André Ramos Tavares - O direito fundamental ao discurso religioso

O\ue003direito\ue003fundamental\ue003ao\ue003discurso\ue003religioso:\ue003divulgação\ue003da\ue003fé,\ue003proselitismo e\ue003evangelização André\ue003Ramos\ue003Tavares \ue003 Resumo :\ue003O\ue003presente\ue003artigo\ue003está\ue003relacionado\ue003ao\ue003escopo\ue003constitucional\ue003do\ue003direito\ue003à\ue003liberdade religiosa\ue003e\ue003qual\ue003exercício\ue003religioso\ue003incluir\ue010se\ue010ia\ue003na\ue003área\ue003de\ue003proteção\ue003de\ue003referida\ue003liberdade.\ue003Especial atenção\ue003é\ue003dedicada\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003religiosa,\ue003ou\ue003liberdade\ue003do\ue003discurso\ue003religioso,\ue003em\ue003todas suas\ue003diversas\ue003dimensões.\ue003Pretendi\ue003percorrer,\ue003no\ue003desenvolvimento\ue003do\ue003tema,\ue003duas\ue003etapas:\ue003i) definição\ue003do\ue003conteúdo\ue003constitucional\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003e\ue003do\ue003direito\ue003ao\ue003discurso\ue003religioso, particularmente\ue003suas\ue003implicações\ue003na\ue003seara\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003religiosa,\ue003e\u037e\ue003ii)\ue003delineamento do\ue003escopo\ue003da\ue003Lei\ue003nº\ue0037.716/89,\ue003bem\ue003como\ue003da\ue003criminalização\ue003de\ue003condutas\ue003relacionadas\ue003ao\ue003exercício da\ue003religião,\ue003em\ue003face\ue003da\ue003Constituição\ue003de\ue0031988.\ue003Estas\ue003questões\ue003comporão\ue003o\ue003cerne\ue003do\ue003presente\ue003estudo jurídico.\ue003Na\ue003complexidade\ue003da\ue003sociedade\ue003contemporânea,\ue003na\ue003qual\ue003diversos\ue003sistemas,\ue003códigos\ue003de linguagem\ue003e\ue003dicursos\ue003partilham\ue003 do \ue003e\ue003concorrem\ue003 no \ue003mesmo\ue003espaço,\ue003formando\ue003o\ue003dissenso\ue003como\ue003sua nota\ue003principal,\ue003o\ue003que\ue003se\ue003tem\ue003denominado\ue003como\ue003uma\ue003das\ue003características\ue003da\ue003pós\ue010modernidade,\ue003o intéprete,\ue003em\ue003sua\ue003função\ue003de\ue003colaborador\ue003com\ue003a\ue003concretização\ue003(Müller)\ue003do(s)\ue003direito(s),\ue003deparando\ue010 se\ue003com\ue003a\ue003questão\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003religião\ue003e\ue003do\ue003proselitismo,\ue003enfrenta\ue003não\ue003só\ue003o\ue003problema\ue003metódico do\ue003direito,\ue003mas\ue003também\ue003a\ue003escassez\ue003de\ue003um\ue003marco\ue003seguro\ue003e\ue003universalmente\ue003aceito\ue003no\ue003tema,\ue003bem como\ue003com\ue003a\ue003variedade\ue003de\ue003discursos\ue003que\ue003não\ue003estão\ue003atrelados\ue003à\ue003razão,\ue003apesar\ue003de\ue003sempre\ue003estarem respaldados\ue003pelo\ue003conteúdo\ue003da\ue003verdade\ue003de\ue003quem\ue003os\ue003profere\ue003(teorias\ue003morais\ue003de\ue003primeira\ue003ordem).\ue003A solução\ue003dos\ue003casos\ue003que\ue003envolvem\ue003o\ue003conteúdo\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003religião\ue003e\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003divulgação da\ue003própria\ue003religião,\ue003aspecto\ue003consubstancial\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003e\ue003à\ue003própria\ue003liberdade\ue003de religião,\ue003talvez\ue003só\ue003possa\ue003estar\ue003apta\ue003a\ue003satisfazer\ue003a\ue003uma\ue003singela\ue003parcela\ue003da\ue003sociedade\ue003ou,\ue003ao contrário,\ue003a\ue003receber\ue003a\ue003crítica\ue003acirrada\ue003de\ue003pequena\ue003parcela\ue003da\ue003sociedade.\ue003O\ue003papel\ue003do\ue003estudioso\ue003do Direito,\ue003nessa\ue003situação\ue003incômoda,\ue003deve\ue003ser\ue003o\ue003de\ue003manter\ue003as\ue003bases\ue003do\ue003Estado\ue003de\ue003Direito,\ue003com\ue003o\ue003dever superior\ue003de\ue003cingir\ue003as\ue003divergências\ue003unicamente\ue003ao\ue003discurso.\ue003É\ue003preciso\ue003manter\ue003a\ue003tensão\ue003proveniente do\ue003exercício\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003religiosa\ue003em\ue003termos\ue003racionalmente\ue003sustentáveis, respeitadas\ue003as\ue003opções\ue003de\ue003crença\ue003e\ue003fé\ue003de\ue003cada\ue003indivíduo\ue003e\ue003de\ue003cada\ue003religião. Palavras\ue010chave :\ue003Direito\ue003fundamental.\ue003Discurso\ue003religioso.\ue003Divulgação\ue003da\ue003fé.\ue003Proselitismo. Evangelização. Sumário :\ue003 I \ue003Apresentação\ue003\ue010\ue003 II \ue003Do\ue003direito\ue003fundamental\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa \ue003 \ue010 \ue003II.1 \ue003Liberdade\ue003de crença,\ue003evangelização\ue003e\ue003religiões\ue003de\ue003caráter\ue003universal \ue003 \ue010 \ue003II.2 \ue003Liberdade\ue003de\ue003crença\ue003e\ue003proselitismo \ue003 \ue010 II.3 \ue003Propósitos\ue003evangelizadores/proselitistas\ue003e\ue003o\ue003suporte\ue003fático\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa \ue003 \ue010 \ue003III Liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003e\ue003crimes\ue003contra\ue003o\ue003sentimento\ue003religioso\ue003\ue010\ue003 III.1 \ue003Dos\ue003crimes\ue003contra\ue003o\ue003sentimento religioso\ue003\ue010\ue003 III.2 \ue003Da\ue003interpretação\ue003constitucionalmente\ue003adequada\ue003do\ue003art.\ue00320,\ue003§2º\ue003e\ue003§3º\ue003da\ue003Lei\ue003nº 7.716/89,\ue003em\ue003face\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa \ue003 \ue010 \ue003IV \ue003Conclusões\ue003\ue010\ue003Referências \ue003 I\ue003Apresentação Há\ue003uma\ue003corriqueira\ue003e\ue003recorrente\ue003confusão\ue003envolvendo\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003religião\ue003e\ue003de\ue003expressão,\ue003o\ue003que ocorre\ue003basicamente\ue003em\ue003face\ue003da\ue003natureza\ue003fluída\ue003de\ue003todos\ue003os\ue003direitos\ue003fundamentais,\ue003do\ue003qual\ue003faz\ue003parte a\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003(cf.\ue003TAVARES\u037e\ue003BUCK,\ue0032007,\ue003p.\ue003174).\ue003Contudo,\ue003inobstante\ue003esta\ue003circunstância, eventuais\ue003(e\ue003aparentes)\ue003obscuridades\ue003referentes\ue003ao\ue003conteúdo\ue003e\ue003extensão\ue003dos\ue003direitos\ue003fundamentais Revista Brasileira de Estudos Constitucionais \u2010 RBEC Belo\ue003Horizonte,\ue003\ue003 ano\ue0033,\ue003\ue003n.\ue00310,\ue003\ue003abr.\ue003/\ue003jun.\ue003\ue0032009\ue003 Biblioteca\ue003Digital\ue003Fórum\ue003de\ue003Direito\ue003Público\ue003\ue010\ue003Cópia\ue003da\ue003versão\ue003digital não\ue003podem\ue003servir\ue003como\ue003justificativa,\ue003exatamente,\ue003para\ue003a\ue003sua\ue003supressão\ue003ou\ue003retração.