(PDF) Método de harmonia, formação de acordes e escalas para improvisação. Por_Gilmar de Souza Damião _ Gilmar Damião - Academia.edu

Música

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Método de harmonia, formação de acordes e escalas para improvisação. Por_Gilmar de Souza Damião
Gilmar Damião
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Método de harmonia, formação de acordes e escalas para improvisação. E-mail: gilmar-damiao@hotmail.com
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1 
Método de harmonia, formação de acordes e escalas para improvisação. E-mail: gilmar-damiao@hotmail.com
 
Saudações! 
Sobre Gilmar: 
O
lá! Sou músico desde o ano de 1989 e me dedico a isso até hoje. Meu instrumento preferido é a guitarra e sempre que tenho tempo me dedico ao estudo da música. Gosto muito do que faço, isso para mim é maravilhoso. Sou grato a Deus por ter me dado essa Graça, que é Divina. Nasci no ano de 1970, sou casado, tenho três filhos e incentivei-os a aprender um instrumento e para mim é uma alegria imensa vê-los tocando. Tudo isto graças ao bom Deus. Sou instrutor de MÚSICA LIVRE na Cidade de Jaboticabal-SP. Comecei meus estudos em 1989, com amigos músicos, na cidade de Monte Alto-SP, ocasião em que fiz muitas aulas particulares, que me proporcionaram o aprendizado de vários conteúdos sobre harmonia e improvisação. Após seis anos de dedicação mudei para Jaboticabal-SP, e continuei meus estudos em CURSO DE MÚSICA LIVRE. Em 1997 iniciei estudo de aperfeiçoamento com o professor Ricardo Cristiano Domingos, que dava aulas de guitarra. Ricardo foi um ótimo professor para mim e no período de sete anos e meio que estive com ele pude aprender muito, por isso lhe sou grato. Depois, estudei ainda com outros professores de guitarra. Em razão de todo esse período de dedicação e esforço me senti motivado a ensinar crianças,  jovens e adultos, e isso para mim é muito gratificante. Elaborei este livro com os principais conteúdos do estudo de violão e guitarra, e que se aplicam também para o contrabaixo, piano etc., e que irão ajudar iniciantes, intermediários e avançados. O objetivo é dar idéias que possibilitem caminhos mais fáceis para o estudo musical, e melhorar o desempenho de cada um que aprecia a arte da música. Espero ajudá-los. Meus agradecimentos aos músicos que colaboraram com seus materiais disponibilizados em seus sites. Isto também contribuiu para o aprimoramento da didática aplicada neste Método, facilitando o ensino do instrumento. Obrigado a todos vocês músicos e leitores que adquiriram este Método. Boa sorte nos estudos e um grande abraço! 
Meus livros preferidos são: 
(Almir Chediak – Harmonia e Improvisação 1) (Mozart Mello – Apostila – Livro Guitarra Fusion) (Alan Gomes – Harmonia 2) (Luciano Alves – Escalas para Improvisação), e outros... 
Apoio: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Método de harmonia, formação de acordes e escalas para improvisação. E-mail: gilmar-damiao@hotmail.com
 
