Leitura e Redação em Lingua Inglesa - Aula_04

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LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
Reading strategies, reading levels and purpose 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
Conteúdo Programático desta aula 
• know about reading strategies 
• understand that there are different levels of 
reading 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
Introduction: 
Hi, students. 
In this class, you are going to understand the importance of reading 
strategies for text comprehension while reading texts in foreign 
languages. When you read a text in English, you may not understand 
some words. So, what do you generally do? You look up in a dictionary 
for the words meanings. But texts can be long and you will spend 
more time than you desired to find these words and their suitable 
meanings. 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 A good comprehension of reading strategies can help you read a 
text. You should start asking yourselves: Why am I reading this 
text? There are different strategies to be applied for the answers 
you may give to the question. You may want to have a quick 
reading so you apply the skimming strategy. For an objective 
reading, when you look for specific information, the scanning 
strategy is perfect. But if you want to read a text in all its details, 
a thorough reading is recommended. 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 Activity 1 
 You are going to study some reading strategies in this lesson. It is 
necessary that you understand that you read for different 
purposes. In this activity I will give you the purpose and you will 
have to choose the best strategy: 
1- You want to know at what time a film is going to start so you pick up a 
newspaper to check it. Which strategy do you need? 
a- A quick reading ( skimming) 
b- An objective reading looking for specific 
 information(scanning) 
c- A deep, complete reading(thorough reading) 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 Activity 1 
 You are going to study some reading strategies in this lesson. It is 
necessary that you understand that you read for different 
purposes. In this activity I will give you the purpose and you will 
have to choose the best strategy: 
1- You want to know at what time a film is going to start so you pick up a 
newspaper to check it. Which strategy do you need? 
a- A quick reading ( skimming) 
b- An objective reading looking for specific 
 information(scanning) 
c- A deep, complete reading(thorough reading) 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 
You are reading a book on Economics for a test. Which 
strategy do you need? 
a- A deep, complete reading(thorough reading) 
b- An objective reading looking for specific 
information(scanning) 
c- You are reading a book on Economics for a test. Which 
strategy do you need? 
 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 
You are reading a book on Economics for a test. Which 
strategy do you need? 
a- A deep, complete reading(thorough reading) 
b- An objective reading looking for specific 
information(scanning) 
c- You are reading a book on Economics for a test. Which 
strategy do you need? 
 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 
 
 After lunch, without time to read the articles, you simply take a 
look at the headlines in a magazine.. Which strategy do you need? 
a- A deep, complete reading(thorough reading) 
b- An objective reading looking for specific information(scanning) 
c- A quick reading ( skimming) 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 
 
 After lunch, without time to read the articles, you simply take a 
look at the headlines in a magazine.. Which strategy do you need? 
a- A deep, complete reading(thorough reading) 
b- An objective reading looking for specific information(scanning) 
c- A quick reading ( skimming) 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 
 