\ue003Daí\ue003a necessidade\ue003de\ue003se\ue003delimitar,\ue003inicialmente,\ue003o\ue003conteúdo\ue003do\ue003direito\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003(inclusive\ue003sua relação\ue003com\ue003a\ue003dignidade\ue003da\ue003pessoa\ue003humana),\ue003de\ue003forma\ue003a\ue003evitar\ue003que\ue003haja\ue003quer\ue003seja\ue003a\ue003sua\ue003subversão (supressão\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003em\ue003prol\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003de\ue003outras\ue003crenças)\ue003ou\ue003a configuração\ue003equivocada\ue003de\ue003seu\ue003legítimo\ue003e\ue003inafastável\ue003exercício\ue003em\ue003ato\ue003discriminatório. Conforme\ue003se\ue003demonstrará\ue003a\ue003seguir,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003encampa,\ue003em\ue003seu\ue003âmbito\ue003de\ue003proteção,\ue003a saber,\ue003argumentos\ue003destinados\ue003a\ue003membros\ue003de\ue003outras\ue003religiões\ue003com\ue003vistas\ue003a\ue003convertê\ue010los,\ue003por\ue003meio da\ue003alegação\ue003da\ue003superioridade\ue003transcendental\ue003do\ue003cristianismo\ue003em\ue003face\ue003de\ue003outras\ue003crenças\ue003indicadas (em\ue003especial,\ue003do\ue003espiritismo\ue003e\ue003das\ue003de\ue003matriz\ue003africana\ue003e\ue003oriental).\ue003Em\ue003outras\ue003palavras,\ue003verificar\ue010se\ue010á que\ue003o\ue003proselitismo\ue003\u2014\ue003discurso\ue003que\ue003pretende\ue003converter\ue003membros\ue003de\ue003outras\ue003religiões,\ue003ou,\ue003mais especificamente,\ue003produzir\ue003prosélitos\ue003(novos\ue003adeptos\ue003de\ue003uma\ue003determinada\ue003religião)\ue003\u2014\ue003está albergado\ue003no\ue003seio\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003mais\ue003precisamente\ue003pela\ue003denominada\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003crença ou\ue003de\ue003divulgação\ue003das\ue003crenças\ue003(encampada\ue003pela\ue003Constituição\ue003do\ue003Brasil).\ue003Disto\ue003resulta\ue003a concretização,\ue003e\ue003não\ue003o\ue003desrespeito,\ue003da\ue003dignidade\ue003da\ue003pessoa\ue003humana,\ue003conforme\ue003se\ue003verificará. Ato\ue003contínuo,\ue003definir\ue010se\ue010á\ue003o\ue003conceito\ue010conteúdo\ue003constitucionalmente\ue003correto\ue003e\ue003adequado\ue003da\ue003figura penal\ue003da\ue003discriminação\ue003religiosa,\ue003o\ue003qual\ue003haverá\ue003de\ue003ser\ue003respeitoso\ue003e\ue003deferencial\ue003ao\ue003sentido constitucional\ue003do\ue003direito\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003e\ue003a\ue003livre\ue003divulgação\ue003da\ue003crença\ue003e\ue003da\ue003fé. \ue003 II\ue003Do\ue003direito\ue003fundamental\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa De\ue003início,\ue003cumpre\ue003apontar\ue003que,\ue003na\ue003Constituição\ue003de\ue0031988,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003enquanto\ue003direito fundamental,\ue003encontra\ue010se\ue003arrolada,\ue003abertamente,\ue003em\ue003dois\ue003preceptivos.\ue003O\ue003primeiro\ue003é\ue003o\ue003art.\ue0035º,\ue003VI, da\ue003CB,\ue003o\ue003qual\ue003determina\ue003que: \ue003 VI\ue003\ue010\ue003é\ue003inviolável\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003consciência\ue003e\ue003de\ue003crença,\ue003sendo\ue003assegurado\ue003o\ue003livre exercício\ue003dos\ue003cultos\ue003religiosos\ue003e\ue003garantida,\ue003na\ue003forma\ue003da\ue003lei,\ue003a\ue003proteção\ue003aos\ue003locais\ue003de culto\ue003e\ue003a\ue003suas\ue003liturgias\u037e \ue003 O\ue003outro\ue003dispositivo\ue003constitucional\ue003que\ue003se\ue003refere\ue003diretamente\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003é\ue003o\ue003art.\ue0035º,\ue003VIII,\ue003o qual\ue003apregoa\ue003que: \ue003 VIII\ue003\ue010\ue003ninguém\ue003será\ue003privado\ue003de\ue003direitos\ue003por\ue003motivo\ue003de\ue003crença\ue003religiosa\ue003ou\ue003de convicção\ue003filosófica\ue003ou\ue003política,\ue003salvo\ue003se\ue003as\ue003invocar\ue003para\ue003eximir\ue010se\ue003de\ue003obrigação\ue003legal a\ue003todos\ue003imposta\ue003e\ue003recusar\ue010se\ue003a\ue003cumprir\ue003prestação\ue003alternativa,\ue003fixada\ue003em\ue003lei\u037e Há,\ue003é\ue003certo,\ue003outro\ue003preceptivo\ue003constitucional\ue003que\ue003se\ue003relaciona,\ue003também,\ue003propriamente à\ue003religião,\ue003a\ue003saber,\ue003o\ue003art.\ue0035º,\ue003VII,\ue003da\ue003CB,\ue003cuja\ue003redação\ue003é\ue003a\ue003seguinte: VII\ue003\ue010\ue003é\ue003assegurada,\ue003nos\ue003termos\ue003da\ue003lei,\ue003a\ue003prestação\ue003de\ue003assistência\ue003religiosa\ue003nas entidades\ue003civis\ue003e\ue003militares\ue003de\ue003internação\ue003coletiva\u037e Revista Brasileira de Estudos Constitucionais \u2010 RBEC Belo\ue003Horizonte,\ue003\ue003 ano\ue0033,\ue003\ue003n.\ue00310,\ue003\ue003abr.\ue003/\ue003jun.\ue003\ue0032009\ue003 Biblioteca\ue003Digital\ue003Fórum\ue003de\ue003Direito\ue003Público\ue003\ue010\ue003Cópia\ue003da\ue003versão\ue003digital \ue003 Mencionado\ue003dispositivo,\ue003sem\ue003embargo,\ue003apresenta\ue003uma\ue003dimensão\ue003assaz\ue003específica\ue003da\ue003liberdade religiosa,\ue003a\ue003saber,\ue003a\ue003proteção\ue003constitucional\ue003à\ue003prestação\ue003de\ue003assistência\ue003religiosa\ue003em\ue003entidades\ue003civis e\ue003militares\ue003de\ue003internação\ue003coletiva.\ue003Seu\ue003estudo\ue003não\ue003é\ue003essencial\ue003para\ue003definição\ue003do\ue003conteúdo\ue003da liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003em\ue003si,\ue003ao\ue003contrário\ue003do\ue003que\ue003ocorre\ue003com\ue003o\ue003art.\ue0035º,\ue003VI,\ue003da\ue003CB.\ue003Incide\ue003nesta\ue003mesma situação,\ue003o\ue003preceptivo\ue003constante\ue003do\ue003art.\ue0035º,\ue003VIII,\ue003uma\ue003vez\ue003que\ue003este\ue003se\ue003destina,\ue003usualmente,\ue003à conscrição\ue003militar. Disto\ue003resulta\ue003que\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003encontra\ue010se\ue003plasmada,\ue003principal\ue003e\ue003especialmente,\ue003no\ue003art.\ue0035º, VI,\ue003da\ue003CB,\ue003preceptivo\ue003que\ue003será\ue003essencial\ue003para\ue003bem\ue003estabelecer\ue003e\ue003definir\ue003o\ue003conteúdo\ue003constitucional da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003no\ue003Direito\ue003brasileiro.\ue003Este\ue003direito,\ue003conforme\ue003já\ue003foi\ue003adiantado\ue003anteriormente, assegura\ue003a\ue003inviolabilidade\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003consciência\ue003e\ue003de\ue003crença.\ue003Há,\ue003nesta\ue003norma,\ue003os\ue003elementos basilares\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa:\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003consciência\ue003e\ue003de\ue003crença. 1 \ue003Tem\ue010se\ue003aí,\ue003igualmente,\ue003a percepção\ue003correta\ue003de\ue003que\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003não\ue003pode\ue003ser\ue003compreendida\ue003plenamente\ue003em isolamento\ue003normativo,\ue003descolada\ue003das\ue003demais\ue003normas\ue003constitucionais.\ue003O\ue003sentido\ue003da\ue003liberdade religiosa\ue003no\ue003Direito\ue003brasileiro\ue003passa\ue003pela\ue003compreensão\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003do\ue003art.