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Texto 1 
New kind of ‘tan in a bottle’ may one day protect against skin cancer1 
Early drug tests show a boost in melanin without the sun 
By Aimee Cunningham, 12:47pm, June 13, 2017. 
A method that gives mice a tan without using ultraviolet radiation now works in 1 
human skin samples. It’s an early step in developing a lotion or cream that might 2 
provide fair-skinned folk with protection against skin cancer. 3 
As reported June 13 in Cell Reports, a topical drug penetrated and tanned laboratory 4 
samples of live human skin, absent the sun. Unlike self-tanning lotions that 5 
essentially stain skin brown and provide minimal sun protection, the drug activates 6 
the production of the dark form of the skin pigment melanin, which absorbs UV 7 
radiation and diminishes damage to skin cells. 8 
The team behind this study had worked with a different drug, the plant extract 9 
forskolin, in a 2006 study. The researchers used mice with skin like that of red-10 
haired, fair-skinned people, who don’t tan because of a nonfunctioning protein on the 11 
surface of the skin cells that make melanin. Applying forskolin to these mice 12 
stimulated production of the dark form of melanin. When exposed to UV rays, the 13 
mice with dark pigment had less DNA damage and sunburn, as well as fewer skin 14 
tumors, compared with untreated mice. 15 
“There was an obvious interest in asking, could this be applied to human skin?” says 16 
David Fisher, a cancer biologist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. But 17 
the human epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, is about five times thicker in 18 
humans than in mice, he says, which means that many drugs “simply can’t get in.” 19 
Sure enough, this was true for forskolin. 20 
So Fisher and colleagues looked at another way to activate pigmentation, focusing 21 
on a different enzyme than the one forskolin had targeted. Another research group 22 
had shown that an enzyme called salt-inducible kinase inhibits melanin production in 23 
mice and that animals lacking the gene for this enzyme developed darkened fur. This 24 
provided the opportunity to “try to target that inhibitor, block it and thereby stimulate 25 
pigmentation” with a drug, Fisher says. 26 
The researchers tinkered with the structures of drugs to make them able to penetrate 27 
human skin while retaining their enzyme-blocking ability. In a liquid form applied to 28 
 
1
 From https://www.sciencenews.org/article/new-kind-tan-bottle-may-one-day-protect-against-skin-
cancer Retrieved on June 19, 
the skin, the best drug deeply tanned the human skin sample after eight days, with 29 
one treatment a day. Experiments in mice with a similar drug showed the tan faded 30 
after treatment ended. 31 
Even if a pigmentation-stimulating drug is found to be safe and effective in people, it 32 
would likely not be a substitute for sunscreen, Fisher says. Instead, the drug could be 33 
combined with sunscreen in a single product. He thinks the first test would be to see 34 
if this combination approach can protect against skin cancer in fair-skinned people or 35 
those with high sensitivity to sunlight. 36 
“This is a very interesting new development of a potentially very useful product,” says 37 
Marianne Berwick, a molecular epidemiologist at the University of New Mexico 38 
School of Medicine in Albuquerque, who was not involved with the study. How useful 39 
the drug may be depends upon how well it actually lowers skin cancer risk and 40 
whether it is easy for people to use, she says. 41 
“Humans are funny animals and do not necessarily do what is best for them,” Berwick 42 
says, such as applying sunscreen as frequently and thickly as directed. 43 
As perguntas de 1 a 5 referem-se ao Texto 1 e devem ser respondidas em língua 
portuguesa (exceto se houver indicação contrária). Caso não haja espaço suficiente 
para suas respostas, use o verso, indicando o número da questão. Lembre-se que 
você deve escrever suas respostas em letra legível e evitar rasuras. 
1) O texto descreve estudos recentes sobre uma loção que pode ser usada com fins 
tópicos e produz um efeito semelhante a uma loção amplamente usada para fins 
exclusivamente cosméticos. De que forma essas duas loções são comparadas? (1 
ponto) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2) Qual o critério de escolha para as características dos ratos que seriam usados no 
estudo de 2006? Como os cientistas justificam essa escolha? (1 ponto) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3) A seguinte afirmação é verdadeira ou falsa? “Loções à base de forskolina, 
substância utilizada previamente em estudos com ratos, podem ser desenvolvidas 
para uso tópico em pele humana.” Justifique sua resposta com base no texto. (1 
ponto) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4) Qual dos seguintes sinônimos sugeridos pelo dicionário online 
www.thesaurus.com poderia ser usado para substituir “tinker” no segmento “The 
researchers tinkered with the structures of drugs to make them able to...” (linha 27), 
sem haver o risco de alterar o sentido atribuído pela autora? (1 ponto) 
a) mess around b) take apart c) move things about d) tamper with 
5) Quem é David Fisher e o que ele afirma sobre o uso da loção descrita no texto e o 
uso de filtro solar? (1 ponto) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Texto 2 
Why Fathers Downplay Feelings2 
By Kory Floyd, The Conversation US on June 18, 2017. 
Men may not be from Mars, but – compared to women – they do communicate in 1 
very different ways. And perhaps nowhere is this more evident than in the 2 
relationships of fathers and sons. Outwardly, many father and son pairs may appear 3 
distant and disengaged. A guy who wouldn’t think twice about hugging and kissing 4 
his mom might offer his father only a stilted handshake. Dads who shower their 5 
daughters with affection may go years without telling their sons they love them. Men 6 
are often chided by their wives or mothers for not being willing to show more affection 7 
to their dads or their sons. 8 
Such criticisms overlook a larger truth, one that I’ve spent years exploring as a 9 
communication researcher: Often for men, showing affection is more about what they 10 
do than what they say. Their ways of communicating love can be subtle. And while to 11 
outside observers they may seem like weak substitutes for genuine affection, to 12 
many fathers and sons they’re every bit as meaningful as words, kisses and hugs. 13 
For instance, Glenn, a 41-year-old participant in one of my studies, has what many 14 
people would call a typical relationship with his dad, R.J. On Sundays, Glenn and his 15 
wife often visit Glenn’s parents. While Glenn’s wife catches up with her mother-in-16 
law, Glenn and R.J. watch television, fiddle with R.J.‘s car or tackle a household 17 
repair, barely saying a few dozen words to each other over the course of an hour. 18 
In many relationships, these behaviors seem cold or distant. But in the case of Glenn 19 
and R.J., the two simply favor actions over words. 20 
My research on affectionate behavior has consistently shown that, in general, men 21 
are more likely to communicate affection by doing something supportive than by 22 
making verbal expressions, such as saying or writing “I love you.” 23 
While I’ve found that this is especially true in their relationships with other men, it’s 24 
also true in their relationships with women. With his guy friends, a typical man is 25 
more likely to show his affection by organizing a road trip or helping with a roof repair 26 
than by saying “I care about you.” Around his wife or mother, he may be more 272 
Adapted from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-fathers-downplay-feelings/ Retrieved 
June 19, 2017.
 
inclined to help with a task that needs doing – mowing the lawn or rotating the tires 28 
on the car – than sending a Hallmark card. 29 
It’s easy to devalue these types of behaviors as substitutes for “real” affection. For 30 
example, Glenn’s wife believes that Glenn and his father prioritize shared activities 31 
because they don’t know how to express the way they feel about each other. 32 
However, Glenn and his dad say that their favorite, most meaningful times together 33 
are spent sharing an activity or working on a specific task. To them, that is the 34 
expression of love: it signifies and reinforces how they feel about each other. 35 
It’s easy to understand why many dads and sons appear indifferent to each other. At 36 
least in our culture, affection is commonly communicated through verbal expressions 37 
and also through nonverbal gestures such as hugging. 38 
Both of these are less common in relationships between men, making it seem as 39 
though there’s something missing. But what’s really at play is a misunderstanding 40 
about the complexity of father-son relationships. 41 
Family communication scholar Mark Morman and I have found that the father and 42 
son pair is complicated by the need to negotiate a complex tension between 43 
masculinity and intimacy. 44 
On one hand, the bond between dads and sons is a family relationship. People tend 45 
to feel closer and more invested in their families than they do in many other social 46 
bonds. 47 
On the other hand, the father and son pair is a relationship between two males – one 48 
that’s subject to cultural expectations about how men are supposed to act toward 49 
each other. Traditional masculinity has tended to privilege qualities like competition, 50 
independence and self-sufficiency. This comes at the expense of outward 51 
expressions of intimacy, which can convey vulnerability. 52 
Like Glenn’s wife and mother, many women wonder aloud why the men in their lives 53 
aren’t more expressive and open. From time to time, even Glenn wished aloud that 54 
he and his dad could talk about their feelings for each other more directly. 55 
As I explain in my book “The Loneliness Cure,” there’s nothing wrong with wanting a 56 
more expressive relationship. Indeed, many men do successfully become more 57 
verbally affectionate with their fathers or their sons. 58 
There’s an important lesson here, though: Many male relationships are already richer 59 
and more meaningful than they appear to be. And the unique way men relate to one 60 
another deserves to be honored rather than belittled. 61 
As perguntas de 6 a 10 referem-se ao Texto 2 e devem ser respondidas em língua 
portuguesa (exceto se houver indicação contrária). Caso não haja espaço suficiente 
para suas respostas, use o verso, indicando o número da questão. Lembre-se que 
você deve escrever suas respostas em letra legível e evitar rasuras. 
6) Qual a área de pesquisa da autora, qual o tema central do texto e de que forma 
ela compara sua opinião sobre esse assunto com a de outras pessoas? (1 ponto) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7) A autora apresenta, ao longo do texto, alguns exemplos como suporte à sua 
interpretação da temática. Cite dois desses exemplos e descreva como ela tece as 
relações entre eles e seu tema de pesquisa. (1 ponto) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8) Identifique no texto a(s) palavras(s) a que se referem os seguintes pronomes 
(identificados em negrito no texto) Escreva suas respostas para essa questão em 
inglês. Respostas em português não serão levadas em consideração. (0,25 ponto por 
resposta correta.) 
a) them (linha 6): _______________________________________________________ 
b) one (linha 9): __________________________________________________________ 
c) this (linha 24): _______________________________________________________ 
d) they (linha 35): ______________________________________________________ 
9) A autora cita um estudo conduzido por ela em conjunto com Mark Morman. Com 
que objetivo ela traz esses dados para o texto? Para corroborar ou contrastar 
aquilo que vinha afirmando sobre as relações familiares? Justifique. (1 ponto) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10) Supondo-se que sua temática de pesquisa fosse semelhante à da autora, como 
você traduziria o seguinte segmento para incluí-lo como uma citação literal em um 
texto acadêmico de sua autoria? (1 ponto) 
“Many male relationships are already richer and more meaningful than they appear to 
be. And the unique way men relate to one another deserves to be honored rather 
than belittled.” (Linhas 59-61)