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106 
 
CURSO PREPARATÓRIO PARA A TERCEIRA FASE DO INSTITUTO RIO BRANCO: QUESTÕES DISCURSIVAS DE INGLÊS – PROFESSORA RACHEL LOURENÇO 
 
 
LANGUAGE PACKET ANSWER KEY 
 
 
 
PUNCTUATION 
 
In his first term Lula's reluctance to share power with other parties led to a congressional vote-buying 
scandal that nearly destroyed his presidency. This time he has given five plump ministries — controlling 44% 
of the federal investment budget — to the centrist Party of the Brazilian Democracy Movement (PMDB), the 
largest in Congress. Luciano Dias of the Brazilian Institute of Political Studies sees in this the start of a durable 
centre-left alliance that could realign the country's politics. 
 
But this core is surrounded by a messy periphery. In all, eight substantial parties and nearly all the 
smaller ones in Congress support the government, many of them attracted by the hope of jobs and pork. Lula 
should be able to count on at least 60% of the lower house and a narrow majority in the Senate. That, plus 
his popularity — 48% of Brazilians rate his government as “good” or “excellent” — mean that he is as strong 
as any Brazilian president can hope to be. With the weakening of the PT and the humbling of its former chiefs, 
his personal power has grown. 
 
But what will he do with this power? His ambition does not seem to have kept pace. With Mr Palocci 
at his elbow, Lula might have scaled back the ruinously expensive pension system, brought sanity to labour-
market regulation and simplified a fiendishly complex tax code. Instead, he seems more inclined to husband 
his political capital than to spend it. 
 
 
 
PLURAL FORMS 
 
1. 
 
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL 
1. alumnus alumni 10. datum data 19. metropolis metropolises 
2. analysis analyses 11. diagnosis diagnoses 20. millennium millennia 
3. axis axes 12. emphasis emphases 21. momentum momentums, 
momenta 
4. bacterium bacteria 13. focus focuses, foci 22. oasis oases 
5. basis bases 14. forum forums, fora 22. phenomenon phenomena 
6. campus campuses 15. hypothesis hypotheses 23. referendum referendums, 
referenda 
7. crisis crises 16. means means 24. stimulus stimuli 
8. criterion criteria 17. medium media 25. stratum strata 
9. curriculum curriculums, 
curricula 
18. metamorphosis metamorphoses 26. syllabus syllabuses, 
syllabi 
 27. thesis theses 
 
 
2. 
1. churches 
2. women 
3. feet 
4. mice 
5. children 
6. oxen 
7. diaries 
8. spies 
9. leaves 
10. lives 
11. loaves 
12. wives 
13. cargoes 
14. echoes 
15. embargoes 
16. heroes 
17. volcanoes 
18. appendices; 
appendixes 
19. bureaus; 
bureaux 
20. matrices; 
matrixes 
21. aircraft 
22. series 
23. species 
 
 
 
107 
 
 
ARTICLES – exercise 1 
 
1. I used to play X soccer for my high school team. 
2. He gave me X good advice. 
3. This is A difficult situation. 
4. Superman is AN example of A fictional hero. 
5. I like X Indian food because it’s spicy. 
6. We had X bad weather last week. 
7. AN anecdote is A type of illustration. 
8. We wrote A book about our travels in Guatemala. 
9. X food is necessary for X survival. 
10. THE food we had at that restaurant was excellent. 
11. THE most useful magazines are those that tell you how to do something. 
12. We have A / THE need for X love. 
13. A fascinating place to visit is Samoa. 
14. All of THE dogs in THE neighborhood started to bark when THE lights went out. 
15. Rosa bought A new white dress and hat for graduation. Unfortunately, THE dress was too big. 
16. We saw A woman with A baby on THE Main Street bus. THE woman was frantic because THE baby was 
sick and crying. THE passengers could not believe it when THE bus driver stopped THE bus and asked 
THE woman and baby to get off. 
17. Joyce hates X authority. 
18. Professor Remby is AN authority on the Middle East. 
19. A parrot learns to speak through X imitation. 
20. That vase is AN imitation of an antique French vase. 
21. X life is often difficult. 
22. John has had A difficult life. 
23. He considers his violin A valuable possession. 
24. She enjoys AN atmosphere of gaiety and friendliness. 
25. THE atmosphere at the party was lively and free. 
26. THE distrust he felt after his friend abandoned him was understandable. 
27. He feels A distrust of people that is inexplicable. 
28. THE popularity of that new song is due to its subject matter. 
29. That song has A popularity that is hard to explain. 
30. He felt A loneliness that almost overwhelmed him. 
31. THE loneliness that she felt was overwhelming. 
32. Helen does not like THE cream cakes sold in THE local bakery. 
33. X handball is fast becoming A popular sport worldwide. 
34. We could see that THE Alps were covered in X snow. 
35. It is A long time since I met A lovely person like you! 
36. Diana has A degree in X engineering from THE University of London. 
37. THE problem for X today’s students is how to survive financially. 
38. THE French enjoy spending holidays in THE countryside. 
39. Please do not turn on THE water-heater in THE bathroom. 
40. Sue bought THE Picasso I was telling you about X last week. 
41. I am going to stand for Parliament at THE next election. 
42. When I left THE station, I had to stand in A/THE queue for A taxi for A long time. 
43. THE happiness of the majority depends on X hard work for everyone. 
44. X most main roads in this part of THE country follow THE line of THE roads built by THE Romans. 
45. Have you got THE latest record by this band? 
46. If I had X time (=time) / THE time (=opportunity), I would like to take up X archery. 
47. We spent A pleasant evening having X drinks at THE Robin Hood. 
48. THE Nile flows right through THE city. 
49. THE summer I spent in THE USA was one of THE best in my life. 
50. She was THE first woman to cross THE Atlantic in A canoe. 
51. Go down X High Street and turn right into X Mill Road. 
52. Please let me carry THE shopping. It is THE least I can do. 
53. I do not like X milk in THE coffee. 
54. At THE end of A busy day, X sleep is THE best tonic. 
108 
 
CURSO PREPARATÓRIO PARA A TERCEIRA FASE DO INSTITUTO RIO BRANCO: QUESTÕES DISCURSIVAS DE INGLÊS – PROFESSORA RACHEL LOURENÇO 
 
55. THE James Joyce I knew was not A novelist and was not X Irish either. 
56. We will go for A walk if THE sun comes out. 
57. This is THE last time I do you A favor. 
58. I am staying in THE Hilton so you can leave me A message. 
59. Please watch THE cabin attendant as she demonstrates THE use of THE/AN oxygen mask. 
60. Paul spent X half of his life in THE Far East. 
61. You have to use at X least A pint and A half of X milk. 
62. Dick has A sore throat and is taking X medicine. 
63. We arranged X accommodation on THE outskirts of THE city. 
64. There is A very difficult crossword in “THE Times”. 
65. Could you give me THE information I asked for in THE letter I sent you? 
66. I bought X jewelry for my sister by it was not THE kind she likes. 
67. I always wanted to be AN astronaut but THE ambition wore off. 
68. X safety at X work is A major concern for us. 
69. And X last of all, do not forget to put THE cat out for THE night. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ARTICLES – exercise 2 
 
How much money did X Charles G. Taylor, THE deposed president of Liberia, siphon out of his 
destitute, war-shattered country, and where is it? For almost seven years, since AN international warrant was 
issued for his arrest, THE search has stretched from THE mangrove swamps and diamond fields of West 
Africa to X Swiss banks and X shell corporations — a state-of-the-art version of THE sweeping asset hunts 
that have accompanied THE fall of autocrats since THE shah of Iran’s demise in the 1970s. 
 
