Aula 03

Prévia do material em texto

Língua Inglesa - Aspectos Morfossintáticos
Noélia Lobos
Aula 3
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Class Plan
Review about the differences in morphology and syntax;
Syntax: noun phrases;
Importance of grammar;
Grammar functions.
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Morphology x Syntax
Morphology: studies the word in a sentence or the formation of words by morphemes;
Syntax: studies the structure of the sentence, the parts of speech and how it goes on sentences in order to make sense.
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Syntax
A noun phrase is usually the person or thing that is performing the action in the sentence. It may also be the person or thing that the verb is being done to in a sentence.
The person doing the verb in a sentence is known as the subject:
Tom pushed the car.
“Tom” is the subject of the sentence as he is pushing the car. “The car” is the object in the sentence as the car is the object that the verb is being done to. Both of these are noun phrases.
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Syntax
A noun phrase has to be made up of a noun, such as a name or a tangible object. Sometimes, a determiner is needed in a noun phrase, for example ‘a cat’, ‘the dog’. 'A' and 'The' are called determiners because they tell us which person or thing is involved in the sentence.
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Syntax
A verb phrase is basically a verb plus its complement(s); 
Verb phrases have no obvious specifiers. As modifiers they can have adverbs and prepositional phrases.
The head of the phrase has to be a verb.
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Syntax
Studying syntax is relevant to a lot of subject areas in linguistics. We must study syntax to understand how children acquire their language, how they start constructing sentences and what stage do they learn the tacit syntactic rules of the language. 
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Syntax
It’s also good to study syntax so we can understand how bilingual and multilingual speakers are able to construct their sentences despite having different structures for different languages. 
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Syntax
Studying syntax gives us many answers which are necessary for understanding how languages work;
We also study syntax to develop set rules and constraints on the language. We call these parameters. These parameters limit what we can and can’t do in a language, helping us establish an effective and working communicative system.
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Vídeo
Discussão sobre ensinar ou não a gramática como parte do aprendizado de uma língua:
http://www.cea-ace.ca/video/teach-or-not-teach-grammar-%E2%80%93-question
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Grammar functions
Grammatical relations indicate the syntactic functions of phrasal categories in a sentence.
SUBJECT
it usually functions as the actor or agent
it usually precedes the verb
it agrees with the verb in person
it usually controls the omitted actor/agent of adverbial participles and coordinate clauses
subject pronouns occur in nominative case
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SUBJECT
The man followed the rules of the company to write the contract.
Subject: man, BUT the morpheme the is dependent which means, it also complements the subject.
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Grammar functions
DIRECT OBJECT
it usually functions as the patient or undergoer
it usually follows the verb
it often controls the omitted actor/agent of infinitives
object pronouns occur in accusative case
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DIRECT OBJECT
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The boy gave the ball to the dog.
Who gave the ball to the dog?: The boy – subject
The boy gave what to the dog?: The ball – direct object
 
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Grammar functions
INDIRECT OBJECTS
it functions as the recipient or benefactor
it only occur in ditransitive clauses
ADVERBIALS
they indicate time, place, cause, manner etc.
several adverbials can occur in one clause
they are typically expressed by adverbs, personal pronouns, and adverbial clauses
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INDIRECT OBJECT
The boy gave the ball to the dog.
The boy gave what?: The ball – direct object
He gave the ball to whom?: To the dog – indirect object
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Parts of speech
In English the following traditional grammar word categories are used: Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Numerals, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Particles, Interjections, Articles (Determiners) and Modals could be added.
These categories can be divided into two other categories:
MAJOR CATEGORIES: Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, Verbs, Prepositions;
MINOR CATEGORIES: Prepositions, Pronouns, Auxiliaries, Conjunctions, Particles, Quantifiers-Numerals.
Língua Inglesa - Aspectos Morfossintáticos
Noélia Lobos
Atividade 3
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Identifying NP
A noun phrase is a group of words that serves the same purpose as a noun. A noun phrase can be the subject or object of a verb. It can also be the object of a preposition.
Identify the noun clauses in the following sentences.
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I hope to win the first prize.
I – noun phrase 1 ; the first prize – noun phrase 2 
I tried to solve the puzzle. – I – noun phrase 1 . The puzzle – noun phrase 2
Did you enjoy reading this book? ‘you’ noun phrase 1, this book – noun phrase 2
The boy wants to go home. ‘The boy’ noun phrase 1, ‘home’ noun phrase 2
Horses prefer living in dark stables.
‘Horses’ noun phrase 1, ‘dark stables’ noun phrase 2.
The accused refused to answer the question.
‘The accused’ noun phrase 1, ‘the question’ np 2.
The boy denied stealing the money. ‘They boy’ np 1; ‘the money’ np 2. 
To write such rubbish is disgraceful.
Np ‘such rubbish’
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Explanation - Correção
Noun phrase: to win the first prize; it acts as the object of the verb hope
Noun phrase: to solve the puzzle; it acts as the object of the verb tried
Noun phrase: reading this book; it acts as the object of the verb enjoy
Noun phrase: to go home; it acts as the object of the verb wants
Noun phrase: living in dark stables; it acts as the object of the verb prefer
Noun phrase: to answer the question; it acts as the object of the verb refused
Noun phrase: stealing the money; it acts as the object of the verb denied
Noun phrase: to write such rubbish; it acts as the subject of the verb is.