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Unit or Module
	Coursebook Focus
	Online
	Level
	Unit 01
	Grammar
	[1256] Articles
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 01
	Grammar
	[1263] Present Perfect
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 01
	Grammar
	[1248] Present Tenses
	(B1) Intermediate
	Unit 01
	Speaking
	[1370] The Spice Girls
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 02
	Grammar
	[3378] Present Perfect Continuous
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 02
	Grammar
	[1262] Past Perfect
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 02
	Grammar
	[1245] Past Tenses
	(B1) Intermediate
	Unit 02
	Vocabulary
	[1257] Conjunctions and connectors
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 02
	Vocabulary
	[6251] Wordbuilding 01
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 02
	Writing
	[1365] A concert review
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 03
	Grammar
	[1259] Future Continuous
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 03
	Grammar
	[1278] Future Perfect
	(C1) Advanced
	Unit 03
	Listening
	[1914] Zimbabwe
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 03
	Reading
	[1368] Foreign attitudes to Britain
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 03
	Reading
	[3857] Jamie Oliver
	(C1) Advanced
	Unit 03
	Reading
	[675] Opinions 2
	(C1) Advanced
	Unit 03
	Speaking
	[1638] Fire
	(B1) Intermediate
	Unit 03
	Speaking
	[3859] Young at heart
	(C1) Advanced
	Unit 03
	Vocabulary
	[1474] Verbs connected with cooking
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 03
	Writing
	[2423] The perfect essay: 3 Conclusion - essay practice
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 03
	Writing
	[1145] The perfect essay: 2 Main Body - essay practice
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 03
	Writing
	[1130] The perfect essay: 1 Introduction - essay practice
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 04
	Grammar
	[1261] Past modals - Must and Should
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 04
	Reading
	[1916] Mars
	(C1) Advanced
	Unit 04
	Speaking
	[1366] A ghost story
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 04
	Vocabulary
	[6252] Wordbuilding 02
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 04
	Writing
	[625] Writing stories 2
	(B1) Intermediate
	Unit 05
	Grammar
	[1270] Third Conditional
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 05
	Grammar
	[1264] Question tags
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 05
	Listening
	[1906] University in Britain
	(B1) Intermediate
	Unit 05
	Reading
	[1376] Oxford University
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 06
	Grammar
	[1272] Verb Patterns
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 06
	Grammar
	[1260] Gerunds and infinitives
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 06
	Reading
	[1920] Beowulf
	(C1) Advanced
	Unit 06
	Vocabulary
	[6253] Wordbuilding 03
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 06
	Writing
	[1181] Reading Aloud 2
	(C1) Advanced
	Unit 07
	Grammar
	[1269] Passive
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 07
	Speaking
	[1358] The Naadam festival in Mongolia
	(B1) Intermediate
	Unit 07
	Vocabulary
	[3867] My strange day
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 08
	Grammar
	[1265] Relative Clauses
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 08
	Listening
	[1389] Downshifting
	(C1) Advanced
	Unit 08
	Speaking
	[669] Describing someone's character
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 08
	Vocabulary
	[1490] Adjectives of character and mood
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 08
	Vocabulary
	[1478] Jobs and professions
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 08
	Writing
	[630] Formal letters: Applying for a job 2
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 09
	Grammar
	[1266] Reported Speech
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 09
	Grammar
	[3683] Indirect questions
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 09
	Grammar
	[3383] A few or A little
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 09
	Reading
	[3862] Great inventions: the Sony Walkman
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 09
	Vocabulary
	[3702] Adjective and noun collocations 1
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 09
	Vocabulary
	[3717] Corporate structure
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 10
	Grammar
	[3696] Talking about the future
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 10
	Grammar
	[3684] Modal verbs: advice and obligation
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 10
	Listening
	[3854] My paranoid friend
	(C1) Advanced
	Unit 10
	Listening
	[1643] Royal Intruder
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
	Unit 10
	Vocabulary
	[3728] hiring and firing 1
	(B2) Upper-Intermediate
Unit 1- articles
Man: I see universities are raising tuition fees again.
Woman: Yes I know. £9000 for a year's study.
Man: Yes, the poor won't be able to study. Imagine carrying that debt around with you for the rest of your life.
Woman: Yes, I agree. The rich won't have to, because their parents will pay for it all. It's not easy being young anymore.
Man: Well, I don't think it ever was. When I was a lad, the youth of Britain couldn't get jobs, let alone study.
Woman: Yes, but of course that was in the 19th Century.
Man: Hey, I'm not that old!
Usage rules
1. We usually use the when we talk about things in general, as an alternative to using the plural noun. This is only with countable nouns. Using the makes it sound more formal:
1a. The orchid is the most sensual of all flowers: correct, formal.
1b. Orchids are the most sensual of all flowers: correct, formal or informal.
1c. The history is a difficult subject to study: incorrect.
2. We often use the + adjective, when we want to talk about the group of people who all share that adjective:
The rich should share their money with the poor.
The old are not treated with much respect in this country.
The unemployed
need help finding alternative jobs.
Unemployed
workers need help finding alternative jobs.
The rich
should be taxed more to help the poor.
Rich
people should be taxed more to help the poor.
History
is a constantly changing subject.
The history
of Africa is one long story of exploitation.
The English
men are thought to be shy and unromantic.
are thought to be shy and unromantic.
English
are thought to be shy and unromantic.
men are thought to be shy and unromantic.
Love
is an endlessly complicated emotion.
The love
I have for you will never die.
	  One thing I've noticed about an attitude young nowadays have 
	(1 addition)
(1 change)
	 towards elderly is how different it is from that in the many other countries. We seem 
	(1 addition)
(1 deletion)
	 to 
	(no mistakes)
	 feel that the old person is not useful for anything. Latin people, Spanish for example, 
	(1 addition)
(1 change)
	 regard the views of older generation with more regard, and African tribes value 
	(1 addition)
	 a wisdom and knowledge of the elders of their societies above all others. 
	(1 change)
	Correct answer:
	One thing I've noticed about the attitude theyoung nowadays have 
towards the elderly is how different it is from that in the many other countries. We seem to 
feel that an old person is not useful for anything. Latin people, the Spanish for example, 
regard the views of theolder generation with more regard, and African tribes value 
the wisdom and knowledge of the elders of their societies above all others.
	
	Grading:
	1.
	Change word 'an' - 'the'
	
	No change made to 'an'
	2.
	Insert word 'the' between 'attitude' and 'young'.
	
	No word added.
	3.
	Insert word 'the' between 'towards' and 'elderly'.
	
	No word added.
	4.
	Delete word 'the'
	
	Word not deleted.
	5.
	Change word 'the' - 'an'
	
	No change made to 'the'
	6.
	Insert word 'the' between 'people,' and 'Spanish'.
	
	No word added.
	7.
	Insert word 'the' between 'of' and 'older'.
	
	No word added.
	8.
	Change word 'a' - 'the'
	
	Changed incorrectly '. 
1_____ never stops happening.
A)  A news
B)  The news
C)  News
help
2_____ deserve better treatment than what they currently get from this government.
A)  The unemployed
B)  Unemployed
C)  An unemployed
help
3_____ is the best kind of pet to have.
A)  The dog
B)  A dog
C)  Dog
D)  Dogs
help
4_____ is a very controversial subject at the moment.
A)  Housing policies
B)  A housing policy
C)  The Housing policy
D)  Housing policy
help
5_____ don't all wear kilts, you know.
A)  Scot
B)  The Scots
C)  A Scots
help
6_____ is such a boring game.
A)  A tennis
B)  The tennis
C)  Tennis
help
7_____ is the largest mammal on Earth.
A)  Blue Whale
B)  Blue Whales
C)  A Blue Whale
D)  The Blue Whale
help
8_____ man I met the other day phoned me up this evening.
A)  Swiss
B)  The SwissC)  A Swiss
help
9_____ people are not necessarily more intelligent than the rest of us.
A)  Educated
B)  The educated
C)  An educated
help
10_____ is surely the finest of all flowers.
A)  Rose
B)  A rose
C)  The rose
D)  Roses
As the next political party of government, we intend to make a stand against - (the)injustices of the world and support the minorities, - (the) unemployed, -(the) disabled and people with no qualifications. History has taught us that to ignore minority groups is to sow - (the)seeds of your own downfall, and human nature demands that we help people less able than ourselves.
Unit 1 grammar present perfect
Man: I've lost my glasses.
Woman: Really? When did  you last see them?
Man: I had them with me this morning, but I haven't seen them since then.
Woman: Hmm. What will your wife do if you don't find them?
Man: She'll go crazy! You've never seen my wife lose it. It's not a pretty sight. They cost £200.
Woman: Well, you'd better start looking for them. I'm sure they're very near.
Man: But I've looked everywhere. They are lost.
Woman: Have you tried - the top of your head?
Man: What? Oh, here they are.
Woman: Your poor wife
 
Form
Subject + have + past participle.
I have decided to study Law at university.
Use
There are three main uses for the present perfect in English.
1. We use the present perfect to talk about an action/state which began in the past, continues in the present and probably into the future as well.
Edit on Vimeo
 