X investigators have crawled in the dirt under porches and buildings in this impoverished capital to 
seek out financialrecords. They have X confronted bankers and X government officials on four continents. 
They have cross-referenced X mazes of documents charting THE transfer of millions of dollars into and out of 
X dozens of accounts. But they have come up dry for any money in X Mr. Taylor’s name. In fact, four years 
ago, X Mr. Taylor was classified as “partially indigent” by THE Special Court for Sierra Leone at The Hague, 
where he is charged with X instigating murder, X mutilation, X rape and X sexual slavery during intertwined 
wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone that claimed more than 250,000 victims from 1989 to 2003. That has left X 
donor nations — THE United States being THE largest — to cover his monthly $100,000 legal bill and the 
broader costs of his $20 million trial. 
 
But THE investigators push on, and A review by THE International Herald Tribune of X court 
transcripts, X bank records, and X newly available government receipts and X confidential prosecution memos 
indicates why they are reluctant to give up THE hunt. Some of the records show how THE country’s largest 
timber company sent X tax payments to X Mr. Taylor’s private account rather than THE national treasury. 
Others trace huge payments made by THE dominant cellphone company to people suspected of being Taylor 
cronies. Others depict A web of X front companies and X banks from X Hong Kong to X New York involved in 
THE movement of millions of dollars into X Mr. Taylor’s accounts in X Liberia. 
 
 
109 
 
 
PREPOSITIONS – exercise 1 
 
1. with 
2. on / upon / about 
3. on / upon /about 
4. to 
5. to and for 
6. for 
7. to 
8. for 
9. to 
10. of 
11. with and about 
12. in and at 
13. on / upon 
14. in 
15. from 
16. for 
17. on 
18. about / of 
19. from 
20. for 
21. for and from 
22. for 
23. on 
24. for 
25. with 
26. for 
27. between 
28. with 
29. with 
30. on/ upon / about 
31. for 
32. with 
33. for 
34. about 
35. on /upon 
36. for 
37. to 
38. on 
39. of 
40. in 
41. to / into 
42. to 
43. with 
44. on / upon 
45. on 
46. between 
47. from 
48. into 
49. about / of 
50. about 
51. to 
52. from 
53. on / upon 
54. into 
55. for 
56. with 
57. for 
58. from 
59. from / of 
60. against and for 
 
61. about 
62. for 
63. from 
64. at 
65. to 
66. with 
67. from and in 
68. about 
69. against 
70. from 
71. about 
72. from and to 
73. by 
74. on / upon 
75. into 
76. into 
77. to 
78. in 
79. with 
80. in 
81. about 
82. at 
83. to 
84. to 
85. off 
86. on 
87. through 
88. in 
89. on and at 
90. after 
91. to 
92. for 
93. with 
94. for 
95. after 
96. to 
97. with 
98. in 
99. for 
100. for 
101. to 
102. at 
103. over 
104. for 
105. to 
106. into 
107. to 
108. over 
109. from 
110. from 
111. on 
112. from 
113. from /against 
114. against 
115. with 
116. to 
117. for 
118. with 
119. with and about 
/ over 
120. between 
121. to 
122. for 
123. to 
124. on / upon 
125. from 
126. as 
127. on / upon 
128. of 
129. of 
130. to 
131. with 
132. to 
133. to 
134. in 
135. from 
136. with 
137. against / from 
138. from 
139. for 
140. from 
141. into 
142. with 
143. at 
144. on 
145. for 
146. for 
147. in 
148. from 
149. with 
150. after 
151. of 
152. with 
153. of / about 
154. from and into 
155. at 
156. on 
157. against 
158. for 
159. for 
160. at / on 
161. about 
162. at / for 
163. about 
164. about 
165. for 
166. to 
167. from 
168. to 
169. to 
170. with 
171. for 
172. of 
173. to / with 
174. to / with 
175. about / at / by 
176. of 
177. on / upon 
178. at / with and 
about 
179. to / for 
180. by / with 
181. with 
182. by / at 
183. at / by / with 
184. by 
185. with 
186. with 
187. of 
188. of 
189. with 
190. to 
191. with 
192. of 
193. on / upon 
194. to 
195. with 
196. with 
197. on / upon 
198. to 
199. on / upon 
200. of / from 
201. to 
202. of 
203. from 
204.about/at/by/with 
205. in 
206. for 
207. for 
208. in 
209. about 
210. to 
211. with 
212. for / to 
213. from 
214. with 
215. to 
216. with 
217. to 
218. for 
219. to 
220. with 
221. with 
222. from 
223. to 
224. for 
225. to 
226. for 
227. from 
228. to 
229. in 
230. in 
231. in 
232. of 
233. on 
234. for 
235. to 
236. about 
237. to 
238. for 
239. to 
240. to 
 
241. with and about 
242. about 
243. for 
244. for and to 
245. to 
246. against 
247. with 
248. for 
249. from 
250. by / with 
251. for 
252. to 
253. to 
254. to 
255. of 
256. from 
257. in 
258. from 
259. for 
260. with 
261. with 
262. from 
263. in 
264. to 
265. about 
266. for 
267. to 
268. for 
269. at / by 
270. with 
271. of 
272. for 
273. to 
274. of 
275. about 
276. over 
277. to 
278. to 
279. for 
280. for 
281. in 
282. on / upon 
283. of 
284. to and on 
285. in and of 
286. of 
287. of and for 
288. in 
289. in and for 
290. in/on/upon/over 
291. in 
292. for 
293. of 
294. of 
295. at / in 
296. in 
297. on 
298. for 
299. on / upon 
300. for / to 
301. of 
 
 
110 
 
CURSO PREPARATÓRIO PARA A TERCEIRA FASE DO INSTITUTO RIO BRANCO: QUESTÕES DISCURSIVAS DE INGLÊS – PROFESSORA RACHEL LOURENÇO 
 
PREPOSITIONS – exercise 2 
 
1. 
1. to 
2. with 
3. against 
4. from 
5. at 
6. for 
7. with 
8. about 
9. with 
10. from 
11. for 
12. with 
13. in 
14. under 
15. to 
16. for 
17. with 
18. to 
19. in 
20. with 
2. 
1. for 
2. by 
3. at 
4. under 
5. on 
6. of 
7. for 
8. to 
9. by 
3. 
1) of 
2) with 
3) of 
4) to 
5) for 
6) from 
7) of 
8) in 
9) from 
10) to 
11) with 
12) from 
13) to 
14) on 
15) for 
4. 
1) suffering 
2) attributed 
3) provided 
4) focused 
5) blaming 
6) subjected 
7) discussed 
8) suggested 
9) benefit 
10) resign 
11) stemmed 
12) referred 
13) specialized 
14) allowing 
15) elaborated 
 
 
 
