Ingles CG2008

INGLÊS 2008 LEIA O TEXTO A SEGUIR E RESPONDA ÀS QUESTÕE S 1 E 2. BIOFUELS (adapted from OECD O bserver, May -June 2008) So far, bio f uels have not always lived up to their promise as an alt erna tive, non-polluting low emissions fuel. Bu t there is hope. As t he UN called r ecentl y on the world\u2019s governments in an \u201cextraordinary em ergency appeal\u201d f or some $500 m illion to avert a food crisis in poor countries, m any people were placing some shar e of the blame squa rely on strong de mand for grains from the bio fuel industry . The popular view of biofuels as an ecological panacea for everything from depleting oil reserv es to global war m ing, has s wung t o wid ely-held scepticism in the past year or t wo. Do biofuels do more harm than goo d, environ mentally as well as econo m icall y? Biofuels are m ade from organic m aterial of plant or animal origin and us ed mainly as a liquid energy source for c ars, trucks and buses. They come in two main type s: bioethanol, most ly derived from sugar c ane, sugar beet and cereal cr ops, and biodie sel, derived fro m f atty acids such as soy bean, rapeseed, vege table oils and also ani m al fats an d used fryi ng oils. If the biofuels m arke t has become strong it is largely because of subsidies, and production and blending quotas. Governments have used a range of poli cies to promote biofuel production. Incentives t o lowe r the c ost to biofuel producers include tax credits, capital grants and subsidised loans. Thi s backdrop, skyrocketing oil prices, rising demand f or energy and the need to tackle climate change have all spark ed biofuels into becoming m ore than just a br and new r evenue earner f or hard-pressed farmers, but a hot investment for energy and grain producers and traders. Production has been growing quickly in m any countries, including Brazil, EU countries, the US, Canada, China and elsewhere in Asia. As w ell as for their environmental e ffects, some developing countries loo k to bio f uels as a driver of economic growth, and ot hers s ee them as a way t o i m prove energy security. But this is where the picture gets a little muddier. Go vernments have also put in place import tariffs an d other trade restrictions that stimulate domestic biofuel production, while limiting competition from international ly com petitive producers overseas. T his hardly helps the goal of obtaining cost-e ffective fuel alternatives. CADERNO DE QUESTÕES CONCUR SO DE ADM ISSÃO AO CURSO DE GRADUAÇÃO CONTINUA ÇÃO DO TEXT O: \u201cBIOFUELS\u201d Farmers in many countries have been able to cla im government subsidies f or growing c rops too, and not always for those best suited to bio f uels. OECD countries together spend $13-15 billi on a year in public m oney to support biof uel production. Brazil is one country t hat currently produces biofuel f rom sugar cane crops in an economically viable way. E ven so, the Brazilian government supported the industry with $1 billion in subsidies in 2006. Of course, these subsidie s m ight be worth it if there was a real pa y back in terms of lower CO2 em issions. But even t his ecological case is weak. For a start, though the amount of carbon dioxide that a particular biofuel releases when burned is generally no m ore t han that c aptured during the lif e of the source plant, crops currently us ed t o make biofuel have a very low energy density compared with f ossil f uel sources. This m eans vast amounts of arable land are needed if biof uels were t o fully substitute f or f ossil fuels, rendering the environmental benefits questionable at best. Fo r biofuels to meet just 4% of the world\u2019s transpor t fuel needs in 2030, i t w ould take an area of arable land equal in size to France and Spain combined. Another proble m is that the very process of c lea ring land to sow crops releases large quantities of greenhouse gases f rom the soil. However, a m ore serious political concern now is that land being used to cultivate fuel, rather than food, i s pushing up prices o f all foodstuffs. Moreover, the clearing of tropical rain f ores ts to grow biofuels in so me regio ns has attracted particularly harsh criticism over skew ed incentives. In Southeast Asia, pal m oil plantations are replacing forests and damaging fragile biodiversi ty. The intensive land use cha nges for bio fuel production also stres s w ater levels, erode soil quality, and pois on the ground w ith ill -controlled pesticides and fer tilizers. Production costs also v ary a lot b y type of biofuel, and also by country, pl ant source, and even by soil typ e and how the plant is grown . The overall picture f or farmers is actually a m ixed one. The rise in crop prices m ay bring s ome bene f its f or certain farmers, but those who rely on these crops as animal feed for l ivestoc k will suffer fro m the higher costs. How can new poli c ies help? The first step is to acknowledge that the environ mental and economic bene f its of many f irst-generation biofuels are at