<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/83fd7d4b-e04a-42c0-9bc2-cb8dddbd6f93/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3<span class="fs1 ws1 v1">a</span><span class="ws3 v0"> Série EM</span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">volume 2</div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y3 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0">Química</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y4 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Livr<span class="_0 blank"></span>o do</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y5 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">Pr<span class="_0 blank"></span>ofessor</div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y6 ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">Prezado(a) professor(a),</div><div class="t m0 x6 h7 y7 ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">Neste material, você encontrará o livro do volume que será trabalhado </div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y8 ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">(da disciplina e série que leciona), o guia do professor contendo sugestões </div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y9 ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">de abordagem e prioridades para cada módulo, entre outras informações </div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 ya ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">relevantes, e o gabarito comentado dos exercícios.</div><div class="t m0 x6 h7 yb ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">Em nosso portal está disponível a versão digital deste material. Solicite à </div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 yc ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">escola o seu cadastro para acessar a área restrita do portal.</div><div class="t m0 x6 h7 yd ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">Agora, nosso contato pode ser ainda mais rápido. Você pode acessar </div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 ye ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">o ícone \u201cReportar Problemas\u201d em nosso <span class="ff6">app</span> para enviar sugestões ou </div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 yf ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">críticas. Essas comunicações serão redirecionadas para os coordenadores </div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y10 ff5 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">pedagógicos da Plataforma Eleva.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y11 w1 h8" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/83fd7d4b-e04a-42c0-9bc2-cb8dddbd6f93/bg2.png"></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y11 w1 h9" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/83fd7d4b-e04a-42c0-9bc2-cb8dddbd6f93/bg3.png"><div class="t m0 x7 ha y12 ff7 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 6</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y13 ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">1. Assunto</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y14 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Estrutura a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tômica: modelo a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tômico a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tual e n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmer<span class="_1 blank"></span>os quân<span class="_1 blank"></span>ticos.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y15 ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">2. Objetivo</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y16 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Ensinar os p<span class="_1 blank"></span>rincipais pon<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos do m<span class="_1 blank"></span>odelo atô<span class="_1 blank"></span>mico<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y17 ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">3. Sugestões de abor<span class="_1 blank"></span>dagem</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y18 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Mos<span class="_1 blank"></span>trar que o modelo de Bohr ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>rimoro<span class="_1 blank"></span>u o de R<span class="_1 blank"></span>utherfo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rd;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y19 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ws8">mencionar a ex<span class="_1 blank"></span>citação de elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns e sua liberação de energia </span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hd y1a ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">sob a forma de luz.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y1b ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">4. Prioridade</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws9">Mos<span class="_1 blank"></span>trar os ava<span class="_1 blank"></span>nços do modelo de Bohr em com<span class="_1 blank"></span>paração ao de </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws4">Ruthe r ford.</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1e ff7 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 7</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y1f ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">1. Assunto</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y20 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Distribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica I.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y21 ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">2. Objetivo</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y22 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsa">Diferen<span class="_1 blank"></span>ciar as distribuições eletr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ônicas por nív<span class="_1 blank"></span>eis, sub<span class="_1 blank"></span>níveis e<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y23 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws5">orbit ai s .</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y24 ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">3. Sugestões de abor<span class="_1 blank"></span>dagem</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y25 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Seguir a se<span class="_3 blank"> </span>quência a<span class="_1 blank"></span>presen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tada; </div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y26 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ls3 wsa">mostrar que a dis<span class="_1 blank"></span>tribuição é uma repr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esentação de uma<span class="_1 blank"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hd y27 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">organização já exist<span class="_1 blank"></span>ent<span class="_1 blank"></span>e no át<span class="_1 blank"></span>omo<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y28 ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">4. Prioridade</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y29 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Explicar a distribuição eletr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ônica por sub<span class="_1 blank"></span>níveis.</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y2a ff7 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 8</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y2b ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">1. Assunto</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y2c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Distribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica II.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y2d ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">2. Objetivo</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y2e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Diferencia<span class="_1 blank"></span>r a distribuição de cá<span class="_1 blank"></span>tions da de ânio<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y2f ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">3. Sugestões de abor<span class="_1 blank"></span>dagem</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y30 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Relembra<span class="_1 blank"></span>r cátion<span class="_1 blank"></span>s e ânion<span class="_1 blank"></span>s;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y31 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>relemb<span class="_1 blank"></span>rar camada de valência;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y32 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="wsb">mostrar com ex<span class="_1 blank"></span>emp<span class="_1 blank"></span>los didáticos por que <span class="_1 blank"></span>o elétron é r<span class="_1 blank"></span>etirado </span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hd y33 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">da camada de valência e não do subníve<span class="_1 blank"></span>l mais energ<span class="_1 blank"></span>ético<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y34 ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">4. Prioridade</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y35 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc">Comp<span class="_1 blank"></span>reender que os e<span class="_1 blank"></span>létron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s devem ser retirados e adicionados </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y36 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">na camada de valência.</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y12 ff7 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 9</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y13 ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">1. Assunto</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y14 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">T<span class="_0 blank"></span>a<span class="_1 blank"></span>bela perió<span class="_3 blank"> </span>dica: critérios de orga<span class="_1 blank"></span>nização<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y15 ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">2. Objetivo</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y16 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd">Explicar os princi<span class="_1 blank"></span>pais elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos e estrut<span class="_1 blank"></span>uras da tabela perió<span class="_3 blank"> </span>dica, </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y37 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws9">relacion<span class="_1 blank"></span>ando a posição de determinado elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m algumas </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y38 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">características.</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y39 ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">3. Sugestões de abor<span class="_1 blank"></span>dagem</div><div class="t m0 xb hd y3a ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="wse">Refor<span class="_1 blank"></span>çar a impo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rtância do cont<span class="_1 blank"></span>exto histó<span class="_1 blank"></span>rico na elaboração </span></div><div class="t m0 xc hd y3b ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">da tabela perió<span class="_3 blank"> </span>dica;</div><div class="t m0 xb hd y3c ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="wsf">enfatizar os p<span class="_1 blank"></span>rincíp<span class="_1 blank"></span>ios de nomencla<span class="_1 blank"></span>tura dos e<span class="_1 blank"></span>lement<span class="_1 blank"></span>os e sua </span></div><div class="t m0 xc hd y3d ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">repr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esentação<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y3e ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">4. Prioridades</div><div class="t m0 xb hd y3f ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Mos<span class="_1 blank"></span>trar a disposição dos element<span class="_1 blank"></span>os ao long<span class="_1 blank"></span>o dos grupos;</div><div class="t m0 xb hd y40 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws10">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ls8 ws11">enfatizar qua<span class="_1 blank"></span>is com<span class="_1 blank"></span>portamentos de á<span class="_1 blank"></span>to<span class="_1 blank"></span>mos podem ser previstos </span></div><div class="t m0 xc hd y41 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3">por meio da localização dos elementos;</div><div class="t m0 xb hd y42 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>destacar a repr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esentação dos elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos grá\ue01fcos.</div><div class="t m0 xd ha y43 ff7 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 10</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y44 ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">1. Assunto</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y45 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">T<span class="_0 blank"></span>a<span class="_1 blank"></span>bela perió<span class="_3 blank"> </span>dica: pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>priedades periódicas e aperió<span class="_3 blank"> </span>dicas.</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y46 ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">2. Objetivo</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y47 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws12">Fazer co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m que o aluno iden<span class="_1 blank"></span>ti\ue01fque as p<span class="_1 blank"></span>rincipai<span class="_1 blank"></span>s pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>priedades rela-</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y48 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws13">cionadas aos elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos da tabela periódica, de modo que seja capaz </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y49 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14">de relacio<span class="_1 blank"></span>nar a posição de determinado elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to com algumas de </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y4a ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">suas pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>opriedades e características elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tar<span class="_1 blank"></span>es.</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y4b ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">3. Sugestões de abor<span class="_1 blank"></span>dagem</div><div class="t m0 xb hd y4c ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Refor<span class="_1 blank"></span>çar a impo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rtância da caracterização das prop<span class="_1 blank"></span>riedades;</div><div class="t m0 xb hd y4d ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ws15">enfatizar os p<span class="_1 blank"></span>rincíp<span class="_1 blank"></span>ios que relacio<span class="_1 blank"></span>nam a posição de um áto<span class="_1 blank"></span>mo </span></div><div class="t m0 xc hd y4e ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">na classi\ue01fcação periódic<span class="_3 blank"> </span>a e suas pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>priedades.</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y4f ff8 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">4. Prioridades</div><div class="t m0 xb hd y50 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ws16">Explicar a disposição dos elementos ao lo<span class="_1 blank"></span>ngo dos grupos e sua </span></div><div class="t m0 xc hd y51 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">importância para a determinação de pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>op<span class="_1 blank"></span>riedades;</div><div class="t m0 xb hd y52 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ls5 ws17">enfatizar q<span class="_1 blank"></span>uais co<span class="_1 blank"></span>mportamen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos de á<span class="_1 blank"></span>tomos podem ser<span class="_1 blank"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 xc hd y53 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">previstos por m<span class="_1 blank"></span>eio da localização dos elementos;</div><div class="t m0 xb hd y54 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ws18">enfatizar a co<span class="_1 blank"></span>mpa<span class="_1 blank"></span>ração entre elem<span class="_1 blank"></span>entos, n<span class="_1 blank"></span>o que tang<span class="_1 blank"></span>e às suas </span></div><div class="t m0 xc hd y55 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>priedades periódic<span class="_3 blank"> </span>as.</div><div class="t m0 x8 he y56 ffb fs7 fc1 sc0 lsa ws3">Química I</div><div class="t m0 x8 hf y57 ffc fs9 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">Guia do profes<span class="_1 blank"></span>sor</div><div class="t m0 xe h10 y58 ffd fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0">3</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y11 w1 h9" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/83fd7d4b-e04a-42c0-9bc2-cb8dddbd6f93/bg4.png"><div class="t m0 xf ha y12 ff7 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 6</div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y59 ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios concei<span class="_1 blank"></span>tuais</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y5a fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0 ws21"> <span class="_0 blank"></span>Bohr pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>pôs que os elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns orb<span class="_1 blank"></span>itam ao r<span class="_1 blank"></span>edor do n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úcleo em </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y5b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws11">camadas com ener<span class="_1 blank"></span>gias bem de\ue01fnidas, ou seja, sugeriu que a ener<span class="_1 blank"></span>gia </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y5c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">do elétron é q<span class="_1 blank"></span>uan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tizada.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y5d fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02 <span class="ff9 fc0 ws14"> O <span class="_3 blank"> </span><span class="ff10">n</span><span class="ws22"> é o númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o quân<span class="_1 blank"></span>tico princi<span class="_1 blank"></span>pal e determina a camada, ou </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y5e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">seja, o nível energ<span class="_1 blank"></span>ético no qual o elétron es<span class="_1 blank"></span>tá localizado. </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y5f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">O <span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff11">l</span><span class="ws23"> é o númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o quân<span class="_1 blank"></span>tico secundário ou azimu<span class="_1 blank"></span>tal e determina o </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y60 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">subní<span class="_1 blank"></span>vel no q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ual o elétron está localizado<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y61 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">O <span class="ff10 ws19">m<span class="ff11 fsb ws1a v2">l</span></span><span class="ws24"> é o númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o quân<span class="_1 blank"></span>tico magnético e indica em que o<span class="_1 blank"></span>rbital, em </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y62 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">um subní<span class="_1 blank"></span>vel, o elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>on está localizado<span class="_1 blank"></span>. </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y63 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">O <span class="_4 blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ws19">m<span class="fsb ws1b v2">s</span></span><span class="ws25"> é o núm<span class="_1 blank"></span>ero quâ<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntico de <span class="ff10 ls8 ws1c">spin</span> e indica o sentido da rotação </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y64 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">do elétron.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y65 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls7 ws3"> 03 <span class="ff9 fc0 ls9 ws9"> <span class="_0 blank"></span>Quando os co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m<span class="_1 blank"></span>petidores se movimen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tam, eles g<span class="_1 blank"></span>eram o<span class="_1 blank"></span>ndas </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y66 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws26">nat<span class="_1 blank"></span>uralment<span class="_1 blank"></span>e, que se pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>opaga<span class="_1 blank"></span>m pela piscina. Essas ondas acabam </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y67 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsb ws9">interf<span class="_1 blank"></span>erindo nos demais nadado<span class="_1 blank"></span>res. Os co<span class="_1 blank"></span>mpetidor<span class="_1 blank"></span>es que \ue01fcam </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y68 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws17">nas raias p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ró<span class="_1 blank"></span>ximas às bor<span class="_1 blank"></span>das latera<span class="_1 blank"></span>is da piscina acabam so<span class="_1 blank"></span>frendo </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y69 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 wsb">in\ue01euência das on<span class="_1 blank"></span>das pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ovocadas pelos ou<span class="_1 blank"></span>tros com<span class="_1 blank"></span>petidores devido </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y6a ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws27">ao fenôm<span class="_1 blank"></span>eno de re\ue01eexão (o<span class="_1 blank"></span>ndas que ba<span class="_1 blank"></span>tem na bor<span class="_1 blank"></span>da da piscina e </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y6b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws16">reto<span class="_1 blank"></span>rnam) e devido à interf<span class="_1 blank"></span>erência (on<span class="_1 blank"></span>das de dois co<span class="_1 blank"></span>mpetidor<span class="_1 blank"></span>es, que </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y6c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3">se encon<span class="_1 blank"></span>tram e se misturam), crian<span class="_1 blank"></span>do uma turbulência na á<span class="_1 blank"></span>gua.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y6d fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 04 <span class="ff9 fc0 ls16 ws13"> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>As cores dos f<span class="_1 blank"></span>ogos são ca<span class="_1 blank"></span>usadas pelo salto quân<span class="_1 blank"></span>tico<span class="_1 blank"></span>. Ele acon<span class="_1 blank"></span>tece </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y6e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws13">quando o e<span class="_1 blank"></span>létron r<span class="_1 blank"></span>ecebe algum tipo de energia \u2013 nesse caso, calo<span class="_1 blank"></span>r \u2013, </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y6f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">excita-se e salta para uma camada mai<span class="_1 blank"></span>s externa, que possui ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>ior </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y70 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc">energia. N<span class="_1 blank"></span>essa camada, ele \ue01fca exci<span class="_1 blank"></span>tado e pula de volta para s<span class="_1 blank"></span>ua </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y71 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws28">camada de origem. Sendo assim, ele libera a ener<span class="_1 blank"></span>gia liberando-a </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y72 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">que o deixa<span class="_1 blank"></span>va excitado<span class="_1 blank"></span>, liberando-a n<span class="_1 blank"></span>a forma de l<span class="_1 blank"></span>uz.