PREPOSITIONS – exercise 3 
 
1. of 
2. about 
3. with 
4. at 
5. on 
6. to 
 
7. by 
8. for 
9. in 
10. from 
11. on 
12. to 
13. over 
14. with 
15. for 
16. in 
17. for 
18. of 
 
19. with 
20. from 
21. on 
22. against 
23. about 
24. at 
25. to 
26. in 
27. with 
28. at 
29. on 
30. beyond 
 
31. by 
32. for 
33. out of 
34. under 
35. without 
36. above / after 
/ at / in 
 
 
PREPOSITIONS – exercise 4 
 
1. The painting by Picasso. 
2. The painting of Picasso. 
3. The painting of Picasso’s. 
4. The arrangements for departure. 
5. The hospital of / in Buffalo. 
6. An address on Fifth Avenue. 
7. The lights on the ground floor. 
8. The buttons on the uniform. 
9. Cars on the road. 
10. The lightening on the roads. 
11. A bend in the road. 
12. An attack to / on the village. 
13. The road to / along the coast. (different) 
14. A representative for New York. 
15. The difference in color. 
16. Tools similar in shape. 
17. The notes by the secretary. 
18. A ring on / around the finger. 
19. A sash on / around the waist. 
20. At Christmas time. 
21. On Christmas day. 
22. At cost price. 
23. Sit in / on a chair. 
24. In flip-flops. 
25. In a suit. 
26. Forty people in all / altogether. 
27. A check for 200 dollars. 
28. Congratulations on passing. 
29. On the bus. 
30. In the car. 
31. By bus. By car. By bicycle. 
32. On foot. 
33. To the south of that city. 
34. Walk in the shade. 
35. The cat jumped onto the table. 
36. By / Through the front door. 
37. To the left. 
38. Make way to the door. 
39. A house nextdoor / next to / beside the other. 
40. A house across from / opposite the other. 
41. A car in front of the house. 
42. At (the age of) 16. 
43. In / Within a week. 
44. I fell asleep during the movie. 
45. I watched TV for hours. 
46. Phone by Friday. 
47.We waited until it stopped raining. 
48. The rooms in the house. 
49. The damage to the estate. 
50. To the detriment of someone. 
51. The key to the laboratory. 
111 
 
LOGICAL CONNECTORS 
 
1. 
1. When 
2. as / when 
3. As / When / While 
4. as / when / while 
5. as / when 
6. When 
7. when 
8. when 
9. when 
10. As / When 
11. as / when 
12. as / when / while 
13. when 
14. when / while 
 
15. when 
16. as / when 
17. As / When 
18. As 
 
 
2. 
1. In spite of 
2. even though 
3. however 
 
 
4. in spite of 
5. even though 
6. even though 
 
7. In spite of 
8. However 
9. even though 
 
10. however 
11. Even though 
12. In spite of 
3. 
1. Her death was due to natural causes. 
2. The crash was most likely due to a mechanical failure. 
3. We didn't receive your letter due to / owing to / because 
of the postal strike. 
4. The high price of vegetables is due to the dry weather. 
5. He couldn’t compete in the match due to / owing to / 
because of an ankle injury. 
6. I can't meet you tomorrow because I have other 
commitments. 
 
 
7. The boat couldn't put to sea due to / owing to / 
because of the strong wind. 
8. She couldn't complete the work due to / owing to / 
because of her illness. 
9. We couldn't get to his house due to / owing to / 
because of flooding on the road. 
10. I can't print out the letter because my computer 
isn't working. 
 
4. 
1. Since all the cakes looked good, she couldn't decide 
which to choose. 
2. She walked carefully because the streets were covered 
with ice. 
3. As he is now 17 years old, he can learn to drive. 
4. I had to ask for help as I had no idea how it worked. 
5. Because they had been married for ten years, they 
were going to have a party. 
6. They had to buy the machine abroad since the prices 
at home were sky high. 
 
 
5. 
3. D. But for the financial support of British people living abroad, the party would not have been able to mount such a 
successful election campaign. 
4. C. But for millions of dollars’ worth of aid from governments around the world, most people in the country would have 
starved to death. 
5. B. But for his family encouragement, he would never have become a writer. 
6. A. Except for stopping at around 11 to make a cup of coffee, I didn’t stop working all morning. 
7. E. The conference went according to plan, except for a confusion over what time dinner started. 
8. H. We rarely go to the theater, except around Christmas when we take the children. 
9. I. But for the two reporters’ tremendous energy, the story would probably not have come to light. 
10. F. Except for having bigger leaves, this plant is similar to the one in our garden. 
 
 
6. 
1. We crept up the stairs so as not to / in order not to wake Suzanne. 
2. I swept the broken glass off the path so as to / in order to prevent an accident. 
3. We wrote Katie's name on the calendar so as not to / in order not to forget her birthday. 
4. I didn't say anything about Colin's red nose so as not to / in order not to embarrass him. 
5. He bought a truck so as to / in order to carry out his business. 
6. She left the party quietly so as not to / in order not to (have to) say goodbye. 
 
 
7. 
1. In case / If / In the event that the performance is called off, I’ll let you know at once. 
 I’ll let you know at once in case / if / in the event that the performance is called off. 
2. In case / If / In the event that a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once. 
 The management must be notified at once in case / if / in the event that a robbery occurs in the hotel. 
3. Unless you have this leak in the roof fixed, the whole ceiling will be ruined. 
 The whole ceiling will be ruined unless you have this leak in the roof fixed. 
4. Unless I get the money on time, I won’t go on my vacation. 
 I won’t go on my vacation unless I get the money on time. 
112 
 
CURSO PREPARATÓRIO PARA A TERCEIRA FASE DO INSTITUTO RIO BRANCO: QUESTÕES DISCURSIVAS DE INGLÊS – PROFESSORA RACHEL LOURENÇO 
 
8. (* Sentences with “were” are more formal.) 
 
1. He acted as if / as though he was / were* / had been unaware of recent developments. 
2. He looks as if / as though he is / was / were* at peace with himself. 
3. That college professor treats his students as if / as though they are / were* children. 
4. He acted as if / as though he was / were* / had been spoiled as a child. 
5. He behaves as if / as though the world owes / owed him a living. 
6. He looks as if / as though he has had / had had too much to drink. 
7. He acts as if / as though he has never / had never been in an elegant restaurant before. 
 
 
9. 
 
1. Wherever 
2. While 
3. because / since / as 
4. When 
 
 
5. Though 
6. because / since / as 
7. If / Provided 
8. Because / Since / As 
9. Though 
10. Because 
11. As 
12. If / Provided 
10. 
 
1. Taking the bus is cheaper than driving, and it conserves energy. 
2. The skier broke his leg, so he couldn’t compete in the Olympics. 
3. Students may not smoke in class, nor may they eat in class. / Students may neither smoke nor eat in class. 
4. Zoo animals must not be fed by visitors, for some snack foods are harmful to their health. 
5. The family next door had just moved in, so the neighbors had a welcoming party for them. 
6. Most people buy margarine, for butter is very expensive. 
7. I bought a large car two years ago, but / yet now I wish I had bought a small one. 
8. Would you like to go to a movie or would you rather go ice skating? 
 
 
11. 
 