least smaller than had been expec ted, and in many cases the effects are negative. Support f or ineff ectiv e biofuels sho uld be stopped in f avour of better alternativ es. There is no one right policy choice f or all coun tries; policy makers should consider a range of alternatives and not j ust limit t hei r hunt to biofuels. That said, \u201cs econd-ge neration\u201d biofuels, using technology that can produce energy f rom any plant m aterial and not jus t f ood crops, may hold more promise as a l ower cost, environmen tally-friendly solution. More research i s needed h ere, and public f unding to help R &D would be a sounder, more effective policy than lining the wrong pockets with public funds. OBS.: TODA S AS RESPOSTAS DAS QUESTÕES A SEGUIR DEVEM SER TRA NSCRITAS PA R A OS ESP A ÇOS CORRES PONDENTES NO CADE RNO DE SOLUÇÕE S. 2 1 a QUESTÃ O Valor: 2,5 Relacione as idéias iniciadas nas frases da primeira coluna com seus respectivos comple ment os na segunda coluna, de a cordo com o conteúdo d o texto \u201cBio f uels\u201d. A. In the first paragra ph of the text the w riter suggests that \u2026 1.1. ( ) the govern ments subsidies production policy . B. It is believed that the shortage of f ood in poor countries is due to\u2026 1.2. ( ) the process of managing low cost fuel options. C. The author of the text states that w hat has empowered the bi ofuels market are\u2026 1.3. ( ) the bio f uel pro duction, which has been converting food cro ps once destined for consume. D. Developing countries rely on biofuels as\u2026 1.4. ( ) the bio f uel pro duction pays f or. E. In an attempt to sti mulate the national biofuels industry some countries end up by affecting \u2026 1.5. ( ) the govern ment subsides this industry wi th f unds. F. Although Brazi l produces biofuel in an economically viable way, \u2026 1.6. ( ) a m eans o f bursting their finances. G. When it comes to the ecological and environmental bene fits, it is uncertain that 1.7. ( ) not as inte nse as the energy produced by fossil fuels. H. The heat genera ting capacity produced by biofuels is \u2026 1.8. ( ) doubts on th e support given to the activity . I. In order to grow bio fuel crops, so me countries have been obs erved practicing deforestation, w hich is lifting \u2026 1.9. ( ) the initia l plans and proposals of biofuels use have no t behaved as well as expected. J. The water levels and the soil quality may be harmed by\u2026 1.10. ( ) the technol ogy used in growing biofuels. 2 a QUEST ÃO Valor: 1,5 Marque co m u m (X) a única alternativa corre ta em cada u m a das asse rtivas seguintes, de aco rdo com as informaçõ es contidas no texto \u201cBi ofuels\u201d. 2.1. In case fos sil fuel s are completely substituted by biofuels a. ( ) France and Spain are supposed to become great croppe rs of biofuel pl ants. b. ( ) vast amounts of arable land w ill have to be used for searc hing for fossil f uels. c. ( ) doubts may be posed on the environ mental bene fits of biofuel productio n. d. ( ) in 2030 bio fuels will m eet just 4% of the world \u2019s tr ansport fuel n eeds. e. ( ) world\u2019s trans port fuel needs wil l be in charge of France and Spain. 2.2. The prices of food are rising because a. ( ) there is serious political concern abou t it. b. ( ) of the quantiti es of greenhouse gases released from the soil in the process of clearing land to sow crops. c. ( ) the processe s of clearing land to sow crops is too expensive . d. ( ) the m ore land c roppers use to cultiva te biofuel plants, the less land rests to cultivate food. e. ( ) biodiversity is being damaged. . 3 2 a QUESTÃ O (CONTINUAÇÃO) V alor: 1,5 2.3. Farmers who depe nd on crops to f eed their animals may a. ( ) be in tro uble if crop prices rise. b. ( ) bene fit from crop rising prices . c. ( ) have to w ear overalls to w ork in their crops. d. ( ) suffer as much as any o ther farmers from the higher co sts. e. ( ) have to face the bene f its of the higher costs. 2.4. Oils that have b een used for cooking a. ( ) may generate bioethanol. b. ( ) may be used to produce biodiesel. c. ( ) are useless . d. ( ) are de rived from biodiesel. e. ( ) cannot be made into biofuels once they have been dir tied. 2.5. When it comes to the policy of develop ing new biofuels technol ogy, the text i mplies that a. ( ) all countrie s need the sa m e poli cy. b. ( ) it is nece ssary to produce second generation biofuels f rom food crops. c. ( ) hunting bi ofuels is needed. d. ( ) hope is nee ded. e. ( ) more res earch is needed. 3 a QUEST ÃO Valor: 2,0 Complete as lacunas com a palavra de cada alternativa que se ad equa ao sentido geral do te xto \u201cWhere have all the engi neers gone?