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y73 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 05 <span class="ff9 fc0 ls8 ws11"> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Para determinar a v<span class="_1 blank"></span>elocidade de um elétron, seria preciso incidir </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y74 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws29">uma radiação de um com<span class="_1 blank"></span>primen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to de onda sob<span class="_1 blank"></span>re o mesmo<span class="_0 blank"></span>, uma </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y75 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws28">vez que não é possív<span class="_1 blank"></span>el obser<span class="_3 blank"> </span>var um elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n nem com o a<span class="_1 blank"></span>uxílio de </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y76 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 wsd">equipamen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos co<span class="_1 blank"></span>mo microscó<span class="_1 blank"></span>pios. M<span class="_1 blank"></span>as, ao incidir essa radiação<span class="_1 blank"></span>, a </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y77 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls18 ws13">posição e a velocidade do elétron seriam alt<span class="_1 blank"></span>eradas, não sendo possível </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y78 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws2a">de\ue01fni-las com pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ecisão<span class="_1 blank"></span>. Essa ideia, pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>posta por Hei<span class="_1 blank"></span>senberg, \ue01fcou </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y79 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3">conhecida como p<span class="_1 blank"></span>rincípio da in<span class="_1 blank"></span>certeza.</div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y7a ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios con<span class="_1 blank"></span>textua<span class="_1 blank"></span>lizados</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y7b fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ls7 ws10">Le<span class="_3 blank"> </span>tra<span class="_3 blank"> </span> B.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y7c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsc wsa">Considerando q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue cada tipo de áto<span class="_1 blank"></span>mo a<span class="_1 blank"></span>pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esenta um con<span class="_1 blank"></span>jun<span class="_1 blank"></span>to<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y7d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls16 ws13">característico de raias, ou ba<span class="_1 blank"></span>ndas, isto é<span class="_1 blank"></span>, um espectro característico<span class="_1 blank"></span>, é </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y7e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws13">possível iden<span class="_1 blank"></span>ti\ue01fcar os elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos existen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes n<span class="_1 blank"></span>o Sol e, inclusi<span class="_1 blank"></span>ve, deduzir </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y7f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws2b">as respectivas quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tidades. O potencial da análise espectroscópica </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y80 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws11">não se esgota no Sol, porq<span class="_1 blank"></span>uan<span class="_1 blank"></span>to a análise de qualquer es<span class="_1 blank"></span>pectro estelar </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y81 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws19">ou de qualquer o<span class="_1 blank"></span>utr<span class="_1 blank"></span>o corpo celeste que emi<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta luz permite a<span class="_1 blank"></span>plicar os </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y82 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws11">mesmos pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>essu<span class="_1 blank"></span>postos e identi\ue01fcar os elem<span class="_1 blank"></span>ent<span class="_1 blank"></span>os presen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes nesse astr<span class="_1 blank"></span>o<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y83 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(PUC-RS) Letra A.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y84 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsb ws9">Niel<span class="_1 blank"></span>s Bohr deu contin<span class="_1 blank"></span>uidade ao trabalho de Ernest Rutherfo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rd<span class="_1 blank"></span>, </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y85 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws13">elaborando um m<span class="_1 blank"></span>odelo sobre a co<span class="_1 blank"></span>nstit<span class="_1 blank"></span>uição de át<span class="_1 blank"></span>omos e mo<span class="_1 blank"></span>léculas. </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y86 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws13">Ele pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>pôs que cada elétron possui um<span class="_1 blank"></span>a quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tidade determinada de </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y87 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2c">energia, ocupando órb<span class="_1 blank"></span>itas de\ue01fnidas, podendo saltar de uma órb<span class="_1 blank"></span>ita </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y88 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">para ou<span class="_1 blank"></span>tra mediante a<span class="_1 blank"></span>bsorção o<span class="_1 blank"></span>u emissão de energia.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y89 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws13">O modelo pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>posto por Ernest R<span class="_1 blank"></span>u<span class="_1 blank"></span>therfor<span class="_1 blank"></span>d era semelhan<span class="_1 blank"></span>te ao Sist<span class="_1 blank"></span>ema </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y8a ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls15 wsa">Solar<span class="_0 blank"></span>, ou seja, o áto<span class="_1 blank"></span>mo possui um n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úcleo central e positivo e os </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y8b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws10">elétron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s giram ao redo<span class="_1 blank"></span>r desse núcleo<span class="_0 blank"></span>, à s<span class="_3 blank"> </span>emelhança dos plan<span class="_1 blank"></span>etas ao </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y8c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3">redor do Sol.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y8d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2d">O modelo criado por J<span class="_1 blank"></span>. \ue01dom<span class="_1 blank"></span>son era semelhan<span class="_1 blank"></span>te a um pudim de </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y8e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsa">passas, em que car<span class="_1 blank"></span>gas nega<span class="_1 blank"></span>tivas estariam incrustadas no á<span class="_1 blank"></span>to<span class="_1 blank"></span>mo </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y8f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">positivo<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y90 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 03 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ls1c ws2e">L<span class="_3 blank"> </span>e<span class="_3 blank"> </span>t<span class="_3 blank"> </span>r<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a D.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y91 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2f">A emissão de luz está re<span class="_1 blank"></span>lacionada com o r<span class="_1 blank"></span>eto<span class="_1 blank"></span>rno do elétron pa<span class="_1 blank"></span>ra </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y92 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf">uma camada mais p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ró<span class="_1 blank"></span>xima do n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úcleo<span class="_1 blank"></span>. O salto ener<span class="_1 blank"></span>gético semp<span class="_1 blank"></span>re </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y93 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws30">ocorre de uma camada ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>is int<span class="_1 blank"></span>erna para ou<span class="_1 blank"></span>tra mais externa, e a </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y94 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">emissão de luz será observad<span class="_3 blank"> </span>a na liberação da energia absorvid<span class="_3 blank"> </span>a.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y95 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 04 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ls1c ws2e">L<span class="_3 blank"> </span>e<span class="_3 blank"> </span>t<span class="_3 blank"> </span>r<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a D.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y96 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1d ws13">Sabendo que, ao a<span class="_1 blank"></span>bsorver energia, um elétron salta de uma camada </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y97 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsd ws9">interna para um<span class="_1 blank"></span>a camada mais externa em r<span class="_1 blank"></span>elação ao núc<span class="_1 blank"></span>leo,<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y98 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws31">pode-se a\ue01frmar que, no caso desta questão<span class="_1 blank"></span>, ocorre a liberação de </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y99 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws32">energia de <span class="ff10 lse">E</span><span class="fsb ws1d v2">3</span><span class="v0"> para <span class="ff10 lsf">E</span><span class="fsb ws1d v2">1</span>, já que o elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>on está indo do nív<span class="_1 blank"></span>el <span class="ff10 ws19">E</span><span class="fsb ls10 v2">3</span><span class="ls17 ws33"> (mais </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h12 y9a ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">externo) para o níve<span class="_1 blank"></span>l <span class="ff10 ws19">E</span><span class="fsb ws1d v2">1</span><span class="v0"> (mais in<span class="_1 blank"></span>terno).</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y9b fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 05 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UNI<span class="_1 blank"></span>CID \u2013 Medicina) </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y9c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">a. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Obser<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ve o quadro a seguir:</div><div class="t m0 x12 hc y9d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws4">Da lton<span class="_6 blank"> </span>\ue01doms on<span class="_7 blank"> </span>Ruthe r ford<span class="_8 blank"> </span><span class="ls1a ws1e">B ohr</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 hc y9e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f">VI II<span class="_9 blank"> </span>V<span class="_a blank"> </span>I</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y9f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws9">b<span class="_0 blank"></span>. <span class="_b blank"> </span>A partir de 1913. Niels Bohr<span class="_0 blank"></span>, baseando-se no estudo do </div><div class="t m0 x13 hc ya0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to químico hidr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ogênio<span class="_1 blank"></span>, cria os seguintes postulados:</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc ya1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34"> 1<span class="fsb ws1d v3">o</span><span class="ws35">) U<span class="_1 blank"></span>m á<span class="_1 blank"></span>tom<span class="_1 blank"></span>o é formado por um n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úcleo e por elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ons extra-</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 hc ya2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws36">nuclea<span class="_1 blank"></span>res, cujas in<span class="_1 blank"></span>terações elétricas seguem a lei de Coulomb<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc ya3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34"> 2</div><div class="t m0 x14 h13 ya4 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">o</div><div class="t m0 x15 hc ya3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1e ws13">) Os elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns se mo<span class="_1 blank"></span>vem ao redo<span class="_1 blank"></span>r do núc<span class="_1 blank"></span>leo em órb<span class="_1 blank"></span>itas circular<span class="_1 blank"></span>es.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc ya5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34"> 3<span class="fsb ws1d v3">o</span><span class="ws37">) Quando um elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n está em uma órb<span class="_1 blank"></span>ita, ele não ganha nem </span></div><div class="t m0 x13 hc ya6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws38">perde energia; diz-se que ele está em uma ó<span class="_1 blank"></span>rbita discr<span class="_1 blank"></span>eta ou </div><div class="t m0 x13 hc ya7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">estacionária, ou em um es<span class="_1 blank"></span>tado estacionário<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc ya8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34"> 4<span class="fsb ls12 v3">o</span><span class="ls1f ws9">) Os elétrons só podem ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tar variações de energia </span></div><div class="t m0 x13 hc ya9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">quando saltam de um<span class="_1 blank"></span>a órbi<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta para ou<span class="_1 blank"></span>tra.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yaa ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34"> 5</div><div class="t m0 x14 h13 yab ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">o</div><div class="t m0 x15 hc yaa ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws39">) U<span class="_1 blank"></span>m á<span class="_1 blank"></span>tom<span class="_1 blank"></span>o só pode ganhar ou perder energia em quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tidades </div><div class="t m0 x13 hc yac ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">equivalent<span class="_1 blank"></span>es a um múl<span class="_1 blank"></span>tiplo in<span class="_1 blank"></span>teir<span class="_1 blank"></span>o (quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta).</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yad ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3a">O resultado da si<span class="_1 blank"></span>tuação descrita no texto do en<span class="_1 blank"></span>unciado pode ser </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yae ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3b">explicado a partir do terceiro e do q<span class="_1 blank"></span>uarto postulado<span class="_1 blank"></span>, nos qua<span class="_1 blank"></span>is se </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yaf ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws13">a\ue01frma que os elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ons a<span class="_1 blank"></span>bsorvem energia e saltam de uma órbi<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta para </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yb0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3c">outra. A<span class="_1 blank"></span>o vo<span class="_1 blank"></span>ltar<span class="_1 blank"></span>em para a sua órb<span class="_1 blank"></span>ita an<span class="_1 blank"></span>terio<span class="_1 blank"></span>r<span class="_0 blank"></span>, liberam energia na </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yb1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3d">forma de l<span class="_1 blank"></span>uz visível<span class="_1 blank"></span>. Dependendo do element<span class="_1 blank"></span>o químico analisado<span class="_1 blank"></span>, </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yb2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3e">o com<span class="_1 blank"></span>primen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to de on<span class="_1 blank"></span>da será diferen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te e, co<span class="_1 blank"></span>nsequent<span class="_1 blank"></span>emen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te, a cor </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yb3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">reconhecida no test<span class="_1 blank"></span>e de chama ta<span class="_1 blank"></span>mbém.</div><div class="t m0 x11 h14 yb4 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 06 <span class="ff9 fc0 v0"> <span class="fff">(UD<span class="_1 blank"></span>ESC) Letr<span class="_3 blank"> </span>a E.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yb5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3f">A partir das suas descober<span class="_3 blank"> </span>tas cientí\ue01fcas, N<span class="_1 blank"></span>iels Bohr pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>pôs cinco </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yb6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">postulados:</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yb7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34"> 1<span class="fsb ws1d v3">o</span><span class="ws35">) U<span class="_1 blank"></span>m á<span class="_1 blank"></span>tom<span class="_1 blank"></span>o é formado por um n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úcleo e por elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ons extra-</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 hc yb8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws36">nuclea<span class="_1 blank"></span>res, cujas in<span class="_1 blank"></span>terações elétricas seguem a lei de Coulomb<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yb9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34"> 2</div><div class="t m0 x14 h13 yba ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">o</div><div class="t m0 x15 hc yb9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1e ws13">) Os elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns se mo<span class="_1 blank"></span>vem ao redo<span class="_1 blank"></span>r do núc<span class="_1 blank"></span>leo em órb<span class="_1 blank"></span>itas circular<span class="_1 blank"></span>es.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc ybb ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34"> 3<span class="fsb ws1d v3">o</span><span class="ws37">) Quando um elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n está em uma órb<span class="_1 blank"></span>ita, ele não ganha nem </span></div><div class="t m0 x13 hc ybc ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws40">perde energia; diz-se que ele está em uma ó<span class="_1 blank"></span>rbita, discr<span class="_1 blank"></span>eta ou </div><div class="t m0 x13 hc ybd ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">estacionária, ou em um es<span class="_1 blank"></span>tado estacionário<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc ybe ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34"> 4<span class="fsb ls12 v3">o</span><span class="ls1f ws9">) Os elétrons só podem ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tar variações de energia </span></div><div class="t m0 x13 hc ybf ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">quando saltam de um<span class="_1 blank"></span>a órbi<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta para ou<span class="_1 blank"></span>tra.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yc0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34"> 5</div><div class="t m0 x14 h13 yc1 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">o</div><div class="t m0 x15 hc yc0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws39">) U<span class="_1 blank"></span>m á<span class="_1 blank"></span>tom<span class="_1 blank"></span>o só pode ganhar ou perder energia em quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tidades </div><div class="t m0 x13 hc yc2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">equivalent<span class="_1 blank"></span>es a um múl<span class="_1 blank"></span>tiplo in<span class="_1 blank"></span>teir<span class="_1 blank"></span>o (quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta).</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yc3 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 07 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UEM \u2013 ada<span class="_1 blank"></span>ptada) Letra E. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yc4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws41">O orbi<span class="_1 blank"></span>tal s possui forma esférica. Como os o<span class="_1 blank"></span>rbi<span class="_1 blank"></span>tais são regiões onde </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yc5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws42">há maio<span class="_1 blank"></span>r pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>babilidade de se encon<span class="_1 blank"></span>trar elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ons, no s<span class="_1 blank"></span>ubnív<span class="_1 blank"></span>el s essa </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yc6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3">região é esférica. </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yc7 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 08 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UEM \u2013 ada<span class="_1 blank"></span>ptada) Letra C.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yc8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">Em seu modelo atômico<span class="_0 blank"></span>, B<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ohr pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>pôs que os elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns orb<span class="_1 blank"></span>itam </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yc9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws43">ao redor do n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úcleo em tra<span class="_1 blank"></span>jetórias circular<span class="_1 blank"></span>es, e, segundo ele, esses </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yca ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws44">elétron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s ocupam níveis de en<span class="_1 blank"></span>ergia especí\ue01fcos, o que imp<span class="_1 blank"></span>lica que </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc ycb ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">suas trajetó<span class="_1 blank"></span>rias tenham raios \ue01fx<span class="_1 blank"></span>os.</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y56 ff12 fs7 fc1 sc0 lsa ws3">Química I</div><div class="t m0 x10 hf y57 ff13 fs9 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">Gabarito c<span class="_1 blank"></span>omentado</div><div class="t m0 x16 h10 ycc ffd fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0">4</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y11 w1 h9" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/83fd7d4b-e04a-42c0-9bc2-cb8dddbd6f93/bg5.png"><div class="t m0 x17 h10 ycd ffd fs6 fc4 sc0 ls20 ws47">LIVRO DO<span class="_1 blank"></span> PROFESSOR</div><div class="t m0 x18 h15 yce ff8 fsc fc3 sc0 ls0 ws3">Química I</div><div class="t m0 xe h10 y58 ffd fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0">5</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc ycf fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 09 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UFB<span class="_0 blank"></span>A) L<span class="_3 blank"> </span>etra C.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yd0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws16">O teste de cha<span class="_1 blank"></span>ma con<span class="_1 blank"></span>siste em um mét<span class="_1 blank"></span>odo de identi\ue01fcação de cátion<span class="_1 blank"></span>s </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yd1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws9">metálicos. Quando um objeto que co<span class="_1 blank"></span>n<span class="_1 blank"></span>tém um cátio<span class="_1 blank"></span>n metálico é </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yd2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26 ws13">aquecido<span class="_1 blank"></span>, ele absorve energia e realiza um salto q<span class="_1 blank"></span>uân<span class="_1 blank"></span>tico<span class="_1 blank"></span>. A<span class="_1 blank"></span>o reto<span class="_1 blank"></span>rnar </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yd3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws48">para o nível a<span class="_1 blank"></span>nt<span class="_1 blank"></span>erior<span class="_0 blank"></span>, ele emite es<span class="_1 blank"></span>se excesso de energia na forma de </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yd4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws49">radiação, q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue, dependendo da substân<span class="_1 blank"></span>cia utilizada, vai a<span class="_1 blank"></span>presen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tar </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yd5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3">uma coloração especí\ue01fca.