </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y76 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y77 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">É <span class="_0 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_0 blank"> </span>das <span class="_0 blank"> </span>propriedades <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mportantes <span class="_0 blank"> </span>na <span class="_0 blank"> </span>construção. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Submetendo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-<span class="_0 blank"> </span>se uma <span class="_0 blank"> </span>barra <span class="_0 blank"> </span>à </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y78 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">tração axi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>al, aparecem forças i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nternas. A tensão d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e tração é o<span class="_0 blank"> </span>btida <span class="_0 blank"> </span>dividindo-<span class="_0 blank"> </span>se a força </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y79 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">aplicada<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>pel<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_6 blank"> </span>área <span class="_b blank"> </span>inicial <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>seção <span class="_b blank"> </span>transversa<span class="_0 blank"> </span>l. <span class="_b blank"> </span>Essa <span class="_6 blank"> </span>tensão <span class="_b blank"> </span>determina <span class="_b blank"> </span>aumento <span class="_b blank"> </span>do </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">comprimento da bar<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra, deformação.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> L-L<span class="fs5 ls1b v2">o</span> <span class="_14 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Alongam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ento: <span class="ls1c ws15">-------</span><span class="ls1f"> </span>x 100% </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> L<span class="fs5 ls1b v2">o</span> <span class="_15 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y80 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> L<span class="fs5 ls1d v2">o</span> = compriment<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o inicial<span class="_0 blank"> </span> do corpo de prova<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y81 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> L = comprimento ap<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ós ruptura<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x8 y84 w1 hb" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/27347ecd-c8a4-4e20-a9f6-af2b859e835c/bg5.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span><span class="ls1f"> </span> <span class="_16 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> S-S<span class="fs5 ls1d v2">o</span> <span class="_17 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Densidade de estri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cção: <span class="ls1c ws15">--------</span> x 100<span class="_0 blank"> </span>% </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y50 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>S<span class="fs5 ls1b v2">o</span> <span class="_18 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y51 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y52 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> S<span class="fs5 ls1d v2">o</span> = seção ini<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cial </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y53 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> S = seção estri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cta (afinada)<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y54 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y55 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Levando-se <span class="_b blank"> </span>a <span class="_6 blank"> </span>um<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_b blank"> </span>sistema <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>coordenadas<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>as<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>tens<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ões<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_b blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>as <span class="_b blank"> </span>deformações, <span class="_b blank"> </span>tem-se<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y56 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">diagrama <span class="_4 blank"> </span>tensão-deformação. <span class="_b blank"> </span>Verifi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cou-se <span class="_b blank"> </span>que <span class="_b blank"> </span>os <span class="_b blank"> </span>metai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_b blank"> </span>apresentam <span class="_b blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ois <span class="_b blank"> </span>tipos <span class="_b blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y57 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">diagramas para a t<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ração: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y58 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y59 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y77 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y85 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y86 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y87 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">De <span class="_19 blank"> </span><span class="ff2 ws7">0</span><span class="ls20"> <span class="ls26">a <span class="_19 blank"> </span></span></span><span class="ff2 ws7">p</span><span class="ls20"> <span class="ff3 ls3">\u2013</span></span> <span class="_19 blank"> </span>as <span class="_19 blank"> </span>deformações <span class="_19 blank"> </span>são <span class="_19 blank"> </span>di<span class="_0 blank"> </span>retamente <span class="_19 blank"> </span>proporci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>onais <span class="_19 blank"> </span>às <span class="_19 blank"> </span>tensões <span class="_19 blank"> </span>(período </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y88 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">elásti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>co). </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y89 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">De <span class="_a blank"> </span><span class="ff2 ls21">p</span><span class="ls22"> <span class="ls26">a <span class="_9 blank"> </span></span></span><span class="ff2 ws7">e</span><span class="ls22"> <span class="ff3 ls23">\u2013</span></span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>há <span class="_a blank"> </span>g<span class="_0 blank"> </span>randes <span class="_9 blank"> </span>deformaçõ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>es, <span class="_a blank"> </span>mesm<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>carga <span class="_9 blank"> </span>estacione <span class="_9 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_9 blank"> </span>di<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minua, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>T <span class="_a blank"> </span>é </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y8a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">limi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>te de escoamento. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y8b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">De <span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff2 ls24">e</span><span class="ls25"> <span class="ls26">a <span class="_6 blank"> </span></span></span><span class="ff2 ws7">A</span><span class="ls25"> <span class="ff3 ls3">\u2013</span></span> <span class="_6 blank"> </span>forma-<span class="_0 blank"> </span>se <span class="_8 blank"> </span>u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m <span class="_8 blank"> </span>pat<span class="_0 blank"> </span>amar, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>send<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>deformação <span class="_8 blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ermanente. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Segue<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-se <span class="_6 blank"> </span>um </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y8c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">revigoramento. <span class="_9 blank"> </span>T<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>te<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nsão <span class="_a blank"> </span>mai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_9 blank"> </span>alt<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_9 blank"> </span>ensai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o, <span class="_a blank"> </span>li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mite <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>resistênci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a. <span class="_9 blank"> </span>A <span class="_9 blank"> </span>t<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ensão <span class="_9 blank"> </span>não </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y8d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">abaixou, houve e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stricção e a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>seção dimin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>uiu. TR é a tensão da ruptura<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y8e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xa y8f w2 hc" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/27347ecd-c8a4-4e20-a9f6-af2b859e835c/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Na maioria dos m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>etais o di<span class="_0 blank"> </span>agrama tem a seguinte forma:<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y50 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y90 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y91 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y92 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y93 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Tem-se <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>trecho <span class="_0 blank"> </span>elásti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>co <span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2 ls14 ws16">AO</span>, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>mas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>não <span class="_0 blank"> </span>aparece<span class="_0 blank"> </span> o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>escoament<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o. Ad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ota-s<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ara o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>esmo </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y94 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">um <span class="_4 blank"> </span>valor <span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff2 ws7">n</span>, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>obti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do <span class="_4 blank"> </span>como <span class="_4 blank"> </span>segue: <span class="_4 blank"> </span>estabelece-<span class="_0 blank"> </span>se <span class="_4 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_4 blank"> </span>deformação <span class="_4 blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ercentual<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_4 blank"> </span>n% <span class="_4 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y95 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">traça-se uma paral<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ela à in<span class="_0 blank"> </span>clinação <span class="ff2 ls14 ws16">AO</span>.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y96 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">A <span class="_9 blank"> </span>reta <span class="_8 blank"> </span>é <span class="_9 blank"> </span>traçada <span class="_9 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>n% <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>deformação. <span class="_9 blank"> </span>O <span class="_8 blank"> </span>valor <span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ff2 ws7">n</span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>ad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>otado <span class="_9 blank"> </span>para <span class="_8 blank"> </span>aços <span class="_9 blank"> </span>normal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mente <span class="_9 blank"> </span>é </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y97 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">0,2%, <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>0,1% <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>0<span class="_0 blank"> </span>,5% <span class="_c blank"> </span>para <span class="_c blank"> </span>out<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ros <span class="_0 blank"> </span>m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>etais. <span class="_c blank"> </span>Têm<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-se <span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>l<span class="_0 blank"> </span>imite <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>el<span class="_0 blank"> </span>asticidade, <span class="_c blank"> </span>até <span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>qual </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y98 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">as deformações não sã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o permanentes.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y99 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y10 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y9a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls8 ws9 v1">3.6</span><span class="ff5 lsa v1"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Resistê<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ncia ao Choque<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y9b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y9c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">É <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_6 blank"> </span>resi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stência <span class="_6 blank"> </span>que <span class="_8 blank"> </span>o <span class="_6 blank"> </span>metal <span class="_6 blank"> </span>opõe <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_6 blank"> </span>ruptu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra <span class="_6 blank"> </span>sob <span class="_8 blank"> </span>ação <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_8 blank"> </span>carg<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_6 blank"> </span>instantânea. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>O </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y9d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">ensaio é feito p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>elo aparelho chamado Pênd<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ulo de Charpy.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 hd y9e ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y9f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls8 ws9 v1">3.7</span><span class="ff5 lsa v1"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Dureza<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 ya0 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 ya1 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">A <span class="_a blank"> </span>ABNT <span class="_8 blank"> </span>adota <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>escal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>du<span class="_0 blank"> </span>reza <span class="_a blank"> </span>Bri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nell. <span class="_9 blank"> </span>O <span class="_a blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>parelho <span class="_a blank"> </span>Bri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nell <span class="_9 blank"> </span>é <span class="_a blank"> </span>u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma <span class="_9 blank"> </span>prensa <span class="_9 blank"> </span>com <span class="_a blank"> </span>u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ma </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 ya2 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">esfera de aç<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o temperado de d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iâmetro <span class="ff2 ls27">D</span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>que faz <span class="_0 blank"> </span>penetrar no metal<span class="_0 blank"> </span> em ensaio com <span class="_0 blank"> </span>uma </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 ya3 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">carga <span class="ff2 ls28">P</span>. A esfera impri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mirá uma marca com d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iâmetro <span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff2 ls21">d</span>. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 ya4 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 ya5 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y4e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsf ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls1"> <span class="ls8 ws17">2P</span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y4f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span> <span class="_1 blank"> </span>Dureza Brin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ell <span class="ff2 ls29">H<span class="fs5 ls1 wsa v2">B</span></span> = <span class="ls1c ws15">-------------</span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 he y50 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsf ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls1"> D(¶D-D<span class="fs5 wsa v4">2</span><span class="ws7">-d<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="fs5 wsa v4">2</span></span>) </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y51 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y52 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws3"> <span class="ls8 ws9 v1">3.8</span><span class="ff5 lsa v1"> </span><span class="ls1 v1">Fadiga<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y54 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y55 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Conforme <span class="_8 blank"> </span>o<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span>metal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>r<span class="_0 blank"> </span>esistência <span class="_6 blank"> </span>à <span class="_8 blank"> </span>fadi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ga <span class="_6 blank"> </span>é <span class="_8 blank"> </span>bastante <span class="_8 blank"> </span>bai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>xa. <span class="_8 blank"> </span>A <span class="_6 blank"> </span>causa <span class="_6 blank"> </span>da <span class="_8 blank"> </span>ruptura <span class="_6 blank"> </span>é <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y56 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">desagregação <span class="_b blank"> </span>pr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ogressiva <span class="_b blank"> </span>da <span class="_4 blank"> </span>coesão <span class="_b blank"> </span>entre <span class="_4 blank"> </span>os <span class="_b blank"> </span>cristais, <span class="_b blank"> </span>que <span class="_4 blank"> </span>vai <span class="_b blank"> </span>di<span class="_0 blank"> </span>minuindo <span class="_b blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>seçã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o<span class="_5 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y57 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">resistente. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y58 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y59 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls8 ws9 v1">3.9</span><span class="ff5 lsa v1"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Corrosão<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">A <span class="_a blank"> </span>vida <span class="_a blank"> </span>útil <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>um <span class="_a blank"> </span>metal<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_a blank"> </span>depende <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>sua <span class="_a blank"> </span>resi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stência <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>da <span class="_a blank"> </span>proteção <span class="_a blank"> </span>que <span class="_a blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>esmo <span class="_a blank"> </span>tem </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y82 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">contra <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>corrosão, <span class="_a blank"> </span>além<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, <span class="_c blank"> </span>é <span class="_a blank"> </span>claro, <span class="_a blank"> </span>da <span class="_c blank"> </span>r<span class="_0 blank"> </span>esistência <span class="_a blank"> </span>à <span class="_c blank"> </span>fadi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ga, <span class="_a blank"> </span>dos <span class="_c blank"> </span>esforços <span class="_a blank"> </span>que <span class="_a blank"> </span>recebe, <span class="_c blank"> </span>da </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">ação <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ogo, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>variaçõ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>es <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>tempe<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ratura, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>etc. Quase <span class="_4 blank"> </span>todos <span class="_4 blank"> </span>os metais <span class="_4 blank"> </span>apresentam </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">corrosão, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>exceção <span class="_8 blank"> </span>feita <span class="_8 blank"> </span>ao <span class="_9 blank"> </span>ouro <span class="_8 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>à <span class="_8 blank"> </span>platina. <span class="_8 blank"> </span>A <span class="_9 blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>roteção <span class="_9 blank"> </span>contra <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>corrosão <span class="_8 blank"> </span>é <span class="_9 blank"> </span>assun<span class="_0 blank"> </span>to </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">bastante <span class="_9 blank"> </span>complexo, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>devendo <span class="_a blank"> </span>s<span class="_0 blank"> </span>er <span class="_a blank"> </span>es<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tudada <span class="_9 blank"> </span>para <span class="_9 blank"> </span>cada <span class="_9 blank"> </span>caso, <span class="_a blank"> </span>send<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>alg<span class="_0 blank"> </span>uns <span class="_a blank"> </span>métodos <span class="_9 blank"> </span>ou </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y60 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">cuidad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os o<span class="_5 blank"></span>s segui<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ntes: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y61 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y62 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 escolha adequ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ada do metal ou li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ga;<span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y63 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_19 blank"> </span>recobrimento <span class="_19 blank"> </span>por u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m <span class="_19 blank"> </span>óxido <span class="_19 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_19 blank"> </span>sal <span class="_19 blank"> </span>insolúvel <span class="_19 blank"> </span>e <span class="_19 blank"> </span>resistente, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>que i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mpeça <span class="_19 blank"> </span>a t<span class="_0 blank"> </span>roca </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y64 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">eletrolí<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tica; </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y65 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 capeamento metál<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ico (p.ex.: ni<span class="_0 blank"> </span>quelação, cromação, gal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>v<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff1">anização, etc);<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y66 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_0 blank"> </span>proteção <span class="_0 blank"> </span>catódi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ca, qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>onsiste <span class="_0 blank"> </span>em <span class="_0 blank"> </span>transformar <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>estrutura <span class="_0 blank"> </span>que <span class="_0 blank"> </span>se <span class="_c blank"> </span>quer pr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>oteger <span class="_0 blank"> </span>em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y67 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">cátodo, adici<span class="_0 blank"> </span>onando um ânodo conveni<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ente;<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y83 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 não dei<span class="_0 blank"> </span>xar em contato <span class="_0 blank"> </span>metais de p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>otenciais diferentes. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>P.ex.: deve h<span class="_0 blank"> </span>aver um i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>solante </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">entre telha de al<span class="_0 blank"> </span>umínio e o gan<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cho de fixação, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de aço; </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6b ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 pintu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra com tintas apropriadas.<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y6e ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws5">4.<span class="ff5 ls6 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls1">METAIS MAIS UTI<span class="_0 blank"> </span>LIZADOS<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y70 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Sem <span class="_c blank"> </span>dúvi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>da <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ga <span class="_c blank"> </span>mais <span class="_c blank"> </span>utili<span class="_0 blank"> </span>zada <span class="_c blank"> </span>na <span class="_c blank"> </span>construçã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>civil<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>é <span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>aço, <span class="_c blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>elo <span class="_c blank"> </span>seu <span class="_c blank"> </span>l<span class="_0 blank"> </span>argo <span class="_c blank"> </span>uso <span class="_c blank"> </span>como </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y71 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">armação <span class="_3 blank"> </span>n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os <span class="_3 blank"> </span>concret<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os. <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Estuda<span class="_0 blank"> </span>remos <span class="_3 blank"> </span>suci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ntamente <span class="_3 blank"> </span>outr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os <span class="_3 blank"> </span>metai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s, <span class="_3 blank"> </span>ci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tando <span class="_3 blank"> </span>suas </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y72 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">principai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s característi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cas <span class="_5 blank"></span>e usos.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y73 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y74 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y75 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">4.1<span class="ff5 lsa ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Alumínio<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y76 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y77 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Usado p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ela <span class="_19 blank"> </span>primeira <span class="_19 blank"> </span>vez na <span class="_19 blank"> </span>arquitetura <span class="_19 blank"> </span>em 18<span class="_0 blank"> </span>84, quand<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o foram <span class="_19 blank"> </span>fundi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos 2.800 </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y78 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">gramas para formar a c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>amada protetora do mo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>numento de Washin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gton. <span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y79 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Utilizad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o em centrais nucl<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eares, complexos petr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>oquímicos, edifí<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cios, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>automóveis <span class="_19 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">caminh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ões, barcos, aviões, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>como refl<span class="_0 blank"> </span>etor de <span class="_19 blank"> </span>calor e l<span class="_0 blank"> </span>uz, o al<span class="_0 blank"> </span>umínio consagra<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-<span class="_0 blank"> </span>se </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">definiti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>vamente em segund<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o lugar entre os metai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s mais utilizados.