I've lived in Oxford since 1995.
I came to Oxford in 1995. I'm still here. I will probably be here tomorrow, next week, month and year as well.
This state is unfinished.
In many languages the present simple or present continuous can be used to talk about unfinished actions/states. In English we cannot use these tenses in this way:
1a. John studies here for three weeks: wrong
1b. John has studied here for three weeks: correct
1c. Willy is liking The Beatles all his life: wrong
1d. Willy has liked The Beatles all his life: correct
For or since?
For and since are the most common words we use when we want to say how long the period of time has been. They have the same meaning but are used in different ways: We use for with a period of time:
For one second
three minutes
two hours
five days
seven weeks
two months
three years
a long time
the whole of my life
ages
We don't use for in expressions beginning with all, all my life, all morning, all day. We just use the time expression without since or for:
It has rained all day.
We use since with a specific time:
since last week
two years ago
my birthday
1945
June
the beginning of the summer
the day I arrived
I started in this job.
We can use the expression ever since when we want to emphasise the fact that something started soon after another event:
I've been ill ever since I ate that Indian food.
2. The present perfect is used to introduce your past experience, something you have or haven't done in your life:
Edit on Vimeo
 
I haven't been to China, but I have seen many TV programmes about it, and I'd love to go.
The present perfect here is used to introduce past experience. We want to know if something has been done, not the details. If we want to learn more about the details of the experience, we change tenses to the past simple and other narrative tenses. In this way, the present perfect is like a key, which unlocks the door to the room of experience. We need to use the present perfect to get inside the room, but once inside it, we don't need the key anymore, so we can use other past tenses. Here is an example:
"Have you ever been to Canada?"
"No, I haven't."
"Have you ever been to Australia?"
"Yes I have?"
"When did you go?"
"Oh, it was about three years ago I think."
"Did you have a good time?"
"Yes, it was great!"
"What did you do?"
"Well, we arrived in..."
We often use the present perfect after these expressions:
This is the first, second, third, only time...
Have you (ever)??
This is the best, worst, biggest, most expensive?. I've ever...
3. News headlines
Edit on Vimeo
 
"The president has had a heart attack!"
We use the present perfect to talk about the "headlines" of news. It is only used at the startof a "news" story, because when you are telling someone the headlines of a news story, you aren't telling them the details of the story, when it happened, why it happened et-cetera. To say more about the story, again, as with past experience, we have to change tenses to the past simple, past continuous and past perfect. Usually, the news is fairly recent. We say:
Barak Obama has been assassinated, but not:
John F. Kennedy has been assassinated
because presumably, the second sentence is no longer news, because the listener already knows it.
The news we mention is usually not that important.
"I've lost my keys." is a "news headline", because the listener didn't know it and doesn't know the details of the story.
We often use been and gone with the present perfect in this way, but they have different meanings. Been means gone and come back; gone means is still away:
John has gone to Ireland: he is still in Ireland.
John has been to Ireland: he has returned from Ireland.
Paul was made
manager in March, and he'll be your boss.
Paul has been made
manager, so he'll be your new boss.
President Obama
has been assassinated.
Abraham Lincoln
has been assassinated.
was assassinated.
I've been working
for Wilkins Motorbikes for the last few weeks.
I'm working
for Wilkins Motorbikes for the next few weeks.
I've had this computer since
2002.
I've had this computer for
three years.
Bill has gone home to get his lecture notes.
He'll be back soon.
Bill has been home to get his lecture notes.
He came back a few minutes ago.
	  "I've just heard that our school closed." 
	(1 addition)
	 "What do you mean?" 
	(no mistakes)
	 "Closed. It closed down." 
	(1 addition)
	 "I don't believe you! When?" 
	(no mistakes)
	 "Over the weekend. One of the teachers has phoned me on Saturday and said she's sorry but 
	(1 deletion)
	 that the school closed and all the teachers lost their jobs!" 
	(2 additions)
	 "That's terrible, but what about our courses?" 
	(no mistakes)
	 "Well, the teacher says we lost all our money. The school hasn't got any more money, 
	(1 addition)
	 so no one can have their money back." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "What! That's terrible. I just paid!" 
	(1 addition)
	 "Yes, I know. I have paid over £3000 only last week!" 
	(1 deletion)
	 
	(no mistakes
	Correct answer:
	"I've just heard that our school has closed." 
"What do you mean?" 
"Closed. It has closed down." 
"I don't believe you! When?" 
"Over the weekend. One of the teachers hasphoned me on Saturday and said she's sorry but 
that the school hasclosed and all the teachers have lost their jobs!" 
"That's terrible, but what about our courses?" 
"Well, the teacher says we have lost all our money. The school hasn't got any more money, 
so no one can have their money back." 
"What! That's terrible. I have just paid!" 
"Yes, I know. I have paid over £3000 only last week!" 
	
	Grading:
	1.
	Insert word 'has' between 'school' and 'closed."'.
	
	No word added.
	2.
	Insert word 'has' between 'It' and 'closed'.
	
	No word added.
	3.
	Delete word 'has'
	
	Word not deleted.
	4.
	Insert word 'has' between 'school' and 'closed'.
	
	No word added.
	5.
	Insert word 'have' between 'teachers' and 'lost'.
	
	No word added.
	6.
	Insert word 'have' between 'we' and 'lost'.
	
	No word added.
	7.
	Insert word 'have' between 'I' and 'just'.
	
	No word added.
	8.
	Delete word 'have'
	
	Word not deleted.
1Have you ever _____ a horse?
A)  ride
B)  rode
C)  ridden
D)  riding
help
2Oh no! Someone _____ my bag!
A)  stole
B)  steals
C)  has stolen
D)  has been stealing
help
3It's ages since I _____ to the cinema.
A)  was last
B)  last went
C)  've last been
D)  went last
help
4_____ at the bus stop for an hour and I'm fed up!
A)  I'm waiting
B)  I was waiting
C)  I waited
D)  I've been waiting
help
5My brother _____ in amonastery as a young boy.
A)  is brought up
B)  has been being brought up
C)  has been brought up
D)  was brought up
help
6_____ back from the cinema.
A)  I just come
B)  I just came
C)  I've just come
D)  I've just came
help
7Don't talk to Shannon; _____ crying.
A)  she was
B)  she has been
C)  she has
D)  she is being
help
8Last week Patricia _____ that new Justin Beiber CD.
A)  buys
B)  bought
C)  has bought
D)  has been buying
help
9John isn't here. He _____ to Manchester. He'll be back tomorrow.
A)  went
B)  has been
C)  has gone
D)  was going
help
10I _____ doing my homework yet.
A)  haven't finished
B)  didn't finish
C)  wasn't finishing
D)  haven't been finishing
Bill,Have you seen Alex's skin lately?"
"What do you mean?"
"Well, yesterday, I (saw) her skin and it was all bruised and pale."
"Do you think (she has used;she has been using;she has taken;she has been taking;she's used;she's been using;she's taken;she's been taking) drugs?"
"Well, it looks like it, doesn't it?"
"But she has (been;been going) to that clinic to get off them."
"Yes, but it doesn't work all the time does it?"
"That's terrible! (Have you told) anyone else about this?"
"Well, I (haven't told;have not told) her brother, but he'll find out himself when he comes back this weekend."
"Where is he?"
"Well, he (went;has gone) to France on business, but he's back on Friday. He'll go nuts."
"Mind you, he (was) on drugs for years when he was younger."
"Yes, but that'll make him even angrier. He (has been;has gone) through the pain of coming off, so he'll know what Alex (is throwing;has thrown) away by becoming an addict again."
Unit 1 present tenses
There are two tenses we usually use to talk about present verbs: the present simple and the present continuous:
I smoke thirty cigarettes a day: present simple
I am enjoying this party a lot: present continuous
Form
Present simple
Subject + verb:
I eat fish and chips for lunch on Fridays.
I don't like playing football.
Do you believe in God?
Present continuous
Subject + to be + present participle:
She is training to be an Olympic swimmer.
She isn't laughing; perhaps she doesn't think it's funny.
Are your team winning?
Use
Present Simple
1. The present simple is used to talk about what we do regularly:
I usually get up at 7.00am.
She never goes out during the week.
2. The present simple is also used to talk about permanent states. Things that don't change often:
Our house gets quite cold in the winter.
Does Lancaster have a cathedral?
Present Continuous
1.The present continuous is used for things happening now:
Can you please be quiet? I'm talking to John on the phone.
Pete's making some coffee. Would you like a cup?
2. The present continuous is also used when you are talking about something which is changing:
The price of houses is going up very quickly at the moment.
My shoes are getting a bit scruffy. I think I need to buy some more.
Edit on Vimeo
Stative verbs
1. Because the present continuous is used to talk about things happening now, we can't use this tense with verbs that describe how something is, only with verbs that describe how something happens. We don't normally use the following verbs in continuous tenses:
Want, like, love, hate, cost, need, prefer, depend, know, mean, understand, believe, remember, forget.
1a. I understand you: correct.
1b. I am understanding you: wrong.
2. With the following verbs, don't use them in the continuous form if they describe the way something is, only if they describe an action, what somebody does:
Taste, smell, feel, look
2a. This food smells nice: correct. You are describing how the food smells.
2b. This food is smelling nice: wrong. You are describing how the food smells.
2c. Don't move, I'm smelling your perfume: correct. You are describing an action; you are doing something now, so you use the present continuous.
I'm having fun
this summer.
at this party.
I have fun
at parties.
The economy is going through
some bad times at the moment.
The economy goes through
good and bad times.
This material
feels strange. I wonder what it is.
My wife
is feeling strange. I wonder what it is.
We don't go on holiday
in the summer.
We're not going on holiday
this summer.
That man has
a large dog.
That man is having
a heart attack.
	 "Okay Dan. I'm inside the house. I walk through the kitchen." 
	(1 change)
	 What do I look for?" 
	(1 change)
	 "Okay, you're looking for a small, black book. Jeffers is keeping his list of 
	(1 change)
	 contacts in it, so it may be next to his phone." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "Okay, well, I can't find anything in the kitchen. So I move into 
	(1 change)
	 the living 
	(no mistakes)
	 room. The living room's empty." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "What do you mean?" 
	(no mistakes)
	 "I mean there's nothing in it." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "I am not understanding . He was there a minute ago." 
	(1 change)
	 "Well, believe me, there's nothing in the room." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "Okay, go into the bedroom." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "I'm entering the bedroom." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "What can you see?" 
	(no mistakes)
	 "Well, I can seeing a bed. Here's a phone, but there's no book." 
	(1 change)
	 "Don't forget to look in the drawers." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "
	