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yd6 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 10 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(PUC-S<span class="_1 blank"></span>P) Letr<span class="_3 blank"> </span>a A.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yd7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws13">Segundo o modelo de B<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ohr<span class="_0 blank"></span>, um fóto<span class="_1 blank"></span>n é emitido qua<span class="_1 blank"></span>ndo um elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yd8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4a">realiza uma transição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica de uma camada ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>is energética </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yd9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">para uma camada menos ener<span class="_1 blank"></span>gética.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h11 yda ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios de apr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ofunda<span class="_1 blank"></span>men<span class="_1 blank"></span>to</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc ydb fff fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws3"> <span class="fc1">01</span> <span class="ff9 fc0 ls13 wsa">O fenô<span class="_1 blank"></span>meno da b<span class="_1 blank"></span>ioluminescência ocorr<span class="_1 blank"></span>e quando a ener<span class="_1 blank"></span>gia </span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc ydc ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls21 ws9">química é con<span class="_1 blank"></span>vertida em energia luminosa, sendo liberada na </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc ydd ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws13">forma de f<span class="_1 blank"></span>óto<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns, e não de calor<span class="_0 blank"></span>. Essa reação é ca<span class="_1 blank"></span>talisada pela enzima </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yde ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4b">luciferase. A emis<span class="_1 blank"></span>são da luz se dá com a passagem do elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>on do </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc ydf ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4c">seu estado fundamental para um estado exci<span class="_1 blank"></span>tado, q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue, ao r<span class="_1 blank"></span>etornar<span class="_0 blank"></span>, </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc ye0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3c">emite o exces<span class="_1 blank"></span>so de energia na forma de f<span class="_1 blank"></span>óto<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns, que emi<span class="_1 blank"></span>tem a luz </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc ye1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">característica do fenôm<span class="_1 blank"></span>eno da biol<span class="_1 blank"></span>uminescência.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc ye2 ff9 fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws3"> <span class="fff fc1">02 </span><span class="fc0 ws4d"> P<span class="_1 blank"></span>ossívei<span class="_1 blank"></span>s <span class="_3 blank"> </span>respostas:</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc ye3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws13">Cores observadas nos testes de chama co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m sais dos seguint<span class="_1 blank"></span>es metais:</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd ye4 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Sódio \u2013 amarelo-alaran<span class="_1 blank"></span>jado;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd ye5 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>potássio \u2013 violeta;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd ye6 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>cálcio \u2013 vermelho-alaranjado;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd ye7 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>estrôn<span class="_1 blank"></span>cio \u2013 vermelho-sangue;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd ye8 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>bário \u2013 verde-ama<span class="_1 blank"></span>relado;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd ye9 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>cobr<span class="_1 blank"></span>e \u2013 verde.</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha yea ff7 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 7</div><div class="t m0 x8 h11 yeb ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios concei<span class="_1 blank"></span>tuais</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yec fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0"> A dis<span class="_1 blank"></span>tribuição eletrônica do es<span class="_1 blank"></span>trôncio é a seguin<span class="_1 blank"></span>te:</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h13 yed ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">38</div><div class="t m0 x8 h16 yee ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">88<span class="fs8 ws3 v2">Sr: 1s</span><span class="v0">2<span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 2s</span>2<span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 2p</span><span class="ls10">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 3s</span><span class="ls10">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 3p</span>6<span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 4s</span>2<span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 3d</span>10<span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 4p</span>6<span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 5s</span>2<span class="fs8 v2">.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yef ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws49">Sendo assim, o último elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n a ser adicionado possui n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmeros </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yf0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">quân<span class="_1 blank"></span>ticos iguais a <span class="ff10">n</span> = 5; <span class="ff11">l</span> = 0; <span class="ff10 ws19">m<span class="ff11 fsb ws1a v2">l</span></span> = 0; <span class="ff10 ws19">m<span class="fsb ws1b v2">s</span></span> = +1/2.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h17 yf1 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02<span class="fc4"> <span class="v0"> <span class="ff9 fc0">Realizando a distribuição eletr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ônica do iodo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, tem-se:</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 yf2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">1s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span><span class="ws3 v0"> 2s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 4p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 5s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 4d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 5p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">5</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yf3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls22 wsa">A camada de valência do iodo é 5p<span class="fsb ls23 v3">5</span>. Logo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, o iodo ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>resenta<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="_c blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws3"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yf4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws13">cinco camadas eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nicas. Como o último sub<span class="_1 blank"></span>níve<span class="_1 blank"></span>l mais ener<span class="_1 blank"></span>gético </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yf5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14">é o 5p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">5</span>, e ele está semipr<span class="_1 blank"></span>eenchido<span class="_1 blank"></span>, pode-se dizer que, pela regra de </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yf6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">H<span class="_1 blank"></span>und, há e<span class="_1 blank"></span>létron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s desempar<span class="_1 blank"></span>elhados.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yf7 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 03 <span class="ff9 fc0 ls6 ws4e"> C<span class="_3 blank"> </span>omo <span class="_3 blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ls0">Q<span class="ff9 ws3"> e </span>R<span class="ff9 ws3"> são isótopos, </span><span class="ws19">Z<span class="fsb ls24 v2">R</span><span class="ff9 ws3"> = 3</span>x<span class="ff9 ws3"> \u2013 5.</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yf8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Pa<span class="_1 blank"></span>ra o át<span class="_1 blank"></span>omo <span class="ff10">R</span>:</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yf9 ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">A<span class="ff9 ws3"> = </span>Z<span class="ff9 ws3"> + </span>n</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yfa ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">6<span class="ff10">x</span><span class="ws3"> = 3<span class="ff10">x</span> \u2013 5 + 44</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yfb ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">3<span class="ff10">x</span><span class="ws3"> = 39</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yfc ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">x<span class="ff9 ws3"> = 13.</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yfd ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Substi<span class="_1 blank"></span>tuindo: 3<span class="ff10">x</span> \u2013 5 = (3 · 13) \u2013 5 = 34.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc yfe ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">1s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span><span class="ws3"> 2s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 4p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">4</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h17 yff fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 04 <span class="ff9 fc0 v0"> <span class="fff lsb ws45">(US<span class="_1 blank"></span>F)<span class="ff9 ws9"> O tecnécio possui núm<span class="_1 blank"></span>ero a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tômico igual a 43. Logo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y100 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4f">ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta 43 elétron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s, pois é um át<span class="_1 blank"></span>omo neu<span class="_1 blank"></span>tro<span class="_0 blank"></span>. Distr<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ibuindo os 43 </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y101 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">elétron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s, tem-se 1s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span><span class="v0"> 2s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 4p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 5s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 4d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">5</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y102 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 05 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ws50">(IFJF<span class="_1 blank"></span>-PISM 1)<span class="ff9 ws51"> Di<span class="_1 blank"></span>stribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica dos elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos citados </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y103 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">no texto:</div><div class="t m0 x8 h18 y104 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">25<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Mn: 1s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="v4">5</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h18 y105 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">13<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Al: 1s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">1</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h18 y106 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">26<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Fe: 1s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y107 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws52">P<span class="_1 blank"></span>ortan<span class="_1 blank"></span>to<span class="_1 blank"></span>, o elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to que a<span class="_1 blank"></span>p<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta essa distribuição eletrônica é </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y108 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">o manga<span class="_1 blank"></span>nês.</div><div class="t m0 xb h11 y109 ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios con<span class="_1 blank"></span>textua<span class="_1 blank"></span>lizados</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y10a fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UFRN) Letra C.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y10b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">A distribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica do sódio é a seguinte:</div><div class="t m0 xb h18 y10c ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">11<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Na: 1s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="v4">1</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y10d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17">Logo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, o elétron m<span class="_1 blank"></span>ais energ<span class="_1 blank"></span>ético está localizado no subníve<span class="_1 blank"></span>l 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span><span class="ws3">. </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y10e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Repare que seu o<span class="_1 blank"></span>rbital p está com<span class="_1 blank"></span>pleta<span class="_1 blank"></span>ment<span class="_1 blank"></span>e pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>eenchido<span class="_1 blank"></span>. </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y10f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws11">Seu conjun<span class="_1 blank"></span>to de n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmer<span class="_1 blank"></span>os quân<span class="_1 blank"></span>ticos é <span class="ff10 ls0 ws19">n</span> = 2; <span class="ff11 ls0 ws46">l</span> = 1; <span class="ff10 ls0">m</span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h19 y110 ff11 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">l</div><div class="t m0 x1a hc y10f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws11"> = +1; <span class="ff10 ls0">m</span></div><div class="t m0 x1b h1a y110 ff10 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0">s</div><div class="t m0 x1c hc y10f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws11"> = + 1/2.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y111 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">Letra A.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y112 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws26">Os elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos de n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmero a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tô<span class="_1 blank"></span>mico de 25 a 28 são caracterizados </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y113 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">pelo preenchim<span class="_1 blank"></span>ent<span class="_1 blank"></span>o sucessivo do s<span class="_1 blank"></span>ubnív<span class="_1 blank"></span>el 3d. </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y114 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 03 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UFPR) Letra B.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y115 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws53">Obser<span class="_3 blank"> </span>vando a distribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica de Mg e Ca, percebe-se que a </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y116 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws37">do magnésio a<span class="_1 blank"></span>presen<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta três camadas eletr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ônicas, enq<span class="_1 blank"></span>uan<span class="_1 blank"></span>to o cálcio </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y117 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta quatr<span class="_1 blank"></span>o:</div><div class="t m0 xb h18 y118 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">12<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Mg: 1s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h18 y119 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">20<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Ca: 1s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h1b y11a fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 04 <span class="ff9 fc0 v0"> <span class="fff">(UEG) Letra B.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y11b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">A distribuição do escândio<span class="_1 blank"></span>, <span class="fsb ws1d v2">21</span>Sc, é dada por<span class="_3 blank"> </span>:</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y11c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">1s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span><span class="ws3"> 2s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ls10 v3">1</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y11d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Logo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, para o elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n mais ener<span class="_1 blank"></span>gético<span class="_1 blank"></span>, que está si<span class="_1 blank"></span>tuado no sub<span class="_1 blank"></span>níve<span class="_1 blank"></span>l </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y11e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls27 ws11">3d, seu númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o quân<span class="_1 blank"></span>tico princi<span class="_1 blank"></span>pal é igual a 3 e seu número quâ<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntico </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y11f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">secundário é igual a 2.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y120 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 05 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">Letra E.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y121 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3b">Como a questão fala em elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos de transição<span class="_0 blank"></span>, p<span class="_3 blank"> </span>odemos descon<span class="ls0">-</span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y122 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls28 ws9">siderar o N<span class="_1 blank"></span>a, o C<span class="ff11 ls0 ws46">l</span> e o Ca, que são elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos rep<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tativos. O </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y123 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws13">escândio e o ferro são os únicos, den<span class="_1 blank"></span>tre essas o<span class="_1 blank"></span>pções, que apr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esentam </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y124 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26 ws54">subnível d.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y125 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls16 ws13">Pa<span class="_1 blank"></span>ra determinar q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ual dos element<span class="_1 blank"></span>os (Sc ou Fe) possui ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>ior n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y126 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls25 ws9">de elétron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s no sub<span class="_1 blank"></span>nível d, devem<span class="_1 blank"></span>os escrever suas distribuições </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y127 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">eletrônicas:</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y128 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Sc: 1s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">1</span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y129 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Fe: 1s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y12a ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws9">P<span class="_1 blank"></span>elas res<span class="_1 blank"></span>pect<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ivas distribuições, vemos q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue o ferro possui m<span class="_1 blank"></span>aior </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y12b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o de elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns em um sub<span class="_1 blank"></span>níve<span class="_1 blank"></span>l d.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y12c fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 06 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">Letra C.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y12d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws55">Como em cada áto<span class="_1 blank"></span>mo \u201c<span class="_1 blank"></span>mágico<span class="_0 blank"></span>\u201d o n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmero de n<span class="_1 blank"></span>êutro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns é o dob<span class="_1 blank"></span>ro </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y12e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws56">do númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o de pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>óto<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns, q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue no át<span class="_1 blank"></span>omo de silício é 14, o n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmero de </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y12f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">nêutro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns será igual a 28.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y130 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1d ws13">Fazendo a di<span class="_1 blank"></span>stribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica do áto<span class="_1 blank"></span>mo de silício<span class="_1 blank"></span>, 1s<span class="fsb ls0 ws1d v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ls0 ws1d v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ls0 ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span><span class="ls0 ws3"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y131 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">3p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span><span class="ls7 ws57">, vemos que ele possui qua<span class="_1 blank"></span>tro elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns de valência, do<span class="_1 blank"></span>is elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y132 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3">no subní<span class="_1 blank"></span>vel s e do<span class="_1 blank"></span>is elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns no sub<span class="_1 blank"></span>níve<span class="_1 blank"></span>l p<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y133 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 07 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(US<span class="_1 blank"></span>F \u2013 adaptada) Letra C.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y134 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">A distribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica do tecnécio é a seguinte:</div><div class="t m0 xb h18 y135 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">41<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">T<span class="_0 blank"></span>c = 1s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 4d<span class="fsb ls10 v3">5</span> 5s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y136 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsa">O elétron m<span class="_1 blank"></span>ais energ<span class="_1 blank"></span>ético se encon<span class="_1 blank"></span>tra no subní<span class="_1 blank"></span>vel 5s, portan<span class="_1 blank"></span>to </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y137 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14">ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>os quân<span class="_1 blank"></span>ticos princi<span class="_1 blank"></span>pal e sec<span class="_3 blank"> </span>undário iguais a 5 e 0.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y138 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 08 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UNIRI<span class="_1 blank"></span>O) Le<span class="_3 blank"> </span>tra B.