1. This school will be closed next year. Therefore, / Thus, / Then, / Hence, / As a result, / As a consequence,/ For this 
reason, / Consequently, the children will be bused to another school. 
This school will be closed next year; therefore, / thus, / then, / hence, / as a result, / as a consequence,/ for this reason, / 
consequently, the children will be bused to another school. 
 
2. The president of that country is repressive and cruel. In conclusion, / In short, / To sum up, / In other words, he is a 
tyrant. 
The president of that country is repressive and cruel; in conclusion, / in short, / to sum up, / in other words, he is a tyrant. 
 
3. I’m sure you are a very intelligent person. However, / Nevertheless, / Nonetheless, / On the other hand, / Still, you can’t 
type, so I can’t hire you. 
I’m sure you are a very intelligent person; however, / nevertheless, / nonetheless, / on the other hand, / still, you can’t type, 
so I can’t hire you. 
 
4. This type of flour is not made in the United States. Therefore, / Thus, / Then, / Hence, / As a result, / As a consequence,/ 
For this reason, / Consequently, I can’t make the Oriental cake I told you about. 
This type of flour is not made in the United States; therefore, / thus, / then, / hence, / as a result, / as a consequence,/ for 
this reason, / consequently, I can’t make the Oriental cake I told you about. 
 
5. People should exercise regularly. Or else, / Otherwise, they will get out of shape. 
People should exercise regularly; or else, / otherwise, they will get out of shape. 
 
6. Barbara is quite a bit taller than most women. In fact, / As a matter of fact, / Indeed, she is six inches taller than her 
husband. 
Barbara is quite a bit taller than most women; in fact, / as a matter of fact, / indeed, she is six inches taller than her 
husband. 
 
7. Keep your dog quiet. Or else, / Otherwise, I will call the police. 
Keep your dog quiet; or else, / otherwise, I will call the police. 
 
8. I would like to take an English literature course. However, / Nevertheless, / Nonetheless, / On the other hand, / Still, I 
haven’t had the prerequisites yet. 
I would like to take an English literature course; however, / nevertheless, / nonetheless, / on the other hand, / still, I haven’thad the prerequisites yet. 
113 
 
 
9. Mr. Smith is an intelligent and stimulating teacher. Furthermore, / Besides, / In addition, / Moreover, he takes an interest 
in the personal well-being of his students. 
Mr. Smith is an intelligent and stimulating teacher; furthermore, / besides, / in addition, / moreover, he takes an interest in 
the personal well-being of his students. 
 
10. It’s too late to go to the movies. Furthermore, / Besides, / In addition, / Moreover, I don’t like the picture they’re 
playing. 
It’s too late to go to the movies; furthermore, / besides, / in addition, / moreover, I don’t like the picture they’re playing. 
 
11. He didn’t study hard enough. Or else, / Otherwise, he would have passed the examination. 
He didn’t study hard enough; or else, / otherwise, he would have passed the examination. 
 
12. You must do as the doctor says. Or else, / Otherwise, you may get sick again. 
You must do as the doctor says; or else, / otherwise, you may get sick again. 
 
 
12. 
 
1. Either say something constructive, or don’t say anything at all. 
2. Americans not only pay income tax, but they are also charged high sales taxes in some states. / Not only do Americans 
pay income tax, but they are also charged high sales taxes in some states. 
3. Either Mr. Parker will move to France, or he will change jobs and stay here. / Mr. Parker will either move to France or 
change jobs and stay here. 
4. In planning for their careers, people must consider not only their own special interests, but they must also take the job 
market into careful consideration. / In planning for their careers, not only must people consider their own special 
interests, but they must also take the job market into careful consideration. 
5. She decided to change not only her major but also universities. / She decided not only to change her major but also 
universities. / Not only did she decide to change her major, but she also decided to change universities. 
6. The architect designed the building to be neither modern nor attractive. / Neither did the architect design the building to 
be modern nor did she design it to be attractive. 
7. The psychology department offered courses neither in abnormal behavior nor in human relations last semester. / Neither 
did the psychology department offer courses in abnormal behavior, nor did it offer courses in human relations. 
 
 
13. 
 
(1) however / nevertheless / still 
(2) and 
(3) so 
(4) or 
(5) However / Nevertheless / Still 
(6) but 
(7) Not only 
(8) but it can also 
(9) and 
(10) In sum / In conclusion / In other words / As a result / Therefore 
 
 
 
 
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 
 
1. 
1. allow 
2. is 
3. is 
4. seem 
5. is 
6. shows 
7. appears 
 
2. 
1. was / were 
2. has / have 
3. have 
4. were 
5. has / have 
6.was / were 
7. were 
8. has / have 
9. has / have 
10. were 
 
3. 
1. are complex 
2. correct 
3. correct 
4. is very disturbing. 
5. have changed 
6. Diabetes is an illness 
7. correct 
8. is no longer 
9. Statistics is 
10. athletes compete 
11. are worrying 
12. correct 
 
4. 
1. have 
2. is 
3. is / are 
4. are 
5. has / have 
6. is 
7. is / are 
8. have 
9. is 
10. is / are 
11. is / are 
12. has 
13. has 
14. have 
15. is 
 
 
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INVERSIONS 
 
1. 
a) Hardly had 
b) Under no 
circumstances are 
c) Little did 
d) Were you 
e) as did 
f) Rarely have 
g) Not only did 
h) Under no 
circumstances will 
i) No sooner had 
j) Rarely have 
2. 
a) you need 
b) to have taken off 
c) I studied 
d) you be 
e) you gone / she gone 
f) has she spent / had 
she spent 
g) you feel 
h) we to offer / they to 
offer / I to offer 
i) the government taken 
/ the party taken 
j) had we got 
3. 
a) he would never 
b) did I remember 
c) when 
d) was I 
e) was I aware 
f) passed 
g) Pete has arrived 
h) than 
4. 
a) the office phoned me did I find 
out 
b) later were the facts 
c) great was the response 
d) did Harry break his leg but he 
e) did the police suspect the judge 
f) no way can the bus driver be held 
g) the government to raise 
h) had I got home than 
i) I asked a passer-by did I realize 
j) had the minister started his speech 
when 
 
ADVANCED STRUCTURES 
 
1. Only when/after our visas had been double-checked were we allowed into the country. 
2. Under no circumstances are you to visit the old part of town. 
3. Never before has television played such an important role in our lives. 
4. Seldom do you come across someone as well-informed as Charles Osborne. 
5. Had he not been listening to the radio he would not have learned the news. 
6. No sooner had we sat down than the telephone rang. 
7. Never again will I work for that company. 
8. Little did she realize what was about to happen. 
9. So well does he act that the audience hangs on his every word. 
10. Not for another / before six months did Sally meet him again. 
11. The best architect will be presented with a prize by the mayor. 
12. This year an increased / unprecedented number of drivers have been arrested for speeding. 
13. Smoking will be banned / is going to be banned / is to be banned from next month. 
14. One could/may be arrested for refusing to obey / disobeying local laws about noise. 
15. My brother was made to fill in all the application forms again. 
16. The project was due / supposed to have been completed / to be completed last month. 
17. The housing problem needs a solution / needs to be solved / should be solved as quickly as possible. 
18. It is alleged that he had no knowledge of / did not know about the situation. 
19. It is thought that he will be arriving later in the day. 
20. The police are reported to have already arrested a man. 
21. It is believed that she had been using a false passport to enter the country. 
22. It was said that he hadn’t been aware of the gravity of the situation. 
23. It is claimed that he knew exactly what was happening. 
 
SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
1. remember 2. read 3. be repaired 4. focus 5. not enter 6. attend 7. drive 8. be taken 
9. reduce 10. be allowed 11. not swim 12. monitor 13. (not) be invited 14. work 
 
VERBS AS OBJECTS 
 
1. We enjoy driving. 
2. We used to drive. 
3. We are used to driving. 
4. We would rather drive. 
 We prefer to drive. 
 We prefer driving. 
5. We are trying to drive. 
6. We (have) decided to drive. 
7. We are thinking about driving. 
8. We had better drive. 
9. We (have) stopped driving. 
10. We (have) stopped cycling to 
drive. 
 
11. We want to drive. 
12. We hope to drive. 
13. They let us drive. 
14. We are looking forward to 
driving. 
15. We avoid driving. 
16. We (have) suggested driving. 
17. We (have) suggested that he 
drive / suggested his driving. 
18. We mind driving. 
19. We saw them drive. 
 We saw them driving. 
20. We reminded them to drive. 
 
21. We manage(d) to drive. 
22. We do not feel like driving. 
23. We were forced to drive. 
 We were made to drive. 
 We were forced into driving. 
24. They made us drive. 
 They forced us to drive. 
25. We promised to drive. 
26. We could not help saying it. 
 We could not help but say it. 
27. We dared (to) say it. 
28. We threatened to say it. 
29. We cannot stand driving. 
30. We helped them (to) drive. 
31. We encouraged them to drive. 
115 
 
 
 
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 
 
1. (suggested adverbs) 
a) really marvelous (ungradable) 
b) very simple (gradable) 
c) simply enormous (ungradable) 
d) utterly devastated (ungradable) 
e) extremely complicated (gradable) 
f) deeply disappointed (gradable) 
g) totallyabsurd (ungradable) 
h) pretty hard (gradable) 
i) immensely popular (gradable) 
j) completely terrified (ungradable) 
k) hugely successful (gradable) 
l) absolutely essential (ungradable) 
2. 
a) small blue Japanese (size + color + origin) 
b) beautiful wooden coffee (opinion + material + purpose) 
c) powerful combined military (opinion + participle adjective + 
type) 
d) fantastic new German (opinion + age + origin) 
e) wonderful soft woolen (opinion + quality + material) 
f) small square metal jewelry (size + shape + material + 
purpose) 
 
 
 
3. 
a) popular outdoor (opinion + type) 
b) mud and straw (both are materials; ungradable) 
c) famous medical (quality + type) 
d) important, urgent OR important and urgent / urgent, important OR urgent and important (both are qualities; gradable) 
e) boring, depressing OR boring and depressing (both are participle adjectives; gradable) 
 
 
4. 
1. We walked TOGETHER to the end of the garden. 
2. I have JUST bought a new car. 
3. He speaks five languages FLUENTLY. 
4. Jenny has RECENTLY been appointed Professor of Nursing. 
5. He had NEVER been to London before. 
6. Susan SOON became bored with the new toys. 
7. John was FREQUENTLY away from home in his new job. 
8. They are HARDLY EVER at home these days. 
9. Being alone USUALLY brought her a sense of peace. 
5. 
1. often 
2. soon 
3. never 
4. totally 
5. recently 
6. always 
 
 
 
 
6. 
2. She sailed AROUND THE WORLD IN TEN MONTHS. 
3. He was arrested LAST WEEK AT THE CUSTOMS DESK OF BANGKOK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT. 
4. He stayed AT HOME ALL DAY. 
5. You should not take WHAT SHE SAYS SERIOUSLY. 
6. He walked DANGEROUSLY ALONG THE TOP OF THE WALL. 
7. The recipe uses ONLY THE FINEST INDIAN INGREDIENTS. 
8. She sat SILENTLY FOR A FEW MINUTES. 
9. We are going TO ATHENS NEXT SUMMER. 
10. He waited PATIENTLY OUTSIDE THE DOOR. 
11. They cheered EXCITEDLY THROUGHOUT THE MATCH. 
 
 
 
 
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 
 
 
1. 
1. sunshine / showers 
2. luggage / equipment / bags 
3. equipment / tools 
4. jewelry / equipment / paintings 
5. work / jobs 
6. accommodation / equipment / houses 
 
2. 
1. chickens 
2. an improvement 
3. successes 
4. Life 
5. a dislike 
6. language 
 
116 
 
CURSO PREPARATÓRIO PARA A TERCEIRA FASE DO INSTITUTO RIO BRANCO: QUESTÕES DISCURSIVAS DE INGLÊS – PROFESSORA RACHEL LOURENÇO 
 
 
 
 
3. 
1. a) I had to go through a very strict and traditional education. 
 b) Education has been hit once again in the government’s spending cuts. 
 
2. a) Traffic was building up on the motorway as the fog got thicker. 
 b) Since the war, an illegal traffic in weapons was grown. 
 
3. a) Outnumbered by at least three to one, he knew that resistance was useless. 
 b) After a while we seemed to build up a resistance to mosquitoes. 
 
4. a) The judge awarded Mr Sinclair damages of nearly £50,000. 
 b) The accident caused some damage to my car but it was not worth getting it repaired. 
 
5. a) Muriel gave a paper at the conference on the psychological effects of divorce. 
 b) The use of recycled paper is saving thousands of trees from being cut down each year. 
 
6. a) It is said to be speech that distinguishes us from other animals. 
 b) We had to listen to some long and boring speeches after the meal. 
 
 
 
 
4. 
 
 
1. advice (U) 
 
hint (C) 
 
17. laughter (U) 
 
smile (C) 
2. air (U) breath (C) 18. luck (U) accident (C) 
3. architecture (U) plan (C) 19. luggage (U) suitcase (C) 
4. behavior (U) reaction (C) 20. peace (U) ceasefire (C) 
5. bridge (C) engineering (U) 21. permit (C) permission (U) 
6. cash (U) coin (C) 22. poetry (U) poem (C) 
7. clothing (U) garment (C) 23. progress (U) exam (C) 
8. cooking (U) kitchen (C) 24. report (C) news (U) 
9. experiment (C) research (U) 25. safety (U) guard (C) 
10. fact (C) information (U) 26. thunderstorm (C) lightning (U) 
11. flu (U) cough (C) 27. traffic (U) vehicle (C) 
12. gadget (C) equipment (U) 28. tune (C) music (U) 
13. harm (U) injury (C) 29. university (C) education (U) 
14. job (C) work (U) 30. water (U) drop (C) 
15. joke (C) fun (U) 31. weather (U) shower (C) 
16. journey (C) travel (U) 
 
 
 
 
5. 
1. a) countable 
 b) uncountable 
2. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
3. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
4. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
5. a) countable 
 b) uncountable 
6. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
7. a) countable 
 b) uncountable 
8. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
9. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
10. a) countable 
 b) uncountable 
11. a) countable 
 b) uncountable 
12. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
13. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
14. a) countable 
 b) uncountable 
15. a) countable 
 b) uncountable 
16. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
17. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
18. a) countable 
 b) uncountable 
19. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
20. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
21. a) countable 
 b) uncountable 
22. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
23. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
24. a) uncountable 
 b) countable 
 
 
 
117 
 
6. 
1. If there has been a robbery you should call the police. 
2. Her brothers were all in bed asleep when she left X home in the morning. 
3. X most houses in the South of England are built of brick. 
4. He’s in hospital having an operation. 
5. What X wonderful news about Henry’s sister getting a / the scholarship! 
6. How much luggage are you going to take on the plane? 
7. I’d like some information on holidays in the USA. Can you give me some advice? 
8. What a magnificent view of the mountains in the distance! 
9. He has beautiful brown eyes and a moustache. 
 