\ue0035º\ue003no\ue003contexto constitucional\ue003brasileiro. Quanto\ue003àqueles\ue003elementos\ue003basilares\ue003referidos\ue003acima,\ue003outro,\ue003aliás,\ue003não\ue003é\ue003o\ue003sentido\ue003do\ue003histórico memorial\ue003apresentado\ue003por\ue003James\ue003Madison,\ue003um\ue003dos\ue003responsáveis\ue003pela\ue003elaboração\ue003da\ue003Constituição estadunidense\ue003de\ue0031787,\ue003destinado\ue003à\ue003Assembléia\ue003Geral\ue003do\ue003Estado\ue003de\ue003Virgínia,\ue003em\ue0031785: \ue003 A\ue003Religião,\ue003então,\ue003de\ue003todo\ue003homem,\ue003deve\ue003ser\ue003deixada\ue003a\ue003cargo\ue003da\ue003convicção\ue003e consciência\ue003de\ue003cada\ue003homem\u037e\ue003e\ue003é\ue003direito\ue003de\ue003todo\ue003homem\ue003exercê\ue010la\ue003da\ue003maneira\ue003que lhe\ue003convier.\ue003(In:\ue003ALLEY\ue003(Ed.).\ue003 The\ue003constitution\ue003&\ue003religion ,\ue003p.\ue00329,\ue003tradução\ue003livre) \ue003 Esta\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003consciência\ue003e\ue003de\ue003crença,\ue003em\ue003geral\ue003(em\ue003um\ue003"primeiro\ue003momento"),\ue003dirige\ue010se essencialmente\ue003contra\ue003o\ue003Estado.\ue003É\ue003dizer,\ue003o\ue003discurso\ue003e\ue003a\ue003proteção\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003no\ue003âmbito constitucional,\ue003têm\ue003como\ue003destinatário\ue003a\ue003figura\ue003do\ue003Estado\ue003(cf.\ue003TAVARES.\ue003Religião\ue003e\ue003neutralidade\ue003do Estado.\ue003 Revista\ue003Brasileira\ue003de\ue003Estudos\ue003Constitucionais\ue003\u2014\ue003RBEC ,\ue003p.\ue00315\u037e\ue003e\ue003MARTINS.\ue003Liberdade religiosa\ue003e\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003consciência\ue003no\ue003sistema\ue003da\ue003Constituição\ue003Federal.\ue003 Revista\ue003Brasileira\ue003de Estudos\ue003Constitucionais\ue003\u2014\ue003RBEC ,\ue003p.\ue00328).\ue003Sobre\ue003esta\ue003incidência\ue003dos\ue003direitos\ue003fundamentais constitucionalmente\ue003positivados\ue003sobre\ue003a\ue003relação\ue003cidadão\ue010Estado,\ue003lecionam\ue003Dimitri\ue003Dimoulis\ue003e Leonardo\ue003Martins: \ue003 A\ue003principal\ue003finalidade\ue003dos\ue003direitos\ue003fundamentais\ue003é\ue003conferir\ue003aos\ue003indivíduos\ue003uma posição\ue003jurídica\ue003de\ue003direito\ue003subjetivo,\ue003em\ue003sua\ue003maioria\ue003de\ue003natureza\ue003material,\ue003mas\ue003às vezes\ue003de\ue003natureza\ue003processual\ue003e,\ue003conseqüentemente,\ue003limitar\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003atuação dos\ue003órgãos\ue003do\ue003Estado.\ue003( Teoria\ue003geral\ue003dos\ue003direitos\ue003fundamentais ,\ue003p.\ue00363) \ue003 Revista Brasileira de Estudos Constitucionais \u2010 RBEC Belo\ue003Horizonte,\ue003\ue003 ano\ue0033,\ue003\ue003n.\ue00310,\ue003\ue003abr.\ue003/\ue003jun.\ue003\ue0032009\ue003 Biblioteca\ue003Digital\ue003Fórum\ue003de\ue003Direito\ue003Público\ue003\ue010\ue003Cópia\ue003da\ue003versão\ue003digital É\ue003dizer,\ue003o\ue003âmbito\ue003protetivo,\ue003o\ue003espaço\ue003de\ue003tutela\ue003derivado\ue003do\ue003direito\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003se\ue003erige, primeiramente,\ue003contra\ue003o\ue003Estado,\ue003o\ue003qual,\ue003por\ue003conseguinte,\ue003está\ue003impossibilitado\ue003de\ue003impor,\ue003v.g.,\ue003uma religião\ue003oficial,\ue003relegando\ue003as\ue003demais\ue003à\ue003marginalidade\ue003e,\ue003tampouco,\ue003desrespeitar\ue003ou\ue003tolher\ue003o exercício\ue003de\ue003qualquer\ue003religião,\ue003da\ue003consciência\ue003e\ue003crença\ue003individual\ue003ou\ue003perseguir\ue003certas\ue003religiões\ue003ou praticantes\ue003(há\ue003outras\ue003limitações\ue003derivadas\ue003desta\ue003concepção,\ue003como\ue003a\ue003impossibilidade\ue003de\ue003o\ue003Estado promover\ue003guerras\ue003santas).\ue003"Significa\ue003[ainda]\ue003que\ue003a\ue003pessoa\ue003não\ue003pode\ue003ser\ue003forçada\ue003a\ue003abandonar\ue003sua opção\ue003religiosa,\ue003sua\ue003fé"\ue003(TAVARES.\ue003 Curso\ue003de\ue003direito\ue003constitucional ,\ue003p.\ue003586). O\ue003direito\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003desta\ue003feita,\ue003afigura\ue010se,\ue003propriamente,\ue003como\ue003um\ue003direito\ue003individual detentor\ue003de\ue003um\ue003 status\ue003negativus ,\ue003o\ue003qual\ue003implica\ue003uma\ue003pretensão\ue003de\ue003resistência\ue003à\ue003(possível\ue003mas indesejável)\ue003intervenção\ue003estatal\ue003ilegítima.\ue003Nesse\ue003sentido,\ue003de\ue003acordo\ue003com\ue003o\ue003magistério\ue003de\ue003Thomas Jefferson,\ue003um\ue003dos\ue003responsáveis\ue003por\ue003elencar\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003no\ue003rol\ue003dos\ue003direitos\ue003individuais\ue003da primeira\ue003Constituição\ue003contemporânea,\ue003a\ue003dos\ue003Estados\ue003Unidos\ue003da\ue003América\ue003(e\ue003por\ue003conseguinte\ue003das demais,\ue003especialmente\ue003daquelas\ue003que,\ue003como\ue003a\ue003brasileira,\ue003seguiram\ue010lhe\ue003de\ue003perto\ue003os\ue003passos),\ue003o\ue003direito em\ue003comento\ue003está\ue003a\ue003denotar\ue003que \ue003 [n]enhum\ue003homem\ue003deverá\ue003ser\ue003compelido\ue003a\ue003freqüentar\ue003ou\ue003adotar\ue003qualquer\ue003religião, local\ue003ou\ue003ministério,\ue003(...)\ue003e\ue003tampouco\ue003poderá,\ue003de\ue003qualquer\ue003maneira,\ue003sofrer\ue003[restrições, moléstias\ue003ou\ue003encargos]\ue003em\ue003razão\ue003de\ue003suas\ue003opiniões\ue003ou\ue003crenças\ue003religiosas\u037e\ue003mas\ue003sim que\ue003todo\ue003homem\ue003deverá\ue003ser\ue003livre\ue003para\ue003professorar,\ue003e,\ue003por\ue003argumento,\ue003manter\ue003suas opiniões\ue003no\ue003que\ue003se\ue003refere\ue003à\ue003religião.\ue003(Thoma's\ue003Jefferson\ue003Bill\ue003for\ue003establishing\ue003religious freedom.\ue003In:\ue003ALLEY\ue003(Ed.).\ue003 The\ue003Constitution\ue003&\ue003religion ,\ue003p.\ue00335,\ue003tradução\ue003livre) \ue003 Sobre\ue003o\ue003conteúdo\ue003específico\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003já\ue003argumentei\ue003em\ue003outra\ue003oportunidade\ue003que: \ue003 A\ue003assim\ue003denominada\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003enquanto\ue003direito\ue003fundamental,\ue003há\ue003de\ue003incluir a\ue003liberdade:\ue003i)\ue003de\ue003opção\ue003em\ue003valores\ue003transcendentais\ue003(ou\ue003não)\u037e\ue003ii)\ue003de\ue003crença\ue003nesse sistema\ue003de\ue003valores\u037e\ue003iii)\ue003de\ue003seguir\ue003dogmas\ue003baseados\ue003na\ue003fé\ue003e\ue003não\ue003na\ue003racionalidade estrita,\ue003iv)\ue003da\ue003liturgia\ue003(cerimonial),\ue003o\ue003que\ue003pressupõe\ue003a\ue003dimensão\ue003coletiva\ue003da liberdade\u037e\ue003v)\ue003do\ue003culto\ue003propriamente\ue003dito,\ue003o\ue003que\ue003inclui\ue003um\ue003aspecto\ue003individual\u037e\ue003vi)\ue003dos locais\ue003de\ue003prática\ue003do\ue003culto\u037e\ue003vii)\ue003de\ue003não\ue003ser\ue003o\ue003indivíduo\ue003inquirido\ue003pelo\ue003Estado\ue003sobre\ue003as suas\ue003convicções\u037e\ue003viii)\ue003de\ue003não\ue003ser\ue003o\ue003indivíduo\ue003prejudicado,\ue003de\ue003qualquer\ue003forma,\ue003nas suas\ue003relações\ue003com\ue003o\ue003Estado,\ue003em\ue003virtude\ue003de\ue003sua\ue003crença\ue003declarada.\ue003(TAVARES. Religião\ue003e\ue003neutralidade\ue003do\ue003Estado.\ue003 Revista\ue003Brasileira\ue003de\ue003Estudos\ue003Constitucionais\ue003\u2014 RBEC ,\ue003p.