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y139 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws58">Repare nas dis<span class="_1 blank"></span>tribuições eletrônicas do ch<span class="_1 blank"></span>um<span class="_1 blank"></span>bo e do manganês, </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y13a ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">que a<span class="_1 blank"></span>pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esentam orb<span class="_1 blank"></span>itai<span class="_1 blank"></span>s parcialmen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>eenchidos:</div><div class="t m0 xb h18 y13b ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">82<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Pb: 1s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="v4">10</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 5s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4d</span><span class="v4">10</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 5p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 6s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4f</span><span class="v4">14</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 5d</span><span class="v4">10</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 5f</span><span class="ls10 v4">4</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h18 y13c ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">25<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Mn: 1s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="ls10 v4">5</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h1c y13d fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 09 <span class="ff9 fc0 v0"> <span class="fff">(EsPCEx-AMAN) L<span class="_3 blank"> </span>etra B.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y13e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls27 ws13">Como o metal per<span class="_3 blank"> </span>tence ao grupo II da tabela per<span class="_3 blank"> </span>iódica, só é p<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ossível </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y13f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">ser o cálcio, o bário ou o ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>gnésio<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y140 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsc wsa">Sabe-se que o metal da espécie química em questão ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta <span class="_c blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws3"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y141 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">A = P + N .\ue01c. P = 137 \u2013 81 = 56 = e<span class="fsb ws1d v3">\u2013</span> = 56 elétron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y142 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsa">P<span class="_1 blank"></span>ela distribuição eletr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ônica, fazendo a co<span class="_1 blank"></span>n<span class="_1 blank"></span>tagem dos elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns,<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y143 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws13">concl<span class="_1 blank"></span>ui-se que a espécie química em q<span class="_1 blank"></span>uestão é o bário<span class="_1 blank"></span>, e a colo<span class="_1 blank"></span>ração </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y144 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">da munição traçan<span class="_1 blank"></span>te será verde<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y11 w1 h9" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/83fd7d4b-e04a-42c0-9bc2-cb8dddbd6f93/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 x10 h1d y58 ffd fs6 fc1 sc0 ls29">6<span class="ff14 fc4 ls20 ws47 v5">LIVRO DO<span class="_1 blank"></span> PROFESSOR</span></div><div class="t m0 x1d h15 yce ff15 fsc fc3 sc0 ls0 ws3">Química I</div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y109 ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios de apr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ofunda<span class="_1 blank"></span>men<span class="_1 blank"></span>to</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y10a fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0 ls16 ws13"> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Normalmen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te, os elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue são sintetizados em labo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rató<span class="_1 blank"></span>rio </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y10b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">só existem por br<span class="_1 blank"></span>eves instan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes, decaindo a o<span class="_1 blank"></span>utr<span class="_1 blank"></span>os elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos. </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y145 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb">Distribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica do UU<span class="_1 blank"></span>o: 1s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 4p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 5s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span><span class="ws3"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y10d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">4d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span><span class="ws3"> 5p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 6s<span class="fsb v3">2 </span></span>4f<span class="fsb ws1d v3">14</span><span class="ws3"> 5d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 6p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 7s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 5f<span class="fsb ws1d v3">14</span> 6d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 7p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span>. </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y10e fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02 <span class="ff9 fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h18 y110 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">25<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Mn = 1s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="v4">5</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h18 y146 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">13<span class="fs8 v3">A<span class="ff11">l</span><span class="ws3"> = 1s</span></span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">1</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h18 y147 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">26<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Fe = 1s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y148 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">O alumínio ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta subní<span class="_1 blank"></span>vel p par<span class="_1 blank"></span>cialmente p<span class="_1 blank"></span>reenc<span class="_1 blank"></span>hido<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xf ha y149 ff7 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 8</div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y14a ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios concei<span class="_1 blank"></span>tuais</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y14b fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1e h18 y14c ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">30<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Zn 1s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="v4">10</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> \u2013 átom<span class="_1 blank"></span>o neutro<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y14d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">1s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span><span class="ws3"> 2s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> \u2013 íon Zn<span class="fsb ws1d v3">+2</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y14e fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02 <span class="ff9 fc0 ws4b"> <span class="_0 blank"></span>O enxofre<span class="_1 blank"></span>, na fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rma de ânion b<span class="_1 blank"></span>ivalent<span class="_1 blank"></span>e, ganha do<span class="_1 blank"></span>is elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns, </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y14f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4b">que devem ser incluídos em seus o<span class="_1 blank"></span>rbi<span class="_1 blank"></span>tais, passando a fazer parte </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y150 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">de sua distribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica:</div><div class="t m0 x10 h18 y151 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">16<span class="fs8 ws6 v3">S</span><span class="v4">2\u2013</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3">: 1s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="ws3 v4">4 + 2 = 6<span class="fs8 v2">.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h18 y152 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">16<span class="fs8 ws6 v3">S</span><span class="v4">2\u2013</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3">= [Ne] 3s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h1b y153 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 03 <span class="ff9 fc0 ws2e v0"> <span class="_0 blank"></span>O césio apr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esenta 55 elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns. A<span class="_1 blank"></span>o fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rmar o sal, está na fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rma </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y154 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws62">de cátion m<span class="_1 blank"></span>ono<span class="_1 blank"></span>valente<span class="_1 blank"></span>, ou seja, o césio perde um elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n, que deve </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y155 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">ser retirado de sua camada mais ext<span class="_1 blank"></span>erna, a sexta. S<span class="_3 blank"> </span>endo assim:</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y156 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">Cs<span class="fsb ws3 v3"> </span><span class="ws3 v0">neutro: 1s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 4p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 5s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 4d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 5p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 6s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">1</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y157 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Ío<span class="_1 blank"></span>n Cs<span class="fsb ws1d v3">+</span><span class="v0">: 1s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 4p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 5s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 4d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 5p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y158 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 04 <span class="ff9 fc0 lsd ws9"> <span class="_d blank"></span>O crom<span class="_1 blank"></span>o e o cobr<span class="_1 blank"></span>e são exceções, no que tange à r<span class="_1 blank"></span>egra da </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y159 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">distribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica. As co<span class="_1 blank"></span>n\ue01fgurações corretas são: </div><div class="t m0 x10 h18 y15a ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">24<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Cr: [Ar] 4s</span><span class="v4">1</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="v4">5</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h18 y15b ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">29<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Cu: [Ar] 4s</span><span class="ls10 v4">1</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="v4">10</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y15c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3e">Essas con\ue01fgurações são mais está<span class="_1 blank"></span>veis e são com<span class="_1 blank"></span>uns aos elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y15d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">dos grupos dos referidos elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos.</div><div class="t m0 x10 h1e y15e fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 05 <span class="ff9 fc0 ls1a ws13 v0"> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>O chumbo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, na fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rma neutra, a<span class="_1 blank"></span>pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esenta 82 elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns, uma vez q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y15f ff10 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0">Z<span class="ff9 ws63"> = P = e<span class="fsb ws1d v3">\u2013</span>. O gás nobr<span class="_1 blank"></span>e que está no período an<span class="_1 blank"></span>terior ao do ch<span class="_1 blank"></span>umbo </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y160 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">é o Xe, q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o at<span class="_1 blank"></span>ômico igual a 54. Logo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, </div><div class="t m0 x10 h18 y161 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">82<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Pb: 1s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="v4">10</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 5s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4d</span><span class="v4">10</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 5p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 6s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4f</span><span class="v4">14</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 5d</span><span class="v4">10</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 6p</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h1f y162 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">82<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Pb = [Xe] 6s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4f</span><span class="v4">14</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 5d</span><span class="v4">10</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 6p</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y163 ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios con<span class="_1 blank"></span>textua<span class="_1 blank"></span>lizados</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y164 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UFPR) Letra B.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y165 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4b">O cátion b<span class="_1 blank"></span>ivalen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te do cálcio é o <span class="fsb ws1d v2">20</span><span class="ls2c ws59">Ca</span><span class="fsb ws1d v3">2+</span>. Realizando a distribuição </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y166 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsb ws9">eletrônica e r<span class="_1 blank"></span>etirando os dois e<span class="_1 blank"></span>létron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s da camada mais externa, </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y167 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">tem-se 1s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y168 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">Letra A.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y169 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2d ws11">Como o alumínio está na fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rma de cátion trivalen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te, ao ser fei<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta sua </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y16a ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws13">distribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica, três elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ons devem ser r<span class="_1 blank"></span>etirados da camada </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y16b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">mais externa, q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue é a terceira. Sendo assim:</div><div class="t m0 x10 h20 y16c ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">13<span class="fs8 v3">A<span class="ff11 ws46">l</span></span><span class="v4">3+</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3">: 1s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">1</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h1b y16d fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 03 <span class="ff9 fc0 v0"> <span class="fff">(IFCE) Letra D.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y16e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws52">O magnésio<span class="_1 blank"></span>, ao perder doi<span class="_1 blank"></span>s elétron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s, transf<span class="_1 blank"></span>orma-se no íon Mg<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2+</span><span class="ws3">. </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y16f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2a wsa">Assim, do<span class="_1 blank"></span>is elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns devem ser retirados de sua con\ue01fguração<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y170 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">eletrônica, sem<span class="_1 blank"></span>pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>e da camada mais ext<span class="_1 blank"></span>erna:</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y171 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">Mg<span class="fsb ws3 v3"> </span><span class="ws3">neutro: 1s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y172 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">Mg<span class="fsb ws1d v3">+2</span><span class="ws3">: 1s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc ycf fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 04 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UEP<span class="_d blank"></span>A \u2013 adaptada) L<span class="_3 blank"> </span>etra B.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2e ws9">O ferro neu<span class="_1 blank"></span>tro a<span class="_1 blank"></span>pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esenta 26 elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns. P<span class="_1 blank"></span>o<span class="_1 blank"></span>rém, ao tran<span class="_1 blank"></span>sformar<span class="_0 blank"></span>-s<span class="_3 blank"> </span>e </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws64">no íon F<span class="_1 blank"></span>e<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2+</span>, são perdidos dois elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ons, q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue devem ser retirados </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws32">da camada mais externa, q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue, no caso do ferro<span class="_0 blank"></span>, é a quarta. S<span class="_3 blank"> </span>endo </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">assim, tem-se:</div><div class="t m0 x11 h18 y173 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">26<span class="fs8 ls2f ws5a v3">Fe</span><span class="v4">2+</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3">: 1s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Logo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, 1s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3d<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span>.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd6 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 05 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(PUC-PR \u2013 ada<span class="_1 blank"></span>ptada) Letra C.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2b ws9">Sabendo que o F<span class="_1 blank"></span>e possui n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmero a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tô<span class="_1 blank"></span>mico 26, a con\ue01fguração<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">eletrônica do á<span class="_1 blank"></span>to<span class="_1 blank"></span>mo neutr<span class="_1 blank"></span>o será 1s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span>.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws65">P<span class="_1 blank"></span>or<span class="_1 blank"></span>ém, como q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ueremos saber a con\ue01fguração eletr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ônica do seu íon </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y174 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2f ws5b">Fe<span class="fsb ls0 ws1d v3">3+</span><span class="ls0 ws63">, de<span class="_3 blank"> </span>vemos r<span class="_1 blank"></span>etirar os elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns da sua última camada, q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue é o 4s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span><span class="ws3">, </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y175 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws66">e mais um elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>on do sub<span class="_1 blank"></span>nível dif<span class="_1 blank"></span>erenciado<span class="_1 blank"></span>r<span class="_0 blank"></span>, virando 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">5</span>. Sendo </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y176 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">assim, sua con\ue01fguração eletr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ônica \ue01fcará 1s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 3d<span class="fsb ls10 v3">5</span>.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y177 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 06 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(IFPE \u2013 ada<span class="_1 blank"></span>ptada) Letra E.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y178 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws67">A distribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica do ânion m<span class="_1 blank"></span>ono<span class="_1 blank"></span>valente do iodo en<span class="_1 blank"></span>vo<span class="_1 blank"></span>lve a </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y179 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">adição de um elétron em sua co<span class="_1 blank"></span>n\ue01fguração eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica:</div><div class="t m0 x11 h18 y17a ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">53<span class="fs8 ws6 v3">I</span><span class="v4">\u2013</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3">: 1s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="v4">10</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 5s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4d</span><span class="v4">10</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 5p</span><span class="v4">5+1</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y17b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Sendo assim, 1s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 4p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 5s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 4d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 5p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span>.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y17c fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 07 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(CESGRANRIO) Letra A.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y17d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws68">A con\ue01fguração eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica do íon ferr<span class="_1 blank"></span>o trivalente en<span class="_1 blank"></span>vo<span class="_1 blank"></span>lve a r<span class="_1 blank"></span>etirada </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y17e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">de três elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns da sua con\ue01fguração eletr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ônica: </div><div class="t m0 x11 h18 y17f ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">26<span class="fs8 ls2f ws5a v3">Fe</span><span class="v4">3+</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3">: 1s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3d</span><span class="ws3 v4">6 5</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y180 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Sendo assim, 1s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">5</span>.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y181 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 08 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UERJ) Letra A.