 
 
RELATIVE CLAUSES 
 
1. 
1. that 
2. that / X 
3. that / whom / X 
4. that / which 
5. that / X 
6. that / X 
7. which / that 
8. which / that / X 
9. which / that / X 
10. who / that 
11. that 
12. that / X 
 
 
2. 
1. The Southam Chess Club, which has more than 50 members, meets weekly on Friday evenings. 
2. Dr. Richard Newman, who is an aviation expert, was asked to comment on the latest helicopter crash. 
3. The strike by train drivers, which ended yesterday, is estimated to have cost over $3 million. 
4. John Graham’s latest film, which is set in the north of Australia, is his first for more than five years. 
5. The police are looking for two boys aged about 14, who stole a computer from the office. 
6. The hurricane, which caused such damage in the islands, has now headed out to sea. 
 
 
3. 
1. The film is about the lives of three women, all of whom are played by Kate Dillon. 
2. The island’s two million inhabitants, most of whom are peasant farmers, have been badly affected by the drought. 
3. She has two older brothers, neither of whom went to university. 
4. About 30 of her friends and relations, many of whom had traveled long distances, came to the airport to welcome her 
back. 
5. The minister has recently visited Estonia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, all of which have large Russian minorities. 
6. The fish, the biggest of which is only 2cm long, are multicolored. / The fish, of which the biggest is only 2cm long, are 
multicolored. 
7. Scotland has won its last five international games, one of which was against England. 
 
 
4. 
1. They climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which they got a good view. 
2. I would like to thank my tutor, without whom I would never have finished the work. 
3. She has now moved back to the house on Long Island in which she was born. 
4. The star is to be named after Patrick Jenks, by whom it was discovered. 
5. This is the ball with which Dennis scored three goals in the final. 
6. He is now able to beat his father, from whom he learned how to play chess. 
7. Thebook is enjoyed by adults as well as children, for whom it was primarily written. 
8. There are still many things in our solar system about/of which we know nothing. 
 
 
5. 
1. Tom Sims, in whose car the weapons were found, has been arrested. 
2. Tom Hain, on whose novel the TV series is based, will appear in the first episode. 
3. Dr. Jackson owns the castle through whose grounds the main road passes. 
4. Tessa Parsons is now managing director of Simons, the company in which she was once a secretary. 
5. Allowing the weapons to be sold is an action of which the government should be ashamed. 
6. The dragonfly is an insect of which we know very little. 
 
 
6. 
1. planet, which 2. man I 3. remember which 4. party was 5. friends who 6. ball must 
 
 
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7. 
1. I waited for him until 6.30, at which point I gave up. 
2. The whole summer was sunny and warm, which made a nice change. 
3. The police never caught the person who (had) committed the crime. 
4. I can’t remember when it last rained heavily. 
5. Do you get on with the person who lives next door? 
 
FALSE COGNATES 
 
WORD TRANSLATION WORD TRANSLATION 
accost interpelar consistent constante 
coerente 
actually na verdade, na realidade construe interpretar, explicar 
adept (at) perito contemporize modernizar, atualizar 
advert anúncio 
comentar, referir-se a 
conversant íntimo, versado 
ailment doença, enfermidade converse oposto, contrário 
alias codinome, pseudônimo, "vulgo" costume traje típico, fantasia 
amass acumular, reunir cynical (adj) 
cynic (noun) 
cético, descrente 
amenities estabelecimentos que tornam uma área 
residencial mais aprazível 
data (plural) dados, informações 
anniversary aniversário (de morte, de inauguração; 
não de nascimento de pessoas) 
deception ilusão, engano 
anticipate different from Portuguese: ansiar 
similar to Portuguese: prever 
deputy substituto, auxiliar 
antique objeto de arte antigo devolve transferir, delegar, descentralizar 
apologize desculpar-se discrete distinto, separado, pontual 
apparel vestuário discuss debater, considerar, conversar 
appoint nomear, indicar, designar disgrace vergonha 
argue different from Portuguese: discutir, 
brigar 
similar to Portuguese: argumentar 
disgust sentir nojo ou náusea 
assault atacar, ataque 
criticar, crítica 
dispense distribuir 
assume different from Portuguese: presumir 
similar to Portuguese: assumir 
dispense with prescindir 
avail servir, ser útil divert desviar 
available disponível education instrução, educação formal 
barrack interromper elaborate sofisticado, esmerado, aperfeiçoado 
detalhar 
block different from Portuguese: quadra 
similar to Portuguese: bloqueio 
engross monopolizar, absorver a atenção 
bond elo, vínculo 
apólice, título 
enroll matricular, inscrever 
candid franco equivocate evadir-se, confundir os outros 
candor franqueza estate propriedade, imóvel 
casualty infortúnio, dano, baixa estranged separado, isolado, afastado 
caution cuidado, precaução eventually finalmente, depois de algum tempo 
claim alegar exhaustive completo, minucioso 
college faculdade exigency urgência 
commitment compromisso 
internamento 
exit saída 
commotion alvoroço, agitação expedient útil, vantajoso 
complexion tez, pele 
aspecto 
expert perito, especialista 
compliment elogio, elogiar exquisite refinado, requintado, sofisticado, 
belo 
complimentary cortês, grátis, gratuito extensive amplo, em larga escala 
comprehensive amplo, extenso, abrangente extenuate atenuar, subestimar 
condescending altivo, superior, extrapolate fazer previsões ou estimativas 
condition problema de saúde 
condição 
fabric estrutura 
tecido 
 