\ue00315) \ue003 Sistematizando\ue003o\ue003que\ue003está\ue003acima\ue003transcrito,\ue003tem\ue010se\ue003que\ue003o\ue003art.\ue0035º,\ue003VI,\ue003da\ue003CB,\ue003e\ue003dentro\ue003do\ue003contexto normativo\ue003desta,\ue003congrega,\ue003em\ue003seu\ue003bojo,\ue003uma\ue003proteção\ue003perante\ue003o\ue003Estado,\ue003que\ue003está\ue003a\ue003incluir\ue003o direito:\ue003(a)\ue003à\ue003opção\ue003por\ue003valores\ue003transcendentais\u037e\ue003(b)\ue003à\ue003crença\ue003nesse\ue003sistema\ue003de\ue003valores\u037e\ue003(c)\ue003à possibilidade\ue003de\ue003seguir\ue003os\ue003dogmas\ue003religiosos\u037e\ue003(d)\ue003ao\ue003culto\ue003(e\ue003aos\ue003seus\ue003locais)\ue003e\ue003à\ue003liturgia\ue003e\u037e\ue003(e)\ue003de\ue003o indivíduo\ue003não\ue003ser\ue003inquirido\ue003pelo\ue003Estado\ue003acerca\ue003de\ue003suas\ue003convicções.\ue003Quanto\ue003ao\ue003direito\ue003de\ue003o\ue003indivíduo Revista Brasileira de Estudos Constitucionais \u2010 RBEC Belo\ue003Horizonte,\ue003\ue003 ano\ue0033,\ue003\ue003n.\ue00310,\ue003\ue003abr.\ue003/\ue003jun.\ue003\ue0032009\ue003 Biblioteca\ue003Digital\ue003Fórum\ue003de\ue003Direito\ue003Público\ue003\ue010\ue003Cópia\ue003da\ue003versão\ue003digital não\ue003ser\ue003prejudicado,\ue003de\ue003qualquer\ue003forma,\ue003nas\ue003suas\ue003relações\ue003com\ue003o\ue003Estado,\ue003em\ue003virtude\ue003de\ue003sua\ue003crença declarada,\ue003esta\ue003hipótese\ue003protetiva\ue003encontra\ue010se\ue003arrolada,\ue003especificamente,\ue003no\ue003art.\ue0035º,\ue003VIII,\ue003da\ue003CB, acima\ue003já\ue003transcrito.\ue003Ressalte\ue010se,\ue003aqui,\ue003a\ue003essencialidade \ue003 da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003para\ue003a\ue003dignidade\ue003da pessoa\ue003humana,\ue003na\ue003exata\ue003medida\ue003em\ue003que,\ue003se\ue003a\ue003finalidade\ue003desta\ue003é\ue003assegurar\ue003que\ue003o\ue003homem\ue003possa escolher\ue003o\ue003seu\ue003próprio\ue003caminho,\ue003efetuar\ue003suas\ue003próprias\ue003decisões\ue003(cf.\ue003TAVARES.\ue003 Curso\ue003de\ue003direito constitucional ,\ue003p.\ue003541),\ue003então\ue003há\ue003de\ue003perpassar,\ue003necessariamente,\ue003pelo\ue003âmbito\ue003dos\ue003valores transcendentais,\ue003cuja\ue003tutela\ue003encontra\ue010se\ue003inscrita\ue003no\ue003direito\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa. 2 \ue003Não\ue003se\ue003trata, pois,\ue003de\ue003invocar\ue003a\ue003dignidade\ue003da\ue003pessoa\ue003humana\ue003arbitrariamente,\ue003para\ue003justificar\ue003esta\ue003ou\ue003aquela conduta\u037e\ue003sim,\ue003porque\ue003como\ue003conceito\ue003aberto\ue003e\ue003abstratamente\ue003concebido\ue003pela\ue003Constituição,\ue003a dignidade\ue003da\ue003pessoa\ue003humana\ue003pode\ue003ser\ue003utilizada\ue003de\ue003maneira\ue003meramente\ue003retórica\ue003(geralmente\ue003numa leitura\ue003unilateral\ue003e\ue003isolacionista\ue003da\ue003norma\ue003contemplativa\ue003desse\ue003"valor"),\ue003o\ue003que\ue003só\ue003pode\ue003alcançar\ue003um peso\ue003ínfimo\ue003ou\ue003nulo\ue003dentro\ue003do\ue003discurso\ue003jurídico\ue003no\ue003que\ue003se\ue003refere\ue003a\ue003alcançar\ue003conclusões constitucionalmente\ue003consistentes. Merece\ue003destaque,\ue003aqui,\ue003quanto\ue003ao\ue003conteúdo\ue003específico\ue003do\ue003art.\ue0035º,\ue003VI,\ue003que\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa envolve,\ue003igualmente,\ue003a\ue003crença\ue003em\ue003um\ue003determinado\ue003sistema\ue003de\ue003valores.\ue003Isto\ue003implica\ue003uma\ue003obrigação vinculada\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003consciência,\ue003a\ue003saber,\ue003o\ue003dever\ue003de: \ue003 cada\ue003homem\ue003prestar\ue003ao\ue003criador\ue003as\ue003deferências,\ue003e\ue003apenas\ue003aquelas,\ue003que\ue003ele\ue003crê\ue003ser aceitável\ue003para\ue003ele.\ue003Este\ue003dever\ue003precede\ue003tanto\ue003em\ue003tempo\ue003como\ue003em\ue003grau\ue003de\ue003obrigação às\ue003exigências\ue003da\ue003sociedade\ue003civil.\ue003(MADISON.\ue003To\ue003the\ue003honorable\ue003the\ue003general\ue003Assembly of\ue003the\ue003commonwealth\ue003of\ue003Virginia:\ue003a\ue003memorial\ue003and\ue003remonstrance.\ue003In:\ue003ALLEY\ue003(Ed.). The\ue003Constitution\ue003&\ue003religion ,\ue003p.\ue00329,\ue003tradução\ue003livre) \ue003 A\ue003"lógica"\ue003imanente\ue003a\ue003esta\ue003dimensão\ue003específica\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003é\ue003bem\ue003simples.\ue003A\ue003opção\ue003de um\ue003indivíduo\ue003por\ue003uma\ue003religião\ue003incorpora,\ue003invariavelmente,\ue003como\ue003contrapartida,\ue003o\ue003dever\ue003de\ue003este cumprir\ue003com\ue003alguns\ue003dogmas\ue003ou\ue003formalidades\ue003religiosas,\ue003os\ue003quais\ue003são\ue003efetivamente\ue003realizados\ue003pelo adepto,\ue003em\ue003razão\ue003de\ue003um\ue003ato\ue003de\ue003crença:\ue003o\ue003indivíduo\ue003crê\ue003em\ue003um\ue003dogma\ue003ou\ue003rito\ue003específico\ue003e\ue003o\ue003segue, perpetua\ue003(como,\ue003por\ue003exemplo,\ue003a\ue003proibição\ue003de\ue003adoração\ue003de\ue003imagens\ue003gravadas,\ue003como\ue003bandeiras, pelas\ue003Testemunhas\ue003de\ue003Jeová).\ue003Tem\ue010se,\ue003portanto,\ue003uma\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003atuação\ue003conforme\ue003as\ue003crenças, para\ue003se\ue003valer\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003de\ue003autoria\ue003de\ue003Jónatas\ue003Machado\ue003( Liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003numa\ue003comunidade constitucional\ue003inclusiva ,\ue003p.\ue003222\ue003et\ue003seq.). Mencionada\ue003liberdade\ue003está\ue003a\ue003implicar\ue003a\ue003proteção,\ue003inclusive\ue003estatal,\ue003àquela\ue003conduta\ue003do\ue003indivíduo pautada\ue003por\ue003sua\ue003crença.\ue003Sem\ue003isto,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003crença\ue003seria\ue003manietada\ue003ou,\ue003colocando\ue003de\ue003outra forma,\ue003ter\ue010se\ue010ia\ue003não\ue003propriamente\ue003uma\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003mas\ue003uma\ue003indiferença\ue003religiosa,\ue003que longe\ue003está\ue003de\ue003ser\ue003sinonímia\ue003daquela.\ue003Portanto,\ue003tem\ue010se,\ue003na\ue003hipótese\ue003aqui\ue003mencionada,\ue003uma dimensão\ue003essencial\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003que\ue003é\ue003sua\ue003instrumentalização\ue003por\ue003meio\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de atuação\ue003conforme\ue003a\ue003crença,\ue003tendo\ue003em\ue003vista\ue003que: \ue003 a\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003não\ue003seria\ue003adequadamente\ue003tutelada\ue003se\ue003admitisse\ue003uma\ue003tão\ue003estrita como\ue003simplificadora\ue003bipolaridade\ue003entre\ue003crença\ue003(belief)\ue003e\ue003conduta\ue003(action),\ue003que Revista Brasileira de Estudos Constitucionais \u2010 RBEC Belo\ue003Horizonte,\ue003\ue003 ano\ue0033,\ue003\ue003n.\ue00310,\ue003\ue003abr.\ue003/\ue003jun.