Í
NDICE
 
Elementos da Música ............................................................................................................................ 4 Anatomia da Guitarra............................................................................................................................ 5 Anatomia do Violão .............................................................................................................................. 6 Cifras .................................................................................................................................................... 7 Acidentes Musicais ............................................................................................................................... 7 Enarmonia ............................................................................................................................................. 8 E
SCALA 
M
USICAL
 ................................................................................................................................. 8 Acordes Iniciais .................................................................................................................................... 9 Tabela e Formas de Acordes Natural .................................................................................................. 10 Acordes Maiores ............................................................................................................................. 10 Acordes Menores ............................................................................................................................ 10 Acordes Maior com Sétima (7 menor) ........................................................................................... 11 Desvendando - se o “Cromático” ........................................................................................................ 11 Tríades ................................................................................................................................................ 13 Formação da Tríade Maior ............................................................................................................. 13 Formação da Tríade Menor ............................................................................................................ 14 Formação da Tríade Aumentada ..................................................................................................... 14 Formação da Tríade Diminuta ........................................................................................................ 15 Formação do Campo Harmônico Maior ......................................................................................... 15 M
ODOS DA 
E
SCALA 
M
AIOR
 ................................................................................................................ 17 Quadro dos Intervalos Graus e Símbolos ............................................................................................ 18 S
INAIS 
U
SADOS EM 
C
IFRAS
 ................................................................................................................. 19 Quadro de Notas Cromáticas .............................................................................................................. 20 Fórmulas das Escalas Naturais nos Sete Tons Maiores .................................................................. 21 Tabela de Acordes Gerados pela Escala Diatônica ............................................................................. 22 Campo Harmônico Maior natural ................................................................................................... 22 Tétrades Diatônicas ........................................................................................................................ 23 Acordes Gerados pela Escala Maior ................................................................................................... 24 Tabela de Campo Harmônico (Tétrades) ........................................................................................ 24 Formações Escalas e Extensões de Acorde Maior (Tétrades) ............................................................
25 Escalas Relativas Menores .................................................................................................................. 26 Formação das Tríades para a Escala Menor Natural (Eólio) .............................................................. 27 Quadro de Notas da Escala Menor Modo ( Eólio) .......................................................................... 28 Quadro de Notas para as Escalas Menores Naturais (Eólio) em Sete Tons ........................................ 29 Tabela de Acordes Gerados pela Escala Menor em Tríades ..................................................... 30 Campo Harmônico Menor Natural Modo (Eólio). ......................................................................... 30 Formação das Tétrades para a Escala no Modo (Eólio) ...................................................................... 30 Tabela de Acordes Gerados pela Escala Menor em Tétrades ............................................................. 31 Campo Harmônico Menor no Modo (Eólio7m) ............................................................................. 31 Formação das Tétrades para a Escala Menor Harmônica (7M) ...................................................... 32 Tabela de Notas da Escala Menor Harmônica ou (Eólio 7M ou 7+) .............................................. 33 Quadro de Notas das Escalas Menores Harmônica em Sete Tons. ................................................. 33 Tabela de Acordes Gerados pela Escala Menor Harmônica ............................................................... 34 Campo Harmônico Menor (Eólio 7M) ........................................................................................... 34 Formações, Escalas e Extensões de Acorde (Menor Harmônica) .................................................. 35 Formação das Tríades para a Escala Menor Natural (Dórico) ............................................................ 35 Quadro de Notas da Escala Natural Modo (Dórico) ....................................................................... 36 Quadro de Notas das Escalas Menores (Dórico) em Sete tons ....................................................... 37 Tabela de Acordes Gerados pela Escala Menor em Tríades ............................................................... 37 Campo Harmônico Menor Natural no Modo (Dórico) ................................................................... 37 Formação das Tétrades para a Escala Menor (Dórico) ....................................................................... 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Método de harmonia, formação de acordes e escalas para improvisação. E-mail: gilmar-damiao@hotmail.com
 
