<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4d84877e-5272-46f9-a22b-535150f98a51/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">03/<span class="_0 blank"></span>11/2018</div><div class="t m0 x2 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7">1</div><div class="t m1 x3 h2 y3 ff2 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws1">Fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>a<span class="_0 blank"></span>tur<span class="_1 blank"></span>a</div><div class="t m1 x4 h3 y4 ff1 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls8">74</div><div class="t m1 x5 h4 y5 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws2">Me câ n i ca \ue003 d a \ue003 F rat u ra\ue003\u2010</div><div class="t m1 x5 h4 y6 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 lsa ws3">Cliv<span class="_0 blank"></span>agem</div><div class="t m1 x5 h5 y7 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls3 ws4">Sob certas condições é possív<span class="_0 blank"></span>el</span></div><div class="t m1 x6 h5 y8 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsb ws5">separ<span class="_0 blank"></span>ar crist<span class="_0 blank"></span>ais em duas partes,</div><div class="t m1 x6 h5 y9 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsc ws6">ao longo de planos de baix<span class="_0 blank"></span>os</div><div class="t m1 x6 h5 ya ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsd ws7">índices \u2010 plano<span class="_2 blank"> </span>de clivagem do</div><div class="t m1 x6 h5 yb ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsd ws8">crist<span class="_0 blank"></span>al (pode o<span class="_3 blank"> </span>u não ser plano</div><div class="t m1 x6 h5 yc ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 lse ws9">comp<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ac<span class="_3 blank"> </span>to)</div><div class="t m1 x7 h6 yd ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls5 wsa">0 plano de clivag<span class="_0 blank"></span>em no reticulado</span></div><div class="t m1 x8 h6 ye ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls6 wsb">CCC é ger<span class="_1 blank"></span>almente {100} em \u2193 T</div><div class="t m1 x4 h3 yf ff1 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls8">75</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4d84877e-5272-46f9-a22b-535150f98a51/bg2.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">03/<span class="_0 blank"></span>11/2018</div><div class="t m0 x2 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7">2</div><div class="t m1 x9 h4 y10 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 lsf wsd">Fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>a<span class="_0 blank"></span>tur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003por\ue003cliv<span class="_1 blank"></span>agem</div><div class="t m1 xa h7 y11 ff3 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls10">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls11 wse">Sob condições de alta</span></div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y12 ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls12 wsf">velocidade de propag<span class="_1 blank"></span>ação de</div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y13 ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls7 ws10">trinca e baixa<span class="_0 blank"></span>s temper<span class="_0 blank"></span>atur<span class="_0 blank"></span>as, a</div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y14 ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls15 ws11">def<span class="_0 blank"></span>ormação plástic<span class="_0 blank"></span>a tende a</div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y15 ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls13 ws12">ser suprimida e as fratur<span class="_0 blank"></span>as</div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y16 ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls16 ws13">crist<span class="_0 blank"></span>alinas por cliv<span class="_0 blank"></span>agem são</div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y17 ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls17 ws14">en t ã o<span class="_2 blank"> </span>eq u i v a l e nt e s<span class="_2 blank"> </span>a<span class="_2 blank"> </span>fra t u ra s</div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y18 ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls7 ws15">de materiais fr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ágeis</div><div class="t m1 xa h7 y19 ff3 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls10">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls18 ws16">As clivagens t<span class="_0 blank"></span>endem a seguir</span></div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y1a ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls19 ws17">planos cristalogr<span class="_0 blank"></span>áficos</div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y1b ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls1a ws18">específicos de baixos índices</div><div class="t m1 xa h7 y1c ff3 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls10">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls1b ws19">Se não houver def<span class="_0 blank"></span>eitos no</span></div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y1d ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls1c ws1a">solido, a fr<span class="_1 blank"></span>atura dev<span class="_0 blank"></span>e ocorrer</div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y1e ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls1d ws1b">por quebra de lig<span class="_0 blank"></span>ações entre</div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y1f ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls7 ws1c">átomos adj<span class="_0 blank"></span>acentes ao plano de</div><div class="t m1 xb h7 y20 ff1 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls19 ws1d">fra<span class="_0 blank"></span>tura.</div><div class="t m1 xc h3 y21 ff1 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls8">76</div><div class="t m1 xd h4 y22 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 lsf wsd">Fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>a<span class="_0 blank"></span>tur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003por\ue003cliv<span class="_1 blank"></span>agem</div><div class="t m1 xd h7 y23 ff3 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls10">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls14 ws1e">Se consider<span class="_0 blank"></span>armos a ligaç<span class="_0 blank"></span>ão entre á<span class="_0 blank"></span>tomos</span></div><div class="t m1 xe h7 y24 ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls11 ws1f">como molas e que essas são esticadas no</div><div class="t m1 xe h7 y25 ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls12 ws20">tensionament<span class="_0 blank"></span>o de uma dis<span class="_0 blank"></span>tancia x, se a é</div><div class="t m1 xe h7 y26 ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls18 ws21">a distancia de equilíbrio das<span class="_4 blank"> </span>ligações</div><div class="t m1 xe h7 y27 ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls1e ws22">entr<span class="_0 blank"></span>e átomos, a de<span class="_0 blank"></span>formaç<span class="_0 blank"></span>ão seria</div><div class="t m1 xe h7 y28 ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws23">descrita por:</div><div class="t m1 xf h7 y29 ff3 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls10">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls1f">e=x/a</span></div><div class="t m1 xd h7 y2a ff3 