\ue003\ue0032009\ue003 Biblioteca\ue003Digital\ue003Fórum\ue003de\ue003Direito\ue003Público\ue003\ue010\ue003Cópia\ue003da\ue003versão\ue003digital resultasse\ue003numa\ue003generosa\ue003protecção\ue003da\ue003primeira\ue003e\ue003na\ue003desvalorização\ue003da\ue003segunda. (MACHADO.\ue003 Liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003numa\ue003comunidade\ue003constitucional\ue003inclusiva ,\ue003p.\ue003222) \ue003 Esta\ue003dimensão\ue003protetiva\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003é\ue003assaz\ue003salutar,\ue003impregnando\ue003o\ue003conteúdo\ue003mínimo\ue003e intangível\ue003do\ue003que\ue003está\ue003incorporado\ue003nesta\ue003liberdade.\ue003Afinal,\ue003as\ue003condutas\ue003religiosas\ue003são manifestações\ue003consolidadoras\ue003e\ue003concretizadoras\ue003daqueles\ue003valores\ue003retidos\ue003pelo\ue003indivíduo\ue003em\ue003seu foro\ue003íntimo\ue003(consciência).\ue003Assim,\ue003pode\ue010se\ue003concluir\ue003pelo\ue003seguinte\ue003juízo\ue003lógico\ue003de\ue003causa\ue003e\ue003efeito:\ue003se as\ue003condutas\ue003religiosas\ue003estiverem\ue003constitucionalmente\ue003desprotegidas,\ue003a\ue003própria\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa estará\ue003em\ue003xeque\ue003(cf.\ue003MACHADO,\ue003op.\ue003cit.,\ue003p.\ue003223).\ue003Portanto,\ue003para\ue003que\ue003haja\ue003uma\ue003proteção constitucional\ue003efetiva\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003atuação\ue003conforme\ue003a\ue003crença\ue003haverá, também,\ue003de\ue003estar\ue003constitucionalmente\ue003protegida.\ue003Em\ue003outras\ue003palavras,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003conduta religiosa,\ue003em\ue003um\ue003ambiente\ue003constitucional\ue003de\ue003liberdade,\ue003integra\ue003o\ue003núcleo\ue003duro\ue003da\ue003própria\ue003idéia\ue003de liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003(e,\ue003em\ue003termos\ue003indiretos,\ue003cumpre\ue003com\ue003os\ue003imperativos\ue003da\ue003dignidade\ue003da\ue003pessoa humana,\ue003dada\ue003a\ue003sua\ue003mútua\ue003relação): \ue003 Compreensivelmente,\ue003em\ue003nome\ue003da\ue003proteção\ue003do\ue003indivíduo,\ue003da\ue003unidade\ue003e\ue003integridade da\ue003sua\ue003personalidade\ue003moral,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003deve\ue003proteger\ue003a\ue003conduta\ue003religiosa, a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003actuação\ue003e\ue003autoconformação\ue003de\ue003acordo\ue003com\ue003as\ue003próprias\ue003convicções (...)\ue003(MACHADO,\ue003op.\ue003cit.,\ue003p.\ue003223) \ue003 Umbilicalmente\ue003relacionada\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003atuação\ue003conforme\ue003as\ue003crenças\ue003há\ue003outra\ue003dimensão\ue003da liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003que,\ue003invariavelmente,\ue003extravasa\ue003o\ue003âmbito\ue003individual\ue003de\ue003cada\ue003indivíduo.\ue003As religiões,\ue003em\ue003maior\ue003ou\ue003menor\ue003grau,\ue003além\ue003de\ue003revelarem\ue003a\ue003sua\ue003própria\ue003concepção\ue003de\ue003"verdade"\ue003e\ue003de mundo,\ue003exigindo\ue003de\ue003seus\ue003adeptos\ue003a\ue003prática\ue003de\ue003condutas\ue003(e,\ue003invariavelmente,\ue003um\ue003modo\ue003de\ue003vida) relacionadas\ue003aos\ue003dogmas\ue003que\ue003lhe\ue003são\ue003subjacentes,\ue003buscam\ue003convencer\ue003as\ue003demais\ue003religiões\ue003de\ue003que\ue003é a\ue003sua\ue003verdade,\ue003aquela\ue003por\ue003ela\ue003apregoada,\ue003a\ue003correta.\ue003Não\ue003por\ue003outro\ue003motivo\ue003é\ue003que\ue003a\ue003Constituição\ue003de 1988,\ue003em\ue003seu\ue003art.\ue0035º,\ue003VI,\ue003traz,\ue003paralelamente,\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003consciência,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003crença, ou,\ue003para\ue003se\ue003valer\ue003de\ue003termo\ue003utilizado\ue003por\ue003Jónatas\ue003Machado,\ue003 a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003divulgação\ue003das\ue003crenças , 3 \ue003a qual\ue003congrega,\ue003especificamente,\ue003a\ue003atividade\ue003de\ue003professorar\ue003uma\ue003fé\ue003religiosa\ue003(cf.\ue003MARTINS,\ue0032008,\ue003p. 27\ue01048\ue003e,\ue003igualmente,\ue003DIMOULIS,\ue0032007,\ue003p.\ue00364,\ue003ao\ue003mencionar\ue003o\ue003direito\ue003"que\ue003permite\ue003ao\ue003titular expressar\ue003crenças\ue003e\ue003conteúdos\ue003de\ue003consciência,\ue003assim\ue003como\ue003silenciar\ue003a\ue003respeito,\ue003sem\ue003sofrer\ue003coação ou\ue003sanções"). O\ue003ato\ue003de\ue003professorar\ue003a\ue003fé\ue003chega,\ue003inclusive,\ue003a\ue003ser\ue003reputado\ue003como\ue003um\ue003dever\ue003moral\ue003do\ue003indivíduo, conforme\ue003bem\ue003destaca\ue003Archibald\ue003Cox: \ue003 Os\ue003idealizadores\ue003colocaram\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003consciência\ue003em\ue003primeiro\ue003lugar,\ue003e\ue003depois seguiram\ue003com\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003e\ue003de\ue003imprensa.\ue003Eles\ue003estavam\ue003preocupados, acima\ue003de\ue003tudo,\ue003com\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003espiritual:\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003pensar,\ue003acreditar\ue003e\ue003louvar. Eles\ue003também\ue003sabiam\ue003que\ue003um\ue003homem\ue003que\ue003carrega\ue003uma\ue003crença\ue003tem\ue003uma\ue003necessidade, um\ue003dever\ue003moral,\ue003de\ue003expressá\ue010la.\ue003(COX,\ue0031980,\ue003p.\ue0031,\ue003tradução\ue003livre) Revista Brasileira de Estudos Constitucionais \u2010 RBEC Belo\ue003Horizonte,\ue003\ue003 ano\ue0033,\ue003\ue003n.\ue00310,\ue003\ue003abr.\ue003/\ue003jun.\ue003\ue0032009\ue003 Biblioteca\ue003Digital\ue003Fórum\ue003de\ue003Direito\ue003Público\ue003\ue010\ue003Cópia\ue003da\ue003versão\ue003digital \ue003 É\ue003preciso\ue003destacar\ue003que\ue003esta\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003crença\ue003ou\ue003de\ue003divulgação\ue003das\ue003crenças\ue003recebe\ue003mais\ue003destaque e\ue003protagonismo\ue003em\ue003algumas\ue003determinadas\ue003religiões\ue003(as\ue003ditas\ue003universalistas,\ue003tema\ue003abordado\ue003a seguir),\ue003tal\ue003como\ue003a\ue003Cristã,\ue003a\ue003qual\ue003apresenta,\ue003inclusive,\ue003como\ue003mandamento\ue003basilar\ue003de\ue003Jesus\ue003Cristo: "Ide\ue003ao\ue003mundo\ue003inteiro,\ue003proclamai\ue003o\ue003Evangelho\ue003a\ue003todas\ue003as\ue003criaturas.\ue003Quem\ue003crer\ue003e\ue003for\ue003baptizado\ue003será salvo"\ue003(BÍBLIA\ue003SAGRADA.\ue003 Marcos \ue00316,\ue00315,\ue0031989,\ue003p.\ue003988).\ue003Nos\ue003Atos\ue003dos\ue003Apóstolos\ue003há,\ue003igualmente, nesse\ue003sentido,\ue003as\ue003palavras\ue003de\ue003Pedro: \ue003 Convertei\ue010vos\ue003e\ue003cada\ue003um\ue003peça\ue003o\ue003batismo\ue003em\ue003nome\ue003de\ue003Jesus\ue003Cristo,\ue003para\ue003conseguir perdão\ue003dos\ue003pecados.\ue003Assim,\ue003recebereis\ue003o\ue003dom\ue003do\ue003Espírito\ue003Santo.\ue003Pois\ue003a\ue003promessa\ue003foi feita\ue003para\ue003vós\ue003e\ue003vossos\ue003filhos,\ue003assim\ue003como\ue003para\ue003todos\ue003aqueles\ue003\u2014\ue003tão\ue003numerosos\ue003\u2014 que\ue003Deus\ue003irá\ue003chamar\ue003(BÍBLIA\ue003SAGRADA.