		Correct answer:
	"Okay Dan. I'm inside the house. I'm walking;I am walking through the kitchen." 
What am I looking for?"
"Okay, you're looking for a small, black book. Jeffers keeps his list of 
contacts in it, so it may be next to his phone." 
"Okay, well, I can't find anything in the kitchen. So I'm moving;I am moving into the living 
room. The living room's empty." 
"What do you mean?" 
"I mean there's nothing in it." 
"I don't understand;do not understand . He was there a minute ago." 
"Well, believe me, there's nothing in the room." 
"Okay, go into the bedroom." 
"I'm entering the bedroom." 
"What can you see?" 
"Well, I can see a bed. Here's a phone, but there's no book." 
"Don't forget to look in the drawers." 
" I'm looking;I am looking now. Okay, I've found it." 
"Remember to check it to see if it's correct." 
"It's full of addresses and telephone numbers. This is it." 
"Okay, get out of there!" 
"I'm leaving the bedroom. Okay, I'm leaving the house. Okay I'm out." 
"Well done!"
	
	Grading:
	1.
	Change word 'I walk' - 'I'm walking;I am walking'
	
	No change made to 'I walk'
	2.
	Change word 'do I look' - 'am I looking'
	
	No change made to 'do I look'
	3.
	Change word 'is keeping' - 'keeps'
	
	No change made to 'is keeping'
	4.
	Change word 'I move' - 'I'm moving;I am moving'
	
	No change made to 'I move'
	5.
	Change word 'am not understanding' - 'don't understand;do not understand'
	
	No change made to 'am not understanding'
	6.
	Change word 'seeing' - 'see'
	
	No change made to 'seeing'
	7.
	Change word 'I look' - 'I'm looking;I am looking'
	
	No change made to 'I look'
	8.
	Change word 'getting' - 'get'
	
	No change made to 'getting'
	
1
I normally smoke heavily, but I _____ to give up.
A)  try
B)  am trying
C)  don't try
D)  am not trying
help
2
I'm afraid I _____ you.
A)  believe
B)  am believing
C)  don't believe
D)  am not believing
help
3My family _____ up. I can't believe how fast time _____.
A)  grows, passes
B)  is growing, passes
C)  grows, is passing
D)  is growing, is passing
help
4Your food _____ great, mum. I don't know how you do it.
A)  always tastes
B)  always is tasting
C)  is tasting always
D)  is always tasting
help
5_____ so soon? The party's just started.
A)  Do you leave
B)  Are you leaving
C)  Do you leaving
D)  Are you leave
help
6My wedding ring _____ £300. I _____ if I'll be able to afford it.
A)  costs, don't know
B)  is costing, don't know
C)  costs, am not knowing
D)  is costing, am not knowing
help
7Shhh! When Albert Betancourt _____ the wine, he likes everyone to be silent.
A)  tasted
B)  is tasting
C)  does taste
D)  does tasting
help
8Look at the sky! All the clouds _____ and the sun _____out.
A)  break up, comes
B)  break up, is coming
C)  are breaking up, comes
D)  arebreaking up, is coming
help
9Listen. I _____ you, but I _____ you.
A)  like, don't love
B)  am liking, don't love
C)  like, am not loving
D)  am liking, am not loving
help
10This _____ very soft. I wonder what it _____ like?
A)  feels, smells
B)  is feeling, is smelling
C)  feels, is smelling
D)  is feeling, is smelling
"Okay everyone. This is the video of my mother's house. Can you see how tidy it is.Mum cleans it every day, so Angus, you should learn from your mother's example. I remember on this day the house - (smelt)wonderful because mum was cooking. This is the kitchen. Can you see mum - (is tasting) the food? I think it's a Lancashire hotpot. Here she - (is showing) us her collection of cookbooks from around the world. She really has got the most morvellous collection. Where are we now? Oh yes, this is the living room. Tim - (is sitting) down - (reading) the paper, -(ignoring) us as usual. This is the view from the window over the sea. You can see that the clouds - (are coming) in from the sea. It's going to rain any minute. And who -(is coming) up the path towards the house? My beautiful wife Sandy. She - (looks)wonderful here I think."
Unit 1 speaking
Lead-in
Discuss the following questions with a partner or your teacher
Who is your favourite singer or band?
Which singers or bands have been influential over the history of pop music?
Would you like to be in a band? How about managing a band?
 
Read this passage about a famous band from the past,  and then do the exercises
The British pop phenomenon Spice Girls made music history in 1997 by becoming the first group to have its first four singles hit the number one spot on the British charts. The group (sometimes referred to as a cross between Madonna and the Monkees) took Great Britain, North America, and the Far East by storm in a way not seen since the Beatles, and their contrived but catchy dance-bop songs reached number one on the music charts in more than 30 countries. Responding to a 1994 advertisement in The Stage for a "manufactured" female pop group, wannabe singers Geri Halliwell, Mel Brown, Mel Chisholm, Victoria Addams, and Michelle Stephenson won the open audition and worked so well together that they became housemates. Their talent scout managers reportedly wanted them to look, dress, and act alike, but the girls' shared credo of "Girl Power," along with their boundless energy and more than a modicum of talent, led them to fire their original managers and hire a new manager, who signed them up with Virgin Records. Stephenson was replaced by Emma Bunton, and when the Spice Girls were teamed with songwriter-producers Richard Stannard and Matthew Rowe, the resulting album, Spice, and the songs "Wannabe," "2 Become 1," and "Mama" propelled them into pop music mythology. In 1997 the group won two BRIT Awards for best single ("Wannabe") and best video ("Say You'll Be There"), a World Music Award as best newcomer, and the MTV music television award for best dance video ("Wannabe"). They also signed a lucrative deal to appear in a Pepsi Cola ad campaign and released a book, Girl Power!, and a new album, Spice World. The motion picture Spice World was filmed during the summer for release at Christmas. In all, it was estimated that the group earned more than £30 million in 1997.
1997 was when the spice girls
fire their managers.
were at their most popular.
1994 was when the girls
first met each other.
The spice girls were supposed to
all be the same.
The spice girls managed to
fire their managers.
The spice girls wanted to
be different from other groups.
The girls signed a promotional contract with
Pepsi.
The Spice Girls released CDs on
the Virgin record label.
Girl Power was the name of a
book.
Spice World was the name of a
film.
Spice was the name of a
CD.
1How long did the Spice Girls stay together?
A)  Four years
B)  Five years
C)  They are still together
D)  We don't know
help
2The Spice Girls
A)  are similar to the Beatles
B)  are unique
C)  resemble the Monkees
D)  are like Madonna
help
3Their music
A)  was most popular in Great Britain
B)  was sold in over 30 countries
C)  was probably popular in discos
D)  was not original
help
4What does by storm mean?
A)  Under controversy
B)  Very strongly
C)  Slowly
D)  Instantly
help
5How did the Spice Girls begin?
A)  The girls were flatmates
B)  They didn't know each other
C)  They met by accident
D)  They were related to each other
help
6How many of the original members changed?
A)  1
B)  2
C)  None
D)  3
help
7Why did they fire their managers?
A)  They wanted too much money
B)  They disagreed with the Spice Girl image
C)  They were bad songwriters
D)  They had personal differences
help
8The album Spice
A)  was more popular than Spice World
B)  was less popular than Spice World
C)  was as popular as Spice World
D)  sold fewer copies but was better than Spice World
help
9What was Spice World?
A)  A single and an album
B)  A single and a film
C)  An album and a film
D)  A single, album and film
help
10How much did each of the Spice Girls earn in 1997?
A)  Almost £8 million
B)  Over £30 million
C)  More than £8 million
D)  Almost £30 million
Some people loved them ; others -(hated) them, but no-one - (could) ignore the Spice Girls. - (They) burst onto the pop scene in (the;) UK with an energy which -(made) similar groups seem old and boring. Their mixture - (of) female power and fun appealed - (to) young girls, whilst their catchy tunes - (were) more generally appealing to an audience of youngsters and -(adults) alike.
	The Spice Girls were very much of a group of all their time. They fit this perfectly a 
	(3 deletions)
	 gap in the teen music market, that of too young, yet strong and cheeky girls. As often 
	(1 deletion)
	 as happens in these situations, when the Spice Girls split up, each other found it hard 
	(2 deletions)
	 going as well a solo artist. Teenage girls already liked the idea of a female gang of 
	(2 deletions)
	 singers; each on their own was not quite so appealing. 
	(no mistakes
	Correct answer:
	The Spice Girls were very much of a group of all their time. They fit this perfectly a 
gap in the teen music market, that of tooyoung, yet strong and cheeky girls. As often 
as happens in these situations, when the Spice Girls split up, each other found it hard 
going as well a solo artist. Teenage girls already liked the idea of a female gang of 
singers; each on their own was not quite so appealing.
	