 How to use some reading strategies 
 In this lesson, we are going to study about some reading 
strategies. These reading strategies will help you comprehend the 
text without searching for the meaning of the words all the time: 
. Remember that you should not use the dictionary so often. Use 
the dictionary only to clarify your doubts. In general, 50% of the 
words in a text are not crucial for the understanding of the 
general meaning. Observe the sentence below: 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 A Alemanha XXXX exemplo de XXXXXXX pacífica XXXXX diferentes 
XXXXX e culturas. 
 This sentence mentions a country in Europe, Germany. If we have 
previous knowledge about Germany, our reading becomes easier. 
Even though we do not know anything about Germany, we can link 
the parts, right? 
 So which sentence would best explain the sentence above: 
• A Alemanha é um país que não aceita bem os estrangeiros. 
• A Alemanha é um país onde pessoas de origens distintas 
convivem pacificamente. 
• You know the right answer is (b), don´t you? 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 Now you are going to read about some reading strategies: 
• Prediction (Predição) 
 When you use this strategy, you are able to create hypotheses 
about the themes you are going to read about in the texts. 
Afterwards, when you read the texts, you can agree or modify your 
first impressions about them. When you use this strategy, you are 
mentally preparing yourself for the reading. Try to understand the 
title of the text, if there is a one, or search for any other visual 
clues because they generally function as a summary of the text. 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 Previous knowledge ( Ativação de Conhecimento Prévio) 
 The process of comprehension of a text also depends on the 
experiences the reader had had before in life. These experiences 
will influence the way the reader sees the world and how much of 
these experiences he is going to use while developing his 
expectations towards what he is going to read. 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 Genre (Gênero) 
 When you identify the genre, your reading becomes easier. For 
example, if you are a reading a sewing machine manual with 
instructions of how to use it, you do not expect to find words such 
as “onion” or “tomato”. These words are likely to be found in a 
recipe. Each kind of text presents characteristics and 
communicative purposes that make them easy to be identified; 
the reader knows what he is searching for before reading the 
text. 
 Let´s consider some of the most common genres: jokes (funny 
stories), classified ads, news articles, letters, cards, diaries, e-
mails, interviews, forms, cartoons, game instructions, lyrics, lists, 
menus, maps, manuals, short stories, small dialogues, ads, 
messages, recipes, reports, labels, reference texts (dictionaries). 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
Visuals ( Inferência visual) 
 Elements such as titles, dates, subtitles, illustrations, photos, 
diagrams, charts, bold types, quotation marks,different types of 
letters, etc. are important to help the reader to make inferences 
and logical deductions . 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 Guessing ( Adivinhar, deduzir, interpretar significados) 
 During the process of a text comprehension written in foreign 
language, the reader should try to understand all unknown words 
in the context they are employed. Then, we should consider: 
-the text subject 
-everything the reader knows about the subject 
-grammatical relations 
-parts of the text that the reader has already understood 
-what is implicit in the text 
-near words and sentences 
It is important to remember that to understand a word, it does not 
necessarily mean you have to know its right translation. 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 Repeated words ( Palavras repetidas) 
 To recognize the words which are repeated in the text can very 
often help the reader understand it. 
 Key words ( Palavras-Chave) 
 These specific words are generally associated to the subject 
which is being discussed in the text 
 Discourse markers ( Marcadores do Discurso) 
 These words are used to connect ideas or to mark the discourse in 
a text, when you want to exemplify, contrast , compare, add or 
complement ideas, point out consequences and results, give 
emphasis or show causes, to summarize or generalize, establish 
conditions or hypotheses, set time relations. 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
Nominal groups (Grupos nominais) 
 Nouns are often used as part of large nominal groups. Nominal 
groups are groups of words that provide more information about 
people, places or concepts. “The Depression era “ is an example 
of a nominal group because it includes more information than just 
the 'thing' itself: Depression classifies the particular era. Nominal 
groups are important because they typically provide the content 
in a text (what something is about); in academic writing this 
content can be very sophisticated, abstract and complex. Some 
examples of nominal groups are “the major policy priority”, “the 
rate of economic growth”. 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
• Affixes (Afixos) 
The knowledge of the process of word formation can help readers to 
deduce meanings. In general, prefixes have the function to alter 
the word meanings while suffixes determine grammatical classes. 
A lot of affixes have either greek or latin origin, being this way 
transparent words. 
• Contextual Reference (Referência contextual) 
• There are words and expressions which are used to link ideas in a 
given context to promote cohesion and coherence. These words 
can refer to a word or idea previously mentioned in other parts of 
the text to avoid repetition. They can be personal pronouns, 
possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, 
some relative pronouns, etc. 
• I have five English books and these Spanish ones. 
• The boy who spoke is my friend. 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 
Cognates ( Cognatos ou Palavras Transparentes) 
 Researchers who study first and 
second language Acquisition have 
found that students benefit from 
cognate awareness. 
Cognate awareness is the ability to 
use cognates in a primary language 
as a tool for understanding a second 
language. Children can be taught to 
use cognates as early as preschool. 
As students move up the grade 
levels, they can be introduced to 
more sophisticated cognates, and to 
cognates that have multiple 
meanings in both languages, 
although some of some of those 
meanings may not overlap. 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 
An example: 
 
1- Making an argument: expressing a point of view and 
supporting it with facts and evidence 
 
2- Argument: I´m tired of having arguments with my wife 
 
 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
Dictionary Use ( Uso do dicionário) 
 The dictionary must be used as the last resource., that is, only if 
the word is a key word, if it does not make part of your previous 
knowledge, if it is not a cognate, if it cannot be deduced from 
context or if it has multiple meanings. 
 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
• Different levels of reading 
• We have three levels of reading: pre-reading, reading and pos-
reading. 
• The pre-reading 
• activate the previous knowledge of the students in relation to the 
knowledge of the world: exploit the title, drawings, graphs, 
figures, author, source, lexical items ( Once upon a time), textual 
organization, the purposes. 
• The reading 
• -is a phase in which the student has to project his knowledge of 
the world and textual organization in the systemic elements of the 
text. It is important for the student to know how to use strategies 
to link one information to another, to establish cohesive bonds and 
to employ inference strategies. 
• The pos-reading 
• is a level in which the main focus is based on the relationship of 
the student´s world with the author´s ideas. 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
Activity 2 
 Choose the option which best suits the concepts: 
1- The “top-down” process 
a- is an inductive and linear process 
b- makes us direct our attention to vocabulary 
c- builds the meaning through analysis and synthesis 
d- makes us use structural elements 
e- is a non linear and deductive process 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
 2- In the pre-reading level you: 
a- activate the previous knowledge of the student. 
b- are based on the relationship of the student´s 
world with the author´s ideas. 
c- link one information to the other 
d- establish cohesive bonds 
e- employ forms to understand the text 
READING STRATEGIES, READING LEVELS AND PURPOSES 
LEITURA E REDAÇÃO EM LINGUA INGLESA 
3- Identify the word which does not refer to genre: 
a- manual 
b- lists 
c- menus 
d- scanning 
e- maps