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls10">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls20 ws24">Pa ra<span class="_5 blank"> </span>d efo r m a ç õ e s<span class="_5 blank"> </span>e l á st i c a s ,<span class="_5 blank"> </span>co m o<span class="_5 blank"> </span>é<span class="_5 blank"> </span>o</span></div><div class="t m1 xe h7 y2b ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls21 ws25">caso:</div><div class="t m1 xf h7 y2c ff3 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls10">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls22 ws26">\u03c3=E<span class="_6 blank"></span>e=E<span class="_7 blank"></span>x<span class="_6 blank"></span>/<span class="_6 blank"></span>a</span></div><div class="t m1 xd h7 y2d ff3 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls10">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls23 ws27">Quando átomos são af<span class="_0 blank"></span>astados en<span class="_0 blank"></span>tre si no</span></div><div class="t m1 xe h7 y2e ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls24 ws28">es t i ra m e nt o,<span class="_8 blank"> </span>sã o<span class="_8 blank"> </span>ap r ox i m a d o s<span class="_8 blank"> </span>de<span class="_8 blank"> </span>ou t ro<span class="_9 blank"> </span>s</div><div class="t m1 xe h7 y2f ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws29">átomos e sur<span class="_0 blank"></span>ge tensão de r<span class="_0 blank"></span>epulsão, o qu<span class="_0 blank"></span>e</div><div class="t m1 xe h7 y30 ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a">acarret<span class="_0 blank"></span>a não\u2010linearidade na tensão.</div><div class="t m1 x10 h8 y31 ff1 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls25">77</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4d84877e-5272-46f9-a22b-535150f98a51/bg3.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">03/<span class="_0 blank"></span>11/2018</div><div class="t m0 x2 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7">3</div><div class="t m1 xd h4 y32 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 lsf wsd">Fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>a<span class="_0 blank"></span>tur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003por\ue003cliv<span class="_1 blank"></span>agem</div><div class="t m1 xd h9 y33 ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls33 ws2b">Quando\ue003át<span class="_0 blank"></span>omos\ue003são\ue003afast<span class="_0 blank"></span>ados\ue003entre\ue003si\ue003no\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y34 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls34 ws2c">estir<span class="_0 blank"></span>amento<span class="_0 blank"></span>,\ue003são\ue003apro<span class="_0 blank"></span>ximados\ue003de\ue003outros\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y35 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls35 ws2d">átomos\ue003e\ue003sur<span class="_0 blank"></span>ge\ue003tensão\ue003de\ue003r<span class="_0 blank"></span>epulsão\ue003\u2013 há\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y36 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls36 ws2e">uma\ue003balanço\ue003entr<span class="_0 blank"></span>e\ue003tensão\ue003de\ue003tração\ue003e\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y37 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls37 ws2f">compressão<span class="_0 blank"></span>,\ue003onde\ue003a\ue003tensão\ue003trativ<span class="_0 blank"></span>a máxima\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y38 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls27 ws30">é\ue003a\ue003tensão\ue003teórica\ue003de\ue003fr<span class="_1 blank"></span>atura\ue003(\u03c3T).</div><div class="t m1 xd h9 y39 ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls36 ws31">Pela\ue003curva,\ue003t<span class="_0 blank"></span>em\u2010se\ue003(\u03bb/4\ue003é\ue003o\ue003valor\ue003de\ue003x\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y3a ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls28 ws32">quando\ue003\u03c3\ue003=\ue003\u03c3T):</div><div class="t m1 xf h9 y3b ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls38 ws33">\u03c3=<span class="_6 blank"></span>\ue003<span class="_7 blank"></span>\u03c3<span class="_7 blank"></span>T<span class="_7 blank"></span>\ue003<span class="_7 blank"></span>s<span class="_7 blank"></span>e<span class="_6 blank"></span>n<span class="_3 blank"> </span>2<span class="_7 blank"></span>\u03c0<span class="_6 blank"></span>x<span class="_7 blank"></span>/<span class="_7 blank"></span>\u03bb</span></div><div class="t m1 x11 h9 y3c ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls29 ws34">P<span class="_0 blank"></span>ara\ue003pequenos\ue003v<span class="_0 blank"></span>alores\ue003de\ue0032\u03c0x/\u03bb</span></div><div class="t m1 xf h9 y3d ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls38 ws33">\u03c3=<span class="_6 blank"></span>\ue003<span class="_7 blank"></span>\u03c3<span class="_7 blank"></span>T<span class="_7 blank"></span>\ue003<span class="_7 blank"></span>2<span class="_7 blank"></span>\u03c0<span class="_6 blank"></span>x<span class="_7 blank"></span>/<span class="_7 blank"></span>\u03bb</span></div><div class="t m1 xf h9 y3e ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls2a ws35">Ex/a\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>=\ue003\u03c3T\ue0032\u03c0x/\u03bb</span></div><div class="t m1 xf h9 y3f ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls35 ws36">E/a\ue003=\ue003\u03c3T\ue0032\u03c0/\u03bb</span></div><div class="t m1 xf h9 y40 ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls2b ws37">\u03bb/\u03c0 =\ue0032\u03c3T\ue003a/E</span></div><div class="t m1 x10 h8 y41 ff1 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls25">78</div><div class="t m1 x12 h4 y42 ff2 fs3 fc3 sc0 ls2c ws38">Fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>a<span class="_0 blank"></span>tur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003por\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x13 h4 y43 ff2 fs3 fc3 sc0 ls39 ws39">cliv<span class="_0 blank"></span>agem</div><div class="t m1 x14 h6 y44 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls3a ws3a">Se\ue003W\ue003=\ue003F<span class="_a blank"></span>.x =\ue003\u03c3 A\ue003x\ue003=\ue003\u03c3 A\ue003\u03bb (ou\ue003\u03bb/\u03c0)</span></div><div class="t m1 x14 ha y45 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls2d ws3b">W/<span class="_1 blank"></span>A\ue003=\ue003\u03c3\u03bb =\ue0032\u03c3<span class="fs9 ls2e v1">T<span class="ls2f v2">2</span></span><span class="ls3b">a/E</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x14 ha y46 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls2d ws3c">W/<span class="_1 blank"></span>A\ue003=\ue0032\u03c3<span class="fs9 ls2e v1">T<span class="ls30 v2">2</span></span><span class="ls3b">a/E</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x14 h6 y47 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls5 ws3d">Quando\ue003ocorr<span class="_0 blank"></span>e\ue003a\ue003fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>atur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a,\ue003a\ue003energia\ue003de\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x15 h6 y48 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls31 ws3e">def<span class="_0 blank"></span>ormação\ue003é\ue003g<span class="_1 blank"></span>asta\ue003par<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003f<span class="_0 blank"></span>ormar\ue0032\ue003superfícies\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x15 h6 y49 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls31 ws3e">criadas\ue003pela\ue003fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>atur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a:</div><div class="t m1 x14 ha y4a ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls3c ws3f">2\u03c3<span class="fs9 ls2e v1">T<span class="ls2f v2">2</span></span><span class="ls3d">a/E\ue003=\ue0032\u03b3</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x14 ha y4b ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls7 ws40">\u03c3<span class="fs9 ls2e v1">T<span class="ls2f v2">2</span></span><span class="ls2d">a/E\ue003=\ue003\u03b3</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x14 hb y4c ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls7 ws40">\u03c3<span class="fs9 ls32 v1">T</span><span class="ls3e ws41">=\ue003 <span class="ff4 fsa ls3f v3">\ueb93\uebbe</span></span></span></div><div class="t m1 x16 hc y4d ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 ls7">\uebd4</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4d84877e-5272-46f9-a22b-535150f98a51/bg4.