	Grading:
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	Delete word 'of'
	
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	2.
	Delete word 'all'
	
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	3.
	Delete word 'this'
	
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	4.
	Delete word 'too'
	
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	5.
	Delete word 'as'
	
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	6.
	Delete word 'other'
	
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	7.
	Delete word 'well'
	
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	8.
	Delete word 'already'
	
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Unit 2 present perfect continuous
Form
Subject + have + been + present participle.
It has been raining a lot recently.
Present perfect simple or continuous?
1. We use the present perfect continuous to talk about an action which has happened repeatedly in the recent past:
I've been suffering from bad headaches for the last few weeks.
With this use, there is a clear difference between the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous:
1a) I've broken my arm: acceptable
1b) I've been breaking my arm: unacceptable
Here, the idea of an action being repeated means that sentence 1b sounds very strange!
2a) I've been waking up very early recently: acceptable
2b) I've woken up very early recently: less acceptable
Here, the use of the word recently makes 2a seem much better than 2b, as it suggests a repeated action
Sometimes however, the difference is rather smaller:
3a) Attacks have continued throughout the night: acceptable
3b) Attacks have been continuing throughout the night: acceptable
Here, the use of the plural form, attacks, and the use of throughout the night, makes it clear that we are talking about more han one attack. Either form is possible here.2. We also use the present perfect continuous to talk about an action continuing to the present:
Jack has been living at his mother's house ever since his wife left him. 
4a) I've worked at this school for the past five months: acceptable
4b) I've been working at this school for the past five months: acceptable
Either form here is perfectly acceptable.
If the time frame is very long, the present perfect simple becomes more common than the present perfect continuous:
5a) Members of my famly have lived in this house for over 700 years: acceptable
5b) Members of my famly have been living in this house for over 700 years: less acceptable
The idea of continuity seems odd here, as, though it is obvious we are talking about different generations of the same family, it sounds like we are talking about individual members of the family who are over 700 years old!
As with all continuous tenses, do not use the present perfect continuous with stative verbs:
I have had a cold for almost a week: correct
I've been having a cold for almost a week: wrong
Don't use the present perfect continuous in passive forms:
Cars have been stolen around here a lot recently: correct
Cars have been being stolen around here a lot recently: wrong
	 Lexus is being a charity which provides help for homeless people. We have started five 
	(2 deletions)
	 years ago, and been active for about four and a half years. We have started off just 
	(1 addition)
(1 deletion)
	 providing food and hot drinks to homeless people, but recently have helping people 
	(1 addition)
	 find shelter in empty flats within housing developments. This has not exactly legal, 
	(1 change)
	 but the government knows all about it, and they are actually quite happy about it. We have 
	(no mistakes)
	 been built up trust from both sides as an interface between local government and 
	(1 change)
	 the homeless and have been made a number of official protests to the government about the 
	(1 deletion)
	 lack of beds for homeless people in this country. 
	(no mistakes
		Correct answer:
	Lexus is being a charity which provides help for homeless people. We have started five 
years ago, and havebeen active for about four and a half years. We have started off just 
providing food and hot drinks to homeless people, but recently have been helping people 
find shelter in empty flats within housing developments. This isnot exactly legal, 
but the government knows all about it, and they are actually quite happy about it. We have
been building up trust from both sides as an interface between local government and 
the homeless and have been made a number of official protests to the government about the 
lack of beds for homeless people in this country.
	
	Grading:
	1.
	Delete word 'being'
	
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	2.
	Delete word 'have'
	
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	3.
	Insert word 'have' between 'and' and 'been'.
	
	No word added.
	4.
	Delete word 'have'
	
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	5.
	Insert word 'been' between 'have' and 'helping'.
	
	No word added.
	6.
	Change word 'has' - 'is'
	
	No change made to 'has'
	7.
	Change word 'built' - 'building'
	
	No change made to 'built'
	8.
	Delete word 'been'
	
	Word not deleted.
	
1Sheila __________ here for hours.
A)  is waiting
B)  waits
C)  has waited
D)  has been waiting
help
2I __________ late every night. It's part of my job.
A)  work
B)  am working
C)  have worked
D)  have been working
help
3Paula __________ at that company for the last three months.
A)  works
B)  worked
C)  is working
D)  has been working
help
4__________ outside the cinema for you for the past 45 minutes!
A)  I've been waiting
B)  I'm waiting
C)  I was waiting
D)  I waited
help
5I_____ with friends while they lay a new floor in my house.
A)  stay
B)  am staying
C)  have stayed
D)  stayed
help
6"__________ back from the cinema. How are you?"
A)  I just come
B)  I've just come
C)  I just came
D)  I've just been coming
help
7Don't talk to Karen; _____ crying.
A)  she was
B)  she has been
C)  she has
D)  she is being
help
8Flowers __________ at the site of the car accident all morning.
A)  are being laid
B)  are laid
C)  have been laid
D)  have been being laid
help
9_____ to Paris. He'll be back tomorrow.
A)  John went
B)  John's been
C)  John's gone
D)  John's been going
help
10We __________ the patient for signs of recovery ever since the operation, but have nothing to report yet.
A)  monitor
B)  monitored
C)  have monitored
D)  have been monitoring
"Hello?"
"Hello to you too. Where are you?"
"Where am I? Where are you?I've been standingoutside the pub for half an hour!"
"What pub? We're supposed to be eating out!- (I've been sitting) at a table for two since 8.00pm."
"No! We - (agreed) to have a drink first and then go to the restaurant."
"You sound as if - (you've already had) a couple of drinks!"
"Very funny. - (It's freezing) out here. -(I've lost) the feeling in my feet."
"Well, forget about it. Hurry up and get over here before they throw me out."
" - (Have you ordered) yet?"
"No, of course not. - (I've just been smiling) sweetly at the waiter every time he's come over. I don't know how long his patience will last."
"Well, luckily, - (I haven't lost) my appetite!"
"Yes, well I kind of have. - (I've been eating) the bread they gave us. Anyway, be quick."
"Okay, see you in about five minutes
Unit 2 past perfect
Man: I had a meeting with the boss yesterday afternoon.
Woman: And?
Man: Well, I'd heard he was going to let someone go, so I thought it might be me.
Woman: What happened?
Man: Well, he said he needed an assistant and that he was thinking of me.
Woman: That's great news!
Man: Yes. He said that he'd been watching me and had been impressed by my handling of difficult and stressful situations, so I would be perfect for the job.
Woman: Excellent. When do you start?
Man: Next week.
Form
Subject + had + past participle.
I had eaten already so I decided not to have dinner.
Subject + had + been + present participle.
John had been working all day and he was feeling tired.
Use
We use the past perfect when we are telling a story, and, instead of moving forward in time as we usually do in a story, we have to move backwards, usually to explain or justify why an action occurs:
Angus walked to work as he had recently sold his car.
Why did Angus walk to work?
Because earlier he had sold his car.
Michael was nervous about meeting Ann. They hadn't spoken a word to each other since their painful separation five years previously.
Sometimes we can use the past simpleinstead of the past perfect when talking about an earlier event. It's often not clear when you can and when you don't have to use a past perfect, but, to be safe, on these occasions, you can always use the past perfect, so if in doubt, use it.
The past perfect continuous, like all continuous tenses, is used to express continuity, something which continues over time, and has not necessarily finished:
a) Jamie looked outside at the wet streets. It had been raining all night and the sky was still grey and heavy.
Let's compare this with the same sentence, but using the past perfect simple:
b) Jamie looked outside at the wet streets. It had rained all night and the sky was still grey and heavy.
In sentence a) it is still raining; in sentence b) it has recently stopped.
If we used the past perfect simple in the sentence, the reader or listener would guess that when Jamie looked out of the window, the rain had stopped, even if it was only for a short time.
Paul is living with his brother
as he has recently sold his house.
Paul was living with his brother
as he had recently sold his house.
It had been raining
and the streets were wet.
It was raining
and the streets would soon be wet.
I'd believed her
but before long had discovered her lies.
I believed her
but before long would discover her lies.
Jackie had been crying
for a while and then cheered herself up.
and her cheeks were still wet.
Jackie had cried
for a while and then cheered herself up.
Sebastian had been sleeping well,
so I couldn'tunderstand why he was still up.
Sebastian had slept well,
so he was in a good mood.
Notes
Stories move forward, like a person walking along a street. When the next action happens after the last one, the person walks forward; when however, the action happened before the last action, the person has to take a step backwards, that is when we use the past perfect.
	  I walked to work that day feeling really sorry for myself. The previous evening my 
	(no mistakes)
	 girlfriend of three years split up with me, and I spent half the night wandering 
	(2 additions)
	 around the house not knowing what to do. I had reached the bus stop and waited. It was 
	(1 deletion)
	 late, of course! I got on the bus and sat next to all the other depressed people 
	(no mistakes)
	 and had stared at the wet day outside. It been rained constantly for the past 
	(1 addition)
(1 deletion)
(1 change)
	 three 
	(no mistakes)
	 days and the clouds looked as though they'd be there forever. I felt betrayed by my 
	(no mistakes)
	 girlfriend. She hadn't given me any sign that she was looking for a way out. The whole 
	(no mistakes)
	 thing came as a complete shock. 
	(1 addition)
(1 change
1My friend Mike _____ from a holiday in Fiji, so I decided to pay him a visit.
A)  recently returned
B)  has recently returned
C)  had recently returned
D)  had recently been returning
help
2Are you leaving already? But, _____!
A)  you've just arrived
B)  you'd just arrived
C)  you've just been arriving
D)  you'd just been arriving
help
3Jessy was drunk. She _____ Tequila all night and couldn't stand up properly.
A)  had drunk
B)  had been drinking
C)  drank
D)  was drinking
help
4I walked in the door and closed it behind me. Within two minutes the telephone _____ ringing.
A)  had started
B)  started
C)  had been starting
D)  was starting
help
5The wind was blowing hard and Jack shivered. He _____ used to British winters.
A)  had never really been getting
B)  has never really got
C)  had never really got
D)  never really got
help
6Nigel _____ the bus, so he'll have to walk here.
A)  missed
B)  had been missing
C)  had missed
D)  has missed
help
7Molly looked at her tired face in the mirror. She _____ too hard, she decided.
A)  worked
B)  had worked
C)  has worked
D)  had been working
help
8I walked into school but no-one _____ me. I _____ my hair cut and now looked like a different person.
A)  recognised, had had
B)  had recognised, had
C)  had recognised, had had
D)  recognised, had
help
9I put on a CD and turned the bass up loud. People _____ dancing and the mood lightened.
A)  had started
B)  started
C)  were starting
D)  had been starting
help
10As Chris kissed Angela he closed his eyes in ecstasy. He _____ for this moment for three years.
A)  had been waiting
B)  had waited
C)  waited
D)  was waiting
Unit 2 past tenses
Man: The strangest thing happenedto me yesterday.
Woman: Go on.
Man: Well, I was walking home last night, when a man came up to me.
Woman: Uh huh
Man: Well, he said he used to go to school with me.
Woman: And?
Man: Well, I had never seen this person before in my life. I think he was trying to find out about me or something.
Woman: So, what did you do?
Man: Well, I told him to give me a call, but gave him someone else's phone number.
Woman: Whose phone number did you give him?
Man: Yours.
Woman: What!!!???
The two main past tenses we use in English are the past simple and past continuous:
Past Simple
Form
Affirmative: Subject + past form: I went to the pub yesterday evening.
Negative: Subject + didn't + bare infinitive: My wife didn't fall in love with me straightaway.
Question: Did + Subject + bare infinitive: Did you phone me up last night?
Use
 