Tabela de Acordes Gerados pela Escala Menor em Tétrades ............................................................. 39 Campo Harmônico Menor (Dórico) ............................................................................................... 39 Escala Menor Melódica ...................................................................................................................... 39 Formação das Tétrades para a Escala Menor Melódica Real ......................................................... 39 Quadro de Notas da Escala Menor (Melódica Real) ...................................................................... 40 Quadro de Notas das Escalas Menores (Melódica) em Sete Tons .................................................. 41 Tabela de Acordes Gerados pela Escala Menor em Tétrades ............................................................. 42 Campo Harmônico Menor (Melódico ou Dórico 7M) .................................................................... 42 Formações, Escalas e Extensões de Acorde Menor (Melódica) .................................................... 43 Os Acordes de Quatro Notas Montados Sobre as Notas das Escalas ............................................. 43 Funções Harmônicas dos Graus da Escala (parte 1) ........................................................................... 44 Funções Harmônicas (parte 2) ............................................................................................................ 45 Funções Harmônicas (parte 3) ............................................................................................................ 46 Funções Harmônicas (parte 4) ............................................................................................................ 47 Funções Harmônicas (parte 5) ............................................................................................................ 48 Enriquecendo as Funções Harmônicas (parte 6) ................................................................................. 50 Funções Harmônicas na Tonalidade Menor (parte 7) ......................................................................... 51 Analisando as Funções Harmônicas já Enriquecidas .......................................................................... 51 Acordes Alterados (Modo Menor Harmônica) ............................................................................... 51 Modos e Funções Harmônica da Escala Menor Melódica .................................................................. 52 Analise as Funções Harmônicas já Enriquecidas ................................................................................ 53 Acordes Alterados (Modo Menor Melódica) .................................................................................. 53 Acordes da Tonalidade Relativa e Empréstimo Modal .................................................................. 54 Acordes da Tonalidade Relativa e Empréstimo Modal .................................................................. 56 Dominante Primário (Preparação do I Grau) ...................................................................................... 58 Dominantes Secundários ..................................................................................................................... 60 Preparação do SubV7 para o I Grau ................................................................................................... 61 Preparação do VIIº para o I Grau ........................................................................................................ 62 Preparação do VIIm7(b5) para o I Grau ............................................................................................. 63 Dominante Auxiliar ............................................................................................................................ 63 SubV7 Secundários ............................................................................................................................. 64 II Cadencial Primário .......................................................................................................................... 64 II Cadencial Secundário e Auxiliar ..................................................................................................... 65 II Cadencial do SubV7 ........................................................................................................................ 66 Acordes com Função Dupla ................................................................................................................ 67 Classificação dos Acordes Diminutos ................................................................................................ 68 Diminuto de Passagem........................................................................................................................ 69 Simetria ............................................................................................................................................... 71 Modulação .......................................................................................................................................... 72 Inversão de Acorde .............................................................................................................................
75 Escalas, Modos Gregos e Pentatônicas com suas Aplicações............................................................. 77 Modos da Escala Menor Melódica e suas Aplicações ...................................................................... 106 Modos da Escala Menor Harmônica e suas Aplicações.................................................................... 122 Tabela de Acordes mais Usados ....................................................................................................... 137 Tabela de acordes invertidos ............................................................................................................. 151 Tabela de acordes menores ............................................................................................................... 157 Bibliografia ....................................................................................................................................... 165 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Método de harmonia, formação de acordes e escalas para improvisação. E-mail: gilmar-damiao@hotmail.com
 
I
NSTRUÇÕES 
P
RÁTICAS E 
B
ÁSICAS
: 
V
IOLÃO E 
G
UITARRA
 
E
LEMENTOS DA 
M
ÚSICA
 
••••
 
Música
:
 é a arte de combinar os sons de uma maneira bem agradável aos ouvidos. 
••••
 
Harmonia:
 são acordes reunidos em três notas ou mais para formar acordes simultâneos, isto é, (arpejado ou dedilhado). 
••••
 
Melodia:
 
a
 
combinação de sons sucessivos; seja o som da voz quando cantando, violão, guitarra, piano e sax quando tocadas separadamente.
 
••••
 
Ritmo: 
(andamento): é o grau de velocidade da música, isto é, a execução rápida ou lenta da música. Existem vários tipos de ritmos. 
••••
 
Dinâmica: 
a dinâmica refere-se à intensidade da música, ou seja, (o seu
 
volume).
 
••••
 
Altura 
–
 
quando grave ou agudo.
 