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">03/<span class="_0 blank"></span>11/2018</div><div class="t m0 x2 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7">4</div><div class="t m1 x17 hd y4e ff2 fsb fc0 sc0 ls40 ws42">T<span class="_b blank"></span>eoria\ue003de\ue003Grif<span class="_0 blank"></span>fith</div><div class="t m1 x17 h6 y4f ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls5 ws3d">as\ue003extremidades\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>das\ue003trincas\ue003t<span class="_0 blank"></span>em\ue003a\ue003capacidade\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x18 h6 y50 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4a ws43">de\ue003agir\ue003como\ue003int<span class="_0 blank"></span>ensificadores\ue003de\ue003t<span class="_0 blank"></span>ensão</div><div class="t m1 x17 h6 y51 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls4b ws44">Griffith\ue003admitiu\ue003que\ue003a\ue003tensão\ue003t<span class="_0 blank"></span>eórica\ue003er<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x18 h6 y52 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4c ws45">obtida\ue003nas\ue003pontas\ue003das\ue003trinc<span class="_0 blank"></span>as</div><div class="t m1 x17 h6 y53 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls4a ws43">A\ue003fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>atur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003ocorre\ue003quando\ue003a\ue003tensão\ue003na\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>ponta\ue003da\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x18 h6 y54 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4d ws46">trinca\ue003ultr<span class="_0 blank"></span>apassa\ue003a\ue003tensão\ue003teórica\ue003\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x17 he y55 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls4e ws47">a\ue003tensão\ue003\u03c3<span class="fs9 ls41 v1">P</span><span class="ls3a ws48">na\ue003pon<span class="_0 blank"></span>ta\ue003da\ue003trinca\ue003é\ue003\u03c3<span class="fs9 ls41 v1">P</span><span class="ls1b ws49">=\ue0032\u03c3 <span class="ff4 fsa ls42 v4">\uebd6<span class="ls7 v5">\ueba1</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m1 x19 hf y56 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls7">\u2044</div><div class="t m1 x4 h3 y57 ff1 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls8">80</div><div class="t m1 x17 h4 y58 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls43 ws4a">T<span class="_7 blank"></span>eoria\ue003de\ue003Griffith</div><div class="t m1 x17 h9 y59 ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls4f ws4b">Para \ue003 a \ue003 f rat u<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ra \ue003 s e \ue003 p ro p<span class="_3 blank"> </span>a ga r<span class="_1 blank"></span>, \ue003 \u03c3 <span class="fsc ls44 v6">P</span><span class="ls50">=\u03c3</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x1a h10 y5a ff1 fsc fc0 sc0 ls7">T</div><div class="t m1 x17 h11 y5b ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls45">\u03c3<span class="fsc ls44 v6">P</span><span class="ls2b ws4c">=\ue0032\u03c3 <span class="ff4 fsd ls46 v7">\uebd6<span class="ls7 v8">\ueba1</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m1 x1b h12 y5c ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7">\u2044</div><div class="t m1 x17 h13 y5d ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls47">\u03c3<span class="fsc ls48 v6">T</span><span class="ls51 ws4d v0">=\ue003 <span class="ff4 fsd ls52 v9">\ueb93\uebbe</span></span></span></div><div class="t m1 x1c h14 y5e ff4 fsd fc0 sc0 ls7">\uebd4</div><div class="t m1 x17 h15 y5f ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls53 ws4e">2\u03c3 <span class="ff4 fsd ls7 v9">\uebd6</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x1d h16 y60 ff4 fsd fc0 sc0 ls49">\ueba1<span class="ff1 fs8 ls51 ws4d va">=\ue003 </span><span class="ls52 vb">\ueb93\uebbe</span></div><div class="t m1 x1e h14 y60 ff4 fsd fc0 sc0 ls7">\uebd4</div><div class="t m1 x17 h17 y61 ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls38 ws4f">\u03c3=<span class="_6 blank"></span>\ue003 <span class="ff4 fsd ls54 v9">\ueb93\uebbe\ueba1</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x12 h14 y62 ff4 fsd fc0 sc0 ls55">\ueb38\uebd4\ueb61</div><div class="t m1 x17 h9 y63 ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls27 ws30">A\ue003medida\ue003que\ue003o\ue003comprimen<span class="_0 blank"></span>to\ue003da\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x18 h9 y64 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls29 ws34">trinca\ue003aument<span class="_0 blank"></span>a,\ue003a\ue003tensão\ue003que\ue003a\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h9 y65 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls51 ws50">mantem\ue003em\ue003moviment<span class="_0 blank"></span>o\ue003diminui\ue003\u2013</div><div class="t m1 x18 h9 y66 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls56 ws51">processo\ue003aut<span class="_0 blank"></span>o\ue003catalítico</div><div class="t m1 x4 h3 yf ff1 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls8">81</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4d84877e-5272-46f9-a22b-535150f98a51/bg5.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">03/<span class="_0 blank"></span>11/2018</div><div class="t m0 x2 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7">5</div><div class="t m1 xd h4 y67 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls57 ws52">Nucleação\ue003de\ue003trincas\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xd h4 y68 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls39 ws39">de\ue003cliv<span class="_0 blank"></span>agem\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xd h6 y69 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls58 ws53">quando\ue003um\ue003metal\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>rompe\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>por\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 xe h6 y6a ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws54">clivag<span class="_0 blank"></span>em,\ue003uma\ue003cert<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003def<span class="_1 blank"></span>ormação\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xe h6 y6b ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws3d">plástica\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>sempre\ue003oc<span class="_0 blank"></span>orre\ue003ant<span class="_0 blank"></span>es\ue003da\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xe h6 y6c ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls3d ws55">fra<span class="_0 blank"></span>tura</div><div class="t m1 xd h6 y6d ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls59 ws56">Em\ue003metais\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>CCC\ue003a\ue003dependência\ue003en<span class="_0 blank"></span>tre\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 xe h6 y6e ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls58 ws53">a\ue003temper<span class="_0 blank"></span>atur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003e\ue003a\ue003t<span class="_0 blank"></span>ensão\ue003de</div><div class="t m1 xe h6 y6f ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws57">cisalhament<span class="_0 blank"></span>o\ue003pr<span class="_0 blank"></span>ojetada\ue003critic<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003par<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xe h6 y70 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws57">o\ue003escorr<span class="_0 blank"></span>egamen<span class="_0 blank"></span>to\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>e\ue003muito\ue003gr<span class="_0 blank"></span>ande</div><div class="t m1 x10 h8 y41 ff1 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls25">82</div><div class="t m1 x17 h4 y58 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 lsf wsd">Nucleação\ue003de\ue003trincas\ue003no\ue003f<span class="_1 blank"></span>err<span class="_1 blank"></span>o\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x17 h18 y71 ff3 fse fc1 sc0 ls5a">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls5b ws58">a\ue003coalescência\ue003de\ue003div<span class="_0 blank"></span>ersas\ue003discor<span class="_0 blank"></span>dâncias\ue003em\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x18 h18 y72 ff1 fse fc1 sc0 ls61 ws59">cunha,\ue003situadas\ue003no\ue003mesmo\ue003plano\ue003de\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h18 y73 ff1 fse fc1 sc0 ls5c ws5a">escorreg<span class="_0 blank"></span>amento<span class="_1 blank"></span>,\ue003 poderia\ue003 originar\ue003 uma\ue003trinca\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h18 y74 ff1 fse fc1 sc0 ls62 ws5b">em\ue003um\ue003plano\ue003normal\ue003ao\ue003plano\ue003<span class="_3 blank"> </span>de\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h18 y75 ff1 fse fc1 sc0 ls5d ws5c">escorreg<span class="_1 blank"></span>amento\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x17 h18 y76 ff3 fse fc1 sc0 ls5a">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls63 ws5d">um\ue003contorno\ue003de\ue003macla\ue003age\ue003como\ue003barreir<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003ao\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x18 h18 y77 ff1 fse fc1 sc0 ls63 ws5e">movimento\ue003das\ue003discordâ<span class="ls64 ws5f">ncias.\ue003Em\ue003um\ue003material\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x18 h18 y78 ff1 fse fc1 sc0 ls63 ws60">policristalino<span class="_0 blank"></span>,\ue003os\ue003contornos\ue003de\ue003grão\ue003poderiam\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h18 y79 ff1 fse fc1 sc0 ls5e ws61">também\ue003ser\ue003barr<span class="_0 blank"></span>eiras</div><div class="t m1 x17 h18 y7a ff3 fse fc1 sc0 ls5a">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls5f ws62">O\ue0032º\ue003mecanismo\ue003seria\ue003Barr<span class="_0 blank"></span>eira\ue003de\ue003Lomer\u2010</span></div><div class="t m1 x18 h18 y7b ff1 fse fc1 sc0 ls65 ws63">Cottrell\ue003\u2010 explica\ue003a\ue003cliv<span class="_0 blank"></span>agem\ue003em\ue003planos\ue003{100}\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h18 y7c ff1 fse fc1 sc0 ls60 ws64">como\ue003result<span class="_0 blank"></span>ado\ue003do\ue003escorreg<span class="_0 blank"></span>amento\ue003em\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h18 y7d ff1 fse fc1 sc0 ls5c ws65">sistemas\ue003de\ue003escorr<span class="_0 blank"></span>egamen<span class="_0 blank"></span>to\ue003do\ue003tipo\ue003{110}\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h18 y7e ff1 fse fc1 sc0 ls7"><111></div><div class="t m1 x4 h3 yf ff1 fs2 fc4 sc0 ls8">83</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4d84877e-5272-46f9-a22b-535150f98a51/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">03/<span class="_0 blank"></span>11/2018</div><div class="t m0 x2 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7">6</div><div class="t m1 x1f hd y7f ff2 fsb fc1 sc0 ls66 ws66">Nucleação\ue003de\ue003trincas\ue003no\ue003zinc<span class="_0 blank"></span>o\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x10 h19 y80 ff1 fsf fc2 sc0 ls74">84</div><div class="t m1 x20 h1a y81 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls75 ws67">As\ue003trincas\ue003de\ue003cliv<span class="_0 blank"></span>agem\ue003no\ue003zinco\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x21 h1a y82 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls76 ws68">dif<span class="_0 blank"></span>erem\ue003das\ue003que\ue003oc<span class="_0 blank"></span>orrem\ue003no\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x1c h1a y83 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls67 ws69">f<span class="_0 blank"></span>erro<span class="_0 blank"></span>,\ue003pois\ue003nest<span class="_0 blank"></span>as\ue003o\ue003plano\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>basal,\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x22 h1a y84 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls68 ws6a">que\ue003é\ue003o\ue003plano\ue003de\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x23 h1a y85 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls69 ws6b">escorr<span class="_0 blank"></span>eg<span class="_0 blank"></span>amento<span class="_0 blank"></span>,\ue003é\ue003t<span class="_0 blank"></span>ambém\ue003o\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x20 h1a y86 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls76 ws68">plano\ue003de\ue003cliv<span class="_0 blank"></span>agem\ue003(plano\ue003basal\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x24 h1a y87 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls77">(0001))</div><div class="t m1 x25 h1a y88 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls68 ws6a">escorr<span class="_0 blank"></span>egamen<span class="_0 blank"></span>to\ue003em\ue003um\ue003dado\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x25 h1a y89 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls76 ws68">plano\ue003pode.\ue003ser\ue003impedido\ue003por\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x26 h1a y8a ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls78 ws6c">algum\ue003tipo\ue003de\ue003barreir<span class="_0 blank"></span>a,\ue003lev<span class="_0 blank"></span>ando\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x27 h1a y8b ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls6a ws6d">a\ue003um\ue003empilhament<span class="_0 blank"></span>o\ue003de\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x28 h1a y8c ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls68 ws6a">discor<span class="_0 blank"></span>dâncias\ue003que\ue003nucleia\ue003a\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x29 h1a y8d ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls79 ws6e">fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>atur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a</div><div class="t m1 x2a h4 y8e ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls7a ws6f">O\ue003e<span class="_0 blank"></span>f<span class="_1 blank"></span>eito\ue003dos\ue003con<span class="_0 blank"></span>t<span class="_0 