1. We use the past simple to talk about actions that happen in a story. The actions happen one after the other:
Duncan got up late. He had a shower, got dressed and then had his breakfast.
2. When you want to use an adjective, you need to use was/were, which is the past form of the verb to be: I was cold, so I put on my jacket.
Past Continuous
Form
Affirmative: Subject + was/were + present participle:
John's mother was leaving the house when she fell and broke her leg.
Negative: Subject + wasn't/weren't + present participle:
I wasn't thinking about anything. I just acted.
Question: Was/were + subject + present participle:
Were you joking when you said you loved me?
Use
1. The past continuous is used when we want to talk about something happening before, during and after an event in the past:
I woke up and looked out of the window. It was raining, as it had been for days now.
2. The past continuous is also used to talk about the background, non-essential information that happens during a story. It gives more atmosphere to a story:
Angus stepped out onto the street, and breathed in the warm air. He looked around him. Everywhere children were playing on the street. Birds were singing, and, far away, he could hear a woman singing a song about a love won and lost.
3. We also use the past continuous with the simple past to talk about a long action (past continuous) which is interrupted by a shorter action (simple past):
Michael was cooking his dinner when there was a knock on the door.
Used to
Form
Affirmative: subject + used to + bare infinitive:
I used to work in a factory before I won the lottery.
Negative: subject + didn't + use to + bare infinitive:
She didn't use to be so beautiful. I wonder what happened to her?
Question: Did + subject + use to + bare infinitive:
Did your hair use to be longer than now?
Notes
 
1. Notice that in the negative and question forms of used to, the ddisappears
1a. I didn't use to work here: correct
1b. I didn't used to work here: wrong
Use
 
We use used to to talk about something we did often, or which was a habit for us in the past sometime, but not any more.
I used to smoke heavily, but I gave up a month or two ago
Duncan
used to play the guitar.
Duncan didn't
use to play the guitar.
I was leaving the house
when the phone rang.
I left the house
before the phone rang.
I used to smoke
20 cigarettes a day.
I smoked
20 cigarettes at the party.
Jane used to work
at the glass factory.
Jane was working
at the glass factory when she met Dave.
The police were entering the house
when they saw the body.
The police entered the house
used to play the guitar.
and saw the body.
	 An underground train with around 90 commuters on it, coming off its tracks in a 
	(1 change)
	 tunnel under Liverpool city centre during rush hour tonight. There was no reports of 
	(1 change)
	 any people hurt. The electric Merseyrail train was coming off the tracks as it travelling between Lime Street and Central stations at around 6pm. A British Transport 
	(1 addition)
(1 change)
	 Police spokeswoman used to say some passengers are trapped on the train for 
	(no mistakes)
	 more than an hour. At around 7.30pm, police were being able to rescue all the passengers 
	(2 changes)
	 and then leading them safely onto the platform at Central station. 
	(1 deletion
	Correct answer:
	An underground train with around 90 commuters on it, cameoff its tracks in a 
tunnel under Liverpool city centre during rush hour tonight. There were no reports of 
any people hurt. The electric Merseyrail train came off the tracks as it was 
travelling between Lime Street and Central stations at around 6pm. A British Transport 
Police spokeswoman said some passengers were trapped on the train for 
more than an hour. At around 7.30pm, police were being able to rescue all the passengers 
and then led them safely onto the platform at Central station.
	
	Grading:
	1.
	Change word 'coming' - 'came'
	
	No change made to 'coming'
	2.
	Change word 'was' - 'were'
	
	No change made to 'was'
	3.
	Change word 'was coming' - 'came'
	
	No change made to 'was coming'
	4.
	Insert word 'was' between 'it' and 'travelling'.
	
	No word added.
	5.
	Change word 'used to say' - 'said'
	
	No change made to 'used to say'
	6.
	Change word 'are' - 'were'
	
	No changemade to 'are'
	7.
	Delete word 'being'
	
	Word not deleted.
	8.
	Change word 'leading' - 'led'
	