\ue003 Atos\ue003dos\ue003Apóstolos ,\ue0032,\ue00338\ue01039,\ue0031989,\ue003p. 1058) 4 \ue003 Portanto,\ue003há,\ue003no\ue003bojo\ue003das\ue003religiões,\ue003em\ue003especial\ue003no\ue003cristianismo\ue003e,\ue003especificamente,\ue003no\ue003catolicismo, o\ue003dever\ue003de\ue003evangelizar\ue003(os\ue003próprios \ue003 apóstolos\ue003decorreram\ue003desta\ue003concepção\ue003evangelizadora).\ue003Seja demandada\ue003por\ue003todas\ue003religiões\ue003ou\ue003não,\ue003o\ue003correto\ue003é\ue003que\ue003a\ue003Constituição,\ue003na\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa, protege,\ue003igualmente,\ue003esta\ue003dimensão\ue003coletiva\ue003(porquanto\ue003busca\ue003alcançar\ue003outros\ue003indivíduos\ue003que\ue003não os\ue003praticantes\ue003de\ue003uma\ue003dada\ue003religião),\ue003a\ue003evangelização\ue003(termo\ue003adequado\ue003para\ue003expressar\ue003o proselitismo\ue003praticado\ue003pelo\ue003cristianismo).\ue003Ressalte\ue010se\ue003que\ue003este\ue003âmbito\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003é também\ue003protegido\ue003por\ue003outro\ue003direito\ue003constitucional,\ue003a\ue003saber,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003(cf.\ue003TAVARES, 2008,\ue003p.\ue003586\u037e\ue003DIMOULIS,\ue0032007,\ue003p.\ue00364\u037e\ue003e\ue003BUCK,\ue0032007,\ue003p.\ue003229),\ue003a\ue003qual,\ue003em\ue003conjugação\ue003com\ue003o direito\ue003em\ue003apreço,\ue003se\ue003configura\ue003em\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003religiosa.\ue003Há,\ue003aqui,\ue003portanto, novamente,\ue003uma\ue003confluência\ue003de\ue003direitos,\ue003que\ue003revelam\ue003a\ue003sua\ue003exata\ue003medida\ue003e\ue003alcance. Destaca\ue010se,\ue003a\ue003título\ue003ilustrativo,\ue003que\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão,\ue003aliás,\ue003serviu,\ue003em\ue003um\ue003primeiro momento,\ue003como\ue003instrumento\ue003e\ue003veículo\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003conforme\ue003leciona\ue003Archibald\ue003Cox: \ue003 Quando\ue003primeiramente\ue003considerada,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003e\ue003de\ue003imprensa significavam,\ue003principalmente,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003ouvir\ue003e\ue003ler\ue003a\ue003palavra\ue003de\ue003Deus\ue003e,\ue003desta feita,\ue003descobrir\ue003o\ue003caminho\ue003da\ue003salvação.\ue003(COX,\ue0031980,\ue003p.\ue0031,\ue003tradução\ue003livre) \ue003 Portanto,\ue003e\ue003isto\ue003é\ue003importante\ue003destacar\ue003a\ue003título\ue003acautelatório,\ue003a\ue003relação\ue003entre\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003e liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003não\ue003faz\ue003com\ue003que\ue003aquela\ue003seja\ue003secundária\ue003a\ue003esta.\ue003Pelo\ue003contrário.\ue003Em\ue003um primeiro\ue003momento,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003foi\ue003vislumbrada\ue003como\ue003um\ue003instrumento\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de crença,\ue003podendo,\ue003por\ue003conta\ue003disto,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003em\ue003seu\ue003processo\ue003de\ue003externalização\ue003\u2014 liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003religiosa\ue003\u2014,\ue003ser\ue003um\ue003direito\ue003de\ue003natureza\ue003autônoma\ue003em\ue003face\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de expressão: \ue003 Revista Brasileira de Estudos Constitucionais \u2010 RBEC Belo\ue003Horizonte,\ue003\ue003 ano\ue0033,\ue003\ue003n.\ue00310,\ue003\ue003abr.\ue003/\ue003jun.\ue003\ue0032009\ue003 Biblioteca\ue003Digital\ue003Fórum\ue003de\ue003Direito\ue003Público\ue003\ue010\ue003Cópia\ue003da\ue003versão\ue003digital \ue003 Este\ue003binômio\ue003"consciência/crença"\ue003indica,\ue003de\ue003um\ue003lado,\ue003que\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003consciência não\ue003deve\ue003ser\ue003entendida\ue003como\ue003um\ue003subcaso\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003do\ue003pensamento (art.\ue0035º,\ue003IV),\ue003pois\ue003o\ue003constituinte\ue003a\ue003viu\ue003como\ue003um\ue003fenômeno\ue003muito\ue003mais\ue003próximo\ue003da convicção\ue003ou\ue003fé\ue003religiosa\ue003do\ue003que\ue003um\ue003mero\ue003posicionamento\ue003político\ue010ideológico\ue003e\ue003como tal\ue003intimamente\ue003ligada\ue003à\ue003autoconcepção\ue003do\ue003titular\ue003do\ue003direito,\ue003ao\ue003seu\ue003mundo\ue003interno (forum\ue003internum)\ue003e\ue003não\ue003às\ue003vicissitudes\ue003do\ue003embate\ue003ideológico\ue003adequável\ue003aos\ue003mais diversos\ue003interesses\ue003subjetivos\ue003ou\ue003políticos,\ue003próprio\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão. (MARTINS,\ue0032008,\ue003p.\ue00327) \ue003 Consigna\ue010se,\ue003aqui,\ue003portanto,\ue003a\ue003proteção\ue003constitucional\ue003dada\ue003à\ue003externalização\ue003dos\ue003dogmas\ue003e\ue003valores religiosos\ue003que\ue003o\ue003indivíduo\ue003carreia\ue003em\ue003seu\ue003foro\ue003íntimo.\ue003A\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003protege\ue003o\ue003direito\ue003de\ue003o religioso\ue003professorar\ue003a\ue003sua\ue003convicção.\ue003Esta\ue003proteção\ue003se\ue003encontra\ue003presente\ue003na\ue003inviolabilidade\ue003da liberdade\ue003de\ue003crença,\ue003constitucionalmente\ue003prevista,\ue003de\ue003maneira\ue003expressa\ue003e\ue003articulada\ue003pela Constituição\ue003do\ue003Brasil.\ue003Destaca\ue010se,\ue003ao\ue003cabo,\ue003valendo\ue010se\ue003do\ue003magistério\ue003de\ue003Leonardo\ue003Martins\ue003quanto à\ue003ligação\ue003íntima\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003religiosa\ue003à\ue003autoconcepção\ue003do\ue003titular,\ue003que\ue003a\ue003própria externalização\ue003da\ue003crença\ue003finda\ue003por,\ue003igualmente,\ue003estar\ue003protegida\ue003pelo\ue003manto\ue003protetor\ue003do\ue003valor constitucional\ue003da\ue003dignidade\ue003da\ue003pessoa\ue003humana,\ue003dado\ue003que\ue003um\ue003dos\ue003elementos\ue003essenciais\ue003da dignidade\ue003da\ue003pessoa\ue003humana\ue003é\ue003assegurar\ue003ao\ue003indivíduo\ue003a\ue003sua\ue003autodisponibilidade\ue003(cf.\ue003TAVARES, 2008,\ue003p.\ue003542). \ue003 II.1\ue003Liberdade\ue003de\ue003crença,\ue003evangelização\ue003e\ue003religiões\ue003de\ue003caráter\ue003universal Verificou\ue010se\ue003na\ue003parte\ue003final\ue003do\ue003item\ue003acima\ue003que\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003além\ue003de\ue003abarcar\ue003uma\ue003dimensão eminentemente\ue003individualista,\ue003é\ue003dizer,\ue003conceder\ue003ao\ue003indivíduo\ue003a\ue003prerrogativa\ue003de\ue003crer\ue003naqueles valores\ue003transcendentais\ue003que\ue003melhor\ue003lhe\ue003convenham,\ue003proibindo\ue003qualquer\ue003atuação\ue003estatal\ue003intrusiva, protege,\ue003igualmente,\ue003o\ue003direito\ue003de\ue003o\ue003indivíduo\ue003"exteriorizar\ue003sua\ue003crença\ue003ou\ue003visão\ue003de\ue003mundo".