Princípio_da_separação_de_poderes_-_Filosofia_política

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Princípio da separação de poderes
Por Diogo Cysne
Categorias: Filosofia, Polít ica
Anúncio publicitário
 
O princípio da separação de poderes é um modelo polít ico que visa à melhor
governança de um Estado pela fragmentação do seu poder em órgãos dist intos
e independentes, cada qual especializado em um aspecto ou área de governo.
Embora seja mencionada quase como sinônimo da t ripart ição de poderes
proposta por Montesquieu, a separação de poderes é um princípio muito mais
amplo e ant igo do que o modelo do filósofo francês, sendo primeiro ident ificada
na Grécia Ant iga e aplicada em diversas ocasiões, sob diversos formatos em
governos tão díspares quanto a República de Roma e em algumas das Treze
Colônias britânicas na América do Norte. Assim, pode-se dizer que a separação
de poderes é um modelo teórico fundamental na história do Ocidente.
A preocupação básica deste princípio é como impedir que os poderes polít icos
de uma sociedade se concentrem demais em uma única figura de autoridade,
seja ela uma pessoa, um grupo ou um órgão do governo. O equilíbrio entre
autoridade e autonomia, cujos ext remos são o despot ismo e a anarquia, tem
sido objeto de estudo pelo menos desde os anos de Aristóteles (384-322 a.C.),
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os t rês principais t ipos de autoridade até então conhecidos - realeza,
aristocracia e governo const itucional - seriam mesclados para que as virtudes
de uns compensassem os defeitos dos outros.
Anúncio publicitário
Da Grécia Ant iga até o Iluminismo europeu, os governos ocidentais passaram por
períodos de maior ou menor concentração de poder, não havendo uma corrente
teórica hegemônica sobre o tema. Se, durante a República Romana, o poder se
equilibrava entre as assembleias (perfil democrát ico), o Senado (aristocrát ico) e
os cônsules (monárquico), durante o Império houve uma relocação do poder na
figura do imperador. Do Renascimento ao Iluminismo, a Europa testemunhou
tanto governos com elevado grau de despot ismo (Portugal, Espanha, França)
quanto territórios com crescente part ição das funções do governo, como a
República Holandesa ou a Inglaterra pós-Revolução Gloriosa. Em colônias
britânicas como Rhode Island, Pensilvânia e Nova Jérsei, o governo era
usualmente dividido entre representantes da Coroa e conselhos
democrat icamente eleitos pela população colonial.
A importância do filósofo Montesquieu se dá justamente pela apresentação de
uma estrutura bem ordenada e universalmente reconhecida no tópico: o princípio
da t ripart ição dos poderes, ou corrente t ripart ite, dividindo as at ribuições do
governo em t rês grandes órgãos - execut ivo, legislat ivo e judiciário - em seu
tratado "O Espírito das Leis" (1748). Nesta corrente cada órgão ou poder é
independente a ponto de não interferir nas at ribuições dos demais, mas dotado
de suficiente autoridade para impedir abusos de poder (ex : o judiciário verifica o
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de suficiente autoridade para impedir abusos de poder (ex.: o judiciário verifica o
cumprimento das leis pelo legislat ivo e o execut ivo) ou executar medidas
determinadas pelos outros poderes (ex.: o execut ivo aplica  as leis aprovadas
pelo legislat ivo). Esse mútuo controle de at ribuições, cuja função é impedir que
um poder sobrepuje os outros, é conhecido como sistema de balanços e
checagens (checks and balances).
Anúncio publicitário
A corrente t ripart ite, hoje, é a base de democracias presidencialistas como
Brasil, França ou Estados Unidos. Em sistemas como o parlamentarismo
britânico, embora haja a divisão formal em t rês poderes, na prát ica há o acúmulo
de funções em um determinado poder - no caso, o parlamento (legislat ivo com
atributos do execut ivo). Já a Alemanha é um exemplo de país com uma divisão
ainda maior, havendo um poder eleitoral (Assembleia Federal) e dois execut ivos
(Gabinete e Presidente) além do judiciário e do legislat ivo bicameral. Por fim, a
União Europeia apresenta uma das mais radicais divisões de poder atualmente,
com sete órgãos representando, muitas vezes de modo intercalado, os poderes
execut ivo, legislat ivo, judiciário e auditor.
Referências:
"Aristotle's Political Theory". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford, 01
de julho de 1998. Disponível em: <ht tp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristot le-
polit ics/>.
ARRUDA, José; PILETTI, Nelson. “Toda a História: História Geral e História do
Brasil”, 2007. São Paulo: Editora Át ica.
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU, Charles de Secondat . "The Spirit of Laws". Nova
Iorque: The Colonial Press, 1899. Disponível em:
<https://archive.org/details/spiritoflaws01montuoft>.
Texto originalmente publicado em
https://www.infoescola.com/filosofia/principio-da-separacao-de-poderes/
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