	No change made to 'leading'
Unit 2 conjunctions
Man: I think you'll find that, despite the difficult economic conditions, people aren't finding life as difficult as they anticipated.
Woman: Yes, but unemployment is at record levels.
Man: But that's because people aren't willing to do low quality jobs. In spite of the availability of these kinds of jobs, people would rather stay at home, living off government benefit.
Woman: Since we're talking about benefit, is it true that you are going to lower benefit allowances?
Man: Yes, it is true. In addition tosaving money for the government, it will encourage these lazy people to get off their backsides and into work. Neither I nor any of my ministers are willing to put up with lazy people taking money off the system and not contributing to it.
Conjunctions and connectors are words which join parts of sentences, sentences and paragraphs:
I like football and tennis.
I used to play the piano quite well, but I haven't played for years.
John woke up and got out of bed. However, he had to go back to bed because he was tired. 
There are five types of conjunctions:
Addition - join two things which agree with each other.
Contrast - introduces something which doesn't agree with what comes before it.
Reason - introduces the reason why something happens.
Choice - introduces a choice between two or more things.
Conclusion - introduces an end to an argument, opinion, etc. 
The conjunctions and connectors that you need to know at mid-intermediate level are:
Addition - in addition
Contrast - though, even though, despite, in spite of
Reason - since
Choice - neither/nor
Conclusion - therefore, in conclusion 
Notes on usage
1. In addition is usually used at the beginning of a sentence or paragraph, or after a semi-colon. It's usually written or used in formal speech. It's quite often followed by a comma and a clause, or by to:
This government has brought down rates of unemployment, and in addition has kept inflation down below 4%.
In addition to doing all the housework around here, I have to go out to work six days a week.
2. Though can come at the beginning of a sentence in the middle or at the end. It has a similar meaning to although, but is slightly less formal and introduces slightly smaller contrasts:
Though he's still very young, he's remarkably mature
I wanted to go out last night. I didn't go though. 
3. Even though can have the same meaning as though and although, but introduces a bigger or more surprising contrast. It is used at the beginning of a sentence, or after a comma as a separate clause:
Even though you don't really know me, you're willing to give up your holiday to help me. That's amazing! 
4. Despite and in spite of have the same meaning. They introduce a clause which makes the other part of the sentence surprising. In spite of is three words, but they are never split by a subject. They can come at the start or middle of a sentence or paragraph and are usually followed by a noun or gerund:
Despite the rain, we went to the beach. I didn't cry in spite of my grief. 
5. Don't confuse despite/in spite of with although. Notice the two differences:
Although he was sad, he smiled at me followed by a verb or adjective.
In spite of/Despite his sadness, he smiled at me followed by a noun or gerund. 
6. Since is used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, usually preceded by a comma. It's quite formal, and sounds good in essays and in formal speech. When used in this way it has no connection with time:
Since I was passing this street, I decided to pop in to see you.
I decided to go home, since it was getting late. 
7. Neither/nor, means the opposite of either/or:
Neither the French nor the Italians have good English accents. 
8. Therefore means the same thing as so. It can be used at the start, in the middle or, rarely, at the end of a sentence. Usually it is found, after a comma or at the start of a sentence, preceded by the subject of a sentence. It is also preceded by auxiliaries or modals. It is most often used in formal situations:
I can no longer tolerate the abuse of my colleagues. I therefore have decided to resign from this job.
This situation cannot go on. This government has therefore cut interest rates by a quarter of a percent. 
9. In conclusion is usually found at the ends of essays or lectures, in which the writer or speaker is signalling that (s)he is going to begin the last part of the speech/essay:
...and that will be the beginning of the regeneration process. In conclusion, the situation we are in is grave, but not hopeless.
In spite
of feeling tired, I decided to go out.
Despite
feeling tired, I decided to go out.
Although
I was feeling tired, I decided to go out.
Even
though I was feeling tired, I decided to go out.
Since I
wasn't feeling tired, I decided to go out.
I wasn't feeling tired.
I therefore decided to go out.
In addition to
not feeling tired, I was happy, so I decided to go out.
I was
feeling tired but I decided to go out.
I wasn't
feeling tired, so I decided to go out.
Because
feeling tired, I decided to go out.
I wasn't feeling tired, I decided to go out.
	 When Paul asked me out on a date, I was surprised to say the least, he had never 
	(1 addition)
	 even spoken to me before. I say he asked me out. Really, he got a friend to do it for him. 
	(no mistakes)
	 He said later on he had either the courage nor the optimism to do it himself. I 
	(1 change)
	 was curious about this boy, who, despite of looking aggressive, was too shy to 
	(1 addition)
(1 change)
	 talk to me directly. I was getting over the breakup of my last relationship, 
	(no mistakes)
	 and, addition, was a bit sad for other reasons connected with my home life. I felt my 
	(1 addition)
	 life was 
	(no mistakes)
	 ready for a change. I therefour decided to meet Paul outside the Chalkers pub 
	(1 change)
	 on Saturday night, even my friends thought the situation
	
	Correct answer:
	When Paul asked me out on a date, I was surprised to say the least, since he had never 
even spoken to me before. I say he asked me out. Really, he got a friend to do it for him. 
He said later on he had neither the courage nor the optimism to do it himself. I 
was curious about this boy, who, in spite of looking aggressive, was too shy to 
talk to me directly. I was getting over the breakup of my last relationship, 
and, in addition, was a bit sad for other reasons connected with my home life. I felt my life was 
ready for a change. I therefore decided to meet Paul outside the Chalkers pub 
on Saturday night, even though my friends thought the situation was rather strange. When I 
met him, he was shy initially, although we soon found subjects of common 
interest and, well, just got on really well. 
	
	Grading:
	1.
	Insert word 'since' between 'least,' and 'he'.
	
	No word added.
	2.
	Change word 'either' - 'neither'
	
	No change made to 'either'
	3.
	Insert word 'in'between 'who,'and '[spite/despite]'.
	
	No word added.
	4.
	Change word 'despite' - 'spite'
	
	No change made to 'despite'
	5.
	Insert word 'in'between 'and,'and 'addition,'.
	
	No word added.
	6.
	Change word 'therefour' - 'therefore'
	
	No change made to 'therefour'
	7.
	Insert word 'though'between 'even'and 'my'.
	
	No word added.
	8.
	Change word 'allthough' - 'although'
	
	No change made to 'allthough'
1I think he knows what he's doing, _____ I doubt his wife approves.
A)  in addition
B)  though
C)  despite
D)  therefore
help
2_____ the length of this golf course, it is quite easy to play.
A)  In spite
B)  In spite of
C)  In despite
D)  Despite of
help
3This computer doesn't really help me. I've _____ decided to sell it.
A)  in conclusion
B)  since
C)  in addition
D)  therefore
help
4_____ to being a talented writer, Campbell was famous for his fine art.
A)  In addition
B)  Despite
C)  Though
D)  Since
help
5_____ cared whatpeople thought of them. They were in love and that was all that mattered.
A)  In addition to Sarah, Ralph
B)  Both Sarah and Ralph
C)  Sarah and Ralph neither
D)  Neither Sarah nor Ralph
help
6_____ I was late anyway, I decided to have the whole day off.
A)  Despite
B)  Although
C)  Since
D)  Even though
help
7_____, may I say that I have enjoyed myself during my stay here...
A)  Though
B)  In conclusion
C)  Since
D)  In spite of
help
8_____ he's annoying, I find him strangely attractive.
A)  In addition
B)  Even though
C)  Despite
D)  In conclusion
help
9_____ the fact that he had worked hard, he felt very alert and ready to go out.
A)  Though
B)  Even though
C)  Despite
D)  Although
help
10I went out on my own, _____ it was obvious you weren't coming with me.
A)  in addition
B)  therefore
C)  though
D)  since
Unit 3 wordbuilong
Word building is the single quickest way to learn vocabulary. When you find a new word, don't just learn the translation and pronunciation of the word. Also find other words that are related to that word, nouns, verbs adjectives and opposites. 
The hardest part of learning a new word is the first word. When you know that duda (Spanish) or Zweifel (German) ordubbio (Italian) means doubt, that is the hardest bit. It's not a big step to learn that doubt is a noun and a verb, and that the adjective is doubtful, and that the opposite is doubtless. Suddenly, instead of learning one word, you've learnt four. 
I'm a big believer of word building, which is why I've got a lot of units here to test you on this important area of English.
Here is your study list.
Learn these words before testing yourself on the exercises which follow
	Personal noun
	Personal noun
	Verb
	Adjective
	Opposite
	/
	ability
	enable
	able
	disabled
inability
disability
	/
	absence
	/
	absent
	present
	/
	acceptance
	accept
	acceptable
	unacceptable
	/
	accident
	/
	accidental
	/
	/
	achievement
	achieve
	/
	/
	/
	act
action
activity
acting
	act
	active
	inactive
	addict
	addiction
	/
	addictive
	/
	/
	addition/additive
	add
	added
additional
	/
	admirer
	admiration
	admire
	admirable
	/
	/
	admission
	admit
	/
	/
	1. These special glasses will disable you to see in the dark. 
	(1 change)
	 2. The absent of Carter was the only negative aspect of the night. 
	(1 change)
	 3. This kind of behaviour is acceptable , and will not be repeated. 
	(1 change)
	 4. I accident dropped your mobile phone. I'm really sorry! 
	(1 change)
	 5. Getting a gold medal in the Olympics is a magnificent achieve . 
	(1 change)
	 6. This volcano will not erupt. It's been active for centuries. 
	(1 change)
	 7. Computer games can be as addiction as drugs. 
	(1 change)
	 8. The additions they put into food can cause hyperactivity in some children. 
	(1 change)
	 9. It was admiration of you to forgive rather than punish the criminals. 
	(1 change)
	 10.Jason admission stealing the watch. 
	(1 change)
	 
	(no mistakes)
		Correct answer:
	1. These special glasses will enable you to see in the dark. 
2. The absence of Carter was the only negative aspect of the night. 
3. This kind of behaviour is unacceptable , and will not be repeated. 
4. I accidentallydropped your mobile phone. I'm really sorry! 
5. Getting a gold medal in the Olympics is a magnificent achievement . 
6. This volcano will not erupt. It's been inactivefor centuries. 
7. Computer games can be as addictive as drugs.
8. The additives they put into food can cause hyperactivity in some children. 
9. It was admirable of you to forgive rather than punish the criminals. 
10.Jason admittedstealing the watch. 
	
	Grading:
	1.
	Change word 'disable' - 'enable'
	
	No change made to 'disable'
	2.
	Change word 'absent' - 'absence'
	
	No change made to 'absent'
	3.
	Change word 'acceptable' - 'unacceptable'
	
	No change made to 'acceptable'
	4.
	Change word 'accident' - 'accidentally'
	
	No change made to 'accident'
	5.
	Change word 'achieve' - 'achievement'
	
	No change made to 'achieve'
	6.
	Change word 'active' - 'inactive'
	
	No change made to 'active'
	7.
	Change word 'addiction' - 'addictive'
	
	No change made to 'addiction'
	8.
	Change word 'additions' - 'additives'
	
	No change made to 'additions'
	9.
	Change word 'admiration' - 'admirable'
	
	No change made to 'admiration'
	10.
	Change word 'admission' - 'admitted'
	
	No change made to 'admission'
	
Unit 2concerted rreview
Do you like dance music or prefer rock music?
If you like dance music, who is your favourite DJ? Why?
When you go on holiday, how important is the nightlife in the resort you go to?
 