119 
 
 
WORD TRANSLATION WORD TRANSLATION 
facility instalação, edifício, serviço physician médico 
faculty different from Portuguese: corpo 
docente (universidade ou faculdade) 
similar to Portuguese: habilidade, 
faculdade mental 
policy ação, política, medida 
apólice 
fastidious exigente, difícil de contentar prejudice preconceito 
gratify contentar 
satisfazer 
presently imediatamente, em breve (British 
English) 
hazard risco, perigo 
arriscar 
pretend fingir, simular, dissimular 
idiom expressão idiomática procure conseguir, obter 
impugn colocar em dúvida, duvidar professor professor universitário 
indulge ceder a caprichos (seus ou de outros) proffer ofertar 
infatuation mania, paixão qualification requisito, habilitação 
limitação, ressalva 
classificação 
inflammatory provocador, insuflador realize concluir, perceber 
ingenious hábil, engenhoso recipient recebedor, beneficiário 
ingenuity engenhosidade, criatividade reclaim recuperar 
inhabitable habitável relapse recaída, reincidência 
inquisitive intrometido relative parente 
intend pretender, ter a intenção de repeal revogar, anular 
jest zombaria, gracejo report denunciar (à polícia) 
apresentar-se 
relatar 
journal diário 
periódico 
resign demitir-se, renunciar 
large amplo, espaçoso, grande respite descanso, folga 
lecture conferência, palestra, preleção resume retomar, continuar 
liquor bebida alcoólica em geral retire aposentar-se 
lunch almoço retribution castigo, punição, vingança, retaliação 
luxury luxo, superfluidade, fausto sensible sensato 
malice maldade, rancor supper ceia, jantar 
manage dirigir, administrar 
conseguir 
stationery material de escritório; papel 
timbrado 
miserable deprimido, triste sympathy compaixão, solidariedade 
morose rabugento, mal-humorado, deprimido tax imposto 
nervous aflito tentative provisório, incerto 
notice comunicação, aviso tint tom, matiz 
notorious famigerado, famoso devido a algo 
negativo 
transpire vir à tona, tornar-se público 
novel novo 
romance (livro) 
tutor professor particular, preceptor 
orientador 
oblong retangular union sindicato 
ordinary comum, normal, regular utilities serviço público (água, energia, gás) 
parent pai ou mãe venture risco, acaso, aventura (arriscada) 
phrase locução, dito, expressão, sintagma voluble fluente, falante, loquaz 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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CURSO PREPARATÓRIO PARA A TERCEIRA FASE DO INSTITUTO RIO BRANCO: QUESTÕES DISCURSIVAS DE INGLÊS – PROFESSORA RACHEL LOURENÇO 
 
 
VOCABULARY 1 
 
Changes 
 
A. 
1. adapt 5. alter 9. increase 13. renew 17. fade 
2. adjust 6. vary 10. dissolve 14. renovate 18. replace 
3. transform 7. exchange 11. swell 15. promote 19. cure 
4. switch 8. expand 12. disappear 16. demote 20. reduce 
 
 
B. 
1. T 
2. T 
3. F The government has spent a lot of money improving roads around the country. There has been an improvement in 
the national road system. 
4. F The number of exam passes achieved by the school's pupils has risen by almost 50%. There has been an increase in 
the number of exam passes. 
5. F American travellers abroad have discovered that they can buy more foreign currency with their dollar. There has been a 
strengthening of the dollar. 
6. F It is now much easier to import goods into the country than it was a few years ago. There has been a relaxation of 
border controls. 
7. F We're increasing our stocks of coal before the winter begins. We're increasing / building up our stocks of coal. 
8. T 
9. F The pass rate for the exam was 3% lower this year than it was last year. There has been a slight fall in the pass rate. 
10. F The alliance is going to reduce the number of conventional weapons in their armed forces. The alliance is going to 
decrease the number of weapons they have. 
11. F Deflation has adversely affected industries around the country. There has been a decline in industrial activity. 
12. F The rulesare much stricter now than they were before. There has been a tightening up of the rules. 
13. F Last year, 12% of the population worked in industry and 10% worked in agriculture. This year, 14% of the population 
work in industry and 8% work in agriculture. There has been a widening of the gap between those working in 
different sectors of the economy. 
14. T 
15. F More people are shopping at large supermarkets rather than small village shops. There has been an downward 
trend in the number of people shopping in small village shops. 
16. T 
17. T 
18. T 
19. T 
20. F British people nowadays want to see more of the world. British people nowadays want to broaden their horizons. 
 
Joining / becoming part of something bigger 
 
C. 
1. linked 
2. amalgamated / merged 
3. blended 
 
 
4. amalgamated / merged 
5. incorporated 
6. assimilated / integrated 
 
7. assimilated / integrated 
8. swallowed up (informal) / took over 
9. got together 
10. swallowed up (informal) / took over 
 
D. 
1. alliance 
2. union 
3. federation 
 
4. alloy 
5. compound 
6. synthesis 
 
7. unification 
8. blend 
9. coalition 
10. merger 
 
Stopping something 
 
E. 
1. delete 
2. repeal 
3. deter 
4. dissuade 
5. rescind 
6. suppress 
7. sever 
8. turn down 
9. back out 
10. deny 
11. cancel 
12. quash 
13. give up 
14. put an end to 
15. remove 
 
 
121 
 
 
Opposites 
 
F. 
VERBS 
1. rejected 
2. denied 
3. retreated 
4. refused 
5. defended 
6. demolished 
7. simplified 
8. abandoned 
 
9. withdrew 
10. deteriorated 
11. refused (to let) 
12. rewarded 
13. lowered 
14. set 
15. fell 
16. loosened 
ADJECTIVES 
1. clear 
2. easy 
3. graceful 
4. detrimental 
5. approximate 
6. innocent 
7. even 
8. scarce 
 
9. flexible 
10. clear 
11. crude 
12. delicate 
13. dim 
14. compulsory 
15. reluctant 
 
 
VOCABULARY 2 
 
Money and finance 
 
A. 
1. Profit is money you gain from selling something, which is more than the money you paid for it. 
Loss is money you have spent and not got back. 
2. Extravagant describes somebody who spends a lot of money. 
Frugal or economical describes somebody who is careful with money. 
3. A current account is a bank account from which you can take money at any time. 
A deposit account is a bank account which pays you interest if you leave money in it for some time (we can also use 
the expression savings account or notice account). 
4. A loan is money which you borrow to buy something. 
A mortgage is a special kind of loan used to buy a house over a period of time. 
5. To deposit money is to put money into a bank account. 
To withdraw money is to take money out of a bank account (“Deposit” can be a noun or a verb. The noun form of 
“withdraw” is “withdrawal”). 
6. A wage and a salary are money you receive for doing a job, but a wage is usually paid daily or weekly and a salary is 
usually paid monthly. 
7. If you are broke, you have no money. It is an informal expression. If you are bankrupt, you are not able to pay back 
money you have borrowed. It is a much more serious financial situation. 
8. In the UK, shares are one of the many equal parts into which a company's capital is divided. People who buy them are 
called shareholders. Stocks are shares which are issued by the government. Dividends are parts of a company's profits 
shared out among the shareholders. 
9. Income tax is a tax on money earned as wages or salary. 
Excise duty is a tax on certain goods produced in a country, such as cigarettes or alcohol. 
10. To credit somebody's bank account is to put money into the account. 
To debit somebody's bank account is to take money out. In the UK, many people pay for bills etc. using a system 
called direct debit, where money is taken directly from their account by the company providing the goods or service. 
11. Traditionally a bank is a business organization which keeps money for customers and pays it out on demand or lends 
them money, and a building society is more usually associated with saving money or lending people money to buy 
houses. 
12. A discount is the percentage by which a full price is reduced to a buyer by the seller. 
A refund is money paid back when, for example, returning something to a shop (It can also be a verb: “to refund”). 
13. A worthless object has no value. A priceless object is extremely valuable. 
14. If you save money, you put it aside so that you can use it later. 
If you invest money, you put it into property, shares etc. so that it will increase in value. 
15. Inflation is a state of economy where prices and wages increase. 
Deflation is a reduction of economic activity. 
16. Income is the money you receive. Expenditure is the money you spend. 
17. If you lend money, you let someone use your money for a certain period of time. 
If you borrow money from someone, you take money for a time, usually paying interest. 
18. A bargain is something bought more cheaply than usual (the word can have other meanings - check your dictionary). 
Something which is overpriced is too expensive. 
Something which is exorbitant costs much more than its true value. 
 