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y182 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws69">A con\ue01fguração eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica do ânion b<span class="_1 blank"></span>ivalen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te do selênio en<span class="_1 blank"></span>volv<span class="_1 blank"></span>e a </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y183 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws53">adição de dois elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns à sua co<span class="_1 blank"></span>n\ue01fguração eletrônica. Sendo assim,</div><div class="t m0 x11 h18 y184 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">34<span class="fs8 ls2 v3">Se</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h21 y185 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">2\u2013<span class="fs8 ws3 v2">: 1s</span>2<span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 2s</span>2<span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 2p</span>6<span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 3s</span>2<span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 3p</span><span class="ls10">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 4s</span><span class="ls10">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 3d</span>10<span class="fs8 ws3 v2"> 4p</span><span class="ws3">4 + 2 = 6<span class="fs8 v2">.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y186 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2c">O selênio passa a apr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esentar<span class="_0 blank"></span>, en<span class="_1 blank"></span>tão<span class="_1 blank"></span>, 36 elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns, mesmo n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmero de </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y187 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">elétron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s que o gás no<span class="_1 blank"></span>bre <span class="fsb ws1d v2">36</span><span class="ls30 ws21">K<span class="_3 blank"> </span>r.<span class="_4 blank"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y188 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 09 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(CESGRANRIO) Letra E.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y189 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsa">A con\ue01fguração eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica cátio<span class="_1 blank"></span>n trivalente do ti<span class="_1 blank"></span>tânio en<span class="_1 blank"></span>volv<span class="_1 blank"></span>e a </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y18a ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6b">retirada de três elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns da sua co<span class="_1 blank"></span>n\ue01fguração eletrônica, sem<span class="_1 blank"></span>pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>e da </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y18b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c">camada mais ext<span class="_1 blank"></span>erna. Sendo assim, são retirados dois elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns da </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y18c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws32">camada 4, do sub<span class="_1 blank"></span>nível 4s, e ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>is um elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n do subní<span class="_1 blank"></span>vel an<span class="_1 blank"></span>terio<span class="_1 blank"></span>r </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y18d ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">ao 4s, o 3d. Sendo assim, <span class="fsb ws1d v2">22</span><span class="ls18 ws5c">Ti</span><span class="fsb ws1d v3">3+</span>: 1s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb v3">2 1</span>.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y18e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Sua distribuição em cam<span class="_1 blank"></span>adas será, então<span class="_1 blank"></span>, K = 2; L = 8; M = 9.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y18f fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 10 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(IFS<span class="_1 blank"></span>UL) Letra E.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y190 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">A distribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica do <span class="fsb ws1d v2">80</span>H<span class="_1 blank"></span>g é 1s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 4p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 5s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span><span class="ws3"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y191 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls28 ws5d">4d<span class="fsb ls31 ws5e v3">10</span><span class="ws13"> 5p<span class="fsb ls0 ws1d v3">6</span> 6s<span class="fsb ls0 ws1d v3">2</span> 4f<span class="fsb ls31 ws5e v3">14</span> 5d<span class="fsb ls31 ws5e v3">10</span>. Sendo assim, retiram-se dois e<span class="_1 blank"></span>létron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s da última </span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y192 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4d">camada, a de valência, ou seja, retira-se do subní<span class="_1 blank"></span>vel 6s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span>, e \ue01fcará 1s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span><span class="ws3"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y193 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">2s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span><span class="ws3"> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 3p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 4s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">2</span> 3d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 4p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">6</span> 5s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 4d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 5p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 6s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 4f<span class="fsb ws1d v3">14</span> 5d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h11 y194 ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios de apr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ofunda<span class="_1 blank"></span>men<span class="_1 blank"></span>to</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y195 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0"> P<span class="_0 blank"></span>ossibilidades de respostas:</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y196 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls32 ws5f">Na<span class="fsb ls0 ws1d v3">+</span><span class="ls0 wsa">: atua no con<span class="_1 blank"></span>trole da p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ressão san<span class="_1 blank"></span>guínea e na pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>opagação de </span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y197 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">imp<span class="_1 blank"></span>ulsos ner<span class="_3 blank"> </span>vosos.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y198 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls32 ws60">Na<span class="fsb ls0 ws1d v3">+</span><span class="ls0 ws3">: 1s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 2p<span class="fsb ws1d v3">6</span> 3s<span class="fsb ls10 v3">1</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y199 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2c ws59">Ca<span class="fsb ls0 ws1d v3">2+</span><span class="ls0 ws3">: res<span class="_1 blank"></span>ponsáv<span class="_1 blank"></span>el pela formação de ossos e den<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes.</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h18 y19a ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">20<span class="fs8 ls2c ws59 v3">Ca</span><span class="v4">2+</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3">: 1s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h22 y19b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">Mg<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2+</span><span class="ws3 v0">: at<span class="_1 blank"></span>ua na pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>oteção con<span class="_1 blank"></span>tra diver<span class="_1 blank"></span>sos agen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes neuro<span class="_1 blank"></span>tó<span class="_1 blank"></span>xicos.</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h18 y19c ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">12<span class="fs8 ws6 v3">Mg</span><span class="v4">2+</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3">: 1s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h22 y19d fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02 <span class="ff9 fc0 ls7 ws4c v0"> O íon de ferro que participa desse pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ocesso respira<span class="_1 blank"></span>tó<span class="_1 blank"></span>rio é o Fe<span class="fsb ls33 ws61 v3">2+</span><span class="ls0 ws3">, </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y19e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws13">que se liga à hemoglob<span class="_1 blank"></span>ina, fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rmando a o<span class="_1 blank"></span>xi-hemoglob<span class="_1 blank"></span>ina, res<span class="_1 blank"></span>ponsáv<span class="_1 blank"></span>el </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y19f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws30">por transportar o o<span class="_1 blank"></span>xigênio pelas nossas cél<span class="_1 blank"></span>ulas. A hemoglobina só </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y1a0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3">pode se ligar à molécula de O<span class="fsb ls0 ws1d v2">2</span> de<span class="_3 blank"> </span>vido à presença do ferr<span class="_1 blank"></span>o<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y11 w1 h9" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/83fd7d4b-e04a-42c0-9bc2-cb8dddbd6f93/bg7.png"><div class="t m0 x17 h10 ycd ffd fs6 fc4 sc0 ls20 ws47">LIVRO DO<span class="_1 blank"></span> PROFESSOR</div><div class="t m0 x18 h15 yce ff8 fsc fc3 sc0 ls0 ws3">Química I</div><div class="t m0 xe h10 y58 ffd fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0">7</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1a1 ff7 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 9</div><div class="t m0 x8 h11 y1a2 ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios concei<span class="_1 blank"></span>tuais</div><div class="t m0 x8 h23 y1a3 fff fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws3"> <span class="fc1">01</span> </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1a4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">a. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Meta<span class="_1 blank"></span>is alcalinos.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1a5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">b<span class="_1 blank"></span>. <span class="_e blank"> </span>Meta<span class="_1 blank"></span>is alcalinoterrosos.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1a6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">c. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Família do carbono<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1a7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6e">d. Calcogênios.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1a8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6f">e. H<span class="_1 blank"></span>alogênios.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1a9 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02 <span class="ff9 fc0 ws4f"> Como o cátio<span class="_1 blank"></span>n possui carga 2+, ele possui do<span class="_1 blank"></span>is pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>óto<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns a ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>is </span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1aa ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3b">do que elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns. Se sua distribuição eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica possui 10 elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns, </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1ab ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">o cátion possui 12 p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ró<span class="_1 blank"></span>ton<span class="_1 blank"></span>s.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1ac ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws70">Logo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, o elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to que possui 12 p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ró<span class="_1 blank"></span>tons se enco<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntra no 3<span class="fsb ws1d v3">o</span> período </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1ad ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">e na família 2 A.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y1ae fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 03 <span class="ff9 fc0 ws71 v0"> Como o ânio<span class="_1 blank"></span>n possui carga 2\u2013, e<span class="_1 blank"></span>le possui dois elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ons a ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>is </span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1af ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws72">do que pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>óto<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns. Se sua distribuição eletr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ônica possui 18 elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns, </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1b0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">o ânion possui 16 p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ró<span class="_1 blank"></span>ton<span class="_1 blank"></span>s.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1b1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws70">Logo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, o elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to que possui 16 p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ró<span class="_1 blank"></span>tons se enco<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntra no 3<span class="fsb ws1d v3">o</span> período </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1b2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">e na família 6 A.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y1b3 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 04 <span class="ff9 fc0 v0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h18 y1b4 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">48<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Cd: [Kr] 5s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 4d</span><span class="v4">10</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h18 y1b5 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">84<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">P<span class="_1 blank"></span>o: [Xe] 6s<span class="fsb ws1d v3">2</span> 4f<span class="fsb ws1d v3">14</span> 5d<span class="fsb ws1d v3">10</span> 6p<span class="fsb ls10 v3">4</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h18 y1b6 ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">92<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">U: [Rn] 5f</span><span class="ws3 v4">3 </span><span class="fs8 ws6 v3">6d</span><span class="ws3 v4">1 </span><span class="fs8 ws6 v3">7s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h24 y1b7 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 05 <span class="ff9 fc0 ls27 ws13 v0"> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>C<span class="_3 blank"> </span>omo ele é um cá<span class="_1 blank"></span>tion mo<span class="_1 blank"></span>no<span class="_1 blank"></span>valent<span class="_1 blank"></span>e, en<span class="_1 blank"></span>tão o númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o de elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns </span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1b8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">do áto<span class="_1 blank"></span>mo neu<span class="_1 blank"></span>tro será 37. </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1b9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws70">Logo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, o elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to que possui 37 p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ró<span class="_1 blank"></span>tons se enco<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntra no 5<span class="fsb ws1d v3">o</span> período </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1ba ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">e na família 1 A.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h11 y1bb ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios con<span class="_1 blank"></span>textua<span class="_1 blank"></span>lizados</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1bc fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UFG \u2013 ada<span class="_1 blank"></span>ptada) Letra A.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1bd ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Cálculo feito pelo estudan<span class="_1 blank"></span>te:</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1be ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Elemento co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m o meno<span class="_1 blank"></span>r númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tômico: hidr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ogênio (1).</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1bf ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Elemento: \ue01e<span class="_1 blank"></span>úor (9).</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1c0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws13">Elemento cu<span class="_1 blank"></span>jo númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o at<span class="_1 blank"></span>ômico seja um núm<span class="_1 blank"></span>ero p<span class="_1 blank"></span>rimo par: He (2).</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1c1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">log(1+9)<span class="fsb ws3 v3">2 </span><span class="ws3">= log100 = 2 (hélio \u2013 gás nob<span class="_1 blank"></span>re).</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y1c2 fff fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws3"> <span class="fc1">02 <span class="ff9 fc0 v0"> <span class="fff">(ENEM) Letra B.</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1c3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws13">O estrôn<span class="_1 blank"></span>cio (grupo 2) apr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esenta pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>op<span class="_1 blank"></span>riedades químicas semelhan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1c4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">ao cálcio (grupo 2) e p<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ode substituí-lo<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1c5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws13">O cálcio pode s<span class="_3 blank"> </span>er encon<span class="_1 blank"></span>trado em estruturas derivadas de carbona<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1c6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws73">e de fosfa<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos de cálcio<span class="_1 blank"></span>, como nas co<span class="_1 blank"></span>lunas v<span class="_1 blank"></span>ertebrais de ta<span class="_1 blank"></span>rtarugas, </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1c7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws74">concha<span class="_1 blank"></span>s de molu<span class="_1 blank"></span>scos, endoesqueletos de ouriços-do-mar e sedi-</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1c8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">ment<span class="_1 blank"></span>os de recife de co<span class="_1 blank"></span>rais.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1c9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3f">O estrôn<span class="_1 blank"></span>cio<span class="_1 blank"></span>, assim com<span class="_1 blank"></span>o o cálcio, não poderá ser encon<span class="_1 blank"></span>trado<span class="_1 blank"></span>, em </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1ca ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">grandes quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tidades, em ten<span class="_1 blank"></span>táculos de polvos.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h23 y1cb fff fs8 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws3"> <span class="fc1">03</span> <span class="v0"> <span class="fc0">(UERJ) Letra D.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1cc ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls28 ws13">A primeira etapa do mét<span class="_1 blank"></span>odo cientí\ue01fco é a observaç<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ão experimental, </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1cd ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls3 wsa">para que, en<span class="_1 blank"></span>tão<span class="_1 blank"></span>, seja criada uma hipótese sobre o f<span class="_1 blank"></span>enôm<span class="_1 blank"></span>eno<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1ce ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6c">obser vado.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y1cf fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 04 <span class="ff9 fc0 v0"> <span class="fff">(UERJ) Letra B.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1d0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1d ws13">Elementos de um<span class="_1 blank"></span>a mesma família possuem pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>op<span class="_1 blank"></span>riedades químicas </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1d1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">semelhant<span class="_1 blank"></span>es, ou seja, a opção correta é a B<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1d2 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 05 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UERJ) Letra B.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1d3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13">A resposta pode ser justi\ue01fcada pelo seguinte trecho: \u201c<span class="_0 blank"></span>Os elementos </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1d4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls25 ws9">químicos são pra<span class="_1 blank"></span>ticamen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te os mesmos, só que, naq<span class="_1 blank"></span>uela época, </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1d5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws49">eram conhecidas milhar<span class="_1 blank"></span>es e milhares de su<span class="_1 blank"></span>bstâncias, e ho<span class="_1 blank"></span>je nós </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1d6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">conhecemos milhões e milhões de substâncias<span class="_1 blank"></span>\u201d<span class="_f blank"></span>. </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1d7 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 06 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(CEFET<span class="_0 blank"></span>-PR) Le<span class="_3 blank"> </span>tra D<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1d8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">H: hidrogênio<span class="_0 blank"></span>. <span class="_10 blank"> </span>Mg: magnésio<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1d9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">He: h<span class="_1 blank"></span>élio<span class="_1 blank"></span>. <span class="_11 blank"> </span>Si: silício<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y1da ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">C: carbono<span class="_1 blank"></span>. <span class="_12 blank"> </span>Fe: f<span class="_1 blank"></span>erro<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc ycf fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 07 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(CEFET<span class="_0 blank"></span>-PR) Le<span class="_3 blank"> </span>tra E.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc yd0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2b">Analisando o n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmero a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tô<span class="_1 blank"></span>mico dos elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos citados no text<span class="_1 blank"></span>o<span class="_1 blank"></span>, a </div><div class="t m0 xb hc yd1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">resposta é Ca<span class="fsb ws1d v2">20</span><span class="ws6">C<span class="fsb ws1d v2">6</span>P<span class="fsb ws1d v2">15</span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc yd2 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 08 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(FUVES<span class="_1 blank"></span>T) Le<span class="_3 blank"> </span>tra B.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc yd3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span>O elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>oduzido a partir da bauxita é o alumínio<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc yd4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span>O principal con<span class="_1 blank"></span>stit<span class="_1 blank"></span>uinte do aço é o f<span class="_1 blank"></span>erro<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc yd5 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws75">\u2013 <span class="_14 blank"> </span>O elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esente na a<span class="_1 blank"></span>reia e u<span class="_1 blank"></span>tilizado em comp<span class="_1 blank"></span>utador<span class="_1 blank"></span>es é o </div><div class="t m0 xc hc yd6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">silício.