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">De grande reati<span class="_0 blank"> </span>vidade, o alumí<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nio não se encontra em estado p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>uro, aparecendo </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">geralmente <span class="_19 blank"> </span>em <span class="_19 blank"> </span>subst<span class="_0 blank"> </span>âncias <span class="_19 blank"> </span>oxi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>genadas, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>em <span class="_19 blank"> </span>fluoretos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>ou <span class="_19 blank"> </span>sili<span class="_0 blank"> </span>catos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>de <span class="_19 blank"> </span>constitui<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ção </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y80 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">complexa. <span class="_19 blank"> </span>O óxi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do de <span class="_19 blank"> </span>alu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mínio (cori<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ndon) ocorre <span class="_19 blank"> </span>na nat<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ureza sob<span class="_0 blank"> </span> duas <span class="_19 blank"> </span>formas: </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">corindon <span class="_0 blank"> </span>límpi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do e col<span class="_0 blank"> </span>orido <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(rubis e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>safiras) <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>orindon <span class="_0 blank"> </span>impuro <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(esmeril), <span class="_0 blank"> </span>que cont<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ém o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">ferro como prin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cipal impureza.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">O princip<span class="_0 blank"> </span>al minério é a bau<span class="_0 blank"> </span>xita, nome devid<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o à cidade de Lex Baux, na <span class="_0 blank"> </span>França, onde foi </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y50 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">encontrado em 1821<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y51 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y52 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Tem <span class="_c blank"> </span>peso <span class="_a blank"> </span>específi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>co <span class="_c blank"> </span>entre <span class="_c blank"> </span>2,56 <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>2,70, <span class="_c blank"> </span>rup<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tura <span class="_c blank"> </span>à <span class="_c blank"> </span>traçã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>entre <span class="_c blank"> </span>8 <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>14kg/mm², <span class="_a blank"> </span>dureza </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y53 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Brinell<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, 20, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>funde a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>650/660ºC. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>É bom <span class="_0 blank"> </span>condut<span class="_0 blank"> </span>or térmico <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e elétri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o. Pel<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a sua <span class="_0 blank"> </span>resistênci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y54 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">à corrosão é u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tilizad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o em embalagens <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de alimentos e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>bebidas, mani<span class="_0 blank"> </span>pulação de áci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dos e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y55 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">solventes em proc<span class="_0 blank"> </span>essos ind<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ustriais e outros.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y56 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y57 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Quanto <span class="_8 blank"> </span>mai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_8 blank"> </span>pur<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_8 blank"> </span>o <span class="_6 blank"> </span>alumíni<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>maior <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_8 blank"> </span>resi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stência <span class="_6 blank"> </span>à <span class="_8 blank"> </span>corrosão <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>enor <span class="_8 blank"> </span>a <span class="_6 blank"> </span>resistênci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y58 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">mecânica. <span class="_8 blank"> </span>A <span class="_8 blank"> </span>li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ga <span class="_8 blank"> </span>com <span class="_8 blank"> </span>3% <span class="_9 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>obre, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>1% <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>manganês <span class="_8 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>0,5% <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>magn<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ésio, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>g<span class="_0 blank"> </span>era <span class="_8 blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y59 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws18">duralumínio<span class="ff1 ws3">, <span class="_2 blank"> </span>material <span class="_2 blank"> </span>que <span class="_19 blank"> </span>substi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tui <span class="_1a blank"> </span>o <span class="_19 blank"> </span>aço <span class="_1a blank"> </span>em <span class="_1a blank"> </span>mui<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tas <span class="_1a blank"> </span>situações. <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ff2">O <span class="_1a blank"> </span>bronze <span class="_1a blank"> </span>de<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y5a ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws19">alumínio<span class="ff1 ws3"> é a l<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iga que contém 90/95<span class="_0 blank"> </span>% de cobre e 10/5% de al<span class="_0 blank"> </span>umínio. <span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">De <span class="_a blank"> </span>condu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tibilidade <span class="_9 blank"> </span>elétri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ca <span class="_a blank"> </span>inferior <span class="_9 blank"> </span>à <span class="_a blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>cobre, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>porém <span class="_9 blank"> </span>m<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_a blank"> </span>i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ndicado <span class="_a blank"> </span>que <span class="_9 blank"> </span>este <span class="_a blank"> </span>po<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r <span class="_a blank"> </span>ter </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y82 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">densidade menor<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, é preferido n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a produção de cabos el<span class="_0 blank"> </span>étricos desti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nados à condução de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">altas <span class="_2 blank"> </span>tensões. <span class="_1a blank"> </span>Como <span class="_2 blank"> </span>é <span class="_1a blank"> </span>excel<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ente <span class="_1a blank"> </span>condutor <span class="_2 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1a blank"> </span>cal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>or, <span class="_1a blank"> </span>é <span class="_1a blank"> </span>utili<span class="_0 blank"> </span>zado <span class="_1a blank"> </span>em <span class="_1a blank"> </span>gi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gantescos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">trocadores <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_c blank"> </span>cal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>or <span class="_c blank"> </span>industri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ais, <span class="_c blank"> </span>bem <span class="_c blank"> </span>como <span class="_c blank"> </span>em <span class="_a blank"> </span>bandejas <span class="_c blank"> </span>para <span class="_c blank"> </span>gel<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r <span class="_c blank"> </span>alimentos. <span class="_c blank"> </span>Por <span class="_c blank"> </span>i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sso </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">também <span class="_b blank"> </span>é <span class="_4 blank"> </span>utilizado <span class="_4 blank"> </span>em <span class="_b blank"> </span>utensílios <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>cozinha, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>pois <span class="_b blank"> </span>assegura <span class="_b blank"> </span>aqu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ecimento <span class="_4 blank"> </span>rápido <span class="_b blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y60 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">uniforme di<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stribuição de cal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>or. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y61 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y62 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">É <span class="_8 blank"> </span>utili<span class="_0 blank"> </span>zado <span class="_8 blank"> </span>na <span class="_8 blank"> </span>construção <span class="_8 blank"> </span>civil<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>em <span class="_8 blank"> </span>fios <span class="_8 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>cabos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>elétricos, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>coberturas<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>revestimentos, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y63 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">esquadrias (portas,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> janelas, vitr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ôs), guarnições<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, arremates, etc.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y64 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y65 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Apresentações:<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y66 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y67 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Laminados </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y83 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2a ws3"> <span class="ff3 ls1">\u2022 lâminas (esp<span class="_0 blank"> </span>essura até 6mm)<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff1"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2a ws3"> <span class="ff3 ls1">\u2022 chapas (espessura<span class="_0 blank"> </span> acima de 6mm)<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff1"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y6c ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Extrudados </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2a ws3"> <span class="ff3 ls1">\u2022 barras redondas, qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>adradas, chatas<span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff1"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2a ws3"> <span class="ff3 ls1">\u2022 fios<span class="ff1"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2a ws3"> <span class="ff3 ls1">\u2022 perfis especi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ais (uma infi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nidade)<span class="ff1"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y70 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y71 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Obs.: O pr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ocesso de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>extrusão, para<span class="_0 blank"> </span> fabri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cação de bar<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ras e p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>erfis, consis<span class="_0 blank"> </span>te basicamente </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y72 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">da <span class="_b blank"> </span>prensag<span class="_0 blank"> </span>em <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>tarugos <span class="_b blank"> </span>(l<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ingotes <span class="_b blank"> </span>ci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>líndricos) <span class="_4 blank"> </span>co<span class="_5 blank"></span>ntra <span class="_4 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_b blank"> </span>matri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>z <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>aço <span class="_b blank"> </span>\u201cfurada\u201d<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y73 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">(ferramenta) com o de<span class="_0 blank"> </span>senho do perfil<span class="_0 blank"> </span> que se deseja produzi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>r. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y74 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y75 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">O <span class="_c blank"> </span>alumíni<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>está <span class="_0 blank"> </span>suj<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eito <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>grandes <span class="_c blank"> </span>oscil<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ações <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e<span class="_0 blank"> </span>m <span class="_c blank"> </span>seus <span class="_0 blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>reços, <span class="_a blank"> </span>em <span class="_c blank"> </span>função <span class="_c blank"> </span>dos <span class="_c blank"> </span>cicl<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os <span class="_c blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m0 x0 h7 y76 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">conjuntura <span class="_6 blank"> </span>da <span class="_6 blank"> </span>economia <span class="_b blank"> </span>mundial, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>por <span class="_6 blank"> </span>se <span class="_6 blank"> </span>tratar <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_6 blank"> </span>\u201ccommodi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ty\u201d, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>cotada <span class="_6 blank"> </span>desde </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y77 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">1979 <span class="_0 blank"> </span>na Bol<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sa de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Mercadori<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Londres <span class="_0 blank"> </span>(LME). <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Por i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sso <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o preço<span class="_0 blank"> </span> varia <span class="_0 blank"> </span>diferentemente<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y78 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">da inflação naci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>onal. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y79 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y7b ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Esquadrias<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Os <span class="_0 blank"> </span>serral<span class="_0 blank"> </span>heiros <span class="_0 blank"> </span>co<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mpram <span class="_c blank"> </span>os <span class="_0 blank"> </span>perfi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_0 blank"> </span>para <span class="_c blank"> </span>uso <span class="_c blank"> </span>quase <span class="_0 blank"> </span>q<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ue <span class="_0 blank"> </span>i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mediato. <span class="_c blank"> </span>Basicamente <span class="_c blank"> </span>existem </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">dois <span class="_19 blank"> </span>tipos d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e serralh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eiros (i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ndústria <span class="_19 blank"> </span>de cai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>xilhos): os <span class="_19 blank"> </span>que trabal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ham d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e maneira </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">padronizad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>vendem <span class="_0 blank"> </span>seus <span class="_c blank"> </span>produtos <span class="_0 blank"> </span>atrav<span class="_0 blank"> </span>és <span class="_0 blank"> </span>das <span class="_0 blank"> </span>l<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ojas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>materiai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_0 blank"> </span>para <span class="_0 blank"> </span>construçã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y80 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">os que trabalh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>am sob medida, n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ão padroni<span class="_0 blank"> </span>zados. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y81 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y4e ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws9">4.2<span class="ff5 lsa ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Cobre<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y50 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Largamente <span class="_c blank"> </span>uti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>lizado <span class="_a blank"> </span>pe<span class="_5 blank"></span>lo <span class="_c blank"> </span>homem <span class="_a blank"> </span>neolítico <span class="_a blank"> </span>(5.000 <span class="_c blank"> </span>AC), <span class="_c blank"> </span>tornand<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o-<span class="_0 blank"> </span>se <span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>sub<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stituto <span class="_c blank"> </span>i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>deal </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y51 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">para <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_c blank"> </span>pedra <span class="_c blank"> </span>na <span class="_c blank"> </span>fabricação <span class="_c blank"> </span>dos <span class="_c blank"> </span>mais <span class="_c blank"> </span>variados <span class="_c blank"> </span>utensíli<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>No <span class="_c blank"> </span>entando, <span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>que <span class="_c blank"> </span>realmente </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y52 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">deu i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mportância <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ao metal<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>avermelhado e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>brilhante <span class="_0 blank"> </span>foi a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>descoberta q<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ue<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, fundi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do com <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y53 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">estanho, origi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nou uma liga extremam<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ente dura e resistent<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e: o bronze.