blank"></span>ornos\ue003de\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x2b h4 y8f ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls39 ws39">gr<span class="_0 blank"></span>ão\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xa h1b y90 ff3 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls6b">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls6c ws70">Considere\ue003primei<span class="_0 blank"></span>rament<span class="_0 blank"></span>e\ue003o\ue003caso\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y91 ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls6d ws71">onde\ue003a\ue003dif<span class="_0 blank"></span>erença\ue003de\ue003orient<span class="_0 blank"></span>ação\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y92 ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls6e ws72">entre\ue003c<span class="_0 blank"></span>rista<span class="_0 blank"></span>is\ue003adjacentes\ue003é\ue003maio<span class="_0 blank"></span>r\ue003que\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y93 ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls59 ws73">alguns\ue003graus,\ue003mas\ue003não\ue003muit<span class="_0 blank"></span>o\ue003grande\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y94 ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls6f ws74">\u2013 há\ue003um\ue003ângulo\ue003de\ue003desorientação.</div><div class="t m1 xa h1b y95 ff3 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls6b">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls7b ws75">não\ue003e\ue003possível\ue003que\ue003a\ue003supe rfície\ue003 da\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y96 ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls4c ws76">fratur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003cruze\ue003f<span class="_0 blank"></span>acilmente\ue003o\ue003contorno:\ue003\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y97 ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls7c ws77">uma\ue003serie\ue003de\ue003planos\ue003de\ue003clivagem\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y98 ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls7d ws78">paralelos\ue003se\ue003nucleiam\ue003em\ue003diferent<span class="_0 blank"></span>es\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y99 ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls7b ws75">níveis\ue003\u2010<span class="_c blank"> </span>a\ue003superfície\ue003de\ue003fratura\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y9a ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls70 ws79">desenvolve\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>uma\ue003serie\ue003de\ue003degraus,\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y9b ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls7e ws7a">com\ue003origem\ue003no\ue003contorno\ue003de\ue003gr<span class="_0 blank"></span>ão.\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xa h1b y9c ff3 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls6b">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls7d ws78">a\ue003falha\ue003não\ue003ocorr<span class="_0 blank"></span>e\ue003pelo\ue003 movimento\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y9d ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws7b">de\ue003uma\ue003frente\ue003únic<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003de\ue003trinca,\ue003mas\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y9e ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls6c ws70">uma\ue003serie\ue003de\ue003segmentos\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>de\ue003trinca\ue003se\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xb h1b y9f ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls71 ws7c">formam\ue003e\ue003en<span class="_0 blank"></span>tão\ue003se\ue003agreg<span class="_0 blank"></span>am.\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xa h1b ya0 ff3 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls6b">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls59 ws73">Como\ue003os\ue003segmentos\ue003individuais\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 xb h1b ya1 ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls72 ws7d">podem\ue003não\ue003estar\ue003no\ue003mesmo\ue003nível,\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xb h1b ya2 ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls73 ws7e">usualmente\ue003ha\ue003def<span class="_0 blank"></span>ormação\ue003plástic<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xb h1b ya3 ff1 fs11 fc1 sc0 ls6 ws7f">entre\ue003os\ue003degr<span class="_1 blank"></span>aus\ue003de\ue003fratur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a.\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xc h3 ya4 ff1 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls8">85</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4d84877e-5272-46f9-a22b-535150f98a51/bg7.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">03/<span class="_0 blank"></span>11/2018</div><div class="t m0 x2 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7">7</div><div class="t m1 x2c h4 ya5 ff2 fs3 fc3 sc0 ls7a ws6f">O\ue003e<span class="_0 blank"></span>f<span class="_1 blank"></span>eito\ue003dos\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x2d h4 ya6 ff2 fs3 fc3 sc0 ls2c ws38">c<span class="_0 blank"></span>ont<span class="_1 blank"></span>ornos\ue003de\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x2e h4 ya7 ff2 fs3 fc3 sc0 ls39 ws39">gr<span class="_0 blank"></span>ão\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x14 h6 ya8 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls2d ws3c">O\ue003critério\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>de\ue003Griffith\ue003par<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003propag<span class="_0 blank"></span>ação\ue003de\ue003fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>atur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x15 h6 ya9 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls7f ws80">frágil\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>leva\ue003em\ue003co<span class="_0 blank"></span>nsideraç<span class="_0 blank"></span>ão\ue003não\ue003apenas\ue003a\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x15 h6 yaa ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws57">energia\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>de\ue003superfície\ue003verdadeir<span class="_1 blank"></span>a,\ue003mas\ue003também\ue003a\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x15 h6 yab ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls31 ws3e">energia\ue003de\ue003de<span class="_0 blank"></span>f<span class="_0 blank"></span>ormação\ue003plástica\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>gas<span class="_0 blank"></span>ta\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>na\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x15 h6 yac ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls7f ws80">propag<span class="_0 blank"></span>ação\ue003da\ue003trinc<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003em\ue003um\ue003agr<span class="_0 blank"></span>egado\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x15 h6 yad ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls3b ws81">policrist<span class="_0 blank"></span>alino.