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc yd7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span>O sal de cozinha é o cloret<span class="_1 blank"></span>o de sódio.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc yd8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span>O metal compo<span class="_1 blank"></span>nent<span class="_1 blank"></span>e do mármor<span class="_1 blank"></span>e é o cálcio<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc yd9 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 09 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UNES<span class="_1 blank"></span>P) Letr<span class="_3 blank"> </span>a A.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y174 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls39 ws9">Os metais são enco<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntrados nos elem<span class="_1 blank"></span>entos de <span class="_1 blank"></span>transição e nos<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y175 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos rep<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tativos.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y176 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 10 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UFPR) Letra E.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h18 y1db ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">14<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">Si = 1s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 v3">.</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h18 y1dc ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">6<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">C = 1s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> (uma camada a menos).</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h18 y1dd ff9 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1d">15<span class="fs8 ws3 v3">P = 1s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2s</span><span class="v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 2p</span><span class="ls10 v4">6</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3s</span><span class="ls10 v4">2</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> 3p</span><span class="v4">3</span><span class="fs8 ws3 v3"> (um elétron a m<span class="_1 blank"></span>ais).</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h11 ye0 ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios de apr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ofunda<span class="_1 blank"></span>men<span class="_1 blank"></span>to</div><div class="t m0 xb hc ye1 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ws6d">(UNI<span class="_1 blank"></span>CAMP)<span class="ff9 ws3"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc ye2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws76">a. <span class="_15 blank"> </span>O cálcio. M<span class="_0 blank"></span>et<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ais alcalinoterrosos (II A o<span class="_1 blank"></span>u coluna 2) são fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rma-</div><div class="t m0 xc hc ye3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">dores de cá<span class="_1 blank"></span>tion<span class="_1 blank"></span>s.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc ye4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">b<span class="_1 blank"></span>. <span class="_e blank"> </span>Qualquer element<span class="_1 blank"></span>o da família II A: Be, Mg, Sr<span class="_0 blank"></span>, B<span class="_3 blank"> </span>a, Ra.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc ye5 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ls17 ws16">(UERJ \u2013 ada<span class="_1 blank"></span>ptada)<span class="ff9 ws13"> Césio (Cs) e família 1 </span><span class="fc4 ls0 ws6d">\u2013<span class="ff9 fc0 ws77"> 6<span class="fsb ws1d v3">o</span><span class="ls17 ws13"> período \u2013 met<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ais </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc ye6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">alcalinos.</div><div class="t m0 xd ha y1de ff7 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 10</div><div class="t m0 xb h11 y1df ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios concei<span class="_1 blank"></span>tuais</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1e0 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1e1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws13">a. <span class="_15 blank"> </span>A energia gasta para retirar um elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n é a energia de io<span class="_1 blank"></span>nização<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1e2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26 ws13">b. <span class="_15 blank"> </span>A energia liberada ao receber um elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n é a a\ue01fnidade eletr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ônica.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1e3 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02 <span class="ff9 fc0 ls19 ws13"> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Energia de ionização é a energia mínima necessária para remo<span class="_1 blank"></span>ver </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1e4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3">o primeiro e<span class="_1 blank"></span>létron de um á<span class="_1 blank"></span>to<span class="_1 blank"></span>mo em estado fundamen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tal (gasoso).</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1e5 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 03 <span class="ff9 fc0 ls3a ws9"> <span class="_f blank"></span>O só<span class="_3 blank"> </span>dio está no 3<span class="fsb ls34 v3">o</span> período, enquan<span class="_1 blank"></span>to o potássio es<span class="_1 blank"></span>tá no <span class="_c blank"></span><span class="ls0 ws3"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1e6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls35">4<span class="fsb ls36 v3">o</span><span class="ls37 wsa"> período da t<span class="_3 blank"> </span>abela periódic<span class="_3 blank"> </span>a. Sabendo que qua<span class="_1 blank"></span>nt<span class="_1 blank"></span>o maio<span class="_1 blank"></span>r o </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1e7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls38 ws9">período, maio<span class="_1 blank"></span>r o númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o de camadas e, a<span class="_1 blank"></span>ssim, maio<span class="_1 blank"></span>r o raio<span class="_1 blank"></span>,<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1e8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">podemos dizer que K<span class="fsb ws1d v3">+</span> possui maior ra<span class="_1 blank"></span>io at<span class="_1 blank"></span>ômico<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1e9 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 04 <span class="ff9 fc0 ws57"> <span class="_1 blank"></span>Sabendo que A, B e C <span class="_1 blank"></span>estão neutros e<span class="_1 blank"></span>, com isso<span class="_1 blank"></span>, o n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o de </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1ea ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws19">elétron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s é igual ao númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o de pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>óto<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns, com a a<span class="_1 blank"></span>j<span class="_1 blank"></span>uda de uma tabela </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1eb ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2d ws13">periódica consegue-se notar que A, possuindo n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmero a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tô<span class="_1 blank"></span>mico 20, </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1ec ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws76">é o cálcio, o q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue possui núm<span class="_1 blank"></span>ero a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tômico 49 é o ín<span class="_1 blank"></span>dio e o que possui </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1ed ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tômico igual a 10 é o neônio<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1ee ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1f ws9">Colocando-os em ordem cr<span class="_1 blank"></span>escente de ener<span class="_1 blank"></span>gia de ionização<span class="_1 blank"></span>, e </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1ef ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws78">sabendo que essa energia é in<span class="_1 blank"></span>versam<span class="_1 blank"></span>ente p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ro<span class="_1 blank"></span>porcio<span class="_1 blank"></span>nal ao raio<span class="_1 blank"></span>, a </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1f0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">sequencia \ue01fcará Ca < In < N<span class="_1 blank"></span>e.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1f1 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 05 <span class="ff9 fc0 ls2d ws13"> <span class="_3 blank"> </span>Sabendo que a a\ue01fnidade eletrô<span class="_1 blank"></span>nica é a energia liberada quando </span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1f2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2d ws13">um elétron é adicio<span class="_1 blank"></span>nado a um á<span class="_1 blank"></span>tom<span class="_1 blank"></span>o neutr<span class="_1 blank"></span>o no estado gasoso e que </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1f3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls27 ws11">é inv<span class="_1 blank"></span>ersamen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>opor<span class="_1 blank"></span>cional ao ra<span class="_1 blank"></span>io<span class="_1 blank"></span>, a or<span class="_1 blank"></span>dem crescent<span class="_1 blank"></span>e de a\ue01fnidade </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1f4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">eletrônica se dará por Se < S < O<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb h11 y1f5 ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios con<span class="_1 blank"></span>textua<span class="_1 blank"></span>lizados</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1f6 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ws6d">(FEP<span class="_d blank"></span>AR)<span class="ff9 ws3"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1f7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls3b ws11">a. <span class="_13 blank"> </span>São e<span class="_1 blank"></span>lement<span class="_1 blank"></span>os que pertencem à família dos gases nobr<span class="_1 blank"></span>es, portanto </div><div class="t m0 xc hc y1f8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls3c ws67">ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tam as camadas de valência com<span class="_1 blank"></span>pletas, o q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue faz com que </div><div class="t m0 xc hc y1f9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls3c ws3">a energia necessária para a retirada desses elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns seja elevada.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y1fa ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws9">b<span class="_1 blank"></span>. <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Nes<span class="_1 blank"></span>se intervalo, com o a<span class="_1 blank"></span>umen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to da car<span class="_1 blank"></span>ga nuclea<span class="_1 blank"></span>r<span class="_0 blank"></span>, aumen<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta </div><div class="t m0 xc hc y1fb ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls28 ws13">também a for<span class="_1 blank"></span>ça de a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tração do elétron pelo n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úcleo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, aum<span class="_1 blank"></span>entan<span class="_1 blank"></span>do<span class="_1 blank"></span>, </div><div class="t m0 xc hc y1fc ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">consequen<span class="_1 blank"></span>temen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te, a en<span class="_1 blank"></span>ergia de ionização<span class="_1 blank"></span>. </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y11 w1 h9" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/83fd7d4b-e04a-42c0-9bc2-cb8dddbd6f93/bg8.png"><div class="t m0 x10 h1d y58 ffd fs6 fc1 sc0 ls3d">8<span class="ff14 fc4 ls20 ws47 v5">LIVRO DO<span class="_1 blank"></span> PROFESSOR</span></div><div class="t m0 x1d h15 yce ff15 fsc fc3 sc0 ls0 ws3">Química I</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc ycf ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws38">c. <span class="_e blank"> </span>O elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to de <span class="ff10">Z</span> = 19 é um metal que a<span class="_1 blank"></span>p<span class="_1 blank"></span>resenta a<span class="_1 blank"></span>penas um </div><div class="t m0 x1e hc yd0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws79">elétron n<span class="_1 blank"></span>a camada de valência e, como t<span class="_1 blank"></span>odos os element<span class="_1 blank"></span>os do </div><div class="t m0 x1e hc yd1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws58">primeiro grupo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, tende a per<span class="_1 blank"></span>der esse elétron em uma ligação </div><div class="t m0 x1e hc yd2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">química, pois a fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rça de a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tração núcleo-elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>on é men<span class="_1 blank"></span>or<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc yd3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls28 ws7a">d. <span class="_17 blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ls0 ws19">Z</span><span class="ls40 ws13"> = 9, pois pertence à família dos halogênios, família q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ecisa </span></div><div class="t m0 x1e hc yd4 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">de um elétron a<span class="_1 blank"></span>penas para se estab<span class="_1 blank"></span>ilizar<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc yd5 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ls3e ws7b">\ue01fUFT<span class="_1 blank"></span>M\ue01e <span class="ls1c ws2e">L<span class="_4 blank"> </span>et<span class="_3 blank"> </span>r<span class="_4 blank"> </span>a D.</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc yd6 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls27 ws11">O nióbio está localizado no 5<span class="fsb ls0 ws1d v3">o</span> período da t<span class="_3 blank"> </span>abela periódic<span class="_3 blank"> </span>a; logo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, tem </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc yd7 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13">cinco camadas e ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>ior raio em r<span class="_1 blank"></span>elação ao ferro<span class="_0 blank"></span>, que está loca<span class="_3 blank"> </span>lizado </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc yd8 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws3e">no 4<span class="fsb ls0 ws1d v3">o</span><span class="ls0 ws7c"> perío<span class="_3 blank"> </span>do da tabela per<span class="_3 blank"> </span>iódica. Como o raio do nióbio é ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>ior<span class="_0 blank"></span>, </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc yd9 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">sua primeira energia de io<span class="_1 blank"></span>nização é menor<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y174 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 03 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ls3e ws7b">\ue01fUECE\ue01e <span class="ls7 ws10">Let<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ra<span class="_3 blank"> </span> B.</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y175 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7d">O subní<span class="_1 blank"></span>vel d co<span class="_1 blank"></span>mporta dez elétron<span class="_1 blank"></span>s, mas, no f<span class="_1 blank"></span>erro<span class="_1 blank"></span>, possui a<span class="_1 blank"></span>penas </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y176 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">seis, estando<span class="_1 blank"></span>, assim, inco<span class="_1 blank"></span>mp<span class="_1 blank"></span>leto<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y177 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 04 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ls3e ws7b">\ue01fUFF\ue01e </span><span class="fff">Letra E.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y178 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3f">P<span class="_1 blank"></span>or a<span class="_1 blank"></span>pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esentar<span class="_1 blank"></span>em um raio m<span class="_1 blank"></span>uito gra<span class="_1 blank"></span>nde, os elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos ci<span class="_1 blank"></span>tados no </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y179 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">texto terão baix<span class="_1 blank"></span>os potenciais de io<span class="_1 blank"></span>nização<span class="_1 blank"></span>. </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y1fd fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 05 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ls3e ws7b">\ue01fUFS<span class="_1 blank"></span>M\ue01e <span class="ls0 ws3">Letra C.</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y17b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2d ws11">O cálcio (Ca) p<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ossui um n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmero de camadas e<span class="_1 blank"></span>letrônicas ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>ior que </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y17c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">o magnésio (Mg) e, por isso<span class="_1 blank"></span>, seu raio a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tô<span class="_1 blank"></span>mico é maior<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y17d fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 06 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ls3e ws18">\ue01fUFRJ \ue01d<span class="_1 blank"></span> <span class="ls0 ws6d">adap<span class="_1 blank"></span>tada\ue01e<span class="fc4 ws3"> <span class="fc0">L<span class="_3 blank"> </span>etra C. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y17e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7e">O neônio<span class="_1 blank"></span>, por ser um gás nob<span class="_1 blank"></span>re, possui s<span class="_1 blank"></span>ua camada de valência </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y1fe ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">com<span class="_1 blank"></span>pleta e, por isso<span class="_1 blank"></span>, a<span class="_1 blank"></span>pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esenta a maio<span class="_1 blank"></span>r energia de ionização<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y180 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 07 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ls3e ws6">\ue01fUFRJ\ue01e</span> P<span class="_0 blank"></span>a, R<span class="_3 blank"> </span>a, B<span class="_3 blank"> </span>e, N. </span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y181 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 08 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff ls3e">\ue01fUERJ\ue01e</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y182 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">a. <span class="_5 blank"> </span>Enxofre (S), grupo 16 \u2013 seis elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns de valência.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y183 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls4 wsa">b<span class="_1 blank"></span>. <span class="_16 blank"> </span>Grupo dos halogênios, pois possuem a ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>ior fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rça n<span class="_1 blank"></span>uclear </div><div class="t m0 x1e hc y1ff ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">atra<span class="_1 blank"></span>tiva de cada período.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y186 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 09 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UPF) Letra C.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y187 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7f">As p<span class="_1 blank"></span>rop<span class="_1 blank"></span>riedades perió<span class="_3 blank"> </span>dicas estão relacion<span class="_1 blank"></span>adas com a possibilidade </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y188 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls3f ws9">de os áto<span class="_1 blank"></span>mos de um elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to in<span class="_1 blank"></span>teragir<span class="_1 blank"></span>em com os á<span class="_1 blank"></span>tomos de<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y189 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws66">outr<span class="_1 blank"></span>os elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos, cau<span class="_1 blank"></span>sando modi\ue01fcações em suas eletrosferas, o </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y18a ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws80">que signi\ue01fca que a eletrosf<span class="_1 blank"></span>era de\ue01fne o com<span class="_1 blank"></span>portamen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to químico </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y18b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws75">dos áto<span class="_1 blank"></span>mos de acor<span class="_1 blank"></span>do com o m<span class="_1 blank"></span>odelo de distribuição por camadas.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc ycf fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 10 <span class="ff9 fc0"> <span class="fff">(UEPG) Letra B.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd0 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws19">Os át<span class="_1 blank"></span>omos de potássio e de cálcio pertencem ao mesmo período da </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd1 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws11">tabela perió<span class="_3 blank"> </span>dica, porém, o raio a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tômico do <span class="_1 blank"></span>cálcio é menor<span class="_0 blank"></span>, pois como </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd2 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws21">possui maior n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o at<span class="_1 blank"></span>ômico<span class="_0 blank"></span>, ou seja, maior númer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o de pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>óto<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns, </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc yd3 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3">atrairá ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>is os elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ns, dimin<span class="_1 blank"></span>uindo o raio a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tô<span class="_1 blank"></span>mico<span class="_1 blank"></span>. </div><div class="t m0 x11 h11 y200 ffe fsa fc3 sc0 ls14 ws20">Exercícios de apr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ofunda<span class="_1 blank"></span>men<span class="_1 blank"></span>to</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y201 fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 01 <span class="ff9 fc0 ws81"> <span class="_0 blank"></span>As estalactites pendem do teto das cav<span class="_1 blank"></span>ernas e as estalagmites </span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y202 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3d">crescem do chão<span class="_1 blank"></span>. Am<span class="_1 blank"></span>bos os fenômenos t<span class="_1 blank"></span>êm o forma<span class="_1 blank"></span>to pon<span class="_1 blank"></span>tudo<span class="_0 blank"></span>, e, </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y203 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws13">em alguns casos raros, e<span class="_1 blank"></span>las conseguem se jun<span class="_1 blank"></span>tar<span class="_0 blank"></span>. Essas defo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rmações </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y204 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws11">rochosas surg<span class="_1 blank"></span>em porq<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue as rochas calcárias das regiões de cavernas </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y205 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws11">costumam ser bastan<span class="_1 blank"></span>te sol<span class="_1 blank"></span>úveis. A taxa de crescimen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to co<span class="_1 blank"></span>rresponde </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y206 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1 wsa">a milímetros por ano e a<span class="_1 blank"></span>penas se hou<span class="_1 blank"></span>ver bastan<span class="_1 blank"></span>te umidade na </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y207 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">caverna.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y208 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa">Consegue-se saber o clima da região de milhares de anos a<span class="_1 blank"></span>trás, </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y209 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws82">pois, medindo a taxa de crescimen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to tan<span class="_1 blank"></span>to da estalactite quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>to </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y20a ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4b">da estalagmite, há uma ideia do índice de c<span class="_1 blank"></span>hu<span class="_1 blank"></span>va do lugar<span class="_0 blank"></span>. São os </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y20b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws83">únicos registros p<span class="_1 blank"></span>reservados do vento e da er<span class="_1 blank"></span>osão que permitem </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y20c ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">estudar va<span class="_1 blank"></span>riações climáticas de a<span class="_1 blank"></span>té cem mil anos a<span class="_1 blank"></span>trás.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y20d fff fs8 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3"> 02 <span class="ff9 fc0 ws84"> Sabemos que a cor dos fog<span class="_1 blank"></span>os ocorre pelo salto quâ<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntico \u2013 salto </span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y20e ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws85">do elétron de um<span class="_1 blank"></span>a camada mais in<span class="_1 blank"></span>terna para uma ca<span class="_1 blank"></span>mada mais </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y20f ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4f">externa. Quando se trata de um ânio<span class="_1 blank"></span>n, esse salto não é tão simp<span class="_1 blank"></span>les </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y210 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13">de acon<span class="_1 blank"></span>tecer<span class="_0 blank"></span>. Pa<span class="_1 blank"></span>ra que um elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n que já en<span class="_1 blank"></span>trou n<span class="_1 blank"></span>a órbi<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta salte para </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y211 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws86">uma camada mais ext<span class="_1 blank"></span>erna, há demanda de ener<span class="_1 blank"></span>gia muit<span class="_1 blank"></span>o grande </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y212 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws87">(lembr<span class="_1 blank"></span>e-se de que um á<span class="_1 blank"></span>tomo <span class="_1 blank"></span>que recebe um elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n, transf<span class="_1 blank"></span>ormando<span class="ls0">-</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y213 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2b wsa">-se em um ânion é bastan<span class="_1 blank"></span>te e<span class="_1 blank"></span>letron<span class="_1 blank"></span>egativ<span class="_1 blank"></span>o e quer os elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ons<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y214 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2c">pró<span class="_1 blank"></span>ximos ao seu n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úcleo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, e um salto para uma cam<span class="_1 blank"></span>ada mais externa </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y215 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7b">não seria favorá<span class="_1 blank"></span>ve<span class="_1 blank"></span>l). Sendo assim, por mais que a t<span class="_1 blank"></span>empera<span class="_1 blank"></span>tura das </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y216 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws13">chamas q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue acendem os fog<span class="_1 blank"></span>os de arti\ue01fcio seja alta, não é o su\ue01fciente </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y217 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">para que o elétro<span class="_1 blank"></span>n do ânio<span class="_1 blank"></span>n salte para a camada ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>is externa.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y218 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws55">A energia para que esse elétr<span class="_1 blank"></span>on faça o salto q<span class="_1 blank"></span>uântico deve ser tão </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y219 ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws71">alta, que a única maneira co<span class="_1 blank"></span>nhecida para isso ocorrer seria se esse </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y21a ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws88">ânion esti<span class="_1 blank"></span>vesse no plasma. O p<span class="_1 blank"></span>lasma é o quarto estado da ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>téria e </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y21b ff9 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls16 ws11">é formado por uma ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>ssa de gás ionizado em altíssima t<span class="_1 blank"></span>empera<span class="_1 blank"></span>tura.</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y21c ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y21d ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y21e ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y21f ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y220 ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y221 ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y222 ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y223 ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y224 ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y225 ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y226 ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y227 ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div><div class="t m0 x10 h25 y228 ff16 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0">_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y11 w1 h9" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/83fd7d4b-e04a-42c0-9bc2-cb8dddbd6f93/bg9.png"><div class="t m0 x7 ha y12 ff17 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 6</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y13 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws8d">1. Assunto</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y14 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Estequiom<span class="_1 blank"></span>etria comum.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y15 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws8e">2. Objetivo</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y16 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws11">Pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>porcio<span class="_1 blank"></span>nar ao aluno co<span class="_1 blank"></span>ndições para que ele seja capaz de r<span class="_1 blank"></span>esolver </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y37 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>blemas de est<span class="_1 blank"></span>equiometria com<span class="_1 blank"></span>um.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y229 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws8f">3. Cont<span class="_1 blank"></span>eúdo</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y19 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Regras fundamentai<span class="_1 blank"></span>s para o cálculo estequiométrico:</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y3a ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span><span class="ff1a">Relacionando q<span class="_1 blank"></span>uan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tidade de matéria;</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y22a ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span>relacion<span class="_1 blank"></span>ando qua<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntidade de ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>téria com mas<span class="_1 blank"></span>sa;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y3c ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span>relacion<span class="_1 blank"></span>ando massa co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m massa;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y22b ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span>relacion<span class="_1 blank"></span>ando massa co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m vol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ume (CNTP);</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y22c ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span>relacion<span class="_1 blank"></span>ando massa co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m moléculas;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y22d ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span>relacion<span class="_1 blank"></span>ando qua<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntidade de ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>téria com mo<span class="_1 blank"></span>léculas;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y22e ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span>relacion<span class="_1 blank"></span>ando moléculas com mo<span class="_1 blank"></span>léculas;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y22f ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span>relacion<span class="_1 blank"></span>ando vo<span class="_1 blank"></span>lume co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m vol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ume;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y230 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2013 <span class="_13 blank"> </span>relacion<span class="_1 blank"></span>ando grandezas co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m vol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ume fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>ra das CNTP<span class="_d blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y231 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">4. Sugestões de abordag<span class="_1 blank"></span>em</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y232 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls16 ws13">A estequio<span class="_1 blank"></span>metria consiste em es<span class="_1 blank"></span>tudar e determina<span class="_1 blank"></span>r as relações quan<span class="ls0">-</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y233 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8">titativas q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue participam de uma r<span class="_1 blank"></span>eação química, ou seja, permite </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y234 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws35">determinar as p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ropo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rções entr<span class="_1 blank"></span>e os elemen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos e as subs<span class="_1 blank"></span>tâncias que </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y235 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">estão reagindo para a ob<span class="_1 blank"></span>tenção dos pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>odut<span class="_1 blank"></span>os.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y236 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws85">Contudo<span class="_0 blank"></span>, para se ter esse p<span class="_3 blank"> </span>oder de fato<span class="_0 blank"></span>, a estequiometria, como </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y237 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf">todas as outras ciências, exig<span class="_1 blank"></span>e a utilização de determinado racio-</div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y238 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws90">cínio<span class="_1 blank"></span>, ou regras, pa<span class="_1 blank"></span>ra enten<span class="_1 blank"></span>der e tratar os f<span class="_1 blank"></span>enômenos o<span class="_1 blank"></span>bser<span class="_3 blank"> </span>vados </div><div class="t m0 x8 hc y239 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">experimentalmente<span class="_1 blank"></span>. A sequência de raciocínio é a seguinte: </div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y23a ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ws3e">Conhecer com exatidão e rep<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tar a equação que descreve </span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hd y23b ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">o fato (experimen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tal);</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y23c ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ws91">aj<span class="_1 blank"></span>ustar os coe\ue01fcientes (n<span class="_1 blank"></span>úmer<span class="_1 blank"></span>o de mols de cada substân<span class="_1 blank"></span>cia \u2013 </span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hd y23d ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">reagen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes e pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>odut<span class="_1 blank"></span>os);</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y23e ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ls41 ws17">estabelecer uma pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>porção (r<span class="_1 blank"></span>egra de três simp<span class="_1 blank"></span>les) entr<span class="_1 blank"></span>e as </span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hd y23f ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">grandezas env<span class="_1 blank"></span>olvidas.</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y240 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws92">5. Prioridades</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y241 ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Mo<span class="_1 blank"></span>nta<span class="_1 blank"></span>r e escrever corretam<span class="_1 blank"></span>ente a<span class="_1 blank"></span>s equações químicas;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y242 ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>desenvol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ver com o al<span class="_1 blank"></span>uno a ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>licação do cálcu<span class="_3 blank"> </span>lo matemá<span class="_1 blank"></span>tico;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y243 ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ws64">chamar a a<span class="_1 blank"></span>tenção do aluno pa<span class="_1 blank"></span>ra a importância de en<span class="_1 blank"></span>tender </span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hd y244 ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">com clar<span class="_1 blank"></span>eza o enunciado do exer<span class="_1 blank"></span>cício;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y245 ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls3c ws93">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ws94">interpretar os coe\ue01fcien<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes da equação química, estabelecendo as </span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hd y246 ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls3c ws3">relações massa-massa, massa-mol, v<span class="_1 blank"></span>olume-mas<span class="_1 blank"></span>sa, volume-m<span class="_1 blank"></span>ol;</div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y247 ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls43 ws95">\u2022 <span class="_18 blank"> </span><span class="ls16 wsa">elaborar um esquema q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue identifique os passos de resol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ução </span></div><div class="t m0 x9 hd y248 ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls43 ws28">como fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rma de visualizar a questão co<span class="_1 blank"></span>mo um todo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, para efetua<span class="_1 blank"></span>r<span class="_3 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x9 hd y249 ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls43 ws8">cálculo simples env<span class="_1 blank"></span>olvendo a<span class="_1 blank"></span>s relações massa-massa, massa-mol, </div><div class="t m0 x9 h26 y24a ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls44 wsa">volume-ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>ssa, volume-m<span class="_1 blank"></span>ol, vol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ume-vol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ume e massa (ou n<span class="fsb ls0 v3">o</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f hd y24a ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls44 wsa"> de<span class="_3 blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x9 hd y24b ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls43 ws3">mols)-vol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ume fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>ra das CNTP<span class="_d blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y24c ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">6. <span class="_4 blank"> </span>Sug<span class="_1 blank"></span>estões adicionais</div><div class="t m0 xb h27 y24d ff1b fs8 fc3 sc0 ls26 ws89">Site</div><div class="t m0 xb hd y24e ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ls45 ws8a"><www<span class="_0 blank"></span>.descomplica.com.b<span class="_1 blank"></span>r/quimica/esteq<span class="_1 blank"></span>uiometria-</span></div><div class="t m0 xc hd y24f ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">de\ue01fnicao-e-balanceamento?c=769>.</div><div class="t m0 xb h27 y250 ff1b fs8 fc3 sc0 ls28 ws8b">V<span class="_0 blank"></span>ídeos</div><div class="t m0 xb hd y251 ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws10">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ls26 ws8c"><ww w<span class="_0 blank"></span>.youtu<span class="_1 blank"></span>be.com/wat<span class="_1 blank"></span>ch?v=bwvo<span class="_1 blank"></span>mSral70&fea<span class="_1 blank"></span>tur<span class="_1 blank"></span>e=relmfu>.</span></div><div class="t m0 xb hd y252 ff1a fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><www<span class="_0 blank"></span>.youtube.co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m/wat<span class="_1 blank"></span>ch?v=cT1J2gCmgTQ>.</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y253 ff17 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 7</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y254 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">1. Assunto</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y255 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws13">Estequiom<span class="_1 blank"></span>etria: reagen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes im<span class="_1 blank"></span>pur<span class="_1 blank"></span>os e reações sem rendimen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to to<span class="_1 blank"></span>tal.</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y256 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">2. Objetivo</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y257 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws11">Pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>porcio<span class="_1 blank"></span>nar ao aluno co<span class="_1 blank"></span>ndições para que ele seja capaz de r<span class="_1 blank"></span>esolver </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y258 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws11">pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>blemas de esteq<span class="_1 blank"></span>uiometria que en<span class="_1 blank"></span>vol<span class="_1 blank"></span>vam rendim<span class="_1 blank"></span>ento e im<span class="_1 blank"></span>p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ureza.</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y259 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">3. Cont<span class="_1 blank"></span>eúdo</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y25a ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Reações envol<span class="_1 blank"></span>vendo ren<span class="_1 blank"></span>diment<span class="_1 blank"></span>o reacional;</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y25b ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>reações env<span class="_1 blank"></span>olven<span class="_1 blank"></span>do pureza e im<span class="_1 blank"></span>pur<span class="_1 blank"></span>eza dos reagen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes.</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y25c ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">4. Sugestões de abor<span class="_1 blank"></span>dagem</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y25d ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls42 ws9">As r<span class="_1 blank"></span>eações químicas envo<span class="_1 blank"></span>lvem de f<span class="_1 blank"></span>orma direta o<span class="_1 blank"></span>u indireta<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y25e ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2d ws13">percent<span class="_1 blank"></span>uais de r<span class="_1 blank"></span>endimen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to<span class="_1 blank"></span>. P<span class="_0 blank"></span>or vezes, espera-se obter a quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tidade </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y25f ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1c">de prod<span class="_1 blank"></span>utos determinada pela teoria; por<span class="_1 blank"></span>ém, no pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ocesso experi-</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y260 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws96">mental, essa q<span class="_1 blank"></span>uantidade não é ob<span class="_1 blank"></span>tida. Esse fenômen<span class="_1 blank"></span>o é bastan<span class="_1 blank"></span>te </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y261 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws54">com<span class="_1 blank"></span>um, já que na teo<span class="_1 blank"></span>ria não são previstas as perdas ocorridas em </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y262 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2c wsa">processos ind<span class="_1 blank"></span>ustriais. Dessa fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rma, pode-s<span class="_3 blank"> </span>e dizer que, qua<span class="_1 blank"></span>ndo </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y263 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws97">obtemos valo<span class="_1 blank"></span>res p<span class="_1 blank"></span>ráticos o<span class="_1 blank"></span>u experimentais iguais aos t<span class="_1 blank"></span>eóricos, a </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y264 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws13">reação teve um ren<span class="_1 blank"></span>diment<span class="_1 blank"></span>o igual a 100%; caso contrário<span class="_0 blank"></span>, efetuamos </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y265 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">uma regra de três para det<span class="_1 blank"></span>erminar o rendim<span class="_1 blank"></span>ent<span class="_1 blank"></span>o<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y266 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws98">Em qualquer pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ocesso químico<span class="_1 blank"></span>, a im<span class="_1 blank"></span>pureza deve ser desp<span class="_1 blank"></span>rezada, </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y267 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws99">pois esta pode contamina<span class="_1 blank"></span>r o pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ocesso ou forma<span class="_1 blank"></span>r pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>odutos secun-</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y268 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2e">dários, os quais podem não ser de inter<span class="_1 blank"></span>esse para o pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ocedimento </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y269 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9a">químico<span class="_1 blank"></span>. Dessa maneira, q<span class="_1 blank"></span>uando a<span class="_1 blank"></span>parecer im<span class="_1 blank"></span>pur<span class="_1 blank"></span>ezas em qualquer </div><div class="t m0 xb hc y26a ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws30">reagen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te, devem<span class="_1 blank"></span>os extraí-las dos nossos cálculos e efetuar a este-</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y26b ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">quiometria a<span class="_1 blank"></span>penas com reag<span class="_1 blank"></span>ent<span class="_1 blank"></span>es pur<span class="_1 blank"></span>os.