 
 
 
Read this passage about a famous DJ, and then do the exercises
Fatboy Slim still shows no signs of losing the grip he has over the nation's youth. Since his first record came out under the 'Fatboy' alias in 1995, no one could have predicted what a success story he would become. Although 'Santa Cruz' was a reasonable underground hit, it was just one more trip-hop tune in an already crowded market place. But with subsequent releases like 'Rockafeller Skank', 'Right Here Right Now' and 'Praise You', Fatboy Slim has become Stormin' Norman, sailing past even the Chemical Brothers to become the foremost dance music producer of the age. Of course being hitched to a former Radio One breakfast DJ doesn't do much harm either. Tonight Fabric is so packed there's barely room to move an eyelid, never mind the entire body. And although the second room boasts blossoming femme tech-houser Lottie and Chicago's legendary DJ Sneak, there's only one place the Fatboy faithful really want to be, with the population contrast between the two rooms telling its own story. By the time Cook squeezes himself into the DJ box the main room is insanely packed with an atmosphere more like a sweaty rock gig than a club night. Taking over to the sounds of Leftfield's 'Open Up', Fatboy immediately replaces the hectic tunes with five minutes of ambience advertising new album 'Halfway Between The Gutter And The Stars'. This gives the crowd ample opportunity to scream their appreciation and Fatboy the chance to milk the crowd with his crucifix poses. Finally deciding to put a record on, the dance floor erupts into a sea of arms and bobbing heads. Fatboy soon changes the tempo however from breakbeat to the new sounds of 'smash house' (basically hard house but slightly less abrasive). Making the bold move away from trad breakbeat funk only reaps rewards tonight as the two hour set (including his own smash house effort 'Star 69') goes down like Richard and Judy in a house full of students. Big beat might be dead, but Fatboy is still leading the way when it comes to big time party action. And he's not about to stop now. 8/10.
Which was Fatboy Slim's first release?
A)  Santa Cruz
B)  Rockafeller Skank
C)  Right Here Right Now
D)  Praise You
help
2How popular is Fatboy Slim?
A)  More popular than ever
B)  Less popular than he once was
C)  Second only to the Chemical Brothers
D)  The most popular dance music provider
help
3Fatboy Slim is
A)  married
B)  a bachelor
C)  divorced
D)  separated
help
4What is Fabric?
A)  A song
B)  A disco
C)  A magazine
D)  A fitness club
help
5What does blossoming mean in this context?
A)  Coming into flower
B)  Falling
C)  Improving
D)  Dying
help
6How crowded is the place?
A)  Almost empty
B)  Half-full
C)  Almost full
D)  Full
help
7Why do the crowd scream?
A)  The music is too loud
B)  They don't like the music
C)  They are very excited
D)  Fatboy Slim can't hear them
help
8What do the people think of the performance?
A)  Worse than they expected
B)  Better than they expected
C)  Bad
D)  Great
help
9What does the reviewer think of the performance?
A)  Worse than expected
B)  Better than expected
C)  Bad
D)  Great
help
10Fatboy Slim is _____ young people in Britain.
A)  redundant for
B)  influential over
C)  losing touch with
D)  unable to deal with
	  Fatboy Slim to be in a group called the Housemartins, who were a normal band 
	(1 addition)
	 with lead singer, a couple guitaristsand a drummer. Norman Cook, however, 
	(2 additions)
	 always interested dance music and after the Housemartins split , he dedicated 
	(3 additions)
	 himself to mixing melodies, and creating loops of sound and speech to create his own sound. 
	(no mistakes)
	 With the release his first CD, his popularity increased substantially, and now he's 
	(1 addition)
	 more popular ever. 
	(1 addition)
	 
	(no mistakes
		Correct answer:
	Fatboy Slim used to be in a group called the Housemartins, who were a normal band 
with a lead singer, a couple of guitarists and a drummer. Norman Cook, however, 
was always interested in dance music and after the Housemartins split up , he dedicated 
himself to mixing melodies, and creating loops of sound and speech to create his own sound. 
With the release of his first CD, his popularity increased substantially, and now he's 
more popular thanever. 
	
	Grading:
	1.
	Insert word 'used' between 'Slim' and 'to'.
	
	No word added.
	2.
	Insert word 'a'between 'with'and 'lead'.
	
	No word added.
	3.
	Insert word 'of'between 'couple' and 'guitarists'.
	
	No word added.
	4.
	Insert word 'was' between 'however,' and 'always'.
	
	No word added.
	5.
	Insert word 'in'between 'interested' and 'dance'.
	
	Added
	6.
	Insert word 'up'between 'split'and ','.
	
	No word added.
	7.
	Insert word 'of'between 'release' and 'his'.
	
	No word added.
	8.
	Insert word 'than' between 'popular' and 'ever.'.
	
	No word added.
	
Unit 3 future continuous
Woman: Oh, this royal wedding is so exciting, isn't it?
Man: Not in the least.
Woman: This time tomorrow, the happy couple will be walking into the church and she'll be wearing her fantastic dress. OOOh!
Man: I couldn't agree less.
Woman: Then they'll be flying off to the Caribbean for their honeymoon. 
Man: I think I feel sick.
Woman: And we'll be having our street party. Will you be joining us for our royal wedding street party?
Man: I'd rather cut off my leg and play cricket with it, quite honestly.
Woman: Oh, you are awful!
Form
Subject + will + be + present participle
Don't phone me at 3.00pm; I'll be having dinner.
Use
1. The future continuous is used to express an action that will be in progress around a particular point in the future. It is often used with a specific time, but we realise that the action began before that time and will probably continue after that time:
At 4.00 tomorrow morning I will be sleeping.
2. We often use the future continuous to talk about someone's plans, if, of course those plans take some time:
Will you phone me tonight? - This only takes a short amount of time.
Will you be using your car tonight? - This takes a lot longer.
I think tomorrow morning
at 4.00 on 2nd March.
I'll have breakfast at the office instead of at home.
Don't call me tomorrow morning;
I'll be having breakfast.
By this time tomorrow,
Jemma will be flying over the Indian Ocean.
Tomorrow afternoon,
Jemma will fly over the Indian Ocean.
Kathy plays golf with her friends
every Tuesday.
Kathy will be playing golf with her friends
on Tuesday.
The meeting will be finishing
around now, so we can get the coffee ready.
The meeting will finish
at 4.00pm, so get the coffee ready for then.
Kate will be having her interview
now. I hope she does okay.
Kate will have her interview
at 4.00 on 2nd March.
Notes
The key thing to remember about the future continuous is that it expresses an action going on around a specific point in the future. Usually the action is due to start before that time and finish after that time.
	 "Now, I will be wanting that report on my desk tomorrow, do you understand?" 
	(1 change)
	 "Yes. I'll be work on it tonight." 
	(1 deletion)
	 "Good, now tomorrow's a very busy day, so I don't want to be disturbed between 10.00 and 
	(no mistakes)
	 11.00, when I'll having a meeting with Cathay. I'll also be have an early 
	(1 addition)
(1 change)
	 lunch with them, so if anyone will be calling, tell them I'll be being available 
	(1 deletion)
(1 change)
	 for them between 1.00 and 3.00." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "Okay." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "Now at 1.00 this chap from Hong Kong should be being arriving. When he does, make him a 
	(1 deletion)
	 coffee and keep him waiting." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "You will be wanting me to keep him waiting?" 
	(1 change)
	 "Yes, for fifteen minutes. Say I'm busy or something." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "Er, okay." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "Listen, it doesn't matter why I want you to do it, just 
	
	Correct answer:
	"Now, I want that report on my desk tomorrow, do you understand?" 
"Yes. I'll be work on it tonight." 
"Good, now tomorrow's a very busy day, so I don't want to be disturbed between 10.00 and 
11.00, when I'll behaving a meeting with Cathay. I'll also be having an early 
lunch with them, so if anyone calls, tell them I'll be being available 
for them between 1.00 and 3.00." 
"Okay." 
"Now at 1.00 this chap from Hong Kong should be being arriving. When he does, make him a 
coffee and keep him waiting." 
"You want me to keep him waiting?" 
"Yes, for fifteen minutes. Say I'm busy or something." 
"Er, okay." 
"Listen, it doesn't matter why I want you to do it, just do it, alright?" 
"Yes, of course." 
	
	Grading:
	1.
	Change word 'will be wanting' - 'want'
	
	No change made to 'will be wanting'
	2.
	Delete word 'be'
	
	Word not deleted.
	3.
	Insert word 'be'between 'I'll'and 'having'.
	
	No word added.
	4.
	Change word 'have' - 'having'
	
	No change made to 'have'
	5.
	Change word 'will be calling,' - 'calls,'
	
	No change made to 'will be calling,'
	6.
	Delete word 'being'
	
	Word not deleted.
	7.
	Delete word 'being'
	
	Word not deleted.
	8.
	Change word 'will be wanting' - 'want'
	
	No change made to 'will be wanting'
1I'll _____ dinner between 7.45pm and 8.00pm tonight.
A)  have
B)  be having
C)  either answer is possible
help
2This car will _____ all night on one tank of petrol.
A)  go
B)  be going
C)  either answer is possible
help
3Our Sally will _____ to Tokyo by now.
A)  fly
B)  be flying
C)  either answer is possible
help
4My stomach will _____ constantly by lunchtime if I don't have any breakfast.
A)  rumble
B)  be rumbling
C)  either answer is possible
help
5My parents will _____ turkey or beef for dinner tonight.
A)  have
B)  be having
C)  either answer is possible
help
6I'll _____ you a present only if you behave yourselves today.
A)  buy
B)  be buying
C)  either answer is possible
help
7You can come round for that CD tonight, but I'll _____ people round for dinner, so you can't stay.
A)  have
B)  be having
C)  either answer is possible
help
8Get off the train and go to Robinson's flower shop. Martha will _____ for you there.
A)  wait
B)  be waiting
C)  either answer is possible
help
9I'll _____ on holiday soon. I can't wait!
A)  go
B)  be going
C)  either answer is possible
help
10
I'll _____ my homework at exactly 7.15pm, so pick me up any time after that.
A)  finish
B)  be finishing
C)  either answer is possible
"Can I call you to check on the homework for tomorrow?" 
"Yeah, sure, but don't call at 7.00pm because I have (will be having) dinner. I really -(will be wanting) to see Neighbours at 8.00pm, so don't call then. I - (will be having) a shower at 8.30pm, so that's not a good time to call either, and then I usually -(will be spending) half an hour drying my hair, so I - (will be) in the middle of that afterwards. I promised Dad I would take the dogs out for a walk as soon as my hair is dry so I - (will be doing) that around 9.30pm and then I - (will be feeding) the cat. I -(will be having) something to eat whilst watching Question Time at 10.15 and then I- (will be quickly phoning) Carl just to say hello, so call me at around 11.30pm." 
"Great, I - (will be sleeping) by then!
Unit 3 future perfect
Man: Are you ready yet?
Woman: No, I'm still putting my make-up on. I'll have finished in a couple of minutes.
Man: Okay. What's this?
Woman: That's what I'm studying for my degree.
Man: Haven't you finished yet?
Woman: Not quite. I'vedone all the lectures and and all the labs. I've just got to do my dissertation and then I'll have completed the whole thing. 
Man: Oh right.
Woman: Okay. How do I look?
Man: Perfect!
Woman: So, let's go!
Form
Subject + will have + past participle:
Janet and Mike will have been married for 25 years next March.
Subject + will have been + present participle:
When you graduate, for how long in total will you have been studying?
Notes on the form
We often use the future perfect with expressions beginning with by:
By my next birthday I'll have been here for three years.
Use
1. The future perfect is used when we look forward to a particular point in time and connect it with something that began before that time:
By 2020, personal computers will have been around for only about 40 years.
This means if we take a line back from 2020, forty years to 1980, this is how long personal computers will have been around.
2. Like other perfect tenses, they express a connection between two time frames, in this case the past and the future, the present and the future or the future and a further away future:
Mobile phones will have become commonplace even in the poorer nations of the world within the next twenty years.
3. Again, like other perfect tenses, the continuous forms imply continuity, an action in progress, ie, not finished, for the time period:
They'll have been dancing non-stop for ten hours at the charity disco-thon by the time it ends.
At six o'clock tonight
I'll start to do my homework.
By six o'clock tonight
I'll have done my homework.
I'm going to the dentists'
tomorrow afternoon. I'm scared!
I'll be at the dentists'
this time tomorrow afternoon.
I'll have been at the dentists'
three hours by this time tomorrow afternoon.
Don't call Paul.
He'll be having his afternoon sleep.
You can call Paul.
He'll have had his afternoon sleep.
I'll do the shopping
this afternoon if you like.
I'll have done the shopping
by this afternoon.
I'll be doing the shopping
He'll be having his afternoon sleep.
this afternoon.
Notes
All perfect tenses connect two time periods. The future perfect looks forward to a specific time, and then back between that time and an earlier time.
	 "I don't want you to leave." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "I know love." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "I'll never have seen you again." 
	(1 deletion)
(1 change)
	 "Of course you will." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "No I won't. This time next week you'll forgotten me." 
	(1 addition)
	 "Of course I won't!" 
	(no mistakes)
	 "Yes you will. By the end of the week you'll have been meeting some friends and 
	(1 deletion)
(1 change)
	 will have been gone out to some French bar and met some French girl. She'll chat you up, 
	(1 deletion)
	 and I'll fade away." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "Don't be silly, sweetheart." 
	(no mistakes)
	 "You wait. By the end of the month, I'll have been becoming a distant memory for 
	(1 deletion)
(1 change)
	 you!" 
	(no mistakes)
	Correct answer:
	"I don't want you to leave." 
"I know love." 
"I'll never have see you again." 
"Of course you will." 
"No I won't. This time next week you'll haveforgotten me." 
"Of course I won't!" 
"Yes you will. By the end of the week you'll have been met some friends and 
will have been gone out to some French bar and met some French girl. She'll chat you up, 
and I'll fade away." 
"Don't be silly, sweetheart." 
"You wait. By the end of the month, I'll have been become a distant memory for 
you!"
	
	Grading:
	1.
	Delete word 'have'
	
	Word not deleted.
	2.
	Change word 'seen' - 'see'
	
	No change made to 'seen'
	3.
	Insert word 'have' between 'you'll' and 'forgotten'.
	
	No word added.
	4.
	Delete word 'been'
	
	Word not deleted.
	5.
	Change word 'meeting' - 'met'
	
	No change made to 'meeting'
	6.
	Delete word 'been'
	
	Word not deleted.
	7.
	Delete word 'been'
	
	Word not deleted.
	8.
	Change word 'becoming' - 'become'
	
	No change made to 'becoming'
Jake _____ in Seattle in a few hours' time. Which of the following is INCORRECT:
A)  will have been arriving
B)  will be arriving
C)  is arriving
D)  arrives
help
2James _____ that cake if you don't hurry up and stop him.
A)  will be eating
B)  is eating
C)  will have eaten
D)  eats
help
3This new CD _____ on sale in a year.
A)  will have been
B)  is being
C)  is going to be
D)  will be
help
4I don't think _____ reading the book by the time of the exam.
A)  I'll be finishing
B)  I'll have finished
C)  I'll have been finishing
D)  I'm finishing
help
5Robert _____ on his thesis for 46 years next March and still won't have finished it.
A)  will have been working
B)  will work
C)  will be working
D)  will have worked
help
6Hurry up, or the film _____.
A)  will already be starting
B)  will already start
C)  will already have started
D)  will already have been starting
help
7_____ by the time I'm fifty I hope.
A)  I'll have been retiring
B)  I'll be retired
C)  I'll retire
D)  I'll be retiring
help
8Hang on, _____ in a few minutes, then I'll come with you.
A)  I'll be finishing
B)  I'll have been finishing
C)  I finish
D)  I'll have finished
help
9If we don't get a move on _____ the plane.
A)  we'll miss
B)  we'll be missing
C)  we'll have missed
D)  we'll have been missing
help
10At the end of the week _____ what to do at the weekend.
A)  I'm deciding
B)  I'll decide
C)  I'll have decided
D)  I'll be deciding
What are my plans for the future? Well, first, Iwill be finishing(finish;am going to finish) my degree, then I - (will)probably - (travel) around the world. I love going to out of- the-way places, but they are getting fewer and further between. Within twenty years we - (will have built)a holiday camp in every part of the world, and there - (won't be) anywhere truly unspoilt anymore, so I want to make the most of it while I can. I suppose I - (will get) married. I've got a girlfriend now, but I doubt if I - (will be going out) with her much after I finish university. Then I suppose I- (will get) a job, like the rest of you. All I really want in life is to do something worthwhile. I hope that, by the time I'm dead and buried, I - (will have made) a difference, in some small way, in the world. I- (will be) happy if I die knowing that
Unit 3 reading
Lead-in
Discuss the following questions with a partner or your teacher
 
Do you work/study, or have you ever worked/studied in a different country? How are they different?
Do you know anyone from a different country? How is he or she different from someone from your country?
Is it a good thing to have many people from different nationalities mixing together in the same country? Why (not)?
 
Read this passage about living in a different country, and then do the exercises
What's it like to be French and live here in Britain. This is what Giselle, a 31 year-old company PA, thinks of it.
 
 
 
Work
Lunch hours in Britain are non-existent, even for entertaining clients. Back in France, working lunches are a fundamental part of the day and can last up to two hours. Here I just eat a sandwich at my desk. But French people do work later in the evening. It is an unwritten rule that the later you work, the more important you are. But getting together after work is a very British thing. In France, people tend just to go home. At least once or twice a week people from offices all over the City of London go out for a drink together. I find it a good way of relaxing and getting to know the people I work with. People here dress very formally for work and wear dull colours and conservative ties. In France people dress with a lot more colour and flair. I usually wear a coloured jacket with a dark shirt to work, as I would at home, and people do comment on how different I look.
 
 
 
Men
English men come in two extremes. They either go wild, drink lots and have to get lucky that night, or they are reserved. I like men who behave like real English gentlemen. The only drawback is that their chat-up lines are often too subtle to pick up. For instance, my boyfriend introduced himself to me in our London university