\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x14 hb yae ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff4 ls7 ws40">\u03c3<span class="fsa ls80 v6">\uebbf</span><span class="ls81">\ued4c<span class="fsa ls83 ws82 v3">\ueb38\uebbe \ueb93</span></span><span class="fs12 va">\uecc1</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x2f h1c yaf ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 ls84 ws83">\ueba0\uebd7 <span class="ff1 fs5 ls85 ws84 v9">(d\ue003\u2013 ta<span class="_3 blank"> </span>man<span class="_3 blank"> </span>ho\ue003de<span class="_3 blank"> </span>\ue003grão)<span class="_3 blank"> </span>\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x14 h6 yb0 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls3b ws81">A\ue003medida\ue003que\ue003o\ue003diâmetro\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>aument<span class="_0 blank"></span>a,\ue003é\ue003atingido\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x15 h6 yb1 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls3b ws81">um\ue003diâmetro\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>critico\ue003acima\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>do\ue003qual\ue003a\ue003tensão\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x15 h6 yb2 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls59 ws56">necessária\ue003par<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003expandir\ue003uma\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>microtrinca\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>se\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x15 h6 yb3 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws3d">torna\ue003menor\ue003que\ue003a\ue003t<span class="_0 blank"></span>ensão\ue003par<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003nuclear\ue003uma\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x15 h6 yb4 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws3d">trinca</div><div class="t m1 x30 h4 yb5 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 lsa ws3">O\ue003e<span class="_0 blank"></span>f<span class="_1 blank"></span>eito\ue003dos\ue003con<span class="_1 blank"></span>tornos\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x30 h4 yb6 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls86 ws85">de\ue003gr<span class="_0 blank"></span>ão\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x30 h6 yb7 ff3 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls2d ws3c">Como\ue003as\ue003trincas\ue003de\ue003cliv<span class="_1 blank"></span>agem\ue003não\ue003se\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x31 h6 yb8 ff1 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls58 ws53">nucleiam\ue003abaix<span class="_1 blank"></span>o\ue003do\ue003limite\ue003de\ue003escoamen<span class="_0 blank"></span>to\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x31 h6 yb9 ff1 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls7 ws40">do\ue003metal,\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003fratur<span class="_1 blank"></span>a\ue003deve\ue003ocorr<span class="_0 blank"></span>er\ue003quase\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x31 h6 yba ff1 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls82 ws86">simultaneamen<span class="_0 blank"></span>te\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>com\ue003o\ue003escoamen<span class="_0 blank"></span>to\ue003p<span class="_0 blank"></span>ara\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x31 h6 ybb ff1 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls4d ws46">diâmetros\ue003maior<span class="_0 blank"></span>es\ue003que\ue003o<span class="ls3d ws55">\ue003diâmetro\ue003critic<span class="_0 blank"></span>o.\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x32 h3 ybc ff1 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls8">87</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4d84877e-5272-46f9-a22b-535150f98a51/bg8.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">03/<span class="_0 blank"></span>11/2018</div><div class="t m0 x2 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7">8</div><div class="t m1 x17 h1d ybd ff2 fs4 fc1 sc0 ls96 ws87">Mecâ n i ca \ue003d a \ue003 f ratura\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x5 h9 ybe ff3 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls35 ws36">a\ue003tensão\ue003par<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003ext<span class="_0 blank"></span>ensão\ue003de\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x6 h9 ybf ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls33">uma\ue003trinca\ue003em\ue003sólido\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x6 h9 yc0 ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls34 ws88">elástico\ue003é\ue003dada\ue003por:\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x5 h12 yc1 ff3 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff4 ls87 ws89">\ud835\udc3a\ued4c<span class="_1 blank"></span>\u03c3</span></div><div class="t m1 x1d h1e yc2 ff4 fsd fc1 sc0 ls88">\uebd9<span class="fsc ls89 va">2</span><span class="ls97 vc">\uebbc\ueba0</span></div><div class="t m1 x20 h1f yc3 ff4 fsd fc1 sc0 ls8a">\uebbe<span class="fs8 ls8b ws8a va">\ued4c2<span class="_d blank"></span>\u03b3</span></div><div class="t m1 x5 h9 yc4 ff3 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls56 ws51">Caso\ue003haja\ue003deformação\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x6 h9 yc5 ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls29 ws34">plástica\ue003à\ue003fre<span class="_0 blank"></span>nte\ue003da\ue003trinca:</div><div class="t m1 x5 h20 yc6 ff3 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff4 ls87 ws8b">\ud835\udc3a\ued4c<span class="_1 blank"></span>2 <span class="ls8c ws8c v0">\u03b3\ued45<span class="_3 blank"> </span>\u03b3</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x13 h14 yc7 ff4 fsd fc1 sc0 ls7">\uebc9</div><div class="t m1 x7 h9 yc8 ff3 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff4 ls8d">\u03b3<span class="fsd ls8e vd">\uebc9</span><span class="ff1 ls98 ws8d">é\ue003o\ue003trabalho\ue003de\ue003</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x8 h9 yc9 ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls99 ws8e">deformação\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>plástica\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x8 h21 yca ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls9a ws8f">para\ue003formação\ue003de\ue0031\ue003cm<span class="fsc ls7 v7">2</span></div><div class="t m1 x8 h9 ycb ff1 fs8 fc1 sc0 ls7 ws90">de\ue003superfície\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x17 h4 ycc ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls43 ws4a">F<span class="_1 blank"></span>at<span class="_0 blank"></span>or\ue003de\ue003in<span class="_0 blank"></span>tensific<span class="_1 blank"></span>ação\ue003de\ue003tensões\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x17 h1a ycd ff3 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls8f">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls67 ws69">Se\ue003o\ue003mat<span class="_0 blank"></span>erial\ue003na\ue003frent<span class="_0 blank"></span>e\ue003de\ue003crescimen<span class="_0 blank"></span>to\ue003da\ue003trinca\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x18 h1a yce ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls90 ws91">estiver\ue003em\ue003es<span class="_0 blank"></span>tado\ue003plano\ue003de\ue003t<span class="_0 blank"></span>ensões\ue003(<span class="ff4 ls91">\u03c3<span class="fs13 ls92 v6">\uebed</span><span class="ls9b ws92 v0">\ued4c0<span class="_e blank"></span><span class="ff1 ls9c">):</span></span></span></div><div class="t m1 x17 h22 ycf ff3 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls8f">\u2022<span class="ff4 ls93">\u03c3<span class="fs13 ls94 v6">\uebec</span><span class="ls95 v0">\ued4c<span class="fs13 ls7 ws93 v2">\ueba2 \uebd6</span></span></span></div><div class="t m1 x23 h23 yd0 ff4 fs13 fc0 sc0 ls7">\ueb36\uebeb</div><div class="t m1 x33 h1a yd1 ff3 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls8f">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls68 ws6a">x\ue003é\ue003a\ue003dist<span class="_0 blank"></span>ancia\ue003medida\ue003a\ue003partir\ue003do\ue003ponto\ue003a\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x17 h1a yd2 ff3 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls8f">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls68 ws6a">no\ue003numerador\ue003do\ue003t<span class="_0 blank"></span>ermo\ue003a\ue003direit<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003temos\ue003o\ue003produt<span class="_0 blank"></span>o\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x18 h1a yd3 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls67 ws69">da\ue003tensão\ue003aplic<span class="_0 blank"></span>ada,\ue003e\ue003a\ue003raiz\ue003quadr<span class="_1 blank"></span>ada\ue003de\ue003c,\ue003que\ue003é\ue003a\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h1a yd4 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls68 ws6a">metade\ue003do\ue003c<span class="_0 blank"></span>omprimento\ue003da\ue003trinca.