••••
 
Timbre 
–
 quando podemos reconhecer a sua origem. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5 
Método de harmonia, formação de acordes e escalas para improvisação. E-mail: gilmar-damiao@hotmail.com
 
A
NATOMIA DA 
G
UITARRA E DO 
V
IOLÃO
: 
Veja a guitarra e o violão e as partes que compõe:
 
Basicamente um violão pode ser dividido em braço e corpo. Esses dois se subdividem em outras partes, o que varia de guitarra para violão. Vejam algumas partes, que estão presentes nos dois instrumentos: 
Veja as ilustrações: 
A
NATOMIA DA 
G
UITARRA
 
Observação: 
tanto a guitarra como o violão
 
são ótimos para executar qualquer música, porém, a escolha de um deles vai do gosto e estilo de cada um. Por exemplo, vejo a guitarra como um instrumento que exige muita técnica então vai a dica: estude à vontade seja qual for sua dedicação. As escalas e formações aqui explicadas servem também para piano contra-baixo e outros instrumentos. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6 
Método de harmonia, formação de acordes e escalas para improvisação. E-mail: gilmar-damiao@hotmail.com
 
A
NATOMIA DO 
V
IOLÃO
 
Veja como se dispõe o corpo do violão 
Tarraxa – Cabeça (ou mão) Pestana – Braço Trastes – Casa – Boca Corpo ou caixa de ressonância Cavalete. 
Primeiro passo: memorizar as cordas soltas e casas. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7 
Método de harmonia, formação de acordes e escalas para improvisação. E-mail: gilmar-damiao@hotmail.com
 
C
IFRAS
 
Cifras Notas 
A = Lá B = Si C = Dó D = Ré E = Mi F = Fá G = Sol 
Quando “m” a frente da cifra, indica que o acorde é menor, exemplo: (Cm = Dó menor). Quando nada o acorde é maior, exemplo: (C = Dó maior).
 O que são cifras? 
A forma prática de representar os acordes são sete letras do “alfabeto maiúsculo”. As cifras são também um padrão usado para escrever as notas musicais. 
Atenção! 
O melhor é que as cifras sejam decoradas pratique cada acorde o máximo que puder para conhecê-lo melhor, sendo assim fica mais fácil de lembrar. 
A
CIDENTES 
M
USICAIS
 
Existem dois acidentes musicais: 
Sustenido (#) e o Bemol (b)
. 
Atenção!
 O 
Mi
 e 
Si
 não admitem sustenidos; as notas 
Fá
 e 
Dó
 também não admitem bemóis. O
 sustenido (#) 
eleva a altura da nota em meio tom. O 
bemol (b) 
abaixa a altura da nota em meio tom. 
Exemplo veja a regra: 
Subindo um 
“S“ 
(semitom ascendente), 
sustenido (#)
.
 
Baixando um 
“S“
 (semitom descendente), 
bemol (b)
.
 Sol
 – subindo um 
“S” = Sol #
.
 Sol
 – baixando um 
“S“ = Sol b
,
 