</div><div class="t m0 xb hb y26c ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">5. Prioridades</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y26d ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Mo<span class="_1 blank"></span>n<span class="_1 blank"></span>tar e escrever corr<span class="_1 blank"></span>etamen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te as equações químicas;</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y26e ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>desenvo<span class="_1 blank"></span>lver no ed<span class="_1 blank"></span>ucando a a<span class="_1 blank"></span>plicação do cálculo matemá<span class="_1 blank"></span>tico;</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y26f ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ls28 ws13">chama<span class="_1 blank"></span>r a at<span class="_1 blank"></span>enção do aluno para a im<span class="_1 blank"></span>portância de en<span class="_1 blank"></span>tender co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m </span></div><div class="t m0 xc hc y270 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">clareza o en<span class="_1 blank"></span>unciado do exer<span class="_1 blank"></span>cício;</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y271 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ws21">elaborar um esquema q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue iden<span class="_1 blank"></span>ti\ue01fque os passos de resolução </span></div><div class="t m0 xc hc y272 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls28 ws13">como fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rma de visualizar a ques<span class="_1 blank"></span>tão como um todo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, para ef<span class="_1 blank"></span>etuar </div><div class="t m0 xc hc y273 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws68">cálculo simples en<span class="_1 blank"></span>volv<span class="_1 blank"></span>endo substân<span class="_1 blank"></span>cias imp<span class="_1 blank"></span>uras e rendim<span class="_1 blank"></span>ent<span class="_1 blank"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 xc hc y274 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">de reação<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x8 he y56 ff1c fs7 fc1 sc0 lsa ws3">Química II</div><div class="t m0 x8 hf y57 ff1d fs9 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">Guia do profes<span class="_1 blank"></span>sor</div><div class="t m0 xe h10 y58 ff1e fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0">9</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y11 w1 h9" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/83fd7d4b-e04a-42c0-9bc2-cb8dddbd6f93/bga.png"><div class="t m0 x10 h1d y58 ff1e fs6 fc1 sc0 ls49 ws9b">10 <span class="ff1f fc4 ls20 ws47 v5">LIVRO DO<span class="_1 blank"></span> PROFESSOR</span></div><div class="t m0 x1d h15 yce ff20 fsc fc3 sc0 ls0 ws3">Química II</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y275 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">6. Sugestões adicionais</div><div class="t m0 x10 h27 y276 ff1b fs8 fc3 sc0 ls28 ws8b">V<span class="_0 blank"></span>ídeos</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y277 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls43 wsa0">\u2022 <www<span class="_0 blank"></span>.youtube.co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m/wat<span class="_1 blank"></span>ch?v=neOH<span class="_0 blank"></span>d<span class="_3 blank"> </span>hfxeEA&fea<span class="_1 blank"></span>ture=r<span class="_1 blank"></span>elmfu>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y278 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls22 wsa1">\u2022<span class="_0 blank"></span> <w<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ww<span class="_0 blank"></span>.youtu<span class="_1 blank"></span>be.com/wa<span class="_1 blank"></span>tch?v=nWKA8h<span class="ff1b">x</span><span class="ws9c">1CV<span class="_19 blank"></span>c&feat<span class="_1 blank"></span>ure=r<span class="_1 blank"></span>e</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y279 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls3e ws9d">lmfu>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y27a ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls43 wsa0">\u2022 <www<span class="_0 blank"></span>.youtube.co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m/wat<span class="_1 blank"></span>ch?v=k4u_pjK9FB4&f<span class="_1 blank"></span>eatur<span class="_1 blank"></span>e=re<span class="_1 blank"></span>lated>.</div><div class="t m0 xf ha y27b ff17 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 8</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y27c ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">1. Assunto</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y27d ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Estequiom<span class="_1 blank"></span>etria: reagent<span class="_1 blank"></span>es em excesso e reações con<span class="_1 blank"></span>secutivas.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y27e ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">2. Objetivo</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y27f ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws11">Pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>porcio<span class="_1 blank"></span>nar ao aluno co<span class="_1 blank"></span>ndições para que ele seja capaz de r<span class="_1 blank"></span>esolver </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y280 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls41 ws9">pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>blemas de esteq<span class="_1 blank"></span>uiometria que en<span class="_1 blank"></span>vol<span class="_1 blank"></span>vam exces<span class="_1 blank"></span>so de um dos </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y281 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">reagen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes e r<span class="_1 blank"></span>eações consecutivas.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y282 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">3. Cont<span class="_1 blank"></span>eúdo</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y283 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Reações com reagen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes em excesso;</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y284 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>relacion<span class="_1 blank"></span>ar reações con<span class="_1 blank"></span>secutivas.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y285 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">4. Sugestão de abor<span class="_1 blank"></span>dagem</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y286 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4b">De acordo co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m as leis ponderai<span class="_1 blank"></span>s, existe uma r<span class="_1 blank"></span>elação \ue01fxa na qual </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y287 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws81">os reagen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes in<span class="_1 blank"></span>terag<span class="_1 blank"></span>em (lei de Pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>ust); caso um dos participan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y288 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa">tenha um maio<span class="_1 blank"></span>r valor de massa ou de v<span class="_1 blank"></span>olum<span class="_1 blank"></span>e que a pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>opor<span class="_1 blank"></span>ção </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y289 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls46 wsa">estabelecida, a quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tidade em excesso não reagirá. Semp<span class="_1 blank"></span>re q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y28a ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsb ws9">o enunciado do p<span class="_1 blank"></span>rob<span class="_1 blank"></span>lema troux<span class="_1 blank"></span>er dados sobre ma<span class="_1 blank"></span>is de um dos </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y28b ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3e">reagen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes da r<span class="_1 blank"></span>eação podemos ter um caso de reagente em ex<span class="_1 blank"></span>cesso<span class="_1 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y28c ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls37 ws9">Na <span class="_1 blank"></span>indústria, o mais co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m<span class="_1 blank"></span>um são as operações que en<span class="_1 blank"></span>volv<span class="_1 blank"></span>em </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y28d ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4f">múlti<span class="_1 blank"></span>plas reações, por<span class="_1 blank"></span>ém os procedimen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tos de cálculos obedecem </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y28e ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls3 wsa">aos mesmos critérios u<span class="_1 blank"></span>tilizados anterio<span class="_1 blank"></span>rment<span class="_1 blank"></span>e. P<span class="_1 blank"></span>ara resol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ver<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y28f ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls5 wsa">questões desse tipo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, basta soma<span class="_1 blank"></span>r as equações devidamente<span class="_0 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y290 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa2">balanceadas e tomar co<span class="_1 blank"></span>mo base a equação \ue01fnal (soma das etapas </div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y291 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">intermediárias).</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y292 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">5. Prioridades</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y293 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Mo<span class="_1 blank"></span>n<span class="_1 blank"></span>tar e escrever corr<span class="_1 blank"></span>etamen<span class="_1 blank"></span>te as equações químicas;</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y294 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>desenvo<span class="_1 blank"></span>lver no ed<span class="_1 blank"></span>ucando a a<span class="_1 blank"></span>plicação do cálculo matemá<span class="_1 blank"></span>tico;</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y295 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ls28 ws13">chama<span class="_1 blank"></span>r a at<span class="_1 blank"></span>enção do aluno para a im<span class="_1 blank"></span>portância de en<span class="_1 blank"></span>tender co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m </span></div><div class="t m0 x1e hc y296 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">clareza o en<span class="_1 blank"></span>unciado do exer<span class="_1 blank"></span>cício;</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y297 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ws21">elaborar um esquema q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue iden<span class="_1 blank"></span>ti\ue01fque os passos de resolução </span></div><div class="t m0 x1e hc y298 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls28 ws13">como fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rma de visualizar a ques<span class="_1 blank"></span>tão como um todo<span class="_1 blank"></span>, para ef<span class="_1 blank"></span>etuar </div><div class="t m0 x1e hc y299 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2c wsa">cálculo envol<span class="_1 blank"></span>vendo exces<span class="_1 blank"></span>so de um dos reagen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes e r<span class="_1 blank"></span>eações </div><div class="t m0 x1e hc y29a ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">consecutivas.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y29b ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">6. Sugestões adicionais</div><div class="t m0 x10 h27 y29c ff1b fs8 fc3 sc0 ls28 ws8b">V<span class="_0 blank"></span>ídeos</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y29d ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls41 wsa3">\u2022 <www<span class="_0 blank"></span>.youtube.co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m/wat<span class="_1 blank"></span>ch?v=HmM<span class="_0 blank"></span>dETPWIzM&featur<span class="_1 blank"></span>e=re</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y29e ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">lmfu>.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hc y29f ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls43 wsa4">\u2022<span class="_3 blank"> </span> <www<span class="_0 blank"></span>.youtube.co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m/wat<span class="_1 blank"></span>ch?v=DlTjE<span class="_0 blank"></span>t<span class="_3 blank"> </span>n8ZMM&feat<span class="_1 blank"></span>ure=r<span class="_1 blank"></span>elmfu>.</div><div class="t m0 x20 ha y1a1 ff17 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Módulo 9</div><div class="t m0 x11 hb y2a0 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">1. Assunto</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2a1 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Soluções: de\ue01fnições e coe\ue01fciente de solub<span class="_1 blank"></span>ilidade. </div><div class="t m0 x11 hb y2a2 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">2. Objetivo</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2a3 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls47 wsa">Pro<span class="_1 blank"></span>porcio<span class="_1 blank"></span>nar ao al<span class="_1 blank"></span>uno condições para, a partir do concei<span class="_1 blank"></span>to<span class="_1 blank"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2a4 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2 wsa">de coe\ue01fciente de sol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ubilidade, clas<span class="_1 blank"></span>si\ue01fcar as soluções q<span class="_1 blank"></span>uant<span class="_1 blank"></span>o à </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2a5 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws42">concen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tração<span class="_1 blank"></span>, resolv<span class="_1 blank"></span>er pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>oblemas sob<span class="_1 blank"></span>re solu<span class="_1 blank"></span>bilidade e int<span class="_1 blank"></span>erpretar </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2a6 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">as cur<span class="_3 blank"> </span>vas de solubilidade.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hb y2a7 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">3. Cont<span class="_1 blank"></span>eúdo</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2a8 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Soluções, soluto e sol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ven<span class="_1 blank"></span>te;</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2a9 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>coe\ue01fciente de sol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ubilidade;</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2aa ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>classi\ue01fcação das soluções quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>to à sa<span class="_1 blank"></span>turação;</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2ab ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>cur<span class="_3 blank"> </span>vas de solubilidade.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hb y2ac ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">4. Sugestões de abor<span class="_1 blank"></span>dagem</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2ad ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsd ws9">A mistura de d<span class="_1 blank"></span>uas ou mai<span class="_1 blank"></span>s substâncias q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>resen<span class="_1 blank"></span>ta aspecto </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2ae ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1d ws13">uniforme, i<span class="_1 blank"></span>sto é, mis<span class="_1 blank"></span>tura hom<span class="_1 blank"></span>ogênea, é cha<span class="_1 blank"></span>mada de<span class="ff21 ls28 wsa5"> soluç<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ão<span class="_3 blank"> </span></span><span class="ls9 ws7f">, e nela </span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2af ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3e">estão presen<span class="_1 blank"></span>tes o solu<span class="_1 blank"></span>to e o solv<span class="_1 blank"></span>ent<span class="_1 blank"></span>e; essa de\ue01fnição se faz present<span class="_1 blank"></span>e </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2b0 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">nesse con<span class="_1 blank"></span>texto<span class="_0 blank"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2b1 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws69">Coe\ue01fciente de solub<span class="_1 blank"></span>ilidade é repr<span class="_1 blank"></span>esentado pela sigla Cs e consiste </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2b2 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2b">na quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tidade necessária do solut<span class="_1 blank"></span>o para fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rmar<span class="_0 blank"></span>, com o solv<span class="_1 blank"></span>ente<span class="_1 blank"></span>, </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2b3 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa6">uma solução sat<span class="_1 blank"></span>urada em determinadas condições de tem<span class="_1 blank"></span>perat<span class="_1 blank"></span>ura </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2b4 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws13">e pres<span class="_1 blank"></span>são<span class="_1 blank"></span>. Na p<span class="_1 blank"></span>rá<span class="_1 blank"></span>tica, é uma quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tidade máxima de uma substân<span class="_1 blank"></span>cia </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2b5 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa7">que se consegue dissol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ver em um vol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ume \ue01fxo de sol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ven<span class="_1 blank"></span>te sob uma </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2b6 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2d">tempera<span class="_1 blank"></span>tura co<span class="_1 blank"></span>nstan<span class="_1 blank"></span>te. Dependendo da qua<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntidade de solu<span class="_1 blank"></span>to em </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2b7 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws11">relação à qua<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntidade de solven<span class="_1 blank"></span>te<span class="_1 blank"></span>, as soluções podem ser classi\ue01fcadas </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2b8 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls3e ws7b">em <span class="_1a blank"> </span><span class="ff21 ls46 ws9e">solu ç ã o<span class="ff1b ls48 ws3"> </span><span class="ls2c ws9f">ins<span class="_3 blank"> </span>at<span class="_1 blank"></span>urada<span class="ff19 ls3e wsa"> (que ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>resenta a q<span class="_1 blank"></span>uan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tidade de soluto<span class="_1 blank"></span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2b9 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws56">inferior à qua<span class="_1 blank"></span>ntidade máxima q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue o solven<span class="_1 blank"></span>te co<span class="_1 blank"></span>nsegue dissolver); </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2ba ff21 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws99">solução saturada<span class="ff19 ws93"> (nesse caso, a q<span class="_1 blank"></span>uantidade de sol<span class="_1 blank"></span>uto é a máxim<span class="_1 blank"></span>a </span></div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2bb ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13">permitida para uma certa quantidade de solven<span class="_1 blank"></span>te<span class="_1 blank"></span>, em determinada </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2bc ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws13">tempera<span class="_1 blank"></span>tura); e <span class="ff21 ws16">solução supersaturada</span> (esse é um sistem<span class="_1 blank"></span>a instá<span class="_1 blank"></span>vel, </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2bd ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">pois a quan<span class="_1 blank"></span>tidade de solu<span class="_1 blank"></span>to é maio<span class="_1 blank"></span>r que a máxima permitida);</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2be ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws9">As curvas de solubilidade são diagramas que indicam a va<span class="_1 blank"></span>riação </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2bf ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsc wsa">dos coeficientes de solub<span class="_1 blank"></span>ilidade das substâncias em função da </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2c0 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2d ws9">tempera<span class="_1 blank"></span>tura. N<span class="_1 blank"></span>o<span class="_1 blank"></span>rmalmente<span class="_1 blank"></span>, o aumen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to da tem<span class="_1 blank"></span>pera<span class="_1 blank"></span>tura fa<span class="_1 blank"></span>vor<span class="_1 blank"></span>ece </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2c1 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws38">a dissolução<span class="_1 blank"></span>, e as curvas são ascendentes (dissolução endo<span class="_1 blank"></span>térmica </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2c2 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls2d ws9">com absor<span class="_1 blank"></span>ção de energia). Curvas descendentes caracterizam as </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2c3 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws2a">dissoluções exo<span class="_1 blank"></span>térmicas com liberação de energia, e a solub<span class="_1 blank"></span>ilidade </div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2c4 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws3">da substância dimin<span class="_1 blank"></span>ui com o a<span class="_1 blank"></span>umen<span class="_1 blank"></span>to de tem<span class="_1 blank"></span>perat<span class="_1 blank"></span>ura.</div><div class="t m0 x11 hb y2c5 ff18 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws3">5. Prioridades</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2c6 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span>Desenvol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ver no educa<span class="_1 blank"></span>ndo a ap<span class="_1 blank"></span>licação do cálculo matemá<span class="_1 blank"></span>tico;</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2c7 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ls28 ws13">chama<span class="_1 blank"></span>r a at<span class="_1 blank"></span>enção do aluno para a im<span class="_1 blank"></span>portância de en<span class="_1 blank"></span>tender co<span class="_1 blank"></span>m </span></div><div class="t m0 x13 hc y2c8 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">clareza o en<span class="_1 blank"></span>unciado do exer<span class="_1 blank"></span>cício;</div><div class="t m0 x11 hc y2c9 ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">\u2022 <span class="_2 blank"> </span><span class="ws21">elaborar um esquema q<span class="_1 blank"></span>ue iden<span class="_1 blank"></span>ti\ue01fque os passos de resolução </span></div><div class="t m0 x13 hc y2ca ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws50">como fo<span class="_1 blank"></span>rma de visualizar a ques<span class="_1 blank"></span>tão por inteir<span class="_1 blank"></span>o<span class="_1 blank"></span>, para que seja </div><div class="t m0 x13 hc y2cb ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws37">capaz de resol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ver pr<span class="_1 blank"></span>oblema<span class="_1 blank"></span>s sobre sol<span class="_1 blank"></span>ubilidade e in<span class="_1 blank"></span>terpr<span class="_1 blank"></span>etar as </div><div class="t m0 x13 hc y2cc ff19 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">cur<span class="_3 blank"> </span>vas de solubilidade.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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