\ue003Esses\ue003dois\ue003f<span class="_1 blank"></span>atores\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h1a yd5 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls69 ws6b">determinam\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>o\ue003nível\ue003ger<span class="_1 blank"></span>al\ue003de\ue003tensão\ue003nos\ue003pontos\ue003a\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h1a yd6 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls69 ws6b">fren<span class="_0 blank"></span>te\ue003da\ue003trinca.\ue003É\ue003c<span class="_0 blank"></span>omum\ue003utilizar\ue003na\ue003analise\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>de\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h1a yd7 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls9d ws94">fra<span class="_0 blank"></span>tur<span class="_0 blank"></span>as\ue003um\ue003parâmetr<span class="_0 blank"></span>o\ue003conhecido\ue003c<span class="_0 blank"></span>omo\ue003fat<span class="_0 blank"></span>or\ue003de\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x18 h1a yd8 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls67 ws69">int<span class="_0 blank"></span>ensificação\ue003de\ue003t<span class="_0 blank"></span>ensões,\ue003K\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x17 h24 yd9 ff3 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls8f">\u2022<span class="ff4 ls9e ws95">\ud835\udc3e\ued4c<span class="_0 blank"></span>\u03c3 <span class="ls9f v0">\u03c0\ud835\udc50</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x4 h3 yf ff1 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls8">89</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4d84877e-5272-46f9-a22b-535150f98a51/bg9.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">03/<span class="_0 blank"></span>11/2018</div><div class="t m0 x2 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7">9</div><div class="t m1 x34 hd yda ff2 fsb fc1 sc0 ls66 ws66">T<span class="_b blank"></span>enacidade\ue003a\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x20 hd ydb ff2 fsb fc1 sc0 ls40 ws42">fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>atur<span class="_1 blank"></span>a</div><div class="t m1 x35 h3 ydc ff1 fs2 fc5 sc0 ls8">90</div><div class="t m1 x36 h1a ydd ff3 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls8f">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls68 ws6a">Quando\ue003a\ue003tensão\ue003aplic<span class="_0 blank"></span>ada\ue003atingir\ue003o\ue003pont<span class="_0 blank"></span>o\ue003em\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x37 h1a yde ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls69 ws6b">que\ue003a\ue003trinca\ue003é\ue003c<span class="_0 blank"></span>apaz\ue003de\ue003se\ue003mover\ue003r<span class="_0 blank"></span>apidament<span class="_0 blank"></span>e,\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x37 h1a ydf ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls78 ws6c">obtém\u2010se\ue003um\ue003v<span class="_0 blank"></span>alor\ue003critico\ue003chamado\ue003de\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x37 h1a ye0 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls68 ws6a">tenacidade\ue003a\ue003fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>atur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003(<span class="ff4 ls7">\ud835\udc3e</span></div><div class="t m1 x38 h25 ye1 ff4 fs13 fc0 sc0 lsa0">\uebbc<span class="ff1 fs10 ls7 ve">)</span></div><div class="t m1 x36 h24 ye2 ff3 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls8f">\u2022<span class="ff4 ls7">\ud835\udc3e</span></div><div class="t m1 x31 h26 ye3 ff4 fs13 fc0 sc0 lsa1">\uebbc<span class="fs10 ls9b ve">\ued4c\u03c3</span></div><div class="t m1 x39 h26 ye3 ff4 fs13 fc0 sc0 lsa2">\uebd9<span class="fs10 ls9f ve">\u03c0\ud835\udc50</span></div><div class="t m1 x36 h1a ye4 ff3 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls8f">\u2022<span class="ff1 lsa3 ws96">Se\ue003a\ue003trinca\ue003a<span class="_0 blank"></span>vanç<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003elasticamen<span class="_0 blank"></span>te\ue003em\ue003uma\ue003chapa\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x37 h1a ye5 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 lsa4 ws97">sob\ue003a\ue003ação\ue003de</div><div class="t m1 x37 h1a ye6 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls6a ws6d">uma\ue003tensão\ue003de\ue003tr<span class="_0 blank"></span>ação\ue003unia<span class="_0 blank"></span>xial,\ue003e\ue003as\ue003component<span class="_0 blank"></span>es\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x37 h1a ye7 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls91 ws98">de\ue003tensão\ue003a\ue003fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>ent<span class="_0 blank"></span>e\ue003da\ue003trinca\ue003c<span class="_0 blank"></span>orrespondem\ue003a\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x37 h1a ye8 ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 lsa5 ws99">uma\ue003condiç<span class="_0 blank"></span>ão\ue003de\ue003tensão\ue003plana\ue003<span class="ff4 lsa6">\u03c3<span class="fs13 lsa7 v6">\uebd3</span></span><span class="ls69 v0">=\ue0030):</span></div><div class="t m1 x3a h24 ye9 ff3 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls8f">\u2022<span class="ff4 ls7">\ud835\udc3a</span></div><div class="t m1 x3b h27 yea ff4 fs13 fc0 sc0 lsa8">\uebbc<span class="fs10 ls95 ve">\ued4c</span><span class="ls7 vf">\uebc4</span></div><div class="t m1 x3c h28 yeb ff4 fs14 fc0 sc0 ls7">\uecb4</div><div class="t m1 x3c h28 yec ff4 fs14 fc0 sc0 ls7">\uec2e</div><div class="t m1 x3d h23 yed ff4 fs13 fc0 sc0 ls7">\uebbe</div><div class="t m1 x36 h1a yee ff3 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls8f">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls68 ws6a">P<span class="_0 blank"></span>ara\ue003outr<span class="_0 blank"></span>as\ue003condiç<span class="_0 blank"></span>ões\ue003de\ue003fra<span class="_0 blank"></span>tura,\ue003na\ue003r<span class="_0 blank"></span>elação\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x37 h1a yef ff1 fs10 fc0 sc0 lsad ws9a">entr<span class="_0 blank"></span>e\ue003<span class="ff4 ls7">\ud835\udc3a</span></div><div class="t m1 x39 h25 yf0 ff4 fs13 fc0 sc0 lsa9">\uebbc<span class="ff1 fs10 lsae ws9b ve">e\ue003<span class="ff4 ls7">\ud835\udc3e</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x3e h25 yf0 ff4 fs13 fc0 sc0 lsaa">\uebbc<span class="ff1 fs10 ls69 ws6b ve">é\ue003normalment<span class="_0 blank"></span>e\ue003difer<span class="_0 blank"></span>ent<span class="_0 blank"></span>e.\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x5 h4 yf1 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 lsab ws9c">T<span class="_7 blank"></span>enacidade\ue003a\ue003fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>atur<span class="_1 blank"></span>a</div><div class="t m1 x5 h6 yf2 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls1b ws9d">O\ue003Modo\ue003I\ue003corresponde\ue003a\ue003fr<span class="_1 blank"></span>atura\ue003onde\ue003as\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x6 h6 yf3 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls58 ws53">superfícies\ue003da\ue003trinca\ue003se\ue003desloc<span class="_0 blank"></span>am\ue003normalment<span class="_0 blank"></span>e\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x6 h6 yf4 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4d ws46">a\ue003elas\ue003mesmas\ue003caso\ue003típico\ue003da\ue003fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>atur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003por\ue003tração.\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x5 h6 yf5 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls4c ws45">Conforme\ue003o\ue003modo\ue003de\ue003fr<span class="_1 blank"></span>atura,\ue003insere\u2010se\ue003o\ue003índice\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x6 h6 yf6 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4c ws45">do\ue003modo\ue003(modo\ue003I\ue003é\ue003o\ue003mais\ue003sever<span class="_0 blank"></span>o\ue003para\ue003abertur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x6 h6 yf7 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls58 ws53">de\ue003trinca)</div><div class="t m1 x5 hf yf8 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff4 ls7">\ud835\udc3e</span></div><div class="t m1 x18 h29 yf9 ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 lsaf ws9e">\ueb4d\uebbc <span class="fs5 lsb0 ve">\ued4c\u03c3</span></div><div class="t m1 x3f h29 yf9 ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 lsac">\uebd9<span class="fs5 lsb1 ve">\u03c0\ud835\udc50</span></div><div class="t m1 x5 h6 yfa ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls59 ws56">Olhar\ue003ex<span class="_1 blank"></span>ercícios\ue003do\ue003R<span class="_0 blank"></span>eed\u2010Hill</span></div><div class="t m1 x40 h3 yf ff1 fs2 fc4 sc0 ls8">91</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y0 w1 h0" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/4d84877e-5272-46f9-a22b-535150f98a51/bga.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h1 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">03/<span class="_0 blank"></span>11/2018</div><div class="t m0 x41 h1 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsbb">10</div><div class="t m1 x42 h2a yfb ff2 fs15 fc1 sc0 lsbc ws9f">Me câ n i ca \ue003d a \ue003</div><div class="t m1 x42 h2a yfc ff2 fs15 fc1 sc0 lsb2 wsa0">Fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>atur<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003Elast<span class="_0 blank"></span>o\u2010</div><div class="t m1 x42 h2a yfd ff2 fs15 fc1 sc0 lsbd wsa1">Plástic<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003(MFEP)</div><div class="t m1 x42 h2b yfe ff3 fs16 fc0 sc0 lsb3">\u2022<span class="ff1 lsb4 wsa2">quando\ue003a\ue003região\ue003da\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 x2d h2b yff ff1 fs16 fc0 sc0 lsb5 wsa3">def<span class="_0 blank"></span>ormação\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x2d h2b y100 ff1 fs16 fc0 sc0 ls7 wsa4">plástica\ue003na\ue003fr<span class="_0 blank"></span>ente<span class="_0 blank"></span>\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x2d h2b y101 ff1 fs16 fc0 sc0 lsb6 wsa5">da\ue003trinca\ue003t<span class="_0 blank"></span>orna\u2010se\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x2d h2b y102 ff1 fs16 fc0 sc0 lsbe wsa6">significativ<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003em\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x2d h2b y103 ff1 fs16 fc0 sc0 ls55 wsa7">relaç<span class="_0 blank"></span>ão\ue003à\ue003espessura\ue003</div><div class="t m1 x2d h2b y104 ff1 fs16 fc0 sc0 ls7 wsa4">do\ue003corpo</div><div class="t m1 x4 h3 y57 ff1 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls8">92</div><div class="t m1 xd hd y105 ff2 fsb fc0 sc0 lsb7 wsa8">MFEP\ue003\u2013 modelo\ue003de\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xd hd y106 ff2 fsb fc0 sc0 lsb8 wsa9">W<span class="_1 blank"></span>ells</div><div class="t m1 xd h9 y107 ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 ls51 ws50">W<span class="_0 blank"></span>ells\ue003propôs\ue003que\ue003o\ue003comport<span class="_0 blank"></span>amento\ue003à\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y108 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsb9 wsaa">fra<span class="_0 blank"></span>tura\ue003nas\ue003vizinhanças\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>de\ue003uma\ue003trinca\ue003aguda\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y109 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsbf wsab">seria\ue003caracteriz<span class="_0 blank"></span>ado\ue003pelo\ue003deslocamento\ue003de\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y10a ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws90">abertura\ue003en<span class="_0 blank"></span>tre\ue003as\ue003faces\ue003da\ue003trinca\ue003(CT<span class="_1 blank"></span>OD,\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y10b ff5 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsc0 wsac">Crack\ue003Tip Opening Displacement<span class="ff1 lsc1">)\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 xd h9 y10c ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 lsc2 wsad">propôs\ue003a\ue003abertura\ue003da\ue003pont<span class="_0 blank"></span>a\ue003da\ue003trinca\ue003como\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y10d ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsbf wsae">um\ue003parâmetr<span class="_1 blank"></span>o\ue003<span class="_3 blank"> </span>para\ue003medição\ue003da\ue003tenacidade\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y10e ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsba wsaf">à\ue003fra<span class="_0 blank"></span>tura.\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xd h9 y10f ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff1 lsbf wsae">Correlaciona\ue003v<span class="_0 blank"></span>alor\ue003de\ue003CTOD\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>(\u03b4)\ue003com\ue003o\ue003fa<span class="_0 blank"></span>tor\ue003</span></div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y110 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls34 wsb0">de\ue003intensidade\ue003de\ue003tensão\ue003no\ue003<span class="_0 blank"></span>limite\ue003do\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xe h9 y111 ff1 fs8 fc0 sc0 lsc3 wsb1">escoamento\ue003</div><div class="t m1 xd h2c y112 ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls26">\u2022<span class="ff4 lsc4 wsb2">\u03b4\ued4c <span class="fsd lsc5 v9">\ueb38\uebc4</span></span></div><div class="t m1 x43 h2d y113 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls7">\uecba</div><div class="t m1 x43 h2d y114 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls7">\uec2e</div><div class="t m1 x44 h14 y115 ff4 fsd fc0 sc0 lsc6 wsb3">\ueba0\uebbe \ueba2<span class="fs2 lsc7 v10">\uece4\uecde</span></div><div class="t m1 x10 h8 y31 ff1 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls25">93</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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