e assim por diante.
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.fb_reset { background: none; border: 0px; border-spacing: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); cursor: auto; direction: ltr; font-family: "lucida grande", tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-shadow: none; text-transform: none; visibility: visible; white-space: normal; word-spacing: normal; }
.fb_reset > div { overflow: hidden; }
@keyframes fb_transform { 
 0% { opacity: 0; transform: scale(0.95); }
 100% { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); }
}
.fb_animate { animation: 0.3s ease 0s 1 normal forwards running fb_transform; }
.fb_dialog { background: rgba(82, 82, 82, 0.7); position: absolute; top: -10000px; z-index: 10001; }
.fb_dialog_advanced { border-radius: 8px; padding: 10px; }
.fb_dialog_content { background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(55, 55, 55); }
.fb_dialog_close_icon { background: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png") 0px 0px no-repeat scroll transparent; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 15px; position: absolute; right: 18px; top: 17px; width: 15px; }
.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon { left: 5px; right: auto; top: 5px; }
.fb_dialog_padding { background-color: transparent; position: absolute; width: 1px; z-index: -1; }
.fb_dialog_close_icon:hover { background: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png") 0px -15px no-repeat scroll transparent; }
.fb_dialog_close_icon:active { background: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png") 0px -30px no-repeat scroll transparent; }
.fb_dialog_iframe { line-height: 0; }
.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title { background: rgb(109, 132, 180); border: 1px solid rgb(54, 88, 153); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; }
.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title > span { background: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yd/r/Cou7n-nqK52.gif") 5px 50% no-repeat; float: left; padding: 5px 0px 7px 26px; }
body.fb_hidden { height: 100%; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; position: absolute; top: -10000px; transform: none; width: 100%; }
.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading { background: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/ya/r/3rhSv5V8j3o.gif") 50% 50% no-repeat white; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; z-index: 10001; }
.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered { background: none; height: auto; min-height: initial; min-width: initial; width: auto; }
.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_spinner { width: 100%; }
.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered .fb_dialog_content { background: none; }
.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_close { clear: both; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: block; font-size: 18px; padding-top: 20px; }
#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay { background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); bottom: 0px; left: 0px; min-height: 100%; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; }
#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay.hidden { display: none; }
.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading iframe { visibility: hidden; }
.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_iframe { position: sticky; top: 0px; }
.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(4, 59, 135); border-top-color: rgb(4, 59, 135); border-right-color: rgb(4, 59, 135); border-left-color: rgb(4, 59, 135); box-shadow: white 0px 1px 1px -1px inset; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font: bold 14px Helvetica, sans-serif; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-shadow: rgba(0, 30, 84, 0.298) 0px -1px 0px; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; }
.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header table { height: 43px; width: 100%; }
.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_left { font-size: 12px; padding-left: 5px; vertical-align: middle; width: 60px; }
.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_right { font-size: 12px; padding-right: 5px; vertical-align: middle; width: 60px; }
.fb_dialog_content .touchable_button { background-clip: padding-box; border: 1px solid rgb(41, 72, 125); border-radius: 3px; display: inline-block; line-height: 18px; margin-top: 3px; max-width: 85px; padding: 4px 12px; position: relative; }
.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .touchable_button input { background: none; border: none; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font: bold 12px Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 2px -12px; padding: 2px 6px 3px; text-shadow: rgba(0, 30, 84, 0.298) 0px -1px 0px; }
.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .header_center { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; }
.fb_dialog_content .dialog_content { background: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/y9/r/jKEcVPZFk-2.gif") 50% 50% no-repeat; border-width: 0px 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(74, 74, 74); border-left-color: rgb(74, 74, 74); border-image: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; height: 150px; }
.fb_dialog_content .dialog_footer { background: rgb(245, 246, 247); border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(74, 74, 74) rgb(74, 74, 74); border-image: initial; height: 40px; }
#fb_dialog_loader_close { float: left; }
.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_button { text-shadow: rgba(0, 30, 84, 0.298) 0px -1px 0px; }
.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon { visibility: hidden; }
#fb_dialog_loader_spinner { animation: 1.2s linear 0s infinite normal none running rotateSpinner; background-color: transparent; background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yD/r/t-wz8gw1xG1.png"); background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; height: 24px; width: 24px; }
@keyframes rotateSpinner { 
 0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
 100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}
.fb_iframe_widget { display: inline-block; position: relative; }
.fb_iframe_widget span { display: inline-block; position: relative; text-align: justify; }