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y54 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y55 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Atualmente, <span class="_1b blank"> </span>a <span class="_1b blank"> </span>condutib<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ilidade <span class="_1b blank"> </span>elétrica <span class="_1b blank"> </span>e <span class="_1b blank"> </span>térmica <span class="_1b blank"> </span>do <span class="_1b blank"> </span>metal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, <span class="_3 blank"> </span>sua <span class="_1c blank"> </span>ductibili<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dade <span class="_1b blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y56 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">maleabili<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dade, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>bem <span class="_1a blank"> </span>como <span class="_19 blank"> </span>a <span class="_1a blank"> </span>resistênci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_19 blank"> </span>mecâni<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ca <span class="_19 blank"> </span>de <span class="_1a blank"> </span>suas <span class="_19 blank"> </span>li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gas, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>são <span class="_19 blank"> </span>va<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stamente </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y57 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">exploradas por p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>raticamente todo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s os ramos da in<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dústria. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y58 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y59 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Apresenta <span class="_a blank"> </span>densidade <span class="_a blank"> </span>ent<span class="_0 blank"> </span>re <span class="_c blank"> </span>8,6 <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>8,96, <span class="_a blank"> </span>dureza <span class="_a blank"> </span>Brinell<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_c blank"> </span>35<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, <span class="_c blank"> </span>rup<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tura <span class="_a blank"> </span>à <span class="_c blank"> </span>tração <span class="_a blank"> </span>entre <span class="_a blank"> </span>20 <span class="_a blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">60 kg/mm², fund<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e entre 1.050 e 1.200ºC<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Quando <span class="_19 blank"> </span>exposto, <span class="_19 blank"> </span>cob<span class="_0 blank"> </span>re-se <span class="_19 blank"> </span>com <span class="_19 blank"> </span>uma <span class="_19 blank"> </span>camad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_19 blank"> </span>de <span class="_19 blank"> </span>óxido <span class="_19 blank"> </span>e <span class="_19 blank"> </span>carbonat<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o, fo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rmando <span class="_19 blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y82 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">azinhavre, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>mui<span class="_0 blank"> </span>to <span class="_8 blank"> </span>venenoso, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>mas <span class="_8 blank"> </span>que <span class="_8 blank"> </span>protege <span class="_8 blank"> </span>o <span class="_8 blank"> </span>nú<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cleo <span class="_8 blank"> </span>do <span class="_8 blank"> </span>metal, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>dando<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-l<span class="_0 blank"> </span>he <span class="_8 blank"> </span>duração </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">quase indefi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nida. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Seus <span class="_a blank"> </span>princi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>pais <span class="_a blank"> </span>usos <span class="_c blank"> </span>sã<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o: <span class="_a blank"> </span>motores <span class="_a blank"> </span>elétricos, <span class="_a blank"> </span>tel<span class="_0 blank"> </span>efones <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>t<span class="_0 blank"> </span>elégrafos, <span class="_a blank"> </span>circui<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tos <span class="_a blank"> </span>elétricos, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y60 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">tubulações, serpent<span class="_0 blank"> </span>inas de aqueci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mento ou refri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>geração, coberturas, ornatos, etc<span class="_0 blank"> </span>.<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y61 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y62 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">O <span class="_b blank"> </span>bronze <span class="_b blank"> </span>é <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>liga <span class="_4 blank"> </span>com <span class="_b blank"> </span>85 <span class="_b blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>95% <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>obre <span class="_b blank"> </span>e <span class="_b blank"> </span>15 <span class="_b blank"> </span>a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>5% <span class="_b blank"> </span>de <span class="_b blank"> </span>estan<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ho. <span class="_b blank"> </span>Util<span class="_0 blank"> </span>izado <span class="_b blank"> </span>em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y63 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">ferragens <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>ornatos, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>b<span class="_0 blank"> </span>em <span class="_8 blank"> </span>como <span class="_9 blank"> </span>em <span class="_9 blank"> </span>máq<span class="_0 blank"> </span>uinas, <span class="_8 blank"> </span>pela <span class="_9 blank"> </span>sua <span class="_8 blank"> </span>capacidad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>desli<span class="_0 blank"> </span>zar, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>com </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y64 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">baixo coefici<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ente de atrito sobre <span class="_0 blank"> </span>o aço, dispensan<span class="_0 blank"> </span>do até lubrifi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cação. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y65 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y66 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls8 ws9 v1">4.3</span><span class="ff5 lsa v1"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Chumbo<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y83 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Pouco <span class="_8 blank"> </span>abundante <span class="_8 blank"> </span>(menos <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>0,2% <span class="_8 blank"> </span>da <span class="_9 blank"> </span>con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stitui<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ção <span class="_9 blank"> </span>da <span class="_8 blank"> </span>crosta <span class="_8 blank"> </span>terrestre), <span class="_8 blank"> </span>raramente <span class="_8 blank"> </span>é </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">encontrado <span class="_b blank"> </span>em <span class="_b blank"> </span>estado <span class="_b blank"> </span>elementar, <span class="_b blank"> </span>ocorrendo <span class="_b blank"> </span>em <span class="_b blank"> </span>vários <span class="_6 blank"> </span>mi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nérios. <span class="_b blank"> </span>Destes, <span class="_b blank"> </span>apenas <span class="_b blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">galena e a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>cerusita (carbonato) se <span class="_4 blank"> </span>pr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>estam à <span class="_4 blank"> </span>extração do metal (Boquira <span class="ff3 ls3">\u2013</span> BA, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Adrianópoli<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="ff3 ls3">\u2013</span> PR, Iporanga <span class="_0 blank"> </span><span class="ff3 ls3">\u2013</span> SP). </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">O <span class="_0 blank"> </span>chumbo <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ap<span class="_0 blank"> </span>resenta <span class="_0 blank"> </span>densi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dade <span class="_0 blank"> </span>entre <span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>11,20 <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_0 blank"> </span>11,45, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ruptura <span class="_0 blank"> </span>à <span class="_c blank"> </span>tração <span class="_0 blank"> </span>próxima <span class="_c blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>3,5 </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y70 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">kh/mm², dureza B<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rinell 4,6 e funde a<span class="_0 blank"> </span> 327ºC. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y71 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y72 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Formando lig<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a com <span class="_4 blank"> </span>an<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mônio tem grande dureza e baixo ponto d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e fusão e era </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y73 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">bastante <span class="_8 blank"> </span>util<span class="_0 blank"> </span>izado <span class="_8 blank"> </span>na <span class="_8 blank"> </span>produção <span class="_8 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>cara<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cteres <span class="_8 blank"> </span>tipográ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ficos. <span class="_8 blank"> </span>Util<span class="_0 blank"> </span>izado <span class="_8 blank"> </span>na <span class="_8 blank"> </span>fabri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cação <span class="_9 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y74 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">bateriasi<span class="_0 blank"> </span> (placas <span class="_19 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>acumulad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ores), tubos <span class="_19 blank"> </span>e <span class="_19 blank"> </span>conexões <span class="_19 blank"> </span>para <span class="_19 blank"> </span>água <span class="_19 blank"> </span>e esgot<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o (em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y75 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">desuso), coberturas (i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mpermeabil<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ização), arremates, abs<span class="_0 blank"> </span>orventes de choque, etc.<span class="_c blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y76 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y77 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Pela <span class="_c blank"> </span>grande <span class="_c blank"> </span>densidade <span class="_c blank"> </span>é <span class="_0 blank"> </span>l<span class="_0 blank"> </span>argamente <span class="_c blank"> </span>utili<span class="_0 blank"> </span>zado <span class="_0 blank"> </span>n<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_0 blank"> </span>revesti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mento <span class="_0 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>am<span class="_0 blank"> </span>bientes <span class="_c blank"> </span>onde <span class="_c blank"> </span>são </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y78 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">manipulad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as <span class="_8 blank"> </span>substân<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cias <span class="_8 blank"> </span>radi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>oativas. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Portas <span class="_8 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>sal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_8 blank"> </span>reatores, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>por <span class="_8 blank"> </span>ex<span class="_0 blank"> </span>emplo, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>são </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y79 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">blindadas <span class="_a blank"> </span>com <span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>metal. <span class="_a blank"> </span>As <span class="_c blank"> </span>instalações <span class="_c blank"> </span>radi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ológi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cas, <span class="_c blank"> </span>bem <span class="_c blank"> </span>como <span class="_c blank"> </span>as <span class="_c blank"> </span>mão<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s <span class="_c blank"> </span>e <span class="_c blank"> </span>o <span class="_c blank"> </span>corpo <span class="_a blank"> </span>dos </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">operadores de rai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o-X são defendi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>das por materiai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s onde o chumbo se faz <span class="_0 blank"> </span>present<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Apresentação: em chap<span class="_0 blank"> </span>as, numeradas de 1 a 2<span class="_0 blank"> </span>2 (6,7 a 56,33 kg/m²)<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y80 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y81 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y4d ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Estanho </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y4f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Tem <span class="_8 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ensidade <span class="_8 blank"> </span>entr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>7,29 <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>7,50, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>dureza <span class="_8 blank"> </span>Bri<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nell <span class="_6 blank"> </span>entre <span class="_8 blank"> </span>5 <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e <span class="_8 blank"> </span>10, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>resistência <span class="_6 blank"> </span>à <span class="_8 blank"> </span>tração </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y50 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">entre 3 e 4 kg/mm².<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y51 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y52 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y53 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Solda de Encana<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dor </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y54 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y55 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">É <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>l<span class="_0 blank"> </span>iga <span class="_a blank"> </span>chu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mbo/estanho <span class="_a blank"> </span>que <span class="_a blank"> </span>fun<span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>24<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0ºC<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, <span class="_a blank"> </span>sendo <span class="_a blank"> </span>qu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>propo<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rção <span class="_a blank"> </span>que <span class="_9 blank"> </span>result<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y56 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">melhores <span class="_b blank"> </span>resultad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os <span class="_6 blank"> </span>pr<span class="_0 blank"> </span>áticos <span class="_b blank"> </span>é <span class="_6 blank"> </span>66<span class="_0 blank"> </span>/34% <span class="_b blank"> </span>chumbo/estanho<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. <span class="_b blank"> </span>Essa <span class="_b blank"> </span>solda <span class="_b blank"> </span>é <span class="_6 blank"> </span>u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tilizad<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>na<span class="_5 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y57 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">montagem <span class="_9 blank"> </span>dos <span class="_9 blank"> </span>encanament<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>cobre <span class="_9 blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>emendas <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>cal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>has <span class="_a blank"> </span>e <span class="_9 blank"> </span>condutores <span class="_9 blank"> </span>feit<span class="_0 blank"> </span>os <span class="_a blank"> </span>em </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y58 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">chapa de aço gal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>vanizado. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y59 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls8 ws9 v1">4.4</span><span class="ff5 lsa v1"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Zinco<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y82 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Densidade <span class="_9 blank"> </span>entre <span class="_9 blank"> </span>7 <span class="_8 blank"> </span>e <span class="_a blank"> </span>7<span class="_0 blank"> </span>,2, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ureza <span class="_a blank"> </span>B<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rinell<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>30 <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_8 blank"> </span>40, <span class="_a blank"> </span>resi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stência <span class="_9 blank"> </span>à <span class="_8 blank"> </span>tração <span class="_a blank"> </span>16kg/mm<span class="_0 blank"> </span>², </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">funde a 400/420ºC<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y5f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">As <span class="_0 blank"> </span>li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>de <span class="_0 blank"> </span>zi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nco <span class="_0 blank"> </span>podem <span class="_c blank"> </span>ser <span class="_0 blank"> </span>divi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>didas <span class="_0 blank"> </span>em <span class="_0 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ois <span class="_0 blank"> </span>grupos:<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>aquelas <span class="_c blank"> </span>em <span class="_0 blank"> </span>que <span class="_c blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>porcent<span class="_0 blank"> </span>agem </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y60 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">dos outros elem<span class="_0 blank"> </span>entos de li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ga é inferior a 1%, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>ou seja, mai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s de 99% de zi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nco e, aquelas </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y61 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">nas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>quais <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a <span class="_6 blank"> </span>porcentagem <span class="_6 blank"> </span>de <span class="_6 blank"> </span>outros <span class="_6 blank"> </span>elementos <span class="_6 blank"> </span>é <span class="_6 blank"> </span>superior <span class="_6 blank"> </span>a <span class="_6 blank"> </span>1%. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>Ao <span class="_8 blank"> </span>p<span class="_0 blank"> </span>rimeiro <span class="_6 blank"> </span>grupo </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y62 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">pertencem <span class="_6 blank"> </span>as <span class="_b blank"> </span>ligas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>u<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sadas <span class="_6 blank"> </span>em <span class="_6 blank"> </span>zin<span class="_0 blank"> </span>cografias, <span class="_6 blank"> </span>pil<span class="_0 blank"> </span>has <span class="_6 blank"> </span>e <span class="_6 blank"> </span>coberturas. <span class="_6 blank"> </span>N<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_6 blank"> </span>segundo <span class="_6 blank"> </span>grupo<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y63 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">estão as li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gas ZAMAK e KAYEM, usadas na<span class="_0 blank"> </span> fabricação de i<span class="_0 blank"> </span>njetados (peças fundi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>das).<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y64 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y65 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">As <span class="_4 blank"> </span>li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>gas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>ZAMAK <span class="_4 blank"> </span>são utilizadas para <span class="_4 blank"> </span>fundição <span class="_4 blank"> </span>em <span class="_4 blank"> </span>mol<span class="_0 blank"> </span>des <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a<span class="_0 blank"> </span>reia, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>em <span class="_4 blank"> </span>c<span class="_0 blank"> </span>oquilha <span class="_4 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y66 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">sobretudo para fun<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dição sob pressão. Exi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stem duas espéci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>es: </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y67 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y83 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 ZAMAK 13 \u2013<span class="ff1"> al<span class="_0 blank"> </span>umínio 3,9/4,3%,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> cobre 0,03%, magnési<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o 0,03/0,06%<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6a ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">\u2022 ZAMAK 15 \u2013<span class="ff1"> al<span class="_0 blank"> </span>umínio 3,9/4,3%,<span class="_0 blank"> </span> cobre 0,75/1,25%, mag<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nésio 0,03/0,06%<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y6d ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Zincagem </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6e ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y6f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">É <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>prot<span class="_0 blank"> </span>eção <span class="_a blank"> </span>do <span class="_a blank"> </span>aço <span class="_9 blank"> </span>cont<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ra <span class="_a blank"> </span>a <span class="_a blank"> </span>corrosão, <span class="_a blank"> </span>t<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ratando<span class="_0 blank"> </span>-se <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>um <span class="_9 blank"> </span>proce<span class="_0 blank"> </span>sso <span class="_a blank"> </span>de <span class="_a blank"> </span>banh<span class="_0 blank"> </span>o <span class="_a blank"> </span>com <span class="_a blank"> </span>o </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y70 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">zinco eletrol<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ítico. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y71 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y72 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">O <span class="_4 blank"> </span>zinco <span class="_4 blank"> </span>é <span class="_4 blank"> </span>também <span class="_4 blank"> </span>ba<span class="_0 blank"> </span>stante <span class="_4 blank"> </span>utili<span class="_0 blank"> </span>zado <span class="_4 blank"> </span>em <span class="_4 blank"> </span>coberturas, <span class="_4 blank"> </span>em <span class="_4 blank"> </span>lâmi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nas <span class="_4 blank"> </span>com <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_4 blank"> </span>segui<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nte<span class="_5 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y73 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">composição: <span class="_4 blank"> </span>cobre <span class="_b blank"> </span>0,6 <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a <span class="_b blank"> </span>1,2%, <span class="_b blank"> </span>chu<span class="_0 blank"> </span>mbo <span class="_b blank"> </span>0,002<span class="_0 blank"> </span>5%, <span class="_b blank"> </span>cádmio <span class="_4 blank"> </span>0,0005%, <span class="_b blank"> </span>ti<span class="_0 blank"> </span>tâ<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nio <span class="_4 blank"> </span>0,1 <span class="_b blank"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y74 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">0,2%, ní<span class="_0 blank"> </span>quel 0,0003% e ferro 0,0025<span class="_0 blank"> </span>%. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y75 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y76 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h5 y77 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Latão </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y78 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y79 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">É <span class="_9 blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>li<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ga <span class="_9 blank"> </span>cobre-zi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>nco, <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>95<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_a blank"> </span>x <span class="_9 blank"> </span>5<span class="_0 blank"> </span>% <span class="_9 blank"> </span>até <span class="_9 blank"> </span>60<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>x <span class="_9 blank"> </span>4<span class="_0 blank"> </span>0%. <span class="_a blank"> </span>Ap<span class="_0 blank"> </span>resenta <span class="_9 blank"> </span>densi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>dade <span class="_9 blank"> </span>de <span class="_9 blank"> </span>8,2<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_9 blank"> </span>a <span class="_9 blank"> </span>8,9, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7a ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">ruptura <span class="_4 blank"> </span>à <span class="_4 blank"> </span>t<span class="_0 blank"> </span>ração <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>20 <span class="_4 blank"> </span>a 80 <span class="_4 blank"> </span>kg/mm², <span class="_4 blank"> </span>bastante <span class="_4 blank"> </span>utili<span class="_0 blank"> </span>zado <span class="_4 blank"> </span>na fabr<span class="_5 blank"></span>icação <span class="_4 blank"> </span>de <span class="_4 blank"> </span>tubos, </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7b ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">conexões, torneiras<span class="_0 blank"> </span>, fechaduras, ornato<span class="_0 blank"> </span>s, etc. </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7c ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7d ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws3"> <span class="ff2 ls8 ws9 v1">4.5</span><span class="ff5 lsa v1"> <span class="ff2 ls1">Ferro<span class="_0 blank"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y7f ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3"> </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y80 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">Siderurgi<span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>é <span class="_0 blank"> </span>a <span class="_0 blank"> </span>d<span class="_0 blank"> </span>enominação <span class="_c blank"> </span>especial<span class="_0 blank"> </span> <span class="_0 blank"> </span>da <span class="_0 blank"> </span>metal<span class="_0 blank"> </span>urgia <span class="_0 blank"> </span>do <span class="_0 blank"> </span>f<span class="_0 blank"> </span>erro. <span class="_0 blank"> </span>Como <span class="_c blank"> </span>já <span class="_0 blank"> </span>menci<span class="_0 blank"> </span>onamos, <span class="_0 blank"> </span>é </div><div class="t m0 x0 h6 y81 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws3">o metal de mai<span class="_0 blank"> </span>or utilização na con<span class="_0 blank"> </span>strução civil<span class="_0 blank"> </span>. </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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