B. 
1. F 2. I 3. L 4. E 5. J 6. K 7. C 8. H 9. G 10. A 11. B 12. D 
 
 
 
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Business and industry 
 
C. 
A. interest rates F. automation J. monopoly N. key industries 
B. secondary industries G. service industries K. nationalised industries O. inflation 
C. GNP H. balance of payments L. unemployment P. income tax 
D. output I. deficit M. taxation Q. VAT 
E. primary industries 
 
 
D. 
13. bust / recession 15. expenditure 3. net 11. white-collar 
5. credit 12. exports 7. private 10. take on 
1. demand for 4. lending 6. retail 9. unskilled laborers 
14. employees/ workers 
/staff 
2. loss 16. shop floor 8. state-owned industries 
 
 
E. 
1. interest 6. exports 11. management 16. nationalised 
2. borrowing 7. secondary industries 12. public 17. deficit 
3. lay off 8. blue-collar/white-collar 13. demand 18. automation 
4. unemployment 9. state-owned/ nationalised 14. supply 
5. inflation 10. salaries 15. revenue/ income 
 
 
The environment 
 
F. 
1. F 2. L 3. J 4. E 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. K 9. I 10. G 11. H 12. A 
 
 
G. 
10. acid rain 12a. emissions 8. genetically modified 7. organic 
2. biodegradable packaging 14. environmentalists 15. global warming 4. rain forest 
13. contaminated 5. erosion 1. Green Belt 6. recycle 
11. ecosystem 12b. fossil fuels 3. greenhouse 9. unleaded petrol 
 
 
H. 
1. fossil fuels 6. contaminated 11. recycle 16. environmentalists 
2. acid rain 7. emissions / gases 12. biodegradable 17. conservation programs 
3. greenhouse 8. Poaching 13. genetically modified 
4. global warming 9. endangered species 14. organic 18. battery farming 
5. rain forest 10. ecosystem 15. unleaded petrol 19. Green Belts 
 
 
Social tensions 
 
I. 
1. C 2. I 3. E 4. J 5. D 6. F 7. B 8. G 9. H 10. A 
 
J. 
civil rights – human rights 
ethnic cleansing – racial purging 
harassment – intimidation 
outcast – rejected 
picket line – blackleg 
poverty-stricken – destitute 
prejudice – discrimination 
refugee – displaced person 
rebel – non-conformist 
 
K. 
1. extremists 7. harassment / intimidation 13. poverty 
2. ethnic cleansing / genocide 8. Civil rights / Human rights 14. squatters 
3. Dissidents / Refugees 9. human rights / civil rights 15. discrimination / exploitation 
4. (political) asylum 10. Rebels 16. discrimination / exploitation5. illegal aliens 11. power struggle 17. blacklegs 
6. (institutional) racism 12. homeless 18. riots / unrest 
123 
 
 
 
 
 
 
VOCABULARY 3 
 
A. 
1. The two warring countries managed to reach / achieve a compromise over the terms for peace. 
2. During his first year as President he managed to achieve / accomplish / fulfill a lot more than his predecessor had in the 
previous five. 
3. The company couldn't afford to move to new premises but were able to reach I secure an agreement for a new lease. 
4. He worked hard at his job and was soon able to achieve / realize / fulfill his ambitions of being promoted to marketing 
manager. 
5. The country badly needed to increase its overall standard of living and attempted to achieve / reach / attain its targets – 
those of free education and healthcare – within eight years. 
6. After four years of hard work, the motor racing team managed to achieve / realize their dreams of winning the Monaco 
Grand Prix. 
7. He desperately wanted to start a new job, but first of all he had to fulfill his obligations to his current employer. 
8. Many people want to be rich, but few achieve / realize / fulfill their goal of becoming millionaires. 
9. I have a lot of plans, and one of them is to achieve / realize / fulfill my aims of doing well at school and then going to 
university. 
 
 
B. 
1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.C (‘backfired’ is also possible) 
 
 
C. 
Positive connotations: appeal to, attracted to, captivated by, fancy, fascinated by, fond of, keen on, long for, look forward 
to, passionate about, tempted by, yearn for 
Negative connotations: cannot bear, cannot stand, detest, disgust, dread, loathe, repel, revolt 
 
D. 
1. A: R – B: R 
2. A: R – B: W 
3. A: W – B: R 
4. A: W – B: R 
 
5. A: R – B: R 
6. A: W – B: R 
7. A: W – B: R 
8. A: R – B: W 
9. A: R – B: R 
10. A: R – B: W 
11. A: W – B: R 
12. A: W – B: R 
 
13. A: R – B: W 
14. A: R – B: R 
15. A: R – B: R 
16. A: R – B: R 
 
17. A: R – B: R 
18. A: R – B: R 
19. A: R – B: R 
20. A: W – B: R 
 
 
E. 
1.S 
2.S 
3.B 
4.B 
 
5.B 
6.B 
7.S 
8.B 
 
9.B 
10.B 
11.B 
12.B 
13.B 
14.B 
15.B 
16.B 
 
17.B 
18.B 
19.S 
20.B 
 
21.B 
22.B 
23. B 
 
 
F. 
1. a long-distance journey 
2. a great deal of time 
3. dozens of times 
4. A minute amount of dust 
5. a gigantic wave 
6. a huge waste of time 
7. a colossal statue 
8. plenty of food 
 
9. A broad river 
10. A vast crowd of supporters 
11. a gargantuan meal / plenty of food 
12. a tall man 
13. a mammoth job / tons of work 
14. a deep lake 
15. a minuscule piece of cloth 
16. an enormous book 
 
17. a mammoth job / tons of work 
18. a high mountain 
19. a monumental error 
20. a tiny car 
21. a giant building 
22. a wide avenue 
23. a shallow pool 
 
 
 
G. 
1. action / activity 
2. actually / currently 
3. advise / advice 
4. effect / affect 
13. inspect / control 
14. objection(s) / criticism(s) 
15. injury / damage / harm 
16. invent / discover 
25. lies / lay 
26. watch / look at 
27. permit / permission 
28. practice or practise /practice 
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CURSO PREPARATÓRIO PARA A TERCEIRA FASE DO INSTITUTO RIO BRANCO: QUESTÕES DISCURSIVAS DE INGLÊS – PROFESSORA RACHEL LOURENÇO 
 
5. appreciable / appreciative 
6. assumption /presumption 
7. ensure / assured / insure 
8. beside / besides 
9. shortly / briefly 
10. channel /canal 
11. conscious / conscientious 
12. continuous / continual 
17. economical / economic 
18. ruler /governor 
19. historic / historical 
20. however/ moreover 
21. inconsiderable / inconsiderate 
22. indigenous / Indian(s) 
23. intolerable /intolerant 
24. job / work 
29. priceless / worthless 
30. principle / principal / principal/ 
principle 
31. procession / process 
32. rise/raise 
33. respectful / respectable 
34. especially / specially 
35. treat/cure