.fb_iframe_widget iframe { position: absolute; }
.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop, .fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop span, .fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe { max-width: 100%; }
.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe { min-width: 220px; position: relative; }
.fb_iframe_widget_lift { z-index: 1; }
.fb_iframe_widget_fluid { display: inline; }
.fb_iframe_widget_fluid span { width: 100%; }
@charset "utf-8";
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.fa-li { position: absolute; left: -2.14286em; width: 2.14286em; top: 0.142857em; text-align: center; }
.fa-li.fa-lg { left: -1.85714em; }
.fa-border { padding: 0.2em 0.25em 0.15em; border: 0.08em solid rgb(238, 238, 238); border-radius: 0.1em; }
.pull-right { float: right; }
.pull-left { float: left; }
.fa.pull-left { margin-right: 0.3em; }
.fa.pull-right { margin-left: 0.3em; }
.fa-spin { animation: 2s linear 0s infinite normal none running fa-spin; }
.fa-pulse { animation: 1s steps(8) 0s infinite normal none running fa-spin; }
@-webkit-keyframes fa-spin { 
 0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
 100% { transform: rotate(359deg); }
}
@keyframes fa-spin { 
 0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
 100% { transform: rotate(359deg); }
}
.fa-rotate-90 { transform: rotate(90deg); }
.fa-rotate-180 { transform: rotate(180deg); }
.fa-rotate-270 { transform: rotate(270deg); }
.fa-flip-horizontal { transform: scale(-1, 1); }
.fa-flip-vertical { transform: scale(1, -1); }
:root .fa-rotate-90, :root .fa-rotate-180, :root .fa-rotate-270, :root .fa-flip-horizontal, :root .fa-flip-vertical { filter: none; }
.fa-stack { position: relative; display: inline-block; width: 2em; height: 2em; line-height: 2em; vertical-align: middle; }
.fa-stack-1x, .fa-stack-2x { position: absolute; left: 0px; width: 100%; text-align: center; }
.fa-stack-1x { line-height: inherit; }
.fa-stack-2x { font-size: 2em; }
.fa-inverse { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
.fa-glass::before { content: ""; }
.fa-music::before { content: ""; }
.fa-search::before { content: ""; }
.fa-envelope-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-heart::before { content: ""; }
.fa-star::before { content: ""; }
.fa-star-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-user::before { content: ""; }
.fa-film::before { content: ""; }
.fa-th-large::before { content: ""; }
.fa-th::before { content: ""; }
.fa-th-list::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check::before { content: ""; }
.fa-remove::before, .fa-close::before, .fa-times::before { content: ""; }
.fa-search-plus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-search-minus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-power-off::before { content: ""; }
.fa-signal::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gear::before, .fa-cog::before { content: ""; }
.fa-trash-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-home::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-clock-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-road::before { content: ""; }
.fa-download::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-o-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-o-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-inbox::before { content: ""; }
.fa-play-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rotate-right::before, .fa-repeat::before { content: ""; }
.fa-refresh::before { content: ""; }
.fa-list-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-lock::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flag::before { content: "";
}
.fa-headphones::before { content: ""; }
.fa-volume-off::before { content: ""; }
.fa-volume-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-volume-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-qrcode::before { content: ""; }
.fa-barcode::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tag::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tags::before { content: ""; }
.fa-book::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bookmark::before { content: ""; }
.fa-print::before { content: ""; }
.fa-camera::before { content: ""; }
.fa-font::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bold::before { content: ""; }
.fa-italic::before { content: ""; }
.fa-text-height::before { content: ""; }
.fa-text-width::before { content: ""; }
.fa-align-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-align-center::before { content: ""; }
.fa-align-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-align-justify::before { content: ""; }
.fa-list::before { content: ""; }
.fa-dedent::before, .fa-outdent::before { content: ""; }
.fa-indent::before { content: ""; }
.fa-video-camera::before { content: ""; }
.fa-photo::before, .fa-image::before, .fa-picture-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pencil::before { content: ""; }
.fa-map-marker::before { content: ""; }
.fa-adjust::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tint::before { content: ""; }
.fa-edit::before, .fa-pencil-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-share-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrows::before { content: ""; }
.fa-step-backward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fast-backward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-backward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-play::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pause::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stop::before { content: ""; }
.fa-forward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fast-forward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-step-forward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-eject::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plus-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-minus-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-times-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-question-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-info-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-crosshairs::before { content: ""; }
.fa-times-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ban::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mail-forward::before, .fa-share::before { content: ""; }