\ue003Daí\ue003a sua\ue003relação\ue003próxima\ue003com\ue003outro\ue003direito\ue003fundamental,\ue003a\ue003saber,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão,\ue003compondo, assim,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003expressão\ue003religiosa\ue003ou\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003divulgação\ue003da\ue003crença. No\ue003que\ue003se\ue003refere\ue003ao\ue003cristianismo,\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003divulgação\ue003da\ue003crença\ue003é\ue003exercida\ue003com\ue003maior\ue003rigor\ue003e entusiasmo,\ue003exatamente\ue003em\ue003razão\ue003das\ue003premissas\ue003históricas 5 \ue003e\ue003mandamentais\ue003desta\ue003religião,\ue003a qual,\ue003conforme\ue003visto,\ue003traz,\ue003recorrentemente,\ue003aos\ue003seus\ue003membros\ue003ou\ue003apóstolos,\ue003o\ue003dever\ue003de evangelizar\ue003(BÍBLIA\ue003SAGRADA.\ue003 Marcos \ue00316,\ue00315\ue003e\ue003 Atos\ue003dos\ue003Apóstolos ,\ue0032,\ue00338\ue01039).\ue003Este\ue003é,\ue003ademais,\ue003o magistério\ue003do\ue003importante\ue003estudioso\ue003da\ue003história\ue003cristã,\ue003o\ue003britânico\ue003Christopher\ue003Dawson: \ue003 Cristo\ue003é\ue003a\ue003cabeça\ue003desta\ue003humanidade\ue003restaurada,\ue003o\ue003primogênito\ue003da\ue003nova\ue003criação,\ue003e\ue003a vida\ue003da\ue003Igreja\ue003consiste\ue003na\ue003progressiva\ue003extensão\ue003da\ue003encarnação\ue003mediante\ue003a\ue003gradual incorporação\ue003da\ue003humanidade\ue003nesta\ue003unidade\ue003superior.\ue003(DAWSON,\ue0032001,\ue003p.\ue00366, tradução\ue003livre) \ue003 Revista Brasileira de Estudos Constitucionais \u2010 RBEC Belo\ue003Horizonte,\ue003\ue003 ano\ue0033,\ue003\ue003n.\ue00310,\ue003\ue003abr.\ue003/\ue003jun.\ue003\ue0032009\ue003 Biblioteca\ue003Digital\ue003Fórum\ue003de\ue003Direito\ue003Público\ue003\ue010\ue003Cópia\ue003da\ue003versão\ue003digital Mas\ue003não\ue003é\ue003apenas\ue003o\ue003cristianismo\ue003que\ue003arrola\ue003como\ue003fundamento\ue003esta\ue003pretensão\ue003universalizadora.\ue003O judaísmo,\ue003por\ue003exemplo,\ue003já\ue003apresentava,\ue003em\ue003sua\ue003origem,\ue003a\ue003tendência\ue003de\ue003"acentuar\ue003a\ue003unicidade\ue003e\ue003a universalidade\ue003da\ue003divindade\ue003nacional"\ue003(cf.\ue003DAWSON,\ue0032001,\ue003p.\ue00363),\ue003embora\ue003seja\ue003pertinente\ue003destacar que\ue003há,\ue003sim,\ue003diferenças\ue003entre\ue003a\ue003pretensão\ue003universalizante\ue003deste\ue003em\ue003relação\ue003à\ue003do\ue003cristianismo\ue003(as quais\ue003não\ue003serão\ue003exploradas\ue003aqui). Desnecessário\ue003seria\ue003dizer\ue003que\ue003nem\ue003todas\ue003as\ue003religiões\ue003detêm\ue003esta\ue003pretensão\ue003universalista.\ue003Há,\ue003sem embargo,\ue003por\ue003sua\ue003vez,\ue003aquelas\ue003que,\ue003inclusive\ue003por\ue003questões\ue003históricas\ue003e\ue003culturais, 6 \ue003além\ue003de dogmáticas,\ue003acabam\ue003possuindo\ue003esta\ue003finalidade\ue003universalizante\ue003e,\ue003em\ue003razão\ue003disto,\ue003findam\ue003por exercer\ue003com\ue003maior\ue003intensidade\ue003uma\ue003divulgação\ue003efusiva\ue003de\ue003suas\ue003crenças,\ue003tal\ue003como\ue003o\ue003cristianismo (representado\ue003especialmente\ue003pelo\ue003catolicismo,\ue003o\ue003qual\ue003provém\ue003do\ue003grego\ue003katholikos\ue003\u2014\ue003 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \ue003\u2014, que\ue003está\ue003a\ue003significar\ue003geral\ue003ou\ue003univeral),\ue003o\ue003judaísmo 7 \ue003e\ue003o\ue003islamismo\ue003(vide,\ue003quanto\ue003a\ue003este\ue003último, DAWSON,\ue0032001,\ue003p.\ue003300).\ue003Com\ue003efeito,\ue003portanto,\ue003acabam\ue003por\ue003demandar,\ue003igualmente,\ue003a\ue003tutela\ue003mais constante\ue003do\ue003âmbito\ue003protetivo\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003divulgação\ue003de\ue003crenças\ue003ou,\ue003tão\ue010só,\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de crença,\ue003constitucionalmente\ue003assegurada. Esta\ue003dimensão\ue003coletiva\ue003da\ue003religião,\ue003que\ue003envolve\ue003o\ue003professorar\ue003e\ue003o\ue003externalizar\ue003de\ue003seus\ue003valores\ue003e dogmas,\ue003em\ue003especial\ue003pela\ue003religião\ue003católica,\ue003apresentará\ue003um\ue003inelidível\ue003potencial\ue003de\ue003conflito\ue003e\ue003atrito, especialmente\ue003quando\ue003confrontada\ue003com\ue003outras\ue003religiões\ue003e\ue003crenças\ue003(cf.\ue003DIMOULIS,\ue0032007,\ue003p.\ue00364\ue01065). Trata\ue010se\ue003mesmo\ue003de\ue003situação\ue003corriqueira,\ue003já\ue003que\ue003as\ue003religiões,\ue003por\ue003comporem\ue003aquilo\ue003que\ue003se reconhece\ue003como\ue003 teoria\ue003moral\ue003de\ue003primeira\ue003ordem ,\ue003assumem\ue003a\ue003característica\ue003basilar\ue003de\ue003negar\ue003e afastar\ue003as\ue003demais\ue003"teorias"\ue003existentes.\ue003Uma\ue003teoria\ue003de\ue003primeira\ue003ordem\ue003carreia\ue003em\ue003seu\ue003bojo\ue003a concepção\ue003de\ue003que\ue003é\ue003a\ue003única\ue003adequada,\ue003sendo\ue003as\ue003demais\ue003inválidas\ue003ou\ue003equivocadas\u037e\ue003esta\ue003rejeição\ue003é, invariavelmente,\ue003intrínseca,\ue003quer\ue003dizer,\ue003acaba\ue003assumindo\ue003uma\ue003conotação\ue003religiosa\u037e\ue003em\ue003outras palavras,\ue003não\ue003é\ue003apenas\ue003um\ue003afastar\ue010se\ue003de\ue003outras\ue003religiões,\ue003mas\ue003sim\ue003um\ue003enxergar\ue003nelas\ue003conotações contra\ue010religiosas.\ue003Sobre\ue003esta\ue003concepção,\ue003vide\ue003o\ue003magistério\ue003de\ue003Amy\ue003Gutmann\ue003e\ue003Dennis\ue003Thompson: \ue003 As\ue003teorias\ue003de\ue003primeira\ue003ordem\ue003procuram\ue003solucionar\ue003discordâncias\ue003morais, demonstrando\ue003que\ue003as\ue003teorias\ue003e\ue003princípios\ue003alternativos\ue003deveriam\ue003ser\ue003recusados.\ue003O objetivo\ue003de\ue003cada\ue003uma\ue003é\ue003ser\ue003a\ue003única\ue003teoria\ue003capaz\ue003de\ue003solucionar\ue003a\ue003discordância\ue003moral. (GUTMANN\u037e\ue003THOMPSON,\ue0032007,\ue003p.\ue00329) \ue003 Isto\ue003porque\ue003é\ue003natural\ue003das\ue003religiões\ue003estarem\ue003pautadas\ue003em\ue003uma\ue003dada\ue003"verdade\ue003religiosa",\ue003a\ue003qual estará\ue003radicada,\ue003valendo\ue010se\ue003de\ue003termo\ue003utilizado\ue003pelo\ue003jurista\ue003lusitano\ue003Jónatas\ue003Eduardo\ue003Mendes Machado,\ue003"na\ue003afirmação\ue003da\ue003superioridade\ue003teleológica\ue003intrínseca\ue003de\ue003uma\ue003determinada\ue003doutrina\ue003em relação\ue003às\ue003demais"\ue003(1996,\ue003p.\ue003188).\ue003Discorre\ue003com\ue003naturalidade\ue003Mateus\ue003Soares\ue003de\ue003Azevedo\ue003sobre\ue003o tema,\ue003ao\ue003afirmar\ue003que\ue003"[s]eja\ue003de\ue003nosso\ue003agrado\ue003ou\ue003não,\ue003é\ue003da\ue003natureza\ue003das\ue003coisas\ue003que\ue003uma\ue003religião necessariamente\ue003exclua\ue003as\ue003outras"\ue003(2004,\ue003p.\ue003A.3). O\ue003cristianismo\ue003e,\ue003em\ue003especial,\ue003a\ue003religião\ue003católica,\ue003não\ue003se\ue003afastam\ue003desta\ue003"ordem\ue003natural\ue003das\ue003coisas", conforme\ue003bem\ue003se\ue003percebe\ue003das\ue003palavras\ue003de\ue003Santo\ue003Agostinho,\ue003retratada\ue003por\ue003Christopher\ue003Dawson: \ue003 Revista Brasileira de Estudos Constitucionais \u2010 RBEC Belo\ue003Horizonte,\ue003\ue003 ano\ue0033,\ue003\ue003n.\ue00310,\ue003\ue003abr.\ue003/\ue003jun.\ue003\ue0032009\ue003 Biblioteca\ue003Digital\ue003Fórum\ue003de\ue003Direito\ue003Público\ue003\ue010\ue003Cópia\ue003da\ue003versão\ue003digital Este\ue003caminho\ue003[que\ue003leva\ue003à\ue003Verdade\ue003permanente]\ue003se\ue003encontra\ue003somente\ue003no Cristianismo,\ue003na\ue003sabedoria\ue003sobrenatural\ue003que\ue003mostra\ue003ao\ue003homem\ue003não\ue003apenas\ue003a verdade,\ue003mas\ue003também\ue003os\ue003meios\ue003para\ue003desfrutá\ue010la.\ue003(DAWSON,\ue0032001,\ue003p.\ue003144) \ue003 É\ue003dizer,\ue003as\ue003religiões\ue003universalistas,\ue003tal\ue003como\ue003o\ue003cristianismo\ue003e\ue003sua\ue003corrente\ue003católica,\ue003em\ue003sua pretensão\ue003proselitista\ue003(discurso\ue003com\ue003vistas\ue003a\ue003persuadir\ue003os\ue003membros\ue003de\ue003outras\ue003religiões\ue003a\ue003aderir\ue003à do\ue003emissor),\ue003invariavelmente\ue003vão\ue003pregar\ue003a\ue003negação\ue003da\ue003validade\ue003das\ue003demais\ue003manifestações religiosas\ue003em\ue003seus\ue003discursos,\ue003na\ue003busca\ue003por\ue003novos\ue003seguidores,\ue003a\ue003serem\ue003resgatados\ue003e\ue003convertidos. Preciso,\ue003aqui,\ue003portanto,\ue003é\ue003o\ue003magistério\ue003de\ue003Joseph\ue003H.\ue003Carens,\ue003levando,\ue003obviamente,\ue003em consideração,\ue003este\ue003caráter\ue003de\ue003primeira\ue003ordem\ue003das\ue003religiões\ue003universalistas,\ue003como\ue003o\ue003judaísmo\ue003e\ue003o cristianismo\ue003(mais\ue003precisamente\ue003o\ue003catolicismo):\ue003"Se\ue003você\ue003é\ue003criado\ue003em\ue003uma\ue003tradição,\ue003por\ue003exemplo,\ue003o catolicismo,\ue003você\ue003não\ue003pode,\ue003simultaneamente,\ue003ser\ue003criado\ue003em\ue003outra,\ue003por\ue003exemplo,\ue003o\ue003judaísmo" (1990,\ue003p.\ue003234,\ue003tradução\ue003livre). Com\ue003efeito,\ue003não\ue003é\ue003possível\ue003e\ue003nem\ue003é\ue003constitucionalmente\ue003admissível,\ue003no\ue003caso\ue003brasileiro,\ue003a\ue003exigência de\ue003que\ue003essas\ue003religiões\ue003pratiquem\ue003uma\ue003visão\ue003tolerante\ue003(em\ue003um\ue003sentido,\ue003aqui,\ue003de\ue003indiferença religiosa\u037e\ue003este\ue003tema\ue003será\ue003mais\ue003bem\ue003explorado\ue003no\ue003item\ue003III\ue003do\ue003presente\ue003artigo),\ue003pluralista\ue003(isto\ue003não quer\ue003dizer\ue003que\ue003se\ue003deva,\ue003por\ue003exemplo,\ue003defender\ue003e\ue003acatar\ue003eventual\ue003discurso\ue003de\ue003ódio\ue003ou discriminatório,\ue003nem\ue003o\ue003chamado\ue003fundamentalismo\ue003religioso\ue003\u2014\ue003tais\ue003são\ue003elementos\ue003distintos, conforme\ue003se\ue003demonstrará,\ue003igualmente,\ue003em\ue003item\ue003específico).\ue003Em\ue003outras\ue003palavras,\ue003não\ue003pode\ue003o\ue003Estado promover\ue003uma\ue003intromissão\ue003(legislativa\ue003ou\ue003judicial)\ue003no\ue003bojo\ue003destas\ue003religiões\ue003de\ue003pretensões universalistas,\ue003com\ue003vistas\ue003a\ue003tolher\ue003ou\ue003conduzir\ue003os\ue003discursos\ue003por\ue003elas\ue003praticados.\ue003Esta\ue003conduta nulifica\ue003importante\ue003dimensão\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa,\ue003mais\ue003precisamente\ue003a\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003crença\ue003ou\ue003de sua\ue003divulgação,\ue003implicando\ue003a\ue003negação,\ue003inclusive,\ue003da\ue003própria\ue003religião,\ue003que\ue003perde\ue003sua\ue003identidade\ue003e, desta\ue003feita,\ue003estar\ue010se\ue010á\ue003manietando\ue003a\ue003dignidade\ue003da\ue003pessoa\ue003humana.\ue003A\ue003positivação\ue003da\ue003liberdade religiosa\ue003ampla\ue003pressupõe\ue003estes\ue003elementos.\ue003Sobre\ue003essa\ue003impossibilidade\ue003de\ue003se\ue003exigir, especificamente\ue003do\ue003cristianismo,\ue003a\ue003aceitação\ue003de\ue003outros\ue003valores\ue003de\ue003uma\ue003doutrina\ue003rival,\ue003sem desnaturar\ue003ou\ue003intervir\ue003nessa\ue003crença,\ue003vide\ue003o\ue003importante\ue003magistério\ue003de\ue003Geoffrey\ue003Harrison: \ue003 Poderia,\ue003por\ue003exemplo,\ue003um\ue003Cristão\ue003que\ue003admitisse\ue003que\ue003outras\ue003posições morais/religiosas\ue003eram\ue003tão\ue003boas\ue003quanto\ue003[os\ue003valores\ue003morais\ue003ou\ue003posições]\ue003do Cristianismo\ue003ser,\ue003ainda,\ue003considerado\ue003um\ue003Cristão?\ue003Eu\ue003creio\ue003que\ue003não,\ue003na\ue003medida\ue003em que\ue003a\ue003adoção\ue003de\ue003uma\ue003determinada\ue003moralidade\ue003envolve\ue003a\ue003rejeição\ue003ao\ue003menos\ue003de alguns\ue003aspectos\ue003de\ue003qualquer\ue003doutrina\ue003rival\ue003que\ue003não\ue003seja\ue003compatível\ue003com\ue003a\ue003sua própria.\ue003(HARRISON,\ue0031979,\ue003p.\ue003287,\ue003tradução\ue003livre) \ue003 Tem\ue010se,\ue003portanto,\ue003aqui,\ue003a\ue003primeira\ue003e\ue003mais\ue003importante\ue003conclusão\ue003deste\ue003estudo.\ue003A\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa, mais\ue003precisamente\ue003o\ue003direito\ue003à\ue003liberdade\ue003religiosa\ue003plasmado\ue003no\ue003art.\ue0035º,\ue003VI,\ue003da\ue003CB\ue003de\ue0031988\ue003e compreendido\ue003no\ue003contexto\ue003constitucional,\ue003assegura\ue003e\ue003garante\ue003o\ue003direito\ue003de\ue003o\ue003religioso\ue003professorar suas\ue003crenças.\ue003Outro\ue003não\ue003é\ue003o\ue003sentido\ue003da\ue003textualmente\ue003expressa\ue003inviolabilidade\ue003da\ue003liberdade\ue003de crença,\ue003a\ue003qual\ue003também\ue003é\ue003reconhecida\ue003como\ue003liberdade\ue003de\ue003divulgação\ue003das\ue003crenças\ue003(cf.\ue003MACHADO, 1996,\ue003p.\ue003225\ue003et\ue003seq.),\ue003em\ue003conclusão\ue003plenamente\ue003válida\ue003para\ue003o\ue003Direito\ue003constitucional\ue003brasileiro, Revista Brasileira de Estudos Constitucionais \u2010 RBEC Belo\ue003Horizonte,\ue003\ue003 ano\ue0033,\ue003\ue003n.\ue00310,\ue003\ue003abr.\ue003/\ue003jun.\ue003\ue0032009\ue003 Biblioteca\ue003Digital\ue003Fórum\ue003de\ue003Direito\ue003Público\ue003\ue010\ue003Cópia\ue003da\ue003versão\ue003digital

André Ramos Tavares - O direito fundamental ao discurso religioso

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Direito Constitucional I

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Qual melhor livro para se estudar Direito Constitucional?

André Ramos Tavares (2007) ressalta que: Resposta: O princípio da dignidade do homem precede a todos os demais princípios por sê-lo substrato bás...

A respeito ao direito de permanecer vivo: “Inicialmente, cumpre assegurar a todos o direito de simplesmente continuar vivo, permanecer existindo at...

Há uma grande divergência entre os doutrinadores no que tange ao tema hierarquia entre as leis ordinárias e as leis complementares, para uma parte ...

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