\u201d WHERE H A VE ALL THE ENG INEERS GONE? (published in IEEE Sp ectrum 06.08) The U. S. culture of abundance and short-term thi nking is at f ault for th e dearth of engi neers decried in Robert W . Lucky\u2019s column (\u201cU.S. Engineers and t he Flat Earth\u201d, Reflections, March). U.S. socie ty ____(3.1)______ a tippi ng point about 20 years ____(3.2)____ __, wh en we becam e so wealthy as a nation that we stopped deferring our grati fication to a future ____(3.3)______ and began to believe that we c ould have it all in our l ifetime. Today we lack scientists and engineers who have the persistence t o _____(3.4)_____ the challenge s and frustration of difficult but engaging work , bec au se t he societal goals have changed. I n the 1960s t here was a national purpose \u2013 t o respond t o Soviet challenges, _____(3.5)_____ the Cold War, and put a man on t he moon before the end of the ____(3.6)______. Now we have no overweening objective t o dr ive us except \u201cconsu m e mas s q uantities\u201d and the ethos o f \u201cthe one who dies wi th the most toys wins .\u201d W e need a new Marshall Pl an for education that w ill ___(3.7)______ _ our y outh to strive for ____(3.8)______ beyo nd port able gadgets and flashy video ga m es. Technology ____(3.9)______ progress, but technology requires a numerate and literate populace, and we are eating our o wn seed corn _____(3.10)_____ we do not plant t he love of k nowled ge and s cience early on in the hearts and minds of ou r young people. 4 3 a QUESTÃ O (CONTINUAÇÃO) V alor: 2,0 3.1. (a) reached (b) turned (c) missed (d) target (e) aimed 3.2. (a) old (b) past (c) ago (d) ahead (e) now 3.3. (a) evolution (b) challenge (c) staff (d) crew (e) generation 3.4. (a) endure (b) agree w ith (c) are (d) have (e) lack 3.5. (a) win (b) play (c) engage (d) lose (e) loose 3.6. (a) month (b) decade (c) time (d) spacecra ft (e) astronauts 3.7. (a) disappoint (b) understand (c) inspire (d) love (e) prefer 3.8. (a) players (b) balls (c) matches (d) goals (e) sports 3.9. (a) frightens (b) drives (c) cars (d) tires (e) keys 3.10 (a) and (b) although ( c) in order to (d) so (e) if 4 a QUEST ÃO Valor: 1,5 Escolha, dentre as palav ras sublinhadas e m cada item seguinte, aquel a que torna a frase gramaticalmente incorr eta . 4.1. At work, each of us must contend w ith office politi cs, because human being s are political animals, and our form alliances, negotiate deals , demand tribute, and wreak revenge. 4.2. The globe i s littered with millions of scrap tires, buried in land fills and discarded in the unsightly stockpiles. This ubiquitous wa ste pose both a health and an environ ment al threa t. 4.3. Economic activity , technology , population dyna m ics, globa lization and urbaniz ation: understanding the drivers affecting the w orld\u2019s environment and how they interact is important for identifyi ng policy responses that might works. 4.4. For y ears, European citizens and many police makers ha ve taken abundant avail able energy for granted. T his is changing: supply security and climate pro tection have show themselves to be interdependent l ong-term challenges for poli ce makers, the energy industry and priva te consumers around the world. 4.5. A new progra mme has been launched to test the safety of manufactured nano m aterials. Such programme w ill measure the phy sical-chemical properties, envi ronmental degrada tion and accumulation i mpact, environmental toxicology and ma mm alian toxi cology of nanomaterials w ho are already or wi ll be in use. 5 a QUEST ÃO Valor: 1,5 Complete cada fra se seguinte co m uma das pal avras apresentada s no quadro. CHARGE \u2013 SHAPE \u2013 WEA THER \u2013 CHANGE \u2013 MONEY \u2013 ICY \u2013 NOSE \u2013 SENSE \u2013 SC HEDULE \u2013 SNOW 5 5 a QUEST ÃO (CONTINUAÇÃO ) Valor: 1,5 5.1. Imagine a road surface that turns pink when col d. A new road varnish devel oped by a French fir m , Eurovia , promises to do just tha t. Road surfaces treated with the varnish change color, so drive rs would be warned w hen roads turn __________. 5.2. The agenda f or ne xt June\u2019s ministerial con ference on The Futu re of the Internet Econo my is taking __________ . It wil l be built around three themes: fuell ing creativity , building confidence, and bene fiting from conve rgence. 5.3. Open educa tional resources are ex panding on the Interne t, with many courses and materials now available free of __________ . But can knowl edge really be given aw ay free? 5.4. Ageing, m igra tion, climate __________, healthcare, poverty : these all for m part of the lengthening list of pressing public policy challenges for the 21 st century . But what about infrastructure? 5.5. Sal mon use their __________ of s mell to identify and return to their home-stream waters . 6 a QUEST ÃO Valor: 1,0 Leia a tira e m quadrinhos e marque entre o parêntese (V) para as idéias que estão de acordo com o diálog o e (F) para as que não estão . 6.1. ( ) The boss contradicts himsel f . 6.2. ( ) The employee brings his boss a pe rsonal affair. 6.3. ( ) The employee can\u2019t come to wor k because his wife is on a course. 6.4. ( ) The boss is very understandi ng and doesn\u2019t demand the employee any further work. 6.5. ( ) The boss says the employ ee will be fined if he is late fo r work. 6

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