.fa-expand::before { content: ""; }
.fa-compress::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-minus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-asterisk::before { content: ""; }
.fa-exclamation-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gift::before { content: ""; }
.fa-leaf::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fire::before { content: ""; }
.fa-eye::before { content: ""; }
.fa-eye-slash::before { content: ""; }
.fa-warning::before, .fa-exclamation-triangle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plane::before { content: ""; }
.fa-calendar::before { content: ""; }
.fa-random::before { content: ""; }
.fa-comment::before { content: ""; }
.fa-magnet::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-retweet::before { content: ""; }
.fa-shopping-cart::before { content: ""; }
.fa-folder::before { content: ""; }
.fa-folder-open::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrows-v::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrows-h::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bar-chart-o::before, .fa-bar-chart::before { content: ""; }
.fa-twitter-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-facebook-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-camera-retro::before { content: ""; }
.fa-key::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gears::before, .fa-cogs::before { content: ""; }
.fa-comments::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumbs-o-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumbs-o-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-star-half::before { content: ""; }
.fa-heart-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sign-out::before { content: ""; }
.fa-linkedin-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumb-tack::before { content: ""; }
.fa-external-link::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sign-in::before { content: ""; }
.fa-trophy::before { content: ""; }
.fa-github-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-upload::before { content: ""; }
.fa-lemon-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-phone::before { content: ""; }
.fa-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bookmark-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-phone-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-twitter::before { content: ""; }
.fa-facebook-f::before, .fa-facebook::before { content: ""; }
.fa-github::before { content: ""; }
.fa-unlock::before { content: ""; }
.fa-credit-card::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rss::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hdd-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bullhorn::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bell::before { content: ""; }
.fa-certificate::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-o-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-o-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-o-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-o-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-globe::before { content: ""; }
.fa-wrench::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tasks::before { content: ""; }
.fa-filter::before { content: ""; }
.fa-briefcase::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrows-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-group::before, .fa-users::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chain::before, .fa-link::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cloud::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flask::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cut::before, .fa-scissors::before { content: ""; }
.fa-copy::before, .fa-files-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-paperclip::before { content: ""; }
.fa-save::before, .fa-floppy-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-navicon::before, .fa-reorder::before, .fa-bars::before { content: ""; }
.fa-list-ul::before { content: ""; }
.fa-list-ol::before { content: ""; }
.fa-strikethrough::before { content: ""; }
.fa-underline::before { content: ""; }
.fa-table::before { content: ""; }
.fa-magic::before { content: ""; }
.fa-truck::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pinterest::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pinterest-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-google-plus-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-google-plus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-money::before { content: ""; }
.fa-caret-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-caret-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-caret-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-caret-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-columns::before { content: ""; }
.fa-unsorted::before, .fa-sort::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-down::before, .fa-sort-desc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-up::before, .fa-sort-asc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-envelope::before { content: ""; }
.fa-linkedin::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rotate-left::before, .fa-undo::before { content: ""; }
.fa-legal::before, .fa-gavel::before { content: ""; }
.fa-dashboard::before, .fa-tachometer::before { content: ""; }
.fa-comment-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-comments-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flash::before, .fa-bolt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sitemap::before { content: ""; }
.fa-umbrella::before { content: ""; }
.fa-paste::before, .fa-clipboard::before { content: ""; }
.fa-lightbulb-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-exchange::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cloud-download::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cloud-upload::before { content: ""; }
.fa-user-md::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stethoscope::before { content: ""; }
.fa-suitcase::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